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The Thirty Seven Practices of Bodhisattvas
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Inside Back cover
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The Thirty Seven Practices of Bodhisattvas
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Ven. Śrī Chusang Rinpoche
Chusang Monastery, GPO Box 12350, Boudha, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal
FOREWORD
The Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva is a text which was

written by Ngulchu Gyalsey Thogme Zangpo in the 14th Cen-
tury. The verses are short and clear and it is a very popular text
with Tibetan Buddhists. Although the text was written a long
time ago, the commentary by His Holiness the Dalai Lama ex-
plains how everyone today can benefit from the advice.
Each of the Thirty-Seven root verses gives advice on how
to behave like a Bodhisattva.
A Bodhisattva is someone who has vowed to free all be-
ings from suffering and has the Wisdom and Compassion to
help them. The first verse states that as we have the good for-
tune to be born as a human being, we must make a great effort
to practice Dharma in order to free ourselves and others from
the suffering of cyclic existence.
The great Bodhisattvas gave up everything to benefit
others but these days, it is difficult when people have to earn
money and have responsibility to look after relatives. The most
important thing is to study as you can to be compassionate and
tolerant in your daily life.
The key message of the text is in Verse 10:
When your mothers

Who have loved you since time without beginning,
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Are suffering, what use is your own happiness?
Therefore to free limitless living beings,
Develop the altruistic intention.
This is really the main point. We should learn to consider others

as more important than ourselves and treat them with kindness
and a warm heart. By practicing Dharma, we make our lives
meaningful. We practice to be a good person from lifetime to
lifetime. People who are friendly and kind and sincerely try to
help others are really practicing the Dharma.
May this book benefit many people and help them to un-
derstand the practices that lead to wisdom and compassion.
Çré Chusang Rinpoche

Patron
Nagarjuna Institute of Exact Methods
P. O. Box 100, Chakupat, Lalitpur
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ÉÊÊ q¢Ü-&±-/6$-9Ü,-ýë-&è- Ê
Ven. Śrī Chusang Rinpoche
Chusang Monastery, GPO Box 12350, Boudha, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal
k|fSsyg
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ztfAbLsf u'? ª'N5' Uon\;] yf]Ud] :xfª\kf]n] n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] .
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;s];Dd cWoog ug'{k5{ . of] g} ;a}eGbf dx™jk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
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n] leIf'sf] k"0f{ pk;Dkbf u|x0f ug'{eof] .
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pkb]zx¿sf] Jofks¿kn] cWoog / cEof; cyf{t\ ;fwgf
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k|sf/ pxfF k"/} ltAatdf Ps 7"nf] k|sf08 kl08t ;fwssf ¿kdf
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pxfFsf] hLjgLdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ pxfF !% jif{sf] pd]/d}
cfo{ c;Ës[t clewd{ ;d'Rrosf cToGt} s7Lg a'Fbfx¿ klg
cfˆgf] u'? / lziod08nLnfO{ cToGt} ;xh¿kdf / :jtM:km"t{
tj/n] JofVof ug{ ;Sg'x'GYof] . To;a]nfb]lv pxfFsf] gfd g} c;Ë
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k/]/ Psbd c;Xo kL8f ePsf] lyof] t/ pxfFn] Pp6f ls/fnfO{
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gd/];Dd ltgLx¿nfO{ Tolts} cfˆgf] z/L/df 6f]Sg lbO/fVg'eof] .
clg tL ls/fx¿sf] gfddf wf/0fL dGq hk]/ ltgLx¿sf d[t
z/L/x¿ /fv]/ d[ltsf r}To -rf rf_ agfpg'eof] . To;kl5
pxfFsf] gfd lhgk'q -Uon\ :o]_ /xguof] .
la/fdL ePsf] a]nf 8'N5' yf]u\ d]n] PskN6 eGg'ePsf] lyof],
æk/dfy{df Joflwsf] s'g} cl:tTj 5}g t/ dfG5] e|flGtdo cfef;
-7'n\ k] gfª\ jf_ jf ;f+j[lts¿kdf Joflwsf] cg'ej cfˆg} k"j{s[t
cs'zn sd{sf] kmn:j¿k pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . o;n] x]t' kmnsf]
cr's u'0fnfO{ bzf{pFb5 . Joflw Ps hfb'u/sf] dfofl;jfo s]xL
x}g /x]5, h'g cg'ej t x'G5 t/ oyf{y xf]Og eGg] s'/f klg
o;}n] g} bzf{pFb5 . o; k|sf/ Joflw t ;+;f/sf] :jefj 5n{Ë
b]vfpFg] Ps sNof0fldq u'? g} /x]5 . of] Joflw b'MvnfO{ u|x0f
ug]{ IfflGtsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf b'MvL ;™jx¿nfO{ s?0ff hufpg]
k|ToIf x]t' g} xf] . o;/L /f]u cyf{t Joflw xfd|f k"j{ hGdb]lv
;+u|lxt x'Fb} cfPsf kfk tyf cfj/0fx¿nfO{ zf]wg ug]{ Psbd}
k|efjsf/L / cr's pkfo g} /x]5 . To;}n] cfkm" v';L g} d
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x'g ;kmn eof] .
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n] n]Vg'ePsf] lyof] . xfdL cfh clt kfjg If]qdf al;/fv]sf 5f}+ .
oxfF cfh{g ul/Psf] k'0o cGo 7fpFsf] eGbf w]/} g} zlQmzfnL x'G5 .
t/ o; k'0onfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] xfd|f] dg /
;f]+rfO{nfO{ cem km/flsnf] / ljzfn kfg'{k5{ . k|jrg ;'Gg]nfO{
dfq of] s'/f cfjZos 5 eGg vf]h]sf] xf]Og nfdf jf u'?n] klg
To:tf] ljzfn dg;fo /fVg' cToGt} h?/L 5 .
dxfsf?l0fs eujfg a'4sf] z/L/ #@ nIf0f / *) cg'–
Jo~hgn] o'Qm 5 . pxfFsf] jfs\ j|Xd3f]ifsf ^) :j/fËn] o'Qm 5 .
k|xf0f;Dkb -Sn]z / 1]ofj/0fsf] k|xf0f_! / 1fg;Dkb -oyfjt
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jfwfx¿af6 d'Qm 5 To;}n] pxfFn] ;a} wd{nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t}
cyf{t lgM:jefj ¿kdf ;b}j x]l//xg'x'G5 . pg} dxfsf?l0fs,
;Dos\ ;Da'4 >L zfSod'lg tyfutn] o; kfjg If]q af]wuofdf
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kmn:j¿k o:tf] ;dodf, o:tf] kljq 7fpFdf hGd lnPsf 5f}+ /
o:tf] s7f]/ kl/l:yltdf klg eujfg a'4sf] pkb]z ;'Gg] df}sf
kfPsf 5f}+ . u'?x¿l;t e]6\g] df}sf kfPsf 5f}+ . To;}n], xfdLn]
;s];Dd cfkm"n] ;'g]sf pkb]zx¿nfO{ cEof;df ptfg]{ sf]lz;
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dfq …a'4+ z/0f+ uR5fldÚ eg]/ zAb dfq pRrf/0f ug]{ s'/f xf]Og .
xfdLn] h] kf7 u¥of}+ To;nfO{ xfd|f] b}lgs hLjgdf sfof{Gjog klg
ug'{k5{ . t;y{ xfdLn] pkb]zx¿df Psbd 7"nf] cle?rL /fVg'–
k5{ / ;fy;fy} cfkm"nfO{ cWoog / cEof;df klg nufpg'k5{ .
t/ s;/L To;f] ug]{ t ;j{k|yd Tof] hfGg' g} cfjZos x'G5 .
wd{ eg]s} o:tf] rLh xf] ls hlt hlt xfdL To;sf]
cEof;df tNnLg x'Fb} hfG5f}+ Tolt g} ;'vL xfdL x'G5f}F . xfdLn]
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klg To:tf kmn kfpg] u5f}{F . To;}n] eujfg\ a'4sf] cg'z/0f
vfln d'vn] dfq ug]{ xf]Og cEof;n] klg u/]/ b]vfpg'k¥of] .
To;n] ubf{ xfdL g} w]/} ;'vL x'g]5f}F . ctM, cfh oxfF af]wuofdf
xfdLn] wd{l;t ;dfud x'g] b'n{e cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5f}+ . ljz]if
u/]/ dxfofg wd{ >j0f ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5f}+, To;}n]
hlt ;Sbf] k'0o ;+ef/ ug]{ sfd ug'{k5{ . o;sf] nflu ;a}eGbf
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] xfdL ;a}n] ljz'4 dg;fo# agfpg'k5{ .
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dg;folagf cEof; u/]sf] v08df Tolt k|efjsf/L / pkof]uL
x'g]5}g .
u'?sf nflu klg ToxL s'/f nfu" x'G5 . u'?n] cx+sf/L eP/,
gfd, OHht, Voflt sdfpgsf nflu, O{iof{n] r"/ r"/ eP/ cyjf
c¿;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ p2]Zon] wd{b]zgf ug'{x'Gg . u'?sf] Pp6}
dfq cfzo eg]sf] cfkm"n] ;Sbf] t/Lsfn] c¿x¿nfO{ lxt ug'{ xf] .
;a} ;Tjx¿nfO{ cfb/ u/]/ s;}nfO{ lt/:sf/ gug'{ xf] . To:t}
k|sf/n] >f]tfx¿ klg cx+sf/L x'g'x'Fb}g . pgLx¿n] t Psbd
Wofg lbP/ cfb/k"j{s eujfg a'4sf clt b'n{e pkb]z ;'Gg'k5{ .
o;/L u'? / lzio b'j}n] /fd|/L / ;fjwfgLk"j{s Jojxf/ u/]df
cToGt} nfebfoL x'g]5 / o;n] ubf{ xfdL ;a}n] s]xL k'0o kfpg
;S5f}F .
xfdL;+u h:tf];'s} Sn]zx¿ eP tfklg tL Sn]zx¿nfO{
k|ltsf/ ug{sf lgldQ k|ltkIfx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{, / xtf]T;flxt
eP/ x'Fb}g . clg lj:tf/} lj:tf/} xfdLn] Sn]zx¿nfO{ k|ltsf/
ub}{ cGttM tL ;a}af6 5'6sf/f kfpg ;Sg]5f}F . x/]s jif{ cln
cln u/]/ cfkm" ;'w|b} uPsf] kfpF5f}+ . Sn]zx¿sf] dnn] lrQsf]
k|fs[lts :j¿k -Natural State of Mind_$ nfO{ clnslt klg k|efj
kfg{ ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f tL Sn]zx¿nfO{ x6fpg] sfddf xfd|f]
lrQnfO{ nufof}F eg] xfdLn] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}F . xfd|f] dg
;+oldt jf z'4 gePsf] sf/0fn] g} xfdLn] b'Mv ef]Ug] u5f}{+ To;}n]
k|ltkIfsf] ¿kdf xfdLn] olt t ug}{k5{ . t/ eGg]ljlQs} Ps}rf]l6
lrQ zf]wg x'g] klg xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, xfdLn] Psbd
h+unL / pR5[+vn JolQmnfO{ t'?Gt} zfGt / ;+oldt kfg{ ;Sb}gf}+,
To;sf] nflu yf]/} yf]/} u/]/ jiff}{+;Dd ldx]gt ug'{k5{, clg dfq
-3-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
aNn p;nfO{ lgoGq0fdf Nofpg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] dg klg To:t} xf] .

xf] xfdL;+u bf]ifx¿ w]/} 5g\ t/klg lj:tf/} lj:tf/} xfdLn] cfkm}
nfO{ ;'wfg{ ;S5f}+ . o:t} s'/fx¿ xfdLn] afnaflnsfx¿df klg
kfpF5f}+ . z'? z'?df pgLx¿nfO{ s]xL klg yfxf x'Fb}g Ù k"0f{¿kn]
clzlIft x'G5g\ pgLx¿ . t/ ljBfnodf ljleGg sIffx¿ h:t}
!, @, # OToflb sIffx¿ ptL0f{ x'+b} uPkl5 cGttM qmlds¿kdf
pgLx¿n] lj:tf/} lj:tf/} w]/} s'/f l;Sb} hfG5g\ . o;/L afn–
aflnsfx¿ lzlIft x'G5g\ . 3/ agfpFbf klg oxL tYo nfu"
x'G5, 3/ klg Ps}rf]6L aGg] xf]Og, klxnf], bf]>f], t]>f] tNnf u/L
tNnfx¿ yk]/ aNn clGtd 3/ tof/ x'G5 . 3/ agfpg hlt
;do nfu]klg To;sf] k/jfx gu/L xfdL lj:tf/} lj:tf/} cl3
a9\b} hfG5f}+ . 3/ k"/f gl;l4pGh]n hlt klg r/0fx¿ kf/ ug'{kg]{
xf] xfdL otfptf g;f]rL+ Psf]xf]/f]k"j{s kf/ ub}{ hfG5f}, sfd ub}{
hfG5f}+ . dltzf]wg cEof;df klg o:t} dgl:ylt agfpg'k5{ .
cfzo ljz'l4sf] hxfF;Dd s'/f 5, cfˆgf] :t/df xfdLn]
cfkm"n] ;Sbf] lsl;dn] cfˆgf] cfzonfO{ ljz'4 kfg]{ sf]lz;
t ug}{k5{ . ædfu{qmdÆ jf nfdl/d\% df JofVof ul/P adf]lhd
ljleGg qmdx¿ kf/ ub{} xfdLn] lj:tf/} lj:tf/} o;nfO{ ;'wf{b}
n}hfG5f} . tkfO{+x¿dWo] sltkonfO{ of] s'/f yfxf 5, t/ s]xL gofF
;xefuLx¿sf nflu d o;sf] af/]df clnslt JofVof ub}{5' .
wd{ cEof; ug'{ eg]sf] vfln n'uf km]g]{, cf]xbf jf blIf0ff ;f]xf]g]{
dfq s'/f xf]Og . wdf{Eof; t xfd|f] lrQfj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{
xf], dltzf]wg ug'{ xf] . xfdL hf];'s} xf]cf}+, d cfkm} klg To:t} g}
x'F, cfkm" bnfO{ nfdf g} ePklg s]xL dtnj 5}g, ha;Dd d]/f]
lrQ g} zf]wg ePsf] x'Fb}g ta;Dd d wfld{s JolQm eGg nfos
x'Fb}g . s;}+sf] w]/} gfd OHht /xFb}df jf s;}n] tLgj6f rLj/
-4-
nufpFb}df p;sf] dlt zf]wg eO;ssf] 5 eGg ;lsGg . p;sf]

