Winter Research Project Report

By
Sayan Majumder
3rd Year
B.Tech
Mechanical Engineering Department

National Institute of Technology ,Agartala

Under the supervision of

Prof. Parthasarathi Ghosh

Associate Professor and Head of the Department
Department of Cryogenic Engineering,

Indian Institute Of Technology, Kharagpur

Introduction
Definition
Difference with Boiling
Benefits/Disadvantages
Measuring Parameters
Thermal and Transport
Properties
Clausius Clapeyron Equation
Similarity Concept
Thermodynamic Cavitation
scaling
Fluid Dynamc Features
1. Chemical Engineering ( 1. Damage :-
Find Papers) I)Pump bleeds
2. Ultrasonic Cleaning ii)Valves
3. Renal Stone Treatment iii) Flow Channels
4. Cavitation in Waste
treatment
1. NPSH
2. Cavitaion Number
Show Bar chart
Show distinction between
Cryogenic and Normal
temperature fluid using P vs T
diagram
1st Page of Bulge’s book point 1,
2, 3,4
Add the formula
Vortices , Boundary Layers,
Thermal Delay
 Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid, small liquid-free zones ("bubbles" or
"voids"), that are the consequence of forces acting upon the liquid. It usually occurs when a liquid is
subjected to rapid changes of pressure that cause the formation of cavities in the liquid where the
pressure is relatively low. When subjected to higher pressure, the voids implode and can generate
an intense shock wave.
Cavitation is a significant cause of wear in some engineering contexts. Collapsing voids that implode
near to a metal surface cause cyclic stress through repeated implosion. This results in surface fatigue
of the metal causing a type of wear also called "cavitation". The most common examples of this kind
of wear are to pump impellers, and bends where a sudden change in the direction of liquid occurs.
Cavitation is usually divided into two classes of behaviour: inertial (or transient) cavitation and non-
inertial cavitation.
Inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid rapidly collapses, producing
a shock wave. Inertial cavitation occurs in nature in the strikes of mantis shrimps and pistol shrimps,
as well as in the vascular tissues of plants. In man-made objects, it can occur in control
valves, pumps, propellers and impellers.
Non-inertial cavitation is the process in which a bubble in a fluid is forced to oscillate in size or shape
due to some form of energy input, such as an acoustic field. Such cavitation is often employed
in ultrasonic cleaning baths and can also be observed in pumps, propellers, etc.
Since the shock waves formed by collapse of the voids are strong enough to cause significant
damage to moving parts, cavitation is usually an undesirable phenomenon. It is very often
specifically avoided in the design of machines such as turbines or propellers, and eliminating
cavitation is a major field in the study of fluid dynamics. However, it is sometimes useful and does
not cause damage when the bubbles collapse away from machinery, such as in super cavitation

The appearance of Vapour Cavities inside the liquid medium which is homogeneous initially is known
as cavitation. Study of different vapour properties are important as it represents different features.

If we can analyse liquid material at a pressure which is very low then we can study about if the
cavitation process is happening when liquid is in steady state or it is in a motion.

Hydrodynamic cavitation involves flow through narrow passages ( like hydraulic valves) , Venturi
nozzles or around wing or propeller blades .

Phenomenon of cavitation is known as Acoustic cavitation here oscillating pressure fields are applied
over the free surface of a liquid which is contained in any kind of reservoir. If amplitude of oscillation
is large enough then the bubbles appears in liquid bulk.

In another case in a liquid which is at rest if sudden and rapid acceleration of solid body with sharp
edges (Disk like shape) in still water. Bubbles can appear close to the edges almost instantaneously
where velocity of liquid itself remains negligible.
Threshold pressure concept–

There is a constant pressure beneath which liquid cohesion can’t be considered at all. The main
procedure to determine that threshold pressure is from different physical phenomenons on a
microscopic scale .Taking into account the actual state of scientific knowledge, together with the
need for practical solution to complicated industrial system is more useful to refer only to
macroscopic fluid properties

Difference between boiling and Cavitation Phenomenon

Cavitation in a fluid can be done by lowering pressure at a approximately constant temperature. It is

different from boiling by the fact that boiling is done at a constant pressure process where
temperature is changing. Otherwise both the phenomenon are more or less of similar type

Fig :- Phase diagram

The temperature of a fluid generally increases due to conductive heattransfer through solid
walls, and so boiling initially affects only the regions of the fluid near to the hotwalls, while
cavitation is a global phenomenon which can involve the whole volume of the liquid, asit’s
easier to obtain an uniform pressure decrease in a fluid.