lrQsf] :jefj ;fFlRrs} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 ls 5}g Tof] kf] d'Vo
s'/f] xf] . To;}n] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ / cfjZos s'/f] dltzf]wg
g} xf] .
oxfF pkl:yt tkfO{+x¿ ;a}n] cfkm}nfO{ hfFr]/ x]g'{k5{ . xfdL
;a} ;'v rfxG5f}+, b'Mv rfxg] sf]xL klg 5}g . skfn b'Vbfv]/L
To;sf] t'?Gt pkrf/ gvf]Hg] jf Tof] kL8faf6 t'?Gt 5'6sf/f
grfxg] JolQm sf]xL klg 5}g . of] s'/f xf] ls xf]Og < kL8f zfl/–
/Ls / dfgl;s b'j} x'g]u5{ / b'j} kL8f xfdL rfxGgf}F . t/ eGg] –
lalQs} xfdLnfO{ dg gkg]{ b'MvnfO{ r6Ss} kG5fP/ t'?Gt} ;'vL
x'g ;Sb}gf}F . To;sf] nflu w]/} r/0fx¿nfO{ kf/ ug'{k5{ . To;}n]
of] Ps}rf]l6 x'g] s'/f xf]Og . s'g} Ps hGt'nfO{ tfnLd lbP/ v';L
kfg{ t w]/} r/0fx¿nfO{ kf/ ug'{k5{ . tL r/0fx¿ klg p;s}
nflu ag]sf x'g'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu ;aeGbf klxn] t Tof]
hGt'nfO{ s]xL rf/f lbg'k5{, To;kl5 p;nfO{ 8/fpg], b'Jo{jxf/
ug]{ OToflb sfd 5f]l8lbg'k5{, OToflb . oL ;a} sfdx¿ u/]kl5
dfq aNn xfdL ;kmn x'G5f}F . 7Ls To;/L g} xfdLnfO{ klg To;/L
tfnLd lbOg'k5{, Ps kl5 csf]{ ub}{ ljleGg k|s[of r/0fx¿ kf/
ub}{ xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'wfg'{k5{ .
z'?z'?df t xfdLn] cfpFbf] jif{ jf csf]{ jif{df s] sfd ubf{
cfˆgf] lxt x'G5 eg]/ ;f]+Rg'k5{ . clg lj:tf/} Ps b'O{ jif{ ub}{
cufl8sf] s'/f ;f]FRb} uPkl5 cGttM jL; jif{;Ddsf] s'/f klg ;f]Rg+
;S5f}F . xfd|f] b'/b[li6nfO{ o;/L a9fpFb} nfg ;S5f}F . To;kl5
csf]{ h'gLsf] af/]df ;f]+Rg ;S5f}F . xfdLaf6 csf]{ h'gLdf klg
dg'io h'gL g} k|fKt ug]{ sf]lz; x'g]5, o;/L bL3{sfnLg tj/n]
jf kl5;Ddsf nflu lbuf] ;'v k|fKt ug]{ / b'Mv kG5fpg] xfd|f]
-5-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
k|oTg jf cfsf+Iff x'g]5 . o:tf ofjt k|s[ofx¿nfO{ kf/ ub}{ xfdL

cufl8 a9\5f}F . clxn] xfdLn] dg'io rf]nf kfPsf 5f}F . To;}n]
xfdLn] cufl8sf] ;f]Rg'k5{ g ls vfln c:yfoL ;'v jf jfXo
;'vdf /Dg], To;sf] ;f6f] ;fFlRrsf] lbuf] k/dfy{ ;'v k|fKt ug]{
r]i6f x'g'k5{ xfdLaf6 .
cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ ;'vL kfg{ xfdLn] w]/} sfdx¿ u5f}{ . xfdL
vfgf vfG5f}F, n'uf nufpF5f}+, ofjt sfdx¿ ub{5f}F . o;df s'g}
gf}nf] s'/f 5}g, ;w} o:tf] sfo{ ul/g} /x]sf x'G5f}F xfdLn] . t/
dg'io x'g'sf] cy{ vfln Tolt dfq ug'{ cyf{t To:tf] sfo{df
dfq cfkm"nfO{ ;Lldt /fVg' xf]Og . hlt;'s} wgL ePklg xfdLn]
wgL dflg;x¿sf emg\ Hofbf lrGtf / b'Mv ePsf] b]lv/fv]s}
5f}F . o:tf] s'/f xfdL klZrdL d'n'sx¿df 5n{Ë} b]Vb5f}F . cToGt}
wg;DklQ / zfl//Ls ;'v;on ePsf dflg;x¿ w]/} 5g\ t/
c;+Vo dfgl;s ;d:ofx¿ h:t} g}/fZotf, ljlIfKt dg OToflb
b'Mvx¿ / b'Mvb cj:yfx¿ klg logLx¿s} w]/} 5g\ . jf:tjdf
eGg'kbf{, To:tf] kl/l:yltaf6 d'lQm kfpg pgLx¿ nfu'kbfy{ /
cf}ifwLx¿sf] ;]jg u5{g\ . o;n] s] b]vfFpb5 eg] dflg;x¿;+u
w]/} ef}lts ;'v wg;DklQ ePklg pgLx¿n] tL ;aeGbf klg
dfgl;s ;'v Hofbf vf]lh/fv]sf x'G5g\ . vfln wg;DklQn] dfq
dfgl;s ;'v k|bfg ug{ g;Sbf]/x]5 . xfdL hlt;'s} Åi6k'i6 /
anjfg ePklg xfd|f] dg g} ;'vL 5}g eg] tL ;a}sf] s]xL dtnj
x'Fb}g . To;}n] xfdLnfO{ zfl//Ls / dfgl;s ;'v b'j} rflxG5 .
b'O{dWo] klg dfgl;s ;'v g} clws dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] lsgeg] dg
g} xfd|f] zf;s xf] -wDdkbM dgf] k'Aj+udf wDdf dgf];]Ýf dgf]–
dof ._^ To;sf/0f dgnfO{ s;/L ;'vL agfpg ;lsG5 Totftkm{
g} hf]8 lbOg'k5{ .
-6-
t/ dgnfO{ ;'vL kfg]{ tTj s'grflx xf] < dgn] ;'v k|fKt
ug]{ dfu{ dlt jf ljrf/x¿sf] dfu{ g} xf] . cfˆgf] lrQnfO{
;'b'kof]u u/]gf}+ eg] jf cfˆgf] dltnfO{ ;'b'kof]u u/]gf}+ eg] xfdLn]
cfkm"nfO{ slxn]klg ;'vL kfg{ ;Sb}gf}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, xfd|f]
dgdf /x]sf Sn]zx¿dWo] s'g} Sn]z cToGt} k|jn jf zlQmzfnL
x'g]u5{, h:t} qmf]w, /fu, db, dfT;o{ dWo] s'g} Pp6f Sn]z clws
zlQmzfnL x'g;S5 . olb tL dWo] Pp6f Sn]zsf] jzdf k/L sd{
u/]sf] v08df xfdLnfO{ b'Mv l;jfo s]xL x'g]5}g . hlt hlt xfdL
To;sf] jzdf x'G5f}+ Tolt g} b'Mv xfdLn] ef]U5f}+ . olb egf}+ g
ltAatsf] gfd ;'Gg] ljlQSs} Psbd} l/; p7\g], hf]zdf cfpg]
:jefj xfdLdf 5 eg] n tkfO{+ g} eGg';\, Tof] cj:yfdf xfdL
v';L x'G5f}+ ls b'MvL x'G5f}+ < s'/f :ki6 5 xfdL b'MvL g} x'G5f}+ .
t;y{ To;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt olb d}qL / s?0ffåf/f k|]l/t eP/
xfdLn] ;f]+Rg yfNof}+ eg] xfd|f] qmf]wsf] To;n] k|ltsf/ u5{ / xfd|f]
dg zfGt / ;'vL x'g]5 . ctM c;n lrQ& / bofn' ljrf/x¿n]
xfd|f] hLjgdf ;'v} ;'v NofOlbG5g\ . xfdL ;a} ;'v g} rfxg] /
b'MvnfO{ kG5fpg rfxg] ePsfn] of] ;a}sf] h8 sxfFg]/ n's]sf]
5 t Tof] s'/f hfGg'k5{ . ;a}sf] h8 oxL lrQ g} xf] eg]/
hfGg'k5{ .
;du|df xfd|f] cf;lQm / å]if hlt hlt zlQmzfnL x'Fb} hfG5,
Tolt g} 7"nf] b'Mv xfdLn] ef]Ug]5f}F . lognfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ ;lsof]
eg] ;'v t xfd|} a9\g]5 . ctM, xfdLn] s] Tofu ug'{kg]{ xf], s]
x6fpg'kg]{ xf] To;sf] af/]df /fd|/L ;f]+Rg'k5{ . dfgf}+ xfdL c;fWo}
O{iof{n' 5f}F, Oiof{n' eP s] x'G5 < cGtdf t Pslbg ;a}n] dg'{g}
k5{, To;}n] s] sf nflu xfdLdf olt w]/} O{iof{ 5, Tof] rfx]/ klg
xfd|f] ;fydf /lx/xg ;Sb}g To;}nfO{ 5f]8]/ Pslbg hfg}k5{ .
-7-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
t;y{ xfd|f O{iofhGo t[i0ffx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf ;Gt'i6 kfg{ g;Sg]

x'gfn] O{iof{ xfd|f] dgdf /x'~h]n xfdL slxn]klg ;'vL x'g ;Sb}gf}+ .
oxL s'/f cx+sf/ -db_ df klg nfu" x'G5 . p:t} cj:yfdf sf]xL
klg ;bf /xg ;Sb}g . xfdL ;bf hjfg eO/fVg ;Sb}gf}+ . To;sf]
nflu hlt;'s} 3d08 u/f}+ cflv/ Tof] cj:yf xfdLaf6 l5lgg]g}
5, 3d08 ;a} xfjfdf g} p8]/ hfg]g} 5 . ctM, 3d08 klg dgsf]
b'Mvb cj:yf g} xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfdL s'g} /]i6"/fFdf vfgf
vfg hfG5f}F . ToxfF cfˆgf] eGbf /fd|f] x]b}{ :jflbi6 ef]hg s;}n]
vfO/fv]sf] b]Vbf klg xfdL Tof] JolQmk|lt O{iofn' x'G5f}F < o;/L
O{iofn] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ s] nfe eof] t cflv/ < b'Mv l;jfo o;n]
s]xL lbFb}g . To;n] kSs}klg xfd|f] k]6 t eb}{ eb}{g .
xfdL ltAatLx¿n] cfˆg} af/]df Psl5g ;f]rf}+ g < s] rLlgof–
x¿k|lt qmf]wL / O{iofn' x'Fbf xfdL To;/L g} ;'vL x'G5f}F t < s]
ToxL xf] dgsf] ;'vb cj:yf < kSs}klg xf]Og, Tof] dgsf] ;'vb
cj:yf x'g} ;Sb}g . s'g} To:tf] JolQmsf] af/]df ;f]rf}+ h;n]
lhGbuLe/ cf;lQm / å]ifsf] jz\df k/]/ sfd u5{ Jojxf/ u5{ .
o:tf] JolQm 7"nf] zlQmzfnL cf]xbfsf] xf]nf jf clt g} Vofltk|fKt g}
xf]nf, t/ cGttf]uTjf To:tf] JolQm klg tn lu5{ lu5{, Oltxf;n]
ToxL b]vfpF5 . s] kfof] t Tof] JolQmn] cflv/ < Oltxf;df p;sf]
gfd emg\ emg\ tn lu¥of], Tof] afx]s s]xL kfPg . pm ;'vL ePg,
cGtt To;} d/]/ uof] . To;sf/0f xfdLn] klg lhGbuLe/ To;/L
g} Sn]zx¿n] eg] eg]h:tf] dfq ul//fVof}F eg] hlt;'s} wgL /
zlQmzfnL ePklg To;n] xfdLnfO{ /lQe/ ;'v lbg]5}g .
clxn] xfdL af]wuofdf al;/fv]sf 5f}+, clxn] xfd|f cfˆg}
cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] s'/f] cem 5n{Ë;+u a'‰g ;S5f}+ .
clxn] tkfO{+x¿ bnfO{ nfdfsf] d'vaf6 k|jrg ;'Gb} x'g'x'G5,
-8-
tkfO{ o:tf] k/d kfjg :yndf x'g'x'G5 . o:tf] 7fpFdf a;]/

oxfFs} s'g} duGt] jf oxfF al;/xFbfsf] s7Lg zfl//Ls cj:yfk|lt
tkfO{+ lbSs x'g'eof] jf ?i6 x'g'eof] eg] s] tkfO{ Tof] If0f
;'vL /xg;Sg' xf]nf < To:t} csf]{tkm{ tkfO{+sf Sn]zx¿ sd
zlQmzfnL 5g\ / oxfF tkfO{ s'g} k'0osf] sfo{ ub}{x'g'x'G5 eg] s]
To; avt tkfO{sf] dg ;'vL xf]nf t < o;af/] /fd|/L ljrf/
ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{+sf] lrQsf] cj:yfn] tkfO{+nfO{ dfq k|efj kfg]{
xf]Og, tkfO{+sf cfkmGt, ;fyL Oi6ldq / 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]t
k|efj kfl//fv]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu To:t} kfl/jfl/s
cj:yfsf] af/]df Psl5g ;f]+rf}+ . tkfO{+ cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿;+u
c;fWo} l/;fpg'eof], ToxL l/;sf] sf/0f ltgLx¿nfO{ lk6\g'eof] .
5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ tkfO{n] ufnL u/]sfn] lk6]sfn] 7"nf] cfjfh lgsfn]/
?G5g\, s/fpF5g\ . To;af6 ;a} b'MvL g} x'G5g\, ;a}n] g/dfOnf]
g} dfG5g\, xf] ls xf]Og < Tof] a]nf l/;fpg'sf] ;f6f] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ tkfO{+n] zfGt /fVg'ePsf] v08df tkfO{+n] aRrfx¿nfO{
klg v]Ng lbg'x'G5, h;sf sf/0f ;a} v';L x'G5g\, zfGt x'G5g\ .
h'g b]zdf ;Gtf]if / ;lxi0f'tfsf] Jofks cEof; x'G5 Tof] b]zsf
;a} dflg; ;'vL g} x'G5g\, zfGt g} /xG5g\ . of] s'/f] ;To xf] .
JolQm, kl/jf/ / b]zb]zdf oxL+ ;To nfu" x'G5 . hxfF w]/} Sn]z
x'G5g\, w]/} b'Mv w]/} czflGt klg ToxL x'G5 . hxfF sd Sn]z x'G5,
ToxfF w]/} ;'v / v';L x'G5 .
d]/} s'/f lncf}+ . Sn]zx¿sf] bf]if, Sn]zaf6 x'g] g/fd|f s'/fx¿–
sf af/] d w]/} ;f]+Rg] u5'{ / Sn]zsf] cefjdf x'g] nfesf af/]df klg
d w]/} ;f]+R5' . d]/f] cfˆg} hLjgdf klg Sn]znfO{ qmdzM sd kfb}{
nfg] cEof;df o;n] dnfO{ w]/} d2t k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;f}efUojz\
clxn] xfdL hLjgnfO{ w]/} dhf lnP/ lhpg ;ls/fv]sf 5f}F, xfd|f]
-9-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
vfgf klg c;fWo} :jflbi6 5 / ;a} s'/f /fd|} eO/fv]sf 5g\ .

o:tf] xfdLn] kfPsf 5f}F clxn] . olb xfd|f] dg Sn]zn] el/Psf eP
Wofgdf al;/xFbf klg, jf s'g} k"hfkf7df nLg ePtfklg tL ;a}
af6 xfdLn] clnslt klg ;'v kfpg] lyPgf}F . To;sf/0f Sn]z–
x¿ slt 3f6sl;4 / xflgsf/s x'Fbf/x]5g\ eGg] s'/fsf af/]df
;b}j lrGtgzLn /xFg'k5{ .
;+lIfKtdf eGg] xf] eg] olb xfd|f] dlt zf]wg eO;s]sf]
5 / xfd|f Sn]zx¿ klg 5}gg\ eg] dfq xfdL ;'vL x'g ;S5f}+ .
To;sf/0f dltzf]wg u/]sf] kmn:j¿k x'g] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] s'/f
eg]sf] g} xfd|f] dgdf Sn]zx¿ pTkGg gx'g' xf] . Sn]zx¿ pTkGg
eOxfn]klg xfdL ltgsf] jz\df k/]/ sfo\ / jfs\åf/f s'g} sfo{
ub}{gf}+ . of] csf]{ clt /fd|f] s'/f xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu qmf]lwt x'Fb}
gx'g' ;a}eGbf pQd s'/f xf] t/ slxn]sfxL xfdLnfO{ cgfofz
l/; pl7xfn]klg xfdLn] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ lgolGqt g} kfpF5f} t;y{
To; qmf]wsf] jz\df kl/ slxn]klg sfo{ ub}{gf}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
s;}sf] d'vdf d'Ssf lxsf{pg]5}gf}+, cyjf s;}nfO{ ckzAb k|of]u
u/L ufnL ug]{5}gf}+ jf Psbd eo+s/ k|ltlqmof klg hgfpFg]5}gf} .
ctM qmda4 lsl;dn] lj:tf/} lj:tf/} k|of; ul//Xof}+ eg]
xfd|f k|ltkIfx¿* cem dha't x'Fb} uPsf] xfdL kfpF5f}+ / xfd|f] dg
emg\ emg\ lgolGqt, zf]lwt x'Fb} cfkm" emg\ emg\ ;'vL ePsf] kfpF5f} .
z'? z'?df qmf]w, cf;lQm h:tf ljleGg Sn]zx¿ pTkGg} x'g
glbg] sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . olb sf]lz; ubf{ klg pTkGg eOxfn]df
ltgsf] jz\df k/]/ s'g} sd{ xfdLaf6 gxf];\ . s] tkfO{+n] a'‰g'eof]
t d]/f] s'/f < olb xfdLn] dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf kfg{ ;Sof}+ eg]
xfdLaf6 x'g] wd{ cEof; ToxL+ g}+ xf], t/ dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf g}
/fVg ;lsPg eg] Tof] wd{ cEof; xf]Og . ;a} Sn]zx¿nfO{
-10-
lgd"{n ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df lgjf{0f, jf lg/f]wsf] cj:yf nfe

x'g]5 . jf:tjdf oxL ;4d{ -;fFrf] wd{_( xf] .
rt'/fo{ ;To eGgfn] b'Mv ;To, ;d'bo ;To, lg/f]w ;To /
b'Mv lg/f]w k|ltufdL dfu{ ;To x'g\ . ;fFrf] b'Mvsf ¿kdf xfdL
ljleGg k|sf/sf b'Mvx¿sf af/]df ;f]+Rg ;S5f}+ h:t} d/0fsf]
b'Mv, Joflwsf] b'Mv, h/fsf] b'Mv OToflb OToflb . eujfg\ a'4
eGg'x'G5M b'Mvsf] af/]df hfu?s x'g' clt h?/L 5, b'Mvsf]
sf/0fsf af/]df hfu?s x'g' klg clt h?/L 5 < b'Mvsf] d"n
sf/0f clgolGqt dg xf], cem Tof] eGbf klg jf:tjdf Sn]zx¿
x'g\ . t;y{ Sn]zx¿nfO{ b'Mvsf d"n x]t'sf ¿kdf lnOG5 / Sn]z–
x¿s} sf/0f jf jz\df k/L ljleGg sd{ jf ;+:sf/x¿ aGb5g\ .
ctM b'Mvsf] d"n x]t' g} Sn]z / sd{ x'g\ . xfdL s;}nfO{ b'Mv
dgkb}{g / o;af6 d'lQm rfxG5f} . To;sf/0f b'Mvsf] d"n x]t' oxL+
zf]wg gul/Psf] clgolGqt dg g} xf] eg]/ hfGg'k5{ . xfdL b'Mvsf]
lg/f]w xf];\ eGg] rfxG5f}+, To;sf] nflu xfdLn] cfˆgf Sn]z–
x¿nfO{ wd{wft'df ljno x'glbg'k5{ .!) o;nfO{ g} lg/f]w cyf{t
lgjf{0f elgG5 .
Sn]zx¿sf] k|xf0f ug]{ dfu{df w]/} k|s[of jf r/0fx¿nfO{ kf/
ub}{ hfg'kg]{ x'G5, o; k|s[ofnfO{ cfo{dfu{ cyf{t cfo{hgx¿sf]
dfu{ elgG5 . cem :ki6¿kn] eGg] xf] eg] ljleGg Sn]zx¿nfO{
lgjf/0f ub}{ nfg] dfu{df xfdLn] s'zn u'0fx¿ cem w]/} j[l4 ub}{
nlu/fv]sf x'G5f}+ . o;/L Psftkm{ Sn]z / bf]ifx¿sf] lgjf/0f
x'g], csf]{tkm{ ;b\u'0f jf s'zn u'0fx¿ nfe x'g] o:tf] dfu{nfO{
g} ;Dos\ cfo{ dfu{ elgG5 . ;+If]kdf b'Mv 5, b'Mvsf] sf/0f 5
/ b'Mvsf] sf/0f ePs}n] xfdL To; sf/0fsf] lgj[lQ jf lg/f]w
rfxG5f}+ / To;nfO{ ;fFlRrs} d"t{¿k lbg xfdLn] dfu{sf] cg'z/0f
-11-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
ug}{k5{ . o;sf] kmn:j¿k cjZo+efjL¿kn] lg/f]w, jf lgjf{0fsf]

cj:yf cyf{t\ b'Mv/lxt cj:yf k|fKt eP/} 5f8\5 / o;n] lbg]
;'v zf:jt ;'v xf] . eujfg\ a'4n] klg oxL af}4uofdf o;}nfO{
cfˆg} pbfx/0fåf/f bzf{pg'eof] / kl5 ;f]xL cj:yf nfe u/fpg]
x]t' rt'/fo{ ;Tosf] b]zgf ug'{eof] . klxnf b'O{ ;Tox¿ qmdzM
b'Mv ;To / ;d'bo ;To cf>j / b'Mv kIfsf x'g\ eg] afsL b'O{6f
;Tox¿ lg/f]w ;To / dfu{ ;To ljd'lQm jf cgf>j kIf x'g\ .
s'g} aRrfnfO{ of] ug'{ x'G5 of] ug'{x'Gg eg]/ cfdfafa'n]
;+emfpF5g\ . aRrfn] klg ;f]xL cf1fsf] kfngf u5{ . t/ wdf{Eof;
s'g} Ps cf1fsf/L afnsn] cfdfafa'sf] cf1f kfng ug'{ h:t}
x'g'x'Fb}g . xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] b'Mv lgjf/0f ug'{ 5, To;}n] kf] wd{sf]
cg'z/0f u5f}{+ / ToxL sf/0fn] xfdLn] cfˆgf] dlt zf]wgsf nflu
u'?x¿sf pkb]z cIf/;M kfngf klg u5f}{+ . a'‰g'eof] <
b'Mv lgjf/0fdf w]/} s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . h:t} ef]s,
lr;f] OToflbsf b'Mvx¿ x'G5g\ . ltgsf] lgjf/0fsf nflu km/s
km/s g} sfo{x¿ jf pkfox¿sf] cjnDjg ul/g'k5{ . ls;fg,
Jofkf/Lx¿, cflbsf ldx]gtk"0f{ sfdn] xfd|f ef]s / zLt b'Mv
x6fpgdf d2t ub{5 . Joflw b'Mvsf] lgjf/0fsf nflu xfdL
lrlsT;s / cf}ifwLdf e/ k5f}{+ . t/ tL ;a} vfnL c:yfoL
;dfwfg jf pkrf/ dfq x'g\, k/dfy{ jf lgTo pkrf/ xf]Ogg\ .
la/fdL k/]df xfdLn] cf}ifwL jf uf]nL vfP/ cfkm"nfO{ alnof] t
kfg{ ;S5f}F t/ tL cf}ifwLx¿n] xfd|f] j[4fj:yf / d/0fnfO{ x6fpg
;Sb}gg\ . ;+If]kdf hGd, Joflw, h/fd/0fsf b'Mvx¿nfO{ xfdLn]
o:tf dfWodaf6 lgTo¿kn] / k/dfy{¿kn] 5'6sf/f kfpFg ;Sb}gf}+ .
xf] s'g} s'g} pkfo ckgfpFbf c:yfoL¿kn] ;dfwfg rflxF kSs}
x'G5 .
-12-
lxGb', OzfO{, OZnfd h:tf w]/} wd{x¿n] ;'v / b'Mvsf]

>i6fsf] ¿kdf O{Zj/nfO{ dfGb5g\ . O{Zj/nfO{ k|fygf u¥of}+ eg]
pgn] xfdLnfO{ ;'v lbG5g\ . t/ a'4n] To;/L JofVof ug'{ePsf]
5}g . a'4sf] egfO{ adf]lhd xfd|f] b'Mv / ;'v O{Zj/sf] xftdf 5}g
a? xfd|f] cfˆg} xftdf 5 . cGo wd{x¿n] vfnL Pp6f /TgnfO{
dfq dfG5 Tof] xf] O{Zj/ . To:tf] geP/ a'4wd{n] tLgj6f /Tg
-lq/Tg_ nfO{ dfGb5 . s]nfO{ ckgfpg'kg]{ xf] / s]nfO{ TofUg'kg]{ xf]
Tof] ;a}sf] dfu{ b]vfpg] a'4 xf] . t;y{ a'4 Ps u'? dfq xf] >i6f
O{Zj/ xf]Og . xfd|f] b'Mv / ;'vsf] >i6f t xfd|f] cfˆgf] sd{ xf] .
s'znsd{ u/]sf] kmn:j¿k ;'v kfOg]5 . t;y{ o;/L g} xfdLn]
;Sbf] s'zn sd{ ug]{ k|oTg ug'{k5{ . To;/L g}, cs'zn sd{af6
b'Mv x'G5, To;sf/0f oyf;Dej o:tf cs'zn sd{x¿nfO{ TofUg]
sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . a'4n] atfpg'ePsf] csf]{ lzIff x]t' kmnsf] dfu{
xf] . xfd|f] efUo xfd|} xftdf 5, O{Zj/ jf cGo s;}sf] xftdf xf]Og,
c¿ t s] :jo+ a'4sf] xftdf klg 5}g . ctM, jf:tljs z/0f
wd{sf] z/0f xf] . wd{ z/0f xfd|f] lrQ;Gtltd} ljsf; ug'{kg]{ s'/f
xf] . csf]{ zAbdf, cfˆgf] dgaf6 Sn]zflb ljsf/nfO{ x6fP/ xfdL
b'Mvaf6 d'Qm x'G5f}+ / ;'v k|fKt u5f}{+ . of] afx]s, wd{ z/0fnfO{
xfd|f] lrQ;Gtltdf ljsf; ug{] qmddf xfdLnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt
d2t ug{sf nflu ;xfossf] vfFrf] k5{ . To:tf ;xfos g} ;+3
z/0f xf] . ;+If]kdf eujfg\ a'4n] z/0fsf] dfu{ b]vfpg'x'G5, wd{
g} jf:tljs z/0f x'g\ / ;+3 pbfx/0fåf/f ;xfotf ug]{ ;xfos
xf] . Pp6} dfq O{Zj/ jf z/0f:yfgn] xfdLnfO{ ;'v lbg] jf b'Mv
x6fpg] xf]Og .
;+:s[t zAb æwd{Æ jf ltAatL zAb æ5Øf]PÆ nfO{ c+u|]hL–
df cg'jfb ubf æl/lnlhogÆ eGg] zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . c+u|]hL
-13-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
zAb l/lnlhog o:tf] k|0ffnLdf k|of]u x'G5 h;df O{Zj/nfO{

dfg]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ ;fdfGotof a'4wd{ clgZj/jfbL ePsfn]
l/lnlhog g} xf]Og elgG5 . rLlgofx¿ klg cfkm"nfO{ gfl:ts
atfpFb5g\ . pgLx¿ af}4dfuL{x¿nfO{ wfld{s æl/lnlho;\Æ eGg]
u5{g\ To;}n] pgLx¿sf] x]/fOdf a'4 wd{ klg l/lnlhog g} xf] .
t/ ;fFlRr}s} eGg] xf] eg] dflysf] kl/efiff adf]lhd xfdL klg
clgZj/jfbL g} xf}F . oltdfq xf]Og, xfdL a'4argnfO{ klg
cGwljZjf;sf] e/df :jLsf/ ub}{gf}+, cfkm"n] Psbd ;"Id¿kn]
hfFlr;s]kl5 dfq :jLsf5f}{+ . olb ts{;+ut 5 eg] :jLsf5f}{+, olb
ts{;+ut 5}g eg] :jLsfb}{gf}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu sd{ / k'gh{Gd
h:tf s'/fx¿df xfdL;+u w]/} ts{;+ut k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . ts{åf/f
;"Id¿kn] hfFr]kl5 dfq xfdL o:tf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf5f}{+ . olb
s'g} s'/f ts{ Gofoåf/f :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 eg] Tof] :jLsf/–
of]Uo x'G5 . olb vfnL cGwljZjf;sf] cfwf/df dfq l6s]sf] 5
eg] Tof] :jLsf/of]Uo x'Fg]5}g . To;}n] ædnfO{ ljZjf; 5Æ dfq
geGg'xf];\ . d'Vo s'/f] ts{ / o'lQmåf/f ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sg' xf] .
s'g} s'/f o'lQm jf tTj;+ut ePg eg] To;nfO{ :jLsf/ gug'{xf];\ .
xfd|f] ljZjf;nfO{ ;b}j ts{ o'lQmåf/f ku]{Ng'k5{ .
ctLt sfndf eujfg\ a'4n] ;Dk"0f{ pkb]zx¿ lbP/ hfg'–
eof] . pxfFn] eGg'ePsf s'/f jf a'4jrgnfO{ k|zf]wg jf ;+zf]–
wg ug'{ kb}{g jf s'g} s'/f To;df yk]/ ;Dkfbg klg ug'{kb}{g .
a'4n] h] pkb]z lbP/ hfg'eof] xfdLn] To;nfO{ cEof; dfq ug]{
xf] . of] Tolt hl6n klg 5}g . cf}ifwLsf] pbfx/0faf6 xfdLn]
o;nfO{ a'‰g ;S5f}+ . lrlsT;s jf j}Bn] lj/fdLx¿nfO{ Ps Ps
ub}{ hfFR5g\ / x/]snfO{ ;'FxfpFbf] cf}ifwL n]lvlbG5g\ . olb cf}ifwf]–
krf/n] sfd u/]g eg] s] ug]{ < of] cf}ifwL lj1fgsf] bf]if xf] eg]/
-14-
vfnL d"v{x¿n] dfq eG5g\ . cf}ifwLn] sfd gu/]sf] t cf}ifwL–

lj1fgsf] sf/0fn] xf]Og cf}ifwL ;]jg ug]{ cfˆg} sf/0fn] kf] /x]5
eGg] s'/f a'l4dfgn] a'em]sf] x'G5 . oxL s'/f a'4wd{df klg nfu"
x'G5 . a'4jrg cyf{t\ ælqlk6sÆ cfkm}df s'g} vf]6 5}g . ;fFRr}
hfr]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] >f]t cfkm}df s'g} lsl;dsf] e|flGt x'Fb}g .
To;sf/0f xfdLn] s] ug'{k5{ eg] ljleGg >f]tx¿df atfPadf]–
lhd ;xL9Ën] cEof; ug'{k5{ . a'‰g'eof] ls a'‰g'ePg <
To;sf/0f d'Vo cEof; g} dltzf]wgsf] cEof; xf] . To;sf
nflu xfdLn] pkb]z ;'Gg'k5{ / ;xL t/Lsfn] pkb]z ;'Ggsf nflu
xfd|f] cfzo ;xL x'g'k5{ . eujfg\ a'4n] b'j} lxgofg / dxfofgsf
pkb]zx¿ lbg'ePsf] 5 . dxfofgdf c¿ k|f0fLx¿nfO{ lxt ug]{
lrQf]Tkfb ul/G5 eg] lxgofgdf c¿nfO{ lxt ug{ g;s]klg
sd;]sd xflg t gu/f}+ eGg] cfzodf hf]8 lbOG5 . b'j}sf]
hf]8 t s;/L cGo k|f0fLx¿nfO{ ;xfotf ug{ ;lsG5 / s;/L
pgLx¿sf] sNof0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f]d} /x]sf] 5 . o;af6
xfdLn] kf7 l;Sg'k5{ . ;s] c¿nfO{ lxt u/ g;s] lglZrt¿kdf
pgLx¿nfO{ xflg x'g] sfd rflx+ sbflk gu/ . s;}k|lt qmf]lwt
x'g'k5{ eg]/ t sfxL+ n]v]sf] 5}g lg, 5 t <
dxfofgsf pkb]zdf of] klg elgPsf] 5 ls xfdLn] ;s];Dd
cfˆgf] :jfy{nfO{ Tofu ug'{ k5{ / ax'hg k/fy{ lxtsf] nflu sfo{
ug'{k5{ . oxL a'4sf] ;Gb]z xf], xf] ls xf]Og < ctM xfdLnfO{
Ps ljz'4, Gofgf] / bofn' Åbosf] cfjZostf 5 . ;f/f ;Tjsf]
lxtsf] nflu a'4Tj nfe ug{sf lgldQ xfdLn] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb
ug'{k5{ . o:tf] af]lwlrQ wf/0f u/L af]lw;Tj ª'N5' c;+Ë eb|
-yf]Ud] ;fª\kf]_ åf/f lj/lrt æ;Ktlq+zb lhgk'q rof{Æ sf] pkb]z
;'Gg'xf];\ .
-15-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
yf]Ud] ;fª\kf] ;fSof k/Dk/fsf u'? a'6f]g l/Gkf]5]sf