In some cases mostly in relatively small amount of heat is required to formation of ample amount of
vapour.

The surrounding liquid which acts as the heat source for vaporisation is like that the phase change
occurs at temperature T´ lower than that the ambient temperature T and the difference (T-T´) is
known as Thermal delay in cavitation.
 Fig :- Representation of Thermal delay in Cavitation process (Ichel, 2003)

Thermal delay can be easily neglected for the fluids where the Critical point Temperatue is much
higher than the normal temperature .In that case heat gain during the bubble collapse in quasi
equilibrium with heat gained during bubble growth and the Isothermal condition is fulfilled.In this
case of equilibrium the data from the study of Thermal Delay can be used to determining the
condition of Bubble during at its collapse. On the other hand thermal delay become significant
during When the critical temperature and fluid form working temperature lie close together.
Thermal delay increases when ambient temperature is close to the critical temperature of the fluid.
The phenomenon is important while pumping cryogenic liquid in Rocket Engine.
Mesuring Parameter :-

1. Cavitation Number :-
For characterization of cavitating performance of a pump or Venturi we the relevant
operational parameter is inlet pressure .The corresponding coefficient which is a
dimensionless one is known as Cavitation Number . The” cavitation number “ 𝜎
Is defined as
𝑃1 −𝑃𝑣
σ=
.5×ρL ×(ΩRT1 )2
Where we know that 𝑃𝑣 is the vapour pressure of the working fluid and ‘suction specific
speed’ 𝛺𝑆𝑆 is defined as

𝛺√𝑄
𝛺𝑆𝑆 =
𝑃𝑇1 −𝑃𝑉 3
( 𝜌𝐿
)4
We can also define three different types of Cavitation Numbers in this context.
1. 𝜎𝑖 is known as “Cavitating inception Number”, where cavitating region begins to appear
2. 𝜎𝑎 is known as “Critical Cavitation Number” for which a certain amount of loss ( Say 3%)
is attained.
3. 𝜎𝑏 is known as “Breakdown Cavitation number” for which the head rise of the pump is
drastically reduced .
2. NPSH ( Net positive Suction Head) :-

Pump cavitation performance is generally presented in terms of net positive suction head
(NPSH) required at a specific ratio of the head-rise coefficient with cavitation to that without
cavitation (𝜓/𝜓𝑁𝐶 ) . (For et al., 2017)The NPSH is defined as the margin of fluid total head
above fluid vapour pressure head at the pump inlet; or in terms of inlet static-pressure head
and velocity head ,

𝑉₁²
NPSH = ℎ0 + 2𝑔 − ℎ𝑉
In terms of NPSH the above equation may be rewritten as
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻+∆ℎ𝑉
𝐾𝑐,min = 𝑉₁²
-1
2𝑔
Where V₁ in the preceding equations is analogues to V₀ for venturies .Because the value of
𝐾𝑐,min is constant for geometrically similar cavities in a given flow device.
Problem Definition
Methodology :- Using Flow Chart
TC Tt

Literature Survey :- Using Scaling Parameters

Paper No: - 12 (Ehrlich & Murdock, 2015)

Working Formula:-

A thermodynamic bubble growth parameter has been defined and derived by (Ehrlich & Murdock,
2015) using the concept and datas obtained from (Christopher, Brennen, Brennen, & Christopher,
Brennen, 1995) and (Christopher, Brennen et al., 1995) using the dimensional thermodynamic
parameter ∑ .In case of design and development and modern pump sometimes incorporated scaled
pump test data is used to predict and or verify pump performance under the particular service
condition . When the operating test pumps are having working temperature well below the critical
temperature of the working fluid ; scaled pumping and suction tests can be done using a
geometrically scaled test article operating in a test fluid such as water as the dimensionless fluid
mechanical pump parameter , Cavitation Number (𝜎) and flow coefficients .For cryogenic pumps
cavitation physics is known to have a good amount of impact as the working temperature is closer to
the critical temperature .So in case of pumps using cryogens comparatively large volume of fluid at
the cavity boundary must be vaporized to support cavity growth . The resulting requirement for
higher heat transfer depresses the local fluid temperature suppressing cavitation and thus improving
suction performance.
3
rT × ω2
DB Factor = h2 fg ×ρ2v
× TL × ρL × √αL