;dsfnLg x'g'x'G5 . pxfF h] rf]ª\vfkf eGbf b'O{ k':tf cufl8sf
u'? x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] w]/}h;f] ;fSof k/Dk/fsf lzIffx¿ g} k|fKt
ug'{eof] / ;fgf] pd]/ b]lv g}+ c¿nfO{ lxt ug]{ s'/fdf cle?rL
/fVg'x'GYof] . afns 5Fbf pxfF csf{nfO{ d2t gug]{ ;fyLx¿l;t
emu8f klg ug'{x'GYof] . kl5 lj:tf/} lj:tf/} pd]/ a9\b} uPkl5
pxfF leIf' x'g'x'g'eof] / ljleGg u'?x¿;+u pxfFn] ;T;+ut ug'{eof] .
b'O{hgf u'? pxfFsf] ljz]if tyf k|d'v x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] ;"q / tGq
b'j}sf] cEof; u/]/ lgs} ax'>t' ljåfg / kl5 Ps l;4 ;fws
aGg'eof] . af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf nflu pxfF lgs} k|l;4 x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn]
ckgfpg] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb k/Dk/f k/;dtf / cfTd k/fjt{g!! g}
lyof] . jf:tjdf af]lw;Tjsf] s'/f ubf{ pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf c;Ë
eb|sf] gfd t'?Gt} xfd|f] dgsf] cufl8 pleg cfpF5, xf] ls xf]Og <
To:t} lsl;dsf] dxfg JolQm, ;fRr} ljz]if JolQm x'g'x'GYof] pxfF .
pxfFsf] pkb]z ;'Gg cfpg]x¿ ;a} zfGt bfGt, lgolGqt / ;+oldt
eP/ pkb]z ;'Gy] .
xfdL ;a}sf] lxtsf] nflu c;Ë eb| u'?n] of] ;Ktlq+zb
lhgk'q rof{ n]Vg'ePsf] x'gfn] xfdLn] oL pkb]zx¿nfO{ Wofg
lbP/ ;'g]/ af/+af/ hfFr]/ cEof; ug]{ sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . eGg
t xfdL cfkm"nfO{ dxfofg ;fws eG5f}+ t/ jf:tljs dxfofg
cEof;x¿nfO{ xfdLn] ;w} k|ltj]If0ff u/]/ x]l//x]sf x'Ggf}+ . of] s'g}
xfntdf 7Ls xf]Og . To;sf/0f, oL ;}+tL; af]lw;Tj cEof;sf]
cfwf/df xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ hfFRg'k5{ . jf:tljs¿kdf xfd|f] sfo{
tL af]lw;Tj cEof; cg';f/ ldN5 ls ldNb}g hfFRg'k5{ .
ædfu{qmdÆ df JofVof ul/Pem}+ lqk'?if jf tLg k|sf/sf JolQmx¿sf]
cfzonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ tL pkb]zx¿ lbOPsf x'g\ .
-16-
d o; u|Gysf] ;+lIfKt 6Lsf dfq oxfF k|:t't ub}{5' . o;sf]

cfud d}n] s'g' nfdf l/Gkf]5] t]lGhg\ Uofn\5]gaf6 kfPsf] x'F .
pxfFn] klg ;f] pkb]zsf] cfud vfd\ k|fGtsf lgjf;L k"j{ hf]S5]g\
l/Gkf]5]af6 kfpg'eof] . of] t eof] u|Gysf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro / of]
u|Gysf] Ps k|lt d}n] Nxf;faf6 oxfF;Dd NofPsf] lyPF .
ÉÊÊ ,-0ë-:ë-!è-–-9-8Ê
#$-#Ü<-&ë<-´¥,-7ië-7ë$-0è+-#6Ü#<-`$ÍÊ
7ië-/7Ü -+ë,-:-#%Ü#-·â-/Ië,-03+-ýÊ
v-0-0&ë#-+$-,-9<-#6Ü#<-0#ë,-:Ê
D#-·â-Vë-#<ß0-#¥<-ý<-d#-72:-:ëÊÊ
gdf] nf]s]Zj/fo . h;n] ;a} wd{nfO{ cgfud /
clgu{d -cfjfudg /lxt_ sf ¿kdf x]l//xg' ePsf]
5 t}klg ;Œjfy{ sfo{df bQlrQ eO{ nflu/xg'ePsf]
5 . pg} pQd u'? tyf gfy >Ldbfof{jnf]lst]Zj/,
s?0ffdo nf]s]Zj/ dxfu'?nfO{ cfkm\gf] lqåf/ cyf{t
sfo, jfs / lrQn] ;bf ;fb/ gd:sf/ Pj+ jGbgf
ub{5' .
Ê
of] pkb]zsf k|d'v >f]tx¿ zflGtb]j lj/lrt af]lwrof{jtf/,
c;+Ëlj/lrt dxfofg;"qfn+sf/, tyf gfufh'{glj/lrt /TgfjnL
x'g\ . k|:t't u|GynfO{ tLg v08df ljeflht ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf]
v08 k|f/lDes jf z'?df tL k'0o;+ef/;+u ;DalGwt 5 h;nfO{
k|of]u klg elgG5 . bf]>f] v08df d'Vo pkb]z cfpF5 h;nfO{
df}n elgG5 eg] t];|f] v08nfO{ clGtd jfSo cyf{t k[i7 elgG5 .!@
-17-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
klxnf] v08 cyf{t k|of]u klg b'O{ pk–v08df ljeflht 5 M k|f/–

lDes jGbgf tyf u|Gy /Rg] k|lta4tf . klxnf] pk–v08 cyf{t\
k|f/lDes jGbgfsf af/]df k|sfz kf/f}+ . oxfF cjnf]s]Zj/ af]lw–
;TjnfO{ jGbgf ul/Psf] 5 . af]lwsf] d"n g} s?0ff ePsf] x'Fbf /
cjnf]lst]Zj/ s?0ffsf] k|ltd"lt{ ePsfn] cjnf]lst]Zj/nfO{ oxfF
jGbgf ul/Psf] xf] . xfdLnfO{ eljiodf ;+:s[t l;Sg k|f]T;fxg
lbgsf] nflu oxfF ;+:s[t nf]s]Zj/ zAbnfO{ oyfjt} /flvPsf] 5 .
t;y{ u'?x¿af6 cleGg /xg'ePsf af]lw;™j cfo{fnf]lst]Zj/nfO{
lqåf/ sfo, jfs\ / lrQn] jGbgf ul/Psf] xf] . o:tf] jGbgfdf
s'zn u'0f x'g] ePsfn] g} jGbgf ul/Psf] xf] .
tL s'zn u'0fx¿ s] x'g\ < dxfofgsf] d"n af]lwlrQ xf] .
;f/f ;™jx¿sf] lxtfy{ cfkm"n] a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ nIo;lxtsf]
;+sNk g} af]lwlrQ xf] . -lrQf]Tkfb k/fyf{o ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw
sfdtf – cfrfo{ c;+us[t cle;dofn+sf/_!# of] nIo k|fKt ug{sf
lgldQ xfdLn] if6\kf/ldtfx¿sf] cEof; ug'{k5{ . h;sf] kmn–
:j¿k xfdLn] sflos / lrQ :j¿k cyf{t ¿ksfo / wd{sfo
jf 1fgsfon] o'Qm ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw nfe ug{ ;S5f}+ . oL b'O{ sfo
k|fKt ug{sf nflu xfdLn] ;hftLo x]t'x¿sf] ;+ef/ ug'{k5{ . ctM
a'4sf] ¿ksfo k|fKt ug{sf nflu k'0o;+ef/sf] vfFrf] 5 / a'4sf]
lrQ cyf{t wd{sfo k|fKt ug{sf nflu 1fg;+ef/sf] vfFrf] 5 . oL
b'O{sf] cfwf/ ;Toåo xf] cyf{t\ ;+j[lt ;To / k/dfy{ ;To .
nf]s]Zj/ To:tf] JolQm x'g'x'G5 h;n] ;a} wd{nfO{ cgfudd\
clgu{dd\ -cfjfudg/lxt_ sf ¿kdf x]l//xg'ePsf] 5 . ;+j[lt
;Toaf6 x]bf{ ;a} rLh pTkGg / lg/f]w, cfud -cfpg'_ / lgu{d\
-hfg'_ ePsf] h:tf] nfU5 . t/ k/dfy{ ;Tosf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ s'g}
klg rLh ;fFlRrs} ;t\ jf efjsf ¿kdf lng ;lsGg . To;}n]
-18-
:jefjn] o'Qm cfjfudg x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu x]t' / kmns}

s'/f lncf}+, x]t'sf] cfˆgf] :jefj g/x]sf] x'gfn] kmnsf] klg :jefj
x'Fb}g . x]t' of kmn s'g}sf] klg cfˆgf] lglh :jefj g/x]sf]n] x]t'
kmn k|tLTo;d'TkGg dfq x'g\ . csf]{ zAbdf, k|tLTo;d'TkGg wd{
lgM:jefj¿kdf l;4 x'G5 . gfufh'{gn] eGg'ePsf] 5 M
clg/f]wdg'Tkfbdg'R5]bdzfZjtd\ . cg]sfy{dgfgfy{dgfudd–
lgu{dd\ . oM k|tLTo;d'Tkfb+ k|k~rf]k;d+ lzjd\ . b]zofdf;
;Da'4:t+ jGb] jbtf+ j/d\ . !$
cyf{t\ h'g j:t' k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5 To;sf] pTklQ x'Gg, lg/f]w

x'Gg, zfZjt, pR5]b klg x'Gg, km/s / ;dfg klg x'Gg cfjfudg
OToflb klg x'Gg . of] g} ;a} ljsNk / k|k~reGbf k/ /x]sf]
pkzd jf lgjf{0fsf] cj:yf xf] .
ctM æ;j{ wd{+ cgfuddlgu{dd]lt kZoÆ cyf{t ;a} wd{nfO{

cfjfudg/lxt ¿kdf x]l//xFg'x'Fb} jf x]l//xg'ePsfÆ sf] cy{
z"Gotfl;t /x]sf] 5 . jGbgfsf] kfq To:tf] af]lw;™j x'g'x'G5
h;n] oxL z"GotfnfO{ k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;a}
wd{ k|tLTo;d'TkGg ePsfn] cyf{t\ k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf sf/0fn]
lgM:jefj 5g\ . ;a} wd{ lgM:jefj ePsfn] x]t'k|Toosf sf/0fn]
dfq pTkGg 5g\ / x]t' kmnsf] k|s[ofdf /xG5g\ .
Sn]z x]t' xf] eg] To;af6 To;sf] kmn b'Mv xf] . To:t} x]t'–
¿kL k'0oaf6 kmn¿kL ;'v k|fKt x'G5 . b'Mv Sn]z / cs'zn
sd{sf] k|Toon] pTkGg x'g] / ;a} ;Tjx¿ b'Mvn] u|l;t ePsf
x'Fbf cjnf]lst]Zj/ af]lw;™j ;a} ;™jx¿df s?0ff /fVg'x'G5 /
-19-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
;a}sf] b'Mv lgjf/0f ug]{ jf lgj[lt ug]{ pxfFsf] k/d p2]Zo xf] .
oxfF b'j} kIf cyf{t k|1f / pkfodWo] Pp6f klg g5'6fO{ xfdLnfO{
b'j} o'ug4¿kdf rflxg] x'gfn] oxfF k|1f / pkfonfO{ bzf{OPsf]
xf] . ctM jGbgf zL/f]jfSoaf6} xfdLn] oL b'O{ ckl/xfo{ kIfx¿nfO{
b]Vg ;S5f}+ . nf]s]Zj/n] ;a} wd{nfO{ lgM:jefj¿kdf x]g'{x'G5 /
;a} wd{ z"Go ePsfn] ;a} wd{ x]t'k|Tooaf6 dfq pTkGg 5g\
eGg] s'/f b]Vg'x'G5 . ljz]if¿kn] ;a} ;™jsf b'Mv pgLx¿sf
Sn]zaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f 5nË} b]Vg] x'gfn] s?0ffk"j{s
pxfF tL b'Mv x6fpg] sfddf k|j[t x'g'x'G5 . ctM oxfF nf]s]Zj/sf]
;Gbe{df b'O{6f kIf k|1f / pkfonfO{ :t"lt ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}
wd{ z"Go b]Vg] x'gfn] pxfFn] ;a} x]t'kmnsf] cwLgdf /x]sf] s'/f
b]Vg'x'G5 . t;y{ ;a} k|f0fLx¿k|lt pxfFn] To;sf/0f s?0ff /fVg'
x'G5 tfls pgLx¿sf b'MvnfO{ lgd"{n ug{ ;lsof];\ . a'‰g'eof]
ls ePg <
csf]{ Znf]sn] u|Gy /Rg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5 .
.,-/+è7Ü-7e³$-#,<-Jë#<-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-F0<Ê
+0-&ë<-/…å/<-:<-e³$-Yè-+è-8$-,ÜÊ
+è-8Ü-:#-:è,-;è<-:-9#-:<-ý<Ê
{:-r<-F0<-`Ü-:#-:è,-/;+-ý9-eÊ
lxt / ;'vsf >f]t ;Dos\ ;Da'4x¿sf] k|fb'{efj
;4d{sf] ;fwgfaf6 ePsf] xf] . ;fwgf klg ;fwgf–
1fg jf ;fwgf–k4ltsf] 1fgdf g} lge{/ ePsf]
x'gfn] d af]lw;Œj cEof; jf rof{sf af/]df JofVof
ub}{5' .
-20-
eujfg\ a'4n] ;a}sf] lxtsf nflu ;j{k|yd\ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug'{eof] .

af]lw nfe ePkl5 pxfFsf] Pp6} dfq nIo ;a} ;™jsf] p4f/ ug'{
lyof] . ;a} Sn]zx¿sf] k|xf0fn] dfq ;a}n] ;'v k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\
eGg] s'/fsf] af]w u/L ;j{k|yd pxfFn] cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ zf]wg
ug'{eof] . t;y{ Sn]zx¿ x6fpg] ljleGg pkfox¿ pxfFn] pkb]z–
dfkm{t atfpFg'eof] / pxfFn] h:t} xfdL :jo+n] klg cEof; ug'{k5{ .
pxfFn] atfPadf]lhd cEof; ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] xfdL ;'v k|fKt ug{
;Ifd x'g]5f}+ . t;y{ u|Gydf a'4x¿nfO{ lxt / ;'vsf >f]t eg]/
;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
a'4 :jo+ klg z'?b]lv g} af]lw nfe ePsf] JolQm lyPgg\ .
pxfFn] cfˆgf u'?x¿sf] ;T;+ut ug'{eof], tL u'?x¿sf] pkb]znfO{
cg'z/0f ug'{eof] / cfˆgf] lrQnfO{ zf]wg ug'{eof] . cfˆg} ;a}
Sn]zx¿nfO{ k|xf0f ul/;s]kl5 pxfF a'4 aGg'eof] . t;y{, pxfFn]
;4d{sf] ;fwgf ul/;s]kl5 dfq a'4Tj nfe ug'{eof] .
xfdL;+u z/L/ / lrQ b'j} 5 . oL b'j} xfdL;+u s;/L /xg uP
To;sf] af/]df hfGg' clt h?/L 5 . ha xfd|f] rIf' lj1fgn] s'g}
j:t' b]Vb5, pbfx/0fsf] nflu d]/f] rIf' lj1fgn] Tof] j:t' b]Vof]
eg]/ xfdL eGb}gf}+ a? d}n] Tof] a:t' b]v]F eG5f}+ . xfd|f] z/L/ ?Ug
jf lj/fdL ePdf d lj/fdL ePF eG5f}+ . oL cleJolQmsf] cy{ s]
xf] eg] d ls t lrQ lj1fg x'F ls t sfo lj1fg x'F . t/ d]/f]
z/L/ ;j{k|yd cfdfsf] ue{leq aG5 / d[To'kl5 ;8]/ hfG5 z/L/
g} g/xg] x'G5 . eg]kl5 ædÆ eGgfn] z/L/ xf]Og /x]5 . To;f]
eP lrQ ædÆ xf] t < of] ædÆ ¿kL lrQ z/L/df lge{/ x'g] xf]
ls < pbfx/0fsf] nflu …dÚ s'g} ¿k, cfs[lt jf s'g} j0f{ xf]Og .
t}klg 6f9faf6 s'g} z/L/nfO{ b]Vbf, o;}df cfwfl/t eP/ xfdL
eG5f}+, æP, of] d]/f] ;fyL kf] xf] t .Æ clg xfdL v'zL x'G5f}+ . t/ Tof]
-21-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
JolQmnfO{ Psrf]l6 /fd|/L lgofn]/ x]¥of}+ eg] Tof] JolQm vfnL z/L/
dfq} xf]Og /x]5 eGg] s'/f 5n{Ë} a'lemG5 . egf}+ s'g} lrlsT;ssxf+
uof}+ eg] Tof] lrlsT;sn] xfdLnfO{ o;f] eGnf, æs] tkfO{+sf]
z/L/ :j:y 5 <Æ t/ s'/f :ki6 5, xfdL z/L/ dfq xf]Ogf}+ .
cd]l/sfsf s'g} s'g} c:ktfnx¿df lrlsT;sx¿n] lj/fdLx¿sf]
:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf lgldQ Wofg ug]{ ;Nnfx ;d]t lbPsf]
d}n] b]v]sf] 5' . ctM z/L/ / dgaLr s]xL ;DaGw eP/} g} To:tf]
cef}lts cf}ifwf]krf/sf af/]df ;Nnfx lbg'k¥of] xf]nf .
t/ s] of] …dÚ vfnL lrQ dfq} xf] t < lrQsf] :j¿knfO{
Psrf]l6 x]/f}+ t < xfdLnfO{ s]xL s'/f yfxf x'g] lalQs} jf s'g} s'/f–
sf af/] xfdL lglZrt jf :ki6 x'g'lalQs} xfdL eGg]u5f}{+, æd}n]
Tof] s'/f hfGb5' .Æ t/ ;fFRr} dg s] xf] t of] s'/f ;xL ;xL
7DofpFg cToGt} uf¥xf] 5 . o;sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ t lrQ eg]sf]
:km"6 tyf r]tgf1fg xf] .!% of] ef}lts j:t' xf]Og h;sf s'g} j0f{
/ cfsf/ xf];\ . ulxl/P/ ;f]+Rof}+ eg] lrQ Ps ;kmf v'Nnf cfsfz
h:t} xf], Ps z"Go cfsfz h;df ;a} k|ltef;x¿ lg?4 ePsf]
x'G5 / vfnL ;a}sf] k|ef:j/doL r]tgf dfq /xG5 .
ue{df a;]sf] klxnf] If0fb]lv g} of] ;"Id z/L/sf k|f0fjfo',
ljGb', gfl8 OToflb;+u of] lrQ klg ;fy;fy} k|fb'{efj x'G5 . o:tf]
lrQ vfnL :km"6 -:ki6_ r]tgf dfq xf] . o:tf] lrQ;Gtfg x'gsf
nflu lgs6Qd x]t'sf ¿kdf To:t} vfn] jf p:t} :j¿ksf] csf]{
lrQ;Gtfg x'g'k5{ . t;y{ ue{sf] klxnf] If0fsf] :km"6 r]tgf
x'gsf] nflu Tof] eGbf cl3Nnf]] If0fsf] :km"6 r]tgf lgs6Qd x]t'–
sf ¿kdf x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . o:tf] o'lQmåf/f g} xfdL k"j{
hGdsf] cl:tTjnfO{ l;4 ug{ ;S5f}+, k|dfl0ft ug{ ;S5f}+ . olb
k"j{ hGd 5 eg] eljio hGd klg x'g} k5{ .
-22-
of] :km"6 r]tgfsf] lg/Gt/tf jf ;Gtlt x'g] x'gfn] kl5 ;Dd

of] cljlR5Gg¿kn] k|jflxt eOg} /xG5 . To;}n] xfdLn] Sn]z–
sf/s / b'MvhGo ;a} cfj/0fx¿nfO{ ;d"n gi6 ug'{k5{ . tL
cfj/0fx¿nfO{ gi6 ul/;s]kl5 xfdL k|fs[lts cfno lj1fg!^
;Dd k'U5f}+ hf] vfnL cgfj[t k|ef:j/!& dfq l;jfo s]xL xf]Og . o;}
af6 a'4sf] ;j{1 lrQ aG5 . ToxL eP/ xfd|f] lrQsf] cfwf/ / a'4
jf ;j{1 lrQsf] cfwf/ Pp6} xf] . ;j{1 lrQ xfdLn] lglZrt¿kdf
kfpg ;S5f}+ . a'4 z'?b]lv g} a'4 ePsf xf]Ogg\, a'4 t a'4Tj
nfe ug{sf nflu cfjZos ljleGg x]t'x¿df lge{/ eP/ a'4 eP .
a'4n] ;a} x]o / pkfb]o wd{x¿ k"/f u/]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] klg
To;/L g} cEof; u¥of}+ eg] xfdL klg To:t} aGg ;S5f}+ .
ctM u|Gyn] eG5, ælxt / ;'vsf >f]t ;Dos\ ;Da'4x¿sf]
k|fb'ef{j ;4d{ ;fwgfaf6 ePsf x'g\ .Æ xfdL cfkm}n] klg s;/L
To:tf] ;fwgf ug]{ t < km]l/ u|Gysf cg';f/, æTo;sf] nflu ;fwgf
cEof; s] xf] Tof] hfGg'k5{ .Æ ctPjM vfnL ;4d{sf af/]df
hfGg' dfq} kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To;nfO{ cEof; ug'{ / ;fIffTsf/ ug'{
klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .
cfhsf] nflu u|Gysf] JofVofnfO{ oxL+ 5f]8f}+ . s] tkfO{x¿n]
;a} a'‰g'eof] < xfdLn] ;s];Dd cEof; ug'{k5{ . xfdLn] cEof;df
ptfg}{ kg]{ j}/fu, af]lwlrQ / z"Gotf x'g\ . cfkm}nfO{ Psbd xf];
k'¥ofP/ uDeL/k"j{s Psrf]l6 k/LIf0f u/]/ x]g'{k5{ . clg xfd|f]
afgL s] xf], xfd|f] ;+:sf/, xfd|f] em'sfjx¿ sxfF / s] 5g\ tL s'/f–
x¿ /fd|/L x]g'{k5{ / ;f]xL cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] lsl;dsf]
dfu{ /f]Hg'k5{ / cfkm}nfO{ lzlIft kfg'{k5{ .
444
-23-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
lbg @
d}n] lxhf] eg]em}+, xfdL clxn] zf:tf zfSod'lg a'4n] a'4Tj k|fKt
ug'{ePsf] / cg]sg\ l;4x¿ af}4 cfrfo{x¿n] e|d0f ug'{ePsf]
7fpFdf 5f}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu gfufh'{g / pxfFsf b'O{hgf
wd{k'qx¿ -cfo{b]j / rGb|sLlt{_ nufot w]/} ltAatL u'?x¿
klg oxfF a;]/ hfg'ePsf lyP . w]/} ;do cufl8 ltAatL u'?
a'41fg -;fª\u] o];]_ ltAatsf] vfd k|fGtb]lv oxfF;Dd cfP/
oxL+s} pkfWofo eP/ a:g'eof] . To:t} ljleGg 7fpFx¿af6 cg]
sg\ ;Gt dxfk'?ifx¿ oxfF cfP / o; 7fpFsf] k'0osf] sf/0f
w]/} l;l4x¿ tyf t™j bz{g ug{ ;kmn eP . t;y{ olb oxfF
klg Ps alnof] ljz'4 cfzon] lelq Åbob]lv k|fy{gf u¥of}+
eg] xfdLn] klg clws pT;fx / ;xL cEof;åf/f ljk'n k'0o
;Def/ ug{ ;S5f}+ . ljz]if u/L tkfO{+ dxfg'efjx¿ hf] ltAataf6
cfpg'ePsf] 5, ltAatsf] cj:yf lgM;Gb]x¿kn] Psbd} s7Lg
5, t/ clxn] tkfO{+x¿sf] cufl8 o:tf] kfjg :yndf cfO;s]–
kl5 cToGt} w]/} k'0o ;Def/ ug]{ cj;/ cfPsf] 5, To;sf]
tkfO{+x¿n] e/k'/ kmfObf p7fpg'k5{ . oxfF xfdL ;a} cToGt}
;f}efUozfnL g} 5f}+ . clxn] ;+;f/df hxftxL+ Sn]z} Sn]z,
czflGt g} czflGt, /fu} /fu / å]if} å]if dfq km}ln/fv]sf] a]nf
eujfg\ a'4sf] d}qL s?0fflb ljifos pkb]z ;'Gg] cj;/ kfpg'
cToGt} b'n{e s'/f xf] . ;+;f/df wg ;DklQ hlt;'s} ePtfklg
s'g} klg xfntdf To;n] xfdLnfO{ h/fd/0f / cGo cfwf/e"t
b'Mv ;d:ofx¿af6 5'6sf/f lbnfpg] cf}ifwL lsg]/ lbg ;Sb}g .
b'Mv t dgaf6} cfpg] xf], To;}n] oL wg;DklQ OToflb jfXo
k|Toox¿n] sbflk dfgl;s b'Mv x6fpg ;Sb}g . ctM wfld{s
dfu{ jf cfWoflTds dfu{ t h;/L ePklg cg'z/0f ug}{kg]{ x'G5
-24-
/ cGo ;a} wfld{s k/Dk/fx¿df eGbf klg tkfO{+x¿sf] a'4wd{d}

cle?rL x'g' Psbd cb\e"t s'/f g} dfGg'k5{ .
xfdL;+u al;/xg'ePsf klZrdL d'n'ssf ;fyLx¿nfO{ x]g'{–
xf];\ . a'4wd{df lelq Åbob]lv cf:yf cle?rL hfu]/} g} pxfFx¿
oxfF cfO/xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx¿ Wofg ug'{x'G5, dGq hfk ug'{x'G5,
k|fy{gf ug'{x'G5, cEof; ug'{x'G5 / w]/} s'/fdf hfgsf/ x'g'x'G5 .
o'lQm / ts{sf] ;xf/fn] w]/} k6s ljZn]if0f ul/;s]kl5, cg';Gwfg
u/]kl5 dfq a'4wd{k|lt pxfFx¿sf] cle?rL hfu]sf] xf] . a'4sf]
pkb]znfO{ pxfFx¿n] To;} ;'g]sf] e/df :jLsfg'{ ePg a?
ulx/f]¿kn] cGj]if0f ljZn]if0f u/]kl5 dfq aNn :jLsfg'{ eof] .
pxfFx¿sf] pbfx/0f x]/]/ clxn] xfdLn] o:tf] kfjg e"lddf
wd{k|jrgsf nflu al;/xg' eg]s} Pp6f 7"nf] / dxTjk"0f{ cj;/
cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 7fGg'k5{ . oxfF al;/xFbf xfdL klxn]sf a'4
af]lw;Tj, l;4x¿sf ;a} rof{, u'0fsf af/]df ;+emG5f}+ . o:tf]
k'0osf/s :yndf cfpg kfpg' g} c;fWo} b'n{e s'/f ePsfn]
xfdLn] ;Sbf] w]/} k'0o;+ef/ ug'{k5{ . oxfF a;]/ hlt xfdL s'zn
sd{ u5f}{, Tolt g} xfd|f] k'0osf] zlQm a9\b} hfg]5 . a'‰g'eof]
t < oxfF a;]/ ;fdfgx¿ a]Rg} gkfOg] eGg] t 5}g t/ tkfO{
OdfGbf/ / lgisk6 x'g'k5{ . cfˆgf Jofkf/x¿af6 s]xL d'gfl;j
gfkmf sdfpg' t 7Ls} xf] t/ cToGt} nf]eL / j]Odfg gx'g'xf];\ .
o; kljq :ynsf] k|blIf0ff ubf{ klg ukm jf s'/f gug'{xf]nf /
dgdf s'/f klg gv]nfpg'xf]nf . :d[ltjfg eP/ j8f] k|lti7fk"j{s
o; If]qsf] k|blIf0ff ug'{xf]nf . sfuh jf grflxg] kmf]x/x¿ klg
oxfF hyfefjL kmfn]/ kmf]x/ gug'{xf]nf, 7fpF 7fpFdf ;f}rfno /flv–
Psf] x'G5, Tof] ;f}rfno k|of]u ug'{xf]nf . Pp6} ;f}rfnodf hfg'–
kbf{ tkfO{+n] nfdf] nfOgdf a:g'kg]{x'G5 / o;n] tkfO{+sf] 306f}
-25-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
;do vfOlbG5, To;}n] cGo st} 7fpFdf hfg';\ / ;s];Dd