∆𝑇 𝑇∞ −𝑇𝐶𝑎𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑔
B Factor=
∆𝑇 ∗= 𝜌𝑙 ×ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝜌𝑙 ×𝐶𝑝𝑙
Brennen’s Factor

h2 fg × ρ2v
∑=
ρl ² × √αl × 𝐶𝑝𝑙 × 𝑇𝐿
(Christopher, Brennen et al., 1995) and (Earls, 2004)

Lunley’s Formula
𝜌𝑣× 𝜆
∆𝑇 =Constant×
(𝑇𝑅×√𝐶𝑝𝑙 ×𝐾×√𝛾𝑙 )

Ruggeri- Morre Formula

∆𝝈𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑵𝒓𝒆𝒇 𝟔 𝒓𝑻,𝒓𝒆𝒇 ∑ 𝜶𝑳,𝒓𝒆𝒇 𝟏
=( )𝟓 ×( ) × (∑ )×( )𝟐
∆𝝈𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝑵 𝒓𝑻 𝒓𝒆𝒇 𝜶𝑳

(For et al., 2017) ( Bramanti, n.d.) used above mentioned Ruggeri- Morre formula in order to
mesure the cavitation performance induced by

We get that here several criterions are to be matched to match the thermodynamic scaling .At first
dimesionless parameters ψ and φ have to be equal after that the value of Reynold’s number should
be greater than 106 . In order to get non cavitating parameter independent of 𝐑 𝐞 as when the
Reynold’s number approaches to 106 the flow becomes completely turbulent.

Where

In Case of bubble implosion and expansion we can see that when pressure drops , bubble starts to
grow due to combined effect of both evaporation and gas expansion phenomenon which is reversed
in case of during the collapse as the main phenomenon is i.e. processes are vapour condensation
and gas compression . in this case magnititude of thermal variation in thermal layers around the
bubble depends strongly on the process that drives the bubble size evolution; gas expansion
compression and the phase change here the heat transfer time at bubble can be measured as ∆𝑡𝑟 (
Franc and Michel 2004)

(𝜌𝑔 𝐶𝑣𝑔 𝑅)2

∆𝑡𝑟 =
9𝜆𝑙 𝜌𝑙 𝐶𝑝𝑙
The process is adiabatic when we can see that bubble life time is much shorter than the
charactertics time of the heat transfer ∆𝑡𝑟 the bubble evolution is driven by expansion and
compression of gases . In opposite case if heat transfer have enough time to proceed until the
equilibrium is reached then the process very similar to the isothermal conditions i.e. the evaporation
and condensation of water and water vapour are the main driving mechanisms here.

From a case considering 95° C as operating condition and collapsing time in order of 0.2 ms and
maximum diameter about 10𝜇𝑚 and putting values like
3 3
𝜌𝑙 =961.9kg/m ,𝜌𝑣 =.4957kg/m , 𝐶𝑝𝑙 =4211J/kg/K, 𝐶𝑣𝑔 =720J/kg/K and 𝜆𝑙 =0.5275 W/m/k ,
∆𝒕𝒓 =0.66 ps is obtained which is much smaller than the bubble life time of 0.2 ms. Which means
that evaporation and condensation can be considered main driving process involved in bubble
generation.

Thermal delay :-

The thermal delay concept in case of a spherical bubble in an infinite liquid . As pressure at the
infinity drops the spherical neucleuss begins to grow. The evaporation process involved in this
growth requires the latent heat L to be supplied by the liquid to be supplied by the liquid at the
bubbke interface which gives estimation for the temperature difference (Christopher, Brennen et al.,
1995)

𝑹√𝒕 𝑳𝝆𝒗
∆𝑻 = 𝑻𝒃 − 𝑻∞ =
√𝜶 𝝆𝒍 𝑪𝒑𝒍

Where thermal diffusivity of the liquid 𝛼𝑙 is defined by

𝝀𝒍
𝜶𝒍 =
𝝆𝒍 𝑪𝒑𝒍
And from (Christopher, Brennen et al., 1995) we get a new thermodynamic parameter defined as

(𝝆𝒗 𝑳)𝟐
∑=
𝑪𝒑𝒍 𝑻∞ 𝝆𝒍 𝟐 √𝜶𝒍
Flow charactertics that can be compared after scaling:-
Vortices:-
1. Fluid particles move in circles about a point.