jftfj/0f :jR5 / ;kmf /fVg'xf]nf . ltAat Ps Psbd} lr;f] b]z
xf] hasL ;d'b|sf] ;txb]lv sd prfOdf k/]sf] x'gfn] oxfF ef/t–
df cj:yf km/s 5 . To;}n] hxfFtxL kmf]x/ u/]/ glx8\g'xf];\ .
;fjwfg / lhDd]bf/ aGg'xf];\ .
b08jt\ ug'{ klg cToGt} /fd|f] cEof; xf] . b08jt\ k~rfË
jf ci6fË dWo] h;/L u/]klg x'G5 t/ ;xL t/Lsfn] ug'{k5{ .
b08jt\ ug{sf nflu lgx'l/Fbf cfˆgf] xTs]nf k"/} km}nfP/ e"Odf
5'g'xf];\ . £o"aQL -df/ d]_ afn]/ To:tf] cEof; ug'{xf]nf . of]
c;fWo} /fd|f] cEof; xf] . Psbd pQd cEof; xf] . dGqx¿
hk]/ Wofg ug'{xf];\, Psfu| lrQ gePtfklg To;n] /fd|f] ;+:sf/
agfOlbG5 . d'Vo / dxTjk"0f{ s'/f t clt ljz'4 cfzo -s'g\ nf]g\_
g} xf] . To;sf/0f h'g ;'s} sfo{ ubf{ klg xfdLn] cfˆgf] dg /
cfzo 7Ls 5 ls 5}g eg]/ hfFRg}k5{ . of] c;fWo} dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
oyf;So xfdLn] cfˆgf] Sn]zsf zlQmnfO{ IfL0f kfb}{ nfg'k5{ . o:tf]
cEof; ug]{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo eg]s} c¿nfO{ cfkm"eGbf clws
dxTjk"0f{ / cfkm"nfO{ t'R5 7fGg] dlt xfd|f] dgdf ljsl;t kfg'{ xf] .
oxL dxfofgsf] ;f/ xf] . bofn' / Gofgf] k/lxt}ifL lrQ x'g'k5{ .
bofn' dgn] sfo\ / jfs\nfO{ s'znsd{df pBt /fVg' g} d'Vo s'/f
xf] . cx+sf/, 3d08, k|ltZkwf{ jf Oiof{sf sf/0fn] jfXo wd{sf
sd{x¿df dfq clNem/fVof}+ eg] xfdLn] ux|'+uf] cs'zn sd{sf] ef/L
af]Sg]5f}+ . To;}n] xfdLn] ug]{ sd{ cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ / ;Dj]bgzLn
s'/f xf] . To;}n] ;w} cfˆgf] cfzonfO{ hfFr]/ 7Ls kfg'{k5{ .
o:tf] kfjg 7fpFdf a;]/ xfdLn] hlt w]/} af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug{ ;Sof}+
Tolt g} /fd|f] . zf:tf eujfg\ a'4n] s;/L af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug'{eof],
To;nfO{ ;bf ;+em]/ xfdLn] klg pxfFs} pbfx/0fnfO{ k5\ofpFg]
-26-
sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . o:tf] 7fpFdf xfdLn] bofn' dg / z'4 cfzo

agfO/fVg ;Sof}+ eg] c;fWo} nfebfos x'g]5 . a'‰g'eof] t <
To;sf/0f oL pkb]zx¿ ;'Ggsf] nflu af]lwlrQsf cfzon]
o'Qm x'g'xf];\ . of] yf]Ud] ;fª\kf]s[t ;Ktlq+zb lhgk'q -af]lw;Tj_
rof{ xf] . o; pkb]znfO{ tLg efudf afl8Psf] 5 M k|of]u, df}n
/ k[i7 . df}nnfO{ klg dfu{qmd pkb]zdf JofVof u/]adf]lhd
lqk'?ifsf cfzox¿df afFl8Psf] 5 .
+:-7eë9-iá-&è,-Cè+-+!7-*ë/-¸¥<-7+Ü9Ê
/+#-#5,-7"ë9-/7Ü-02ì-:<-/…:-e7Ü-dÜ9Ê
(Ü,-+$-02,-¸¥-#8è:-/-0è+-ý9-,ÜÊ
(,-<è0<-/Vë0-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÊÊ
clxn] cToGt} b'n{e If0f ;Dkbn] o'Qm dg'io -¿kL
8'·f_ k|fKt ePsf] a]nf cfkm" / c¿ ;Œjx¿nfO{
eu;fu/af6 tfg{sf nflu lbg /ft cys ¿kn] lg/–
Gt/ >j0f, lrGtg / efjgf ul//xg' af]lw;Œjsf]
rof{ xf] .. ! ..
Ê
wd{ eg]sf] o:tf pkfox¿sf] k|0ffnL xf] h;n] czfGt dgnfO{
zfGt agfOlbG5 / clgolGqt, ?vf] clgolGqt dgnfO{ lgolGqt
/ jzdf kfl/lbG5 . ;'v rfxg'df / b'Mv grfxg'df xfdL ;a}
;dfg g} 5f}+ . ;'vL agfpg] / b'MvnfO{ x6fpg] pkfo t wd{ g}
xf] . t/ wd{sf] cEof; s;/L ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g . xfd|}
dfgj z/L/nfO{ Psrf]l6 x]/f}+, of] z/L/ xfdL cfdfafa'sf] j+z
jf s'naf6 cfPsf] xf] eG7fG5f}+ t/ uDeL/k"j{s Wofg lbP/ x]/f}+,
-27-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
of] z/L/ t If0f ;Dkbsf] s'ndf kf] k/]sf] 5 . If0f eGgfn] wd{
cEof; ug]{ km';{b xf], :jtGqtf xf] / oxfF g} x]/f}+ g . oxfF cfP/
wd{sf] cEof; ug]{ km';{b Pj+ :jtGqtf xfdL;+u 5, 5 ls 5}g
eGg'xf];\ < xfdL nf6f] alx/f 5}gf}+, wd{ >j0f ug{ / cEof;
ug{sf nflu cfjZos OlGb|ox¿ ;a} xfdL;+u /fd|f] ;2] cj:yfdf
g} 5g\ cËeË ckfË ePsf 5}gf}+ . wdf{Eof;sf nflu xfdL;+u
;a} cg's"n cj:yfx¿ g} 5g\, k|lts"n cj:yf 5}gg\ . jf:tjdf
xfdL;+u ci6 If0f / bz ;Dkb 5 .
dg'io hGd t o; ;+;f/df ;a}n] kfO/x]s} 5g\ . t/
wdf{Eof; ug]{ :jtGqtf / km';{b eg] cToGt} yf]/} dflg;x¿;+u
dfq /x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] Tof] b'n{e cj;/ kfO/fv]sf 5f}+ To;}n]
xfdL efUodfgL 5f}+ . oltdfq xf]Og o; ;+;f/df 7"N7"nf dxfg
sNof0fldq u'?x¿ klg x'g'x'G5, pxfFx¿n] klg eujfg\ a'4s}
pbfx/0f / rof{nfO{ k5ØfpFb} x'g'x'G5 . xfdLn] klxn] To:t}
s'zn sd{ u/]/ cfPsf x'gfn] clxn] To;sf] /fd|f] kmn kfO/fv]sf
5f}+ . csf]{ zAbdf ctLtdf xfdLn] s'zn d"nsf] aLh /f]k]/ cfof}+
To;}n] t clxn] cfP/ To;sf] o:tf] /fd|f] kmn ef]lu/fv]sf 5f}+,
/ o:tf] cj;/ / cf>o eljiodf klg kfO/fVg] xf] eg] clxn]
klg xfdLn] s'zn d"nx¿sf] ;~ro ug'{k5{ . /fu, å]if jf df]x–
/lxt eP/ cEof; ug]{ xf] eg] jf hLjg ofkg ug]{ xf] eg]
eljiodf klg b'n{e dg'io z/L/ kfpgsf nflu rflxg] s'znd"n
;~ro ug{ Tolt ufx|f] x'g]5}g . t/ lj8Dagf xfdLn] To:tf]
s'znd"n lj/n} ;~ro u5f}+ To;}n] clxn] h'g cj;/ xfdLnfO{
k|fKt eO/fv]sf] 5 To;nfO{ e/k'/ ;'b'kof]u ug]{ r]i6f ug'{k5{ .
xtf]T;flxt jf c;+t'i6 gx''g'xf];\ . lg/Gt/¿kn] cfkm"n] ;Sbf]
lsl;dn] s'znd"nsf] cEof; ul//xg'k5{ .
-28-
s'zn jf lgolGqt lrQ eg]sf] k;ndf lsg]/ kfOg] ;fwg

xf]Og, g of] v]tdf /f]Kg] rLh xf] jf g t of] s'g} a}+saf6 k};f
lems]/ NofP h:t} Nofpg] rLh xf] . dltzf]wgsf] jf:tljs
cEof;af6 o:tf] lrQsf] ljsl;t x'gk'U5 . ljkZogfsf s]xL
emns, :yfoL af]w / ljleGg cg'e"ltsf nflu xfdLn] cEof;
ug}{k5{ . ctM xfdLn] klxn]sf dxfg u'?x¿n] u/]/ hfg'ePsf]
rof{x¿sf] cg'z/0f ug'{k5{ . ltAatdf ;a}eGbf klxn] l~oª\dfkf
k/Dk/fsf 7"N7"nf u'?x¿ lyP, To;kl5 ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fg
cfpg'eof] / sf8Dkf k/Dk/fsf] :yfkgf eof], To;kl5 ;fSof k/
Dk/fsf u'?x¿ b]vfkg'{eof] / To:t} sfUo' k/Dk/fsf df/\ kf, ldnf–
/]kf, uDkf]kf OToflb u'?x¿ ltAatL wfld{s Oltxf;sf] kl/b[iodf
5fpFg'eof] . wdf{Eof;sf] bf}/fgdf oL ;a} u'?x¿n] cToGt} 7"nf
b'Mvsi6x¿ em]Ng'eof] / 7"nf] kl/>dn] pxfFx¿n] af]lw1fg xfl;n
ug'{eof] . ca pxfFx¿sf] pbfx/0f k5ØfpFg] gk5ØfpFg] xfd|} v';L
xf] . of] xfdLdf lge{/ ub{5 . cfkm}nfO{ hfFr]/ o:tf] k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\,
æljut kfFr, b;, kGw| jif{df dltzf]wg cEof;df d}n] s] k|ult
u/]F t <Æ xfdLn] ;fFlRrs} sd dfq k|ult ug{ ;s]sf /x]5f}+ eg]
xfdL o;af6 cem pT;flxt x'g'kg]{ xf] . sd dfq k|ult ub{}df cx+sf/L
gx'g'xf];\, t/ xfdLn] kfFr jf bz jif{df klg Tolt k|ult ul//x]sf
5}gf}+ eg] klg olt 5f]6f] ;dod} lxDdt g} xfg]{ jf lg?T;flxt g}
x'g'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
jf:tljs cEof; jf df}n ;4d{sf af/]df >'tdoL,
lrGtfdoL / efjgfdoL k|1fsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . t/ pkb]z ;'Gbf
jf To;sf af/]df cWoog ubf{ xfdLn] ;b}j To;sf k|lt cfˆgf]
wf/0ff s:tf] 5 /fd|/L hfFRg'k5{ . xfdL h] ;'G5f}+ To;nfO{ t'?Gt}
cEof;df ptfg'{k5{ . >'tdoL, lrGtgdoL / efjgfdoL k|1f!&nfO{
-29-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
cnu cnu lsl;dn] gx]g'{xf]nf, tLg} j6fnfO{ ;fy ;fy} nUg'–

xf]nf, tLgj6fdWo] Pp6f klg g5'6fpg'xf];\ .
#(è,-bÜ-dë#<-:-7+ë+-&#<-&±-P9-#8ëÊ
+i-8Ü-dë#<-:-5è-Z$-0è-P9-7/9Ê
v$-+ë9-/Bè+-ý7Ü-#)Ü-0ß#-0ß,-,#-%,Ê
.-8ß:-\ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÊÊ
cfkm\gf ldq tyf cfkmGtx¿k|ltsf] /fun] kfgL h:t}
cl:y/ x'G5F}+ / zq'x¿k|ltsf]] å]ifn] ubf{ cfuf] h:t}
bgbGtL aN5f}+ . s] TofUg'kg]{ / s] ug'{kg]{ eGg] s'/f
g} e'nfOlbg]] df]xn] ubf{ sfnf] cGwsf/df km;]sf
xfdLx¿ . To:tf u[x cfkmGtx¿nfO{ Toflulbg' g} af]lw–
;Œj rof{ xf] .. @ ..
Ê
;s] ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo t b]z} jf cfˆgf] 7fpF g} 5f]8]/ hfg'
xf] t/ To:tf] ug{ g;s] klg oL s'/fx¿df cf;lQm jf å]if rflxF
g/fVg'xf]nf . o:tf] g;f]Rg'xf];\, æof] d]/f] b]z, of] d]/f] kl/jf/Æ
dfgf} ls æd, d]/f]Æ vf]h]/ e]l6g] j:t' xf];\ jf cfˆg} gLlh :jefj
ePsf] Ps :jtGq ;Qf xf];\ . To;/L g} 7fg]/ xfdLn] To;sf
nflu cf;lQm k}bf u5f}{+ / To;sf zq'x¿sf k|lt å]if k|s6 u5f}{+ .
cf;lQm / å]ifn] w]/} cs'zn dfq x'G5 / b'Mv} b'Mv dfq x'G5 .
xfd|f ;a} Sn]zx¿df oL b'O{ k|d'v g} eg] x'G5 / b'O{6} cljBfaf6
pTkGg x'G5g\ . t/ b]z jf u[xTofu u/]/ cGo st} uPklg ToxfF
klg gofF ;fyL agfpFg] / cf;lQm / å]if g} k}bf ug]{ xf] eg] Tof]
jflxoft xf] To;n] sfd aGb}g . oxfF a'‰g'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] xf]
-30-
eg] xfdLn] cf;lQm / å]ifnfO{ kf] kl/Tofu ug'{kg]{ xf] / ltgsf]

7fpFdf k/lxt}ifL dltsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . egf}+ s'g} JolQmk|lt xfdL
cToGt} cfslif{t eof}+ / p;sf nflu 7"nf] cf;lQm klg k}bf u¥of}+,
To:tf] cj:yfdf p;sf] Jojxf/df clnslt klg kl/jt{g ePdf
xfdL PSsf;L p;nfO{ 3[0ff ug{ k'U5f}+ . t/ o;sf] ;§f xfdL
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;w} d}qL s?0ffsf] efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t eO lxt ug{
rfxG5f}+ eg] tL dflg;x¿n] xfdLnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/} u/]tf klg cem}
pgLx¿sf] enf] xf];\, pgLx¿ ;'vL xf]pg\ eGg] xfd|f] rfxgfdf
kl/jt{g cfpGg . To;}n] cf;lQmn] o'Qm lrQsf] 7fpFdf k/lxt}ifL
lrQsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ .
xfdL ;a}h;f]n] cfˆgf] b]z 5f]8]/ oxfF;Dd cfPsf 5f}+ t/
o;df cfZro{ dfGg'kg]{ jf ljz]if dfGg'kg]{ s] s'/f 5 /, cem}
xfdL;+u cf;lQm / å]if t 5Fb}5, TofUg ;s]sf 5}gf}+ xfdLn]
lognfO{ .
8ß:-$,-\$<-ý<-(ë,-0ë$<-9Ü0-bÜ<-7iÜ/Ê
F0-#8è$-0è+-ý<-+#è-‚ë9-$$-#Ü<-7.è:Ê
9Ü#-ý-$<-ý<-&ë<-:-$è<-;è<-þèÊ
+/è,-ý-/Yè,-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁÊÊ
v/fa ljifox¿nfO{ Tofu]kl5 Sn]zx¿ lj:tf/}
lj:tf/} jf qmdzM 36\b} hfg]5g\ . ljIf]k g} gePkl5
s'znfEof;df :jtM j[l4 x'g]5 h;n] ubf{ xfd|f] r]tgf
klg :ki6 eP/ wd{k|lt c6n ljZjf; jf lglZrttf
k}bf x'g]5 . PsfGt h+un -c/0o_ sf] cf>o lng' g}
af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
-31-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
ljIf]ksf/L JolQmx¿af6 6f9f /xg ;Sof}+ eg] / ;w} sfdsf]

Jo:ttfdf dfq 6fpFsf] gb'vfpg] xf] eg] xfd|f] dg :jtM s'zn
cEof;df nfUg]5 . t;y{ PsfGtjf; jf c/0ojf; cToGt}
pko'Qm pkfo xf] . t/ PsfGtdf Wofg ug{sf nflu xfd|f] ;4d{sf
af/]df >'tdoL / lrGtgdoL k|1f Psbd} alnof] / k"0f{¿kn]
zlQmzfnL x'g'k5{ Tof] klg /fu / å]if /lxt x'g'k5{ . ctM, xfdLn]
b'n{e dg'io z/L/ kfPsf 5f}+ / o;nfO{ ;xL 9Ën] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
of] clgTo ePsf]n] xfdLn] wd{ cEof;sf] of] cj;/ u'dfpg' x'Gg .
ælqd"nkyÆ df eg]em}+ o; h'gLk|ltsf] ulx/f] cf;lQmaf6 xfdL
klG5g'k5{ . o; nf]ssf s'/fx¿df dfq geP/ k/nf]ssf s'/fx¿–
df klg xfdLn] Wofg lbof}+ eg] xfd|f] of] nf]s klg /fd|} x'g]5 . t/
xfd|f] Wofg vfnL o; nf]sdf dfq 5 eg] k/nf]sdf o;n] s]xL
d2t ug]{5}g . To;}n] o; hLjg jf nf]sdf dfq clNem/fVg] xfd|f]
Joy{ sfdnfO{ oxL 5f]8f}+ / k'g{hLjg jf k/nf]s ;'wfg]{ tkm{ nfuf}+ .
o;sf nflu clgTo efjgf ckl/xfo{ 5 .
8ß,-9Ü$-7ië#<-ý7Ü-037-/;è<-<ë-<ë9-7o:Ê
7/+-ý<-/…å/<-ý7Ü-,ë9-J<-»¥:-¸¥-:ß<Ê
:ß<-`Ü-0ië,-"$-F0-;è<-0ië,-ýë<-/ë9Ê
2é-7+Ü-vë<-/)$-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÂÊÊ
nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+ut ul/Psf c;fWo} dgkg]{ ;fyL
cfkmGt egf}bfx¿ ;a} Ps Ps u/L xfdLaf6 5'6]/
hfg]5g\ . 7"nf] ldx]gt u/L sdfOPsf wg;DklQx¿
klg Toflug}k5{ . of] cltly u[x¿kL z/L/sf] cfuGt's
lj1fg klg Pslbg Tof] u[x 5f]8]/} hfg]5 . To;}n]
-32-
o; h'gLsf ;a} h~hfn cf;lQmx¿nfO{ Toflulbg' g}

af]lw;Œjsf] rof{ xf] .. $ ..
Ê
ljZj Oltxf;nfO{ Psrf]l6 kN6fP/ x]¥of}+ eg] o; lqwft's ;+;f/–
df sf]xL klg k|f0fL ;bf hLljt /x]gg\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfOG5 .
klxn]sf dxfg :ynx¿nfO{ x]g'{xf];\, ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fg /
cGo u'?x¿sf] sLlt{n] ;';lHht 7fpF gfnGbfnfO{ g} lng'xf];\ g,
clxn] s:tf] 5 Tof] 7fpF, vfnL eUgfjz]if afx]s s] afFsL 5 < t/
o;}n] xfdLnfO{ clgTosf] kf7 k9fpF5 . ltAatdf klxn] ePsf
k|yfx¿, k/Dk/fx¿ OToflbnfO{ x]g'{xf];\ . ;a} lat]/ uO;s], tL
;a} clgTo lyP / kf] ;a} ;vfk eP, ;dfKt eP/ uP . cfhb]lv
Ps ;o jif{ k5fl8 xfdL dWo] sf]xLklg o; wtL{df /xg]5}g .
of] s'/f lglZrt} 5 . t/ r]tgf / cfef:j/n] o'Qm xfd|f] lrQ–
;Gtfg eg] clj/n¿n] k|jflxt eO/x]s} 5 . k"j{ / k'gh{Gd
lglZrt¿kdf 5 . t/ xfdLn] ef]Ug] ;'vfj:yfx¿ h:t} wg–
;DklQ, ;d[l4 tL ;a} k"j{hGddf ;~ro ul/Psf] s'zn x]t'sf
sf/0fn] ePsf x'g\ . tL ;a} wg;DklQ, ;d[l4 OToflb xfdL;+u
cfpFb}g, 5f]8]/ hfg'k5{ Pslbg ;a}nfO{ . cfˆgf ;fyL, Oi6ldq,
efO{aGw', cfkmGt, 5f]/f5f]/L, klt jf kTgL kl/jf/ cflb;+u
hlt;'s} xfd|f] 3lgi6 jf lgs6 ;DaGw ePklg ;a}nfO{ 5f]8]/}
cfˆg} dfu{df PSn} hfg'kg]{5 . k'0o jf s'zn cEof; u/]sf–
n] ;'v kfpFg]5g\, cEof; gu/]sfn] kfpFg]5}gg\ . ;"Id k|f0f
/ lj1fgdf cf/f]lkt ul/Psf] ædÆ sf] ;Gtlt jf lg/Gt/tf
lglZrt¿kdf -d[To'kl5 klg_ k|jflxt eO/xg]5 . o;} sf/0fn]
ubf{ xfdLn] clxn] u/]sf] sd{sf] kmn ef]Ug]5f}+ . To;}n] xfdLn] h]
u5f}{ Tof] -xfd|f] sd{_ cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
-33-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
xfdL dbf{ ;a} PSn} hfg]5f}+ . bnfO{ nfdf klg d/]klg PSn}
hfg'kg]{5 . dfcf]T;]6'ª\sf] d[To' x'Fbf klg pm PSn} uof] . lrofª\
l5ª\ p;sf] ;fydf uPg . g p;sf ;}lgsx¿ p;sf] ;fydf
uP . hLljt x'Fbf p;n] sdfPsf] ;a} Voflt gfd OHht s]xLn]
klg p;sf] d2t u/]g . kl5 s] eof] xfdLn] b]Vg ;S5f}+ .
dxfTdf uf+wL h:tf] dxfk'?if klg PSn} hfg'k¥of] . pgsf] nf}/f],
rKkn, tf/] rZdf ;a} 5f]8]/ PSn} hfg'k¥of] . pgsf] :df/sdf
oL ;a} rLhx¿ b]Vg ;S5f}+ . s]xL klg ;fydf nu]gg\ . jfXo
ef}lts ;DklQ, ldq, cfkmGt cflb s]xL klg sfd nfUb}g, xfd|f
cfdfafa'af6 kfPsf] of] z/L/ t sfd nfUb}g eg] c¿ t s] <
u'ª\yfª\ l/Gkf]5]n] eg]em}+ xfdL ;a}n] PSn} dg'{kg]{5 .
xfdL ltAatLx¿nfO{ Psk6s x]g'{xf];\ t, clg tkfO{+ cfkm}–
nfO{ x]g'{xf];\ . oBlk xfdL lgs} /fd|f] 38Laf6 u'lh|/x]sf 5f}+,
t/ cflv/ xfdL t dg'io g} xf}+, xfdL d/]kl5 km]l/ dg'io eP/}
hGdg]5f}+ eGg] 7]ufg klg 5}g . sd;]sd clxn] dg'io x'Fbf s]xL
k|ult ul/Pg eg] csf]{ h'gLdf dg'io gx'Fbf s] g} ug{ ;lsPnf
/ < clxn], kSs}klg vfgf t vfg}k5{, ;a}n] vfg'k5{ . Psfu|
;dflwdf a;]/ ;dflw cfxf/ g} ;]jg ug]{ dxfk'?ifx¿ afx]s
xfdL ;a}n] 7f]; cfxf/ t vfg}k5{ . To;sf/0f, of] s'/f t :ki6}
5 o; hLjgnfO{ wflg/fVg xfdLn] cGg pAhfpFg'k5{ vfg'k5{ /
sfd ug'{k5{ . t/ xfd|f] hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd, ;Dk"0f{ nIo g} oL
s'/fx¿df dfq ;Lldt /fVg' rflx kSs} klg x'Gg . o:tf s'/f–
x¿df #)Ü dfq ;Lldt /fVg] / afFsL &)Ü csf]{ h'gLsf s'/f–
x¿df ;dlk{t ug'{ /fd|f] xf]nf jf %)Ü÷%)Ü u/L 5'6\ofpFbf
klg /fd|} x'g]5 . t/ ;Dk"0f{¿kn] o; hLjgsf ljifox¿df dfq
clNem/fVg' x'Fb}g eGg] d'Vo s'/f xf] .
-34-
#$-+$-7ië#<-,-¸¥#-#<ß0-7.è:-7b²9-5Ü$ÍÊ
*ë<-/<0-/Vë0-ý7Ü-e-/-(0<-7b²9-:Ê
e0<-+$-XÜ$-Bè-0è+-ý9-€ç9-eè+-ý7ÜÊ
ië#<-$,-\ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÃÊÊ
hf];+u ;+ut u/]df lqljif -/fu, å]if / df]x_ a9\b}
hfG5, >'tdoL, lrGtgdoL / efjgfdoL cEof;
36\b} hfG5 / d}qL–s?0ff ;a} ;vfk x'G5 . To:tf
vt/gfs JolQmx¿l;tsf] ;+ut 5f]l8lbg' g} af]lw–
;Œj rof{ xf] .. % ..
Ê
t;y{ xfdLn] cfˆgf] csf]{ hGdsf af/]df ;f]+Rg' cfjZos 5 .
To;sf nflu xfdLnfO{ ;fyLx¿ rflxof] . ;fyLx¿ lsg dxTjk"0f{
5g\ eGbf pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ w]/} k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\ . x'g ;S5,
xfd|f] >'tdoL / lrGtgdoL k|1f Tolt w]/} 5}g, t/ pgLx¿sf]
/fd|f] b[i6fGtåf/f To:t} sfo{ u/]/ b]vfpg xfdL klg k|f]T;flxt
x'G5f}+ . xfd|f] h:t} c;n ldhf;sf / /fd|f] ;+:sf/sf ;fyLx¿ x'g'
Psbd} h?/L /x]5 . lsg < lsgeg] Znf]sdf eg]em}+ s'ntdf nfu]–
sf ;fyLx¿, v/fa ldqx¿sf] ;+utn] xfdLnfO{ xflg g} k'¥ofpF5,
/fd|f] ub}{g, To;}n] o:tf unt dfu{df nfu]sf ;fyLx¿nfO{ xfdLn]
Toflulbg'k5{ . t/ o;sf] cy{ pgLx¿nfO{ 3[0ff ug]{, jf:t} gug]{
eGg] xf]Og, xfdLn] tL ;fyLx¿k|lt klg d}qL efjgf /flv/fVg'k5{ .
t/ pgLx¿sf] k|efjdf dfq gkg'{ eGg vf]lhPsf] xf] .
#$-5Ü#-/Yè,-,-(è<-ý-6+-7b²9-5Ü$ÍÊ
8ë,-),-89-$ë7Ü-w-P9-7.è:-7b²9-/7ÜÊ
-35-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
/;è<-#(è,-+0-ý-9$-#Ü-:ß<-/<-`$ÍÊ
#%è<-ý9-73Ý,-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÄÊÊ
h;dfly e/ kbf{ -xfd|f_ bf]if gi6 eP/ hfG5g\,
z'SnkIfsf] rGb|df em} -xfd|f_ u'0fx¿sf] j[l4 x'“b}
hfG5, To:tf] ;Rrf sNof0fldqnfO{ -xfd|f]_ cfgf]
z/L/ eGbf klg clws Kof/f] 7fg]/ u|x0f ug'{ g} af]lw–
;Œj rof{ xf] .. ^ ..
Ê
olb xfd|f ;fyLx¿ ;a} s'zn ;+:sf/sf dfq 5g\ / xfdL;+u
u'?x¿, sNof0fldqx¿sf] /fd|f] ;fy 5 eg] To;n] ubf{ xfdLdf
Psbd} /fd|f] k|efj kg{ hfG5 . xfdLnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] vfnsf
s'g} Pshgf u'? t kSs}klg rflxG5, u'? jf sNof0fldq xfd|f]
cTolws dglk|o g} ePklg k"0f{¿kn] of]Uo klg x'g}k5{ . xfdL
ltAatLx¿sxfF lgs} k|Voft gfd ePsf 6'Ns' jf cjtf/L nfdfx¿
x'G5g\, t/ tL ;a eP/ klg pxfFx¿ k"0f{¿kn] of]Uo x'g}k5{, gq
cy{sf] cgy{ x'G5 . To;}n] oL 6'Ns', OToflb JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfd /
bhf{df ghfcf}+, u'?sf] JolQmut of]UotfnfO{ dfq x]g'{xf];\ / hfFRg'–
xf];\ . k"0f{¿kdf of]Uo eP dfq pxfFnfO{ nfdf eGg ;lsG5 . t/
6'Ns' g} ePklg w]/}h;f] o:tf JolQmx¿ nfdf xf]Ogg\ . wg /
hUufhdLg hfoh]yf t pgLx¿;+u k|z:t} xf]nf, t/ pgLx¿df
s'g} klg of]Uotf x'Fb}g . wg x'Fb}df, gfd rNb}df jf ;dfh jf nf]
sdf OHht x'Fb}df s'g} JolQm nfdf aGg ;Sb}g . t;y{, pgLx¿sf]
jf:tljs of]Uotf, cWoog, cEof; OToflb s] xf] s:tf] xf] tL
;a s'/fx¿sf] /fd|f] hfFr x'g' cTofjZos 5 . a8f] ;fjwfg
k"j{s of] hfFr ug'{k5{ . eujfg\ a'4n] g} o;df hf]8 lbg'ePsf]
-36-
5 . To:t} h] rf]ª\ vfkfn] klg o; s'/fdf 7"nf] hf]8 lbg'ePsf]