2. The only non-trivial velocity component is tangential.

3. This tangential speed varies with radius r so that same circulation is maintained.

4. Thus,all the streamlines are concentric circles about a given point where the velocity along each
streamline is inversely proportional to the distance from the centre. This flow is necessarily
irrational.

Fig :- Diagram of Vorticity generated in Fluid Flow

Fig :- Diagram of Boundary layer generated in the fluid flow

Boundary Layer :-

1. The boundary layer of a flowing fluid is the thin layer close to the wall

2. In a flow field, viscous stresses are very prominent within this layer.

3. Although the layer is thin, it is very important to know the details of flow within it.

4. The main-flow velocity within this layer tends to zero while approaching the wall (no-slip
condition).
5. Also the gradient of this velocity component in a direction normal to the surface is large as
compared to the gradient in the stream wise direction.
 Findings and Discussions

Charts of different thermodynamic parameters of Cryogens along with water are shown in the grphs
attached below.

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Temp.(K) 4.2 20.1 27 77 87.2 90 111.67 373

Fig 1 :- Temperature graph of Cryogens

Density (Kg/m³) graph of Cryogens

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Density (Kg/m³) 128.04 71.166 1208.8 807.71 1396 1142.1 422.35 958.46

Fig 2:- Density graph of Cryogens

 Critical Temperature (K) graph of Cryogens
700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
CH H2
LHe LH2 LNe LAr
LN2 LOX 4 O
Critical Temperature (K) 5.1953 33.145 44.492 126.19 150.69 154.58 190.56 647.1

Fig 3 :- Critical Temperature graph of Cryogens

Tripple point Temperature (K) graph

of Cryogens
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Tripple point
2.1768 13.957 24.556 63.151 83.806 54.361 90.694 273.16
Temperature (K)

Fig 4:- Triple point Temperature graph of Cryogens

 Volume (m³/kg.) graph of Cryogens
0.016

0.014

0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Volume (m³/kg.) 0.007810.0140520.0008270.0012380.0007160.0008760.0023680.001043

Fig 5 :- Volume graph of Cryogens

Kinemetic Viscosity (Cm²/Sec) graph of Cryogens

0.0035

0.003

0.0025

0.002

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Kinemetic Viscosity (Cm²/Sec) 0.00025534 0.0019398 0.00097121 0.0020175 0.0018704 0.0017131 0.0027646 0.0029425

Fig 6 :- Kinemetic Viscosity graph of Cryogens

 Thermal Diffusivity (m/s) graph of Cryogens
0.000018
0.000016
0.000014
0.000012
0.00001
0.000008
0.000006
0.000004
0.000002
0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Thermal Diffusivity (m/s) 2.98E-061.51E-056.92E-068.83E-068.25E-067.79E-061.25E-051.68E-05

Fig 7:- Thermal Diffusivity Graph of Cryogens

Internal Energy ( KJ/Kg-K) graph of Cryogens

500

400

300

200

100

-100

-200
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Internal Energy ( KJ/Kg-K) -1.3945-4.0402-134.059-122.87-117.71-133.78-0.23199418.43

Fig 8:- Internal Energy Graph of Cryogens

 Enthalpy (KJ/Kg) graph of Cryogens
500

400

300

200

100

-100

-200
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Enthalpy (KJ/Kg) -0.58771 -2.5886 -0.19337 -122.74 -117.63 -133.69 0.012591 418.54

Fig 9:- Enthalpy graph of Cryogens

Entropy (KJ/Kg-K) graph of Cryogens

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Entropy (KJ/Kg-K) -0.14495 -0.12931 -0.0072086 2.8248 1.3737 2.9383 7.0874E-05 1.3055

Fig 10 :- Entropy Graph of Cryogens

 Cp(KJ/Kg-K) graph of Cryogens
12

10

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Cp(KJ/Kg-K) 4.5419 9.6193 1.8603 2.0397 1.1171 1.6988 3.4811 4.2155

Fig 11:- Cp ( Specific Heat ) graph of Cryogens

Viscosity (µPa-s) graph of Cryogens

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Viscosity (µPa-s) 3.2694 13.805 117.4 162.96 261.11 195.65 116.77 282.03

Fig 12:- Viscosity graph of Cryogens

 Prandtl Number of Cryogens
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
Prandtl Number 0.79444 1.2821 1.4028 2.2847 2.268 2.2005 2.2127 1.7557

Fig 13 :- Prandtl Number graph of Cryogens

hfg (KJ/Kg) graph of Cyogens

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H2O
hfg (KJ/Kg) 20.76903 449.8911 85.8695 189.637 161.211 213.241 510.82 2256.77

Fig 14 :- ℎ𝑓𝑔 graph of Cryogens

Fig 6:- Pressure vs Temperature graph of cryogens ( Source :- Refprop )
 Fluid Density Ratio 𝑑𝑝
Slope of P-T graph (𝑑𝑡 )

At Triple Point At Critical point At Triple Point At Critical point

LN₂ 1285.498288 1.722773135 0.00239 0.161

LOX 126095.8 1.971852 0.00005316 0.1899

LHe 124.3082163 1.556857782 0.014578 0.1591

LNe 282.3455 2.380186 0.017144 0.3136

LAr 349.4216588 2.2200143 0.008307 0.1793

LH₂ 593.0227185 2.330471425 0.0047216 0.178

H₂O 205946.9369 1.859339207 4.591E-05 0.26

CH₄ 1597.034 2.093322 0.001758 0.1377

The table indicates very high value of density ratio and very low value of P-T slope for Water when
compared to other cryogens .
 Temperature vs Density Ratio Graph
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Temp.(K) Density Ratio

Fig :- 16 Density Ratio graph

Pump parameters 60% Thrust 100% Thrust 105% Thrust

Inlet pressure (𝑝𝑖𝑛 , 𝑀𝑝𝑎) .49 .47 .466
Mass flow rate (kg/sec) 265.8 442 464
Outlet Static Pressure (𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 , 𝑀𝑝𝑎) 1.29 1.72 1.77
Speed (N,rpm) 5197 7016 7221
Pump inlet temp(K) 91 91 91

Tabulation :-

LOX Water

DB

B factor

B classical

∑
∆𝑇
 Name Of the Compound Temp.(K) Density Ratio
LHe 4.2 7.599685
LH2 20.1 232.4692
LNe 27 129.9114
LN2 77 182.0475
LAr 87.2 244.1968
LOX 90 260.3314
CH4 111.67 57.4185
H2O 373 1610.37

Data chart of Temperarure vs Density Ratio graph at Normal Boiling Temperature and Pressure

Fluid Boundary Conditions for Venturi

Inlet Inlet Outlet Mass 𝑽 𝒊𝒏𝒍𝒆𝒕 (m/s) ρ (kg/𝒎𝟑 )

Temperature Relative Flow Rate
(K) Pressure (Kg/s)
(Bar)

Water 391 2.5 14 9.653 944.86

Liquid 90 1 15.18051884 8.656853 1142.4

Oxygen

Liquid 87 1 18.45711456 8.602832 1397.7

Argon

Liquid 77 1 13.89850131 11.20469 808.09

Nitrogen

Liquid 27 1 26.22703627 14.13469 1208.8

Neon

Liquid 20 1 2.165254662 19.73128 71.49

Hydrogen

Liquid 4.22 1 47.2509029 231.1161 133.19

Helium
 3
𝐶𝑝𝑙 𝑉1 2 1
𝐷𝐵𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 = ×
2 × 𝑇𝐿 × 𝜌𝐿 ² × √𝛼𝐿 × 𝑟 −2
ℎ2 𝑓𝑔 ×𝜌𝑣

DB parameter(Venturi) will be = 0.011519179

Fig:- Diagram of Venturi

Fluid Boundary Conditions for pump

Temp.(K) 𝝆𝑳 (Kg/𝒎𝟑 ) 𝝆𝑽 (Kg/𝒎𝟑 ) 𝒉𝒇𝒈(J/kg-K) 𝜶𝒍 (m²/s) ω (rad/s)

LN₂ 77 807.69 4.4367 189637 8.8301× 10−8 954.0979

LOX 90 1142.1 4.3871 213241 7.7848× 10−8 735.1972

LHe 4.2 125.41 16.502 20769.03 2.9479× 10−8 20300.47

LNe 27 1208.8 9.3048 85869.5 6.9228× 10−8 1206.464

LAr 87.2 1396 5.7167 161211 8.2467× 10−8 730.5625

LH₂ 20.1 422.35 1.8168 449891.1 1.2494× 10−7 1689.932

H₂O 373 958.46 .59518 2256770 1.676× 10−7 246.3179

CH₄ 111.67 71.153 1.2392 510820 1.5123× 10−7 7610.528

Now a days temperature effects with dimensionless parameter has been discussed
greatly (Ehrlich & Murdock, 2015) derived another non dimensional thermal scaling
parameter DB parameter by considering bubble growth over a time varying pressure field
.It’s almost similar to that of formulation of Ruggeri moore and is given by:-

𝟑
𝒓𝑻 × 𝝎𝟐
DB Factor = 𝒉𝟐 𝟐 × 𝑻𝑳 × 𝝆𝑳 × √𝜶𝑳
𝒇𝒈 ×𝝆𝒗
Conclusion
Reference

1. Turbomachines - A Guide to Design, Selection and Theory by O.E. Balje -1981

2. (Ehrlich & Murdock, 2015) ,Bramanti, C. (n.d.). E s c f i s r t h.

Christopher, Brennen, E., Brennen, C. E., & Christopher, Brennen, E. (1995). Cavitation and bubble
dynamics. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 9).
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107338760
Earls, C. (2004). HYDRODYNAMICS (Vol. 5).
Ehrlich, D. A., & Murdock, J. W. (2015). A Dimensionless Scaling Parameter for Thermal Effects on
Cavitation in Turbopump Inducers. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 137(4), 41103.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029260
For, M., Of, P., Cavitation, P., For, P., Liquids, V., Temperatures, L., & Speeds, A. N. D. R. (2017). NASA
TECHNICAL N O T E, (June 1969).
Ichel, J. M. (2003). FUNDAMENTALS.
Nomenclature
𝐴inlet Inducer inlet flow area (accounting for hub
blockage
𝐶𝑝 specific heat
DB dimensionless thermal bubble growth parameter
ℎfg heat of vaporization
ω Radian Frequency of Whirl motion or other
excitation
α Liquid Thermal diffusivity
𝜏𝑇 Charactertics Thermal time
𝜏 Transit time
U Charactertics Velocity
ref Reference Condition
𝜇 Fluid Viscosity
𝜌 Density
Cpl Specific heat of the liquid
∗
Wtanbe’s Thermodynamic Parameter
∑
Brennen’s parameter
∑
𝑁 Specific Speed
𝜌𝑙 Density of liquid phase
𝜌𝑣 Density of Vapour phase
𝛺 Rotating Speed
𝛺𝑠 Specific Speed
𝜎 Cavitation Number
𝜎𝑎 Critical Cavitation Number
𝜎𝑏 Breakdown Cavitation Number
𝑟𝑇 Tip blade radius
𝑟𝑇1 Inlet tip blade radius
𝑟𝑇2 Outlet tip blade radius
R Maximum bubble radius
𝜆𝑙 Heat conductivity of the liquid
𝐶𝑣𝑔 Liquid(Vapour ) heat capacity
φ Flow coefficient
ψ Head Coefficient
Abbreviation Used Meaning
𝑵𝑷𝑺𝑯𝑻=𝑷𝒊𝒕 − 𝑷𝑽𝒂𝒑 inducer inlet total net positive suction pressure
Relation Thermody LHe LH2 LNe LN2 LAr LOX CH4 H20
with DB namic
parameter Properties
DB 𝜶 NBP NBP (K) 4.2 20.1 27 77 87.2 90 111.67 373

DB α ρL2 ρL(Kg/m3) 128.04 71.166 1208.8 807.71 1396 1142.1 422.35 958.46

DB α Cp Cp(J/kgK) 4514.9 9169.3 1860.3 2039.7 1117.1 1698.8 3481.1 4215.5

DB α hfg-0.5 hfg(J/kg) 20769.03 449891.1 85869.5 189637 161211 213241 510820 2256770

DB α αL0.5 αL (m/s) 2.979 15.13 6.9233 8.8307 8.2469 7.785 12.495 16.76
× 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6 × 10−6