5 . r]nf / u'?aLr /fd|f] u'?–r]nfsf] ;DaGw x'g' h?/L 5 . u'?
of]u cToGt} h?/L 5 . u'? k"0f{¿kn] of]Uo ePdf dfq xfdLn]
cfkm"nfO{ ;f] u'?dfly k"0f{¿kn] ;dlk{t ul/lbg ;S5f}+ . clg
pxfFn] h] h] eGg'x'G5, xfdL ToxL+ ToxL+ ug{ tof/ x'G5f}+ ltnf]kf
/ gf/f]kfsf] pbfx/0fdf h:t} . ltnf]kfn] sf};Laf6 xfDkmfNg
c¥xfpF5g\ eg] gf/f]kfn] klg lagf ;+sf]r xfDkmflnlbG5g\ . t/
u'? To:tf] JolQm ePg eg] pgn] h] h] eG5g\ Tof] dfGg} kg]{
s/ 5}g . sf]xL d"v{n] eGof] eGb}df xfdLn] o; :t"k dlGb/sf]
dfly lzv/df uP/ ToxfFaf6 xfDkmfNg'x'G5 t, n eGg';\ tkfO{+x¿
xfDkmfNg'x'G5 ls xfDkmfNg'x'Gg <
xfdL h:tf z'?z'?sf ;fwsx¿sf nflu geO gx'g] s'/f
ljgosf] kSsf cfwf/ xf] . ToxL+ ljgo jf zLn cfr/0fsf] hudf
6]s]/ xfdL cEof; ub}{ hfG5f}+, cfkm"nfO{ lgdf{0f ub}{ hfG5f}+ . of]
lx;fjn] xfdL ltAatLx¿n] cEof; ug]{ z}nL cToGt} /fd|f] 5 .
xfdL;+u zLnsf] cfwf/ 5, To;dfly xfdL;+u d}qL / s?0ffsf]
dxfofgL cEof; 5 . clg ;a}eGbf lzv/df xfdL;+u tGqsf]
cEof; 5, / Tof] klg rf/}ju{sf] tGq cEof; . jf:tjdf,
a'4wd{sf] ;Dk"0f{ dfu{nfO{ cEof; ug]{ xfdL PSnf] ltAatLx¿
dfq xf}+ Tof] klg tLg} ofgnfO{ cEof; u/]sf Pshgf dfq JolQm
jf sNof0fldqsf] cfwf/df . pbfx/0fsf nflu yfOn}08, adf{ /
>Ln+sfdf ljgo kIf dfq 5 dxfofg / tGq 5}g . hfkfg, sf]l/of
/ s]xL cGo b]zx¿df dxfofg dfq 5 . tGq klg xf]nf t/ k|yd
lqju{ h:t} lqmof, rof{ / of]u tGq dfq 5g\, cg'Q/ of]u tGq
jf rf}yf] ju{sf] tGq 5Fb} 5}g . s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf z"Gotfsf] b[li6
t 5 t/ Tof] klg lrQdfqsf] z"Gotf cyf{t of]ufrf/ :jftlGqs
-37-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
bz{gsf] z"Gotf, ToxfF k|f;lËs b[li6 5}g . s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf

ljgo–cfwf/ g} gePsf] dxfofg klg xf]nf eg] s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf
ljgo / dxfofglagfsf] tGqofg dfq klg x'g;Sb5 . ltAatdf
dfq a'4sf lzIffsf] k"0f{, ;Dk"0f{ dfu{ 5, Ps} JolQmn] tLg}j6fnfO{
;d]6]/ cEof; ug{ ;Sb5, Tof] Ps JolQm xfdL g}+ x'g'k5{ .
9$-8$-7"ë9-/7Ü-/1ì,-•9-/%Ü$-/-8ÜÊ
7'Ü#-Dè,-T-8Ü<-<ß-5Ü#-þë/-ý9-¹¥<Ê
+è-dÜ9-#$-:-þ/<-,-0Ü-/yä-/7ÜÊ
+!ë,-0&ë#-þ/<-7ië-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÅÊÊ
cfkm} ;+;f/sf] jGwgfuf/df km;]sf nf}lss b]jtf–
x¿n] s;nfO{ /Iff ug{ ;S5g\ / < To;sf/0f
h;sf] z/0f hfgfn] cfkm"nfO{ wf]sf x'“b}g To:tf] lq–
/Tgsf] z/0fdf hfg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
Ê
ca xfdL z/0fudgdf cfOk'U5f}+ . z/0fudg eGgfn] lq/Tgsf]
z/0fdf hfg' xf] / To;f] ubf{ lq/Tgsf u'0fx¿nfO{ ;+lemg'k5{ .
ltAatL efiffdf a'4nfO{ ;fª\ Uo]
<$<Í{< elgG5 . ltAatL zAb
æ;fª\
<$<Í Æ sf] cy{ Toflug'kg]{ ;a}nfO{ Toflulbg', ;a} bf]ifx¿
nfO{ Toflulbg' xf] eg] æUo] {<Æ sf] cy{ ;a} s'/f hfGg' / ;a}
;b\u'0fx¿n] o'Qm x'g' xf] . cyf{t k|xf0f;Dkb\ / 1fg;Dkb\n] o'Qm
ePkl5 dfq a'4 eOG5 . ;+:s[t zAb æwd{Æ sf] cy{ wf/0f ug'{ xf] .!(
s'znwd{nfO{ cfkm"n] wf/0f ug'{ jf ;dfO/fVg' g} wd{sf] tfTko{
x'g cfpF5 . csf]{ zAbdf b'Mvaf6 d'Stx'g] wd{nfO{ wf/0f ug'{ wd{
xf] . ;fFrf] cy{df, wd{sf] z/0f eGgfn] lg/f]w cfo{ ;To / dfu{
-38-
cfo{ ;To x'g\ . xfd|f] lrQdf hDdf ePsf Ifl0fs Sn]zx¿sf]

lg/f]w jf k|xf0f, tL ;a} z"Gotf wd{wft'df no x'g' g} ;fFrf]
lg/f]w xf] . z"Gotfsf] k|ToIf ;fIffTsf/ ePsf] lrQ g} ;fFrf] dfu{
xf] . oL b'O{6f wd{sf] z/0f x'g\ . ;+3sf] z/0f eGgfn] cfo{hgx¿
x'g\ h;n] z"Gotfsf] k|ToIf¿kdf ;fIffTsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ctM
oL g} lqz/0f xf] . a'4 lrlsT;s h:t} x'g\, wd{ cf}ifwL h:t}
jf cem ;xL 9Ën] egf}+ pkrf/sf] dfu{, pkrf/ eO;s]sf] dfu{
lg/f]w / dfu{ ;To x'g\ eg] ;+3 ;xfotf ug]{ kl/rf/s kl/rfl/sf–
x¿ x'g\ .
xfdL ;a}nfO{ b'Mv dg kb}{g rfx] Tof] Pp6f ;fgf] c;'ljwf,
si6 b]lv lnP/ 7"N7"nf b'Mvx¿ g} lsg gx'g\ . To;}n] xfdLnfO{
b'Mvaf6 d'lQm rflxPsf] 5 . b'Mv–k|xf0fsf] dfu{ / pkfo g}
wd{–z/0f xf] . o;sf] nflu xfdLnfO{ Ps u'?sf] vfFrf] k5{ / oxL
a'4–z/0f xf] . To:t} ldqx¿sf] vfFrf] k5{ / oxL+ ;+3–z/0f xf] .
of] afx]s tL z/0f:yfgn] xfdLnfO{ /Iff u5{ eg]/ xfdL 9'Ss
jf lglZrt x'g'k5{ . eGg'sf] cy{, z/0f–:yfgsf] Ifdtfdf xfdL
ljZj:t x'g'k5{ . o;sf] ;fy} xfdL b'Mvaf6 eoeLt ePs} x'g'k5{
/ To;af6 d'lQm k|fKt ug]{ tLj| OR5f x'g}k5{ . z/0fud0fsf] d'Vo
x]t' log} x'g\ . eujfg\ a'4n] b'Mvsf x]t'nfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5,
To;sf] lg/f]w x'g;S5 eg]/ eGg'ePsf] x'gfn] pxfF Ps of]Uo
z/0f:yfg x'g'x'G5 . To:t} pg} eujfg\ a'4sf pkb]z klg xfdL–
;+u 5, To;}n] lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf hfg'k5{ . efjL b'Mv lg/f]w /
lgjf{0f jf af]lw1fgsf] z/0fdf hfg' kmnz/0fudg xf] . clxn] x]t'–
z/0fudg cyf{t lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf uO;s]kl5 xfdL kl5 kmn
z/0fudgdf klg k'U5f}+ . t;y{ tkfO{+x¿ ;a}n] lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf
hfg'xf];\ .
-39-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
lbg #
Psrf]l6 cfkm" jl/kl/ /x]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ x]g'{xf];\ . ghLssf,
6f9fsf, wgL u/La, 7"nf] ;fgf] h:tf] ;'s} dflg; ePklg cflv/
;'v rfxg'df / b'Mv x6fpgdf t pgLx¿ ;a} ;dfg g} /x]5g\
lg . ;'vsf] rfxgf / b'Mvsf] k|xf0fsf nflu ;a} eGbf pQd
pkfo t wd{ g} xf] . xfdL;+u b'n{e dg'io z/L/ 5, k|flt–
df]If, dxfofg / tGqsf k"0f{ pkb]z eP/ klg k"0f{¿kn] of]Uo u'?
klg x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] ;a} Sn]zx¿nfO{ gfz u/]/ tyf ;a} s'zn
u'0fx¿ nfe u/]/ af]lw1fg;Dd k'Ug] af]lwlrQ dg;fo xfd|f]
x'g'k5{ . xfdL;+u Psbd} bofn' / :g]xL lrQ x'g'k¥of] . d"ne"t
s'/f oxL+ g} xf] . cfˆgf] / csf{sf] ;'vsf] d"n s8L oxL+ g} xf],
Jojxfl/s¿kaf6 klg k/dfy{¿kaf6 klg . ;Dos\ ;Daf]lwsf]
sfdgf ug]{ af]lwlrQsf] d"n klg oxL+ g} xf] . ctM of] g} ;a}nfO{
;'vL kfg]{ Ifdtf xf] . To;}n] ;s];Dd xfd|f] bofn' / :g]xL lrQ
x'g'k¥of] . æd]/f] lrQ bofn' xf];\Æ eg]/ vfnL d'vn] dfq eGg]–
xf]Og . ;fFlRrs} o:t} lrQ ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfkm"nfO{ tfnLd
lbFb} hfg'xf];\ / lj:tf/} lj:tf/} dfu{df 86]/ cEof; ubf{ qmda4
lsl;dn] o:tf] lrQsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfg]5 . pkfox¿ hfGg'k5{ /
hfg]/ t'?Gt} cEof;df ptfl/xfNg'k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ a'4sf pkb]zx¿
s+Uo"/sf] !)) 7]nL / ef/tLo u'?x¿sf @)) eGbf a9L t+Uo"/–
sf] u|Gyx¿df kfOG5g\ . dltzf]wgsf ;Dk"0f{ dfu{qmd -nfd l/d_
pkb]znfO{ ltAatdf Nofpg] u'? ctLz bLk+s/ >L1fg x'g'x'G5 /
pxfFsf] af]lwkyk|bLk g} k|:t't u|Gy æ;Ktlqz+b lhgk'qrof{Æ sf]
d'Vo >f]t xf] . of] u|Gy Psbd} 5f]6f] / a'‰g klg ;lhnf] ePsf]
x'gfn] xfdLn] o;nfO{ s07:y kf/]/ o;sf] cy{ klg a'em]/ /fd|f]
;+u kf7 ug'{k5{ / cEof;df 9fNg'k5{ .
-40-
ca k|:t't u|Gysf] JofVofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbcf}+ . s[kof Wofg

lbP/ ;'Gg'xf]nf . ;j{k|yd xfdLn] b'n{e dg'io z/L/nfO{ /fd|f];+u
lrGg'k¥of] / lrg]/ To;sf] e/k"/ kmfObf p7fpg] s'/fsf] af/]df
;f]+Rg'k¥of] . xfd|f] d[To' x'g] s'/f t lglZrt} 5 / d[To';+u} of] b'n{e
z/L/ klg xfdLn] u'dfpg] s'/f klg lglZrt g} 5, To;}n] vfnL
o; hLjgsf] vf]qmf] ljifoj:t'df dfq clNem/fVg] xfd|f] afgLnfO{
TofUg'k¥of] / k/nf]ssf ljifox¿df klg ;f]+Rg] / To;sf nflu
cEof; ug]{ ug'{k¥of] .
To;sf] nflu z'?z'?df t xfdLn] d[To' / clgTosf af/]df
g} Psbd ulxl/P/ ;f]+Rg'k5{ . æxfdL dl/;s]kl5 tLg b'u{ltdWo]
Pp6fdf k¥of] eg] s] xf]nfÆ o;/L ;f]Rg'k5{ . xf], xfdLn] gf/sLo
/ k|]t nf]ssf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ clxn] b]Vg ;Sb}gf}+ t/ lto{s nf]ssf
k|f0fLx¿ cyf{t\ kz'kG5L / ltgLx¿sf b'MvnfO{ t /fd|/L g}+ b]Vg
;S5f}+ . dflg;x¿n] tL lto{sx¿ cyf{t\ kz'kG5Lx¿nfO{ sfddf
nufpgsf nflu s:tf] qm"/tfk"0f{¿kn] b'Jojxf/ u5{g\, lgd{d\–
?kn] s'6\5g\, lrlsT;sLo k|of]usf nflu lgb{oLk"j{s k|of]u
u5{g\, df;'sf nflu df5{g\ OToflb b'Mv lbG5g\ . oL ;a} xfdLnfO{
yfx} 5 . t/ a'4wd{sf cg';f/ xfdLn] oL k|f0fLx¿dfly klg
bof / :g]x /fVg}k5{ . cGo wd{df kz'kG5Lx¿ dfg'{ eg]sf] ¿v
sf6\g' / t/sf/L sf6\g' eGbf clnslt klg km/s gxf]nf . t/
a'4wd{df km/s 5 . xfdL tL k|f0fLx¿sf] b'MvnfO{ klg x]5f}{+ /
To;nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lnG5f}+ / cfkm" klg ;xh¿kn] kz'kG5L
eP/ hlGdg ;Sg] s'/fdf lrGtgzLn x'G5f}+ .
h'g dfu{ cjnDjg ubf{ kz'kG5L eP/ xfdL hlGdb}gf}+, Tof]
dfu{ atfpg] JolQm ;Dos\ ;Da'4 g} x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] x]t'–kmnsf]
dfu{ b]vfpg'eof], s'g x]o sd{ xf], s'g pkfb]o sd{ xf] pxfFn]
-41-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
xfdLnfO{ atfpg' eof] . To;}n] xfdLn] cfkm"n] ;Sbf] lsl;dn]

zf:tf eujfg\ a'4sf k"0f{ / pTs[i6 pkb]zsf af/]df cWoog
ug]{ sf]lz; ug'{k5{, lsgeg] tL pkb]zx¿ bf]if/lxt 5g\ . To;}n]
Ps ;Dk"0f{ z/0f:yfgsf ¿kdf lng of]Uo 5g\ . lxhf] rrf{ u/]–
em}+, a'4, wd{ / ;+3 g} lqz/0f x'g\ . oL tLg /Tgn] dfq xfdLnfO{
cr's / clj;+jfbs -bf]if, ;Gb]x/lxt_ z/0f / /Iff k|bfg ug{
;Sb5 . ldqsf ¿kdf d2t dfUgsf nflu cGo nf}lss b]jL b]jtf–
x¿sxfF klg hfg g;lsg] xf]Og t/ ætkfO{+ d]/f] k/d z/0f x'g'–
x'G5 -Tjd\ dof z/0f+ cl; jf Tjd\ z/0fd\_Æ eg]/ pgLx¿sxfF
z/0f lng hfg' plrt x'Gg .
yfOn}08 / jdf{sf ljxf/x¿df a:g] leIf'x¿nfO{ g} x]g'{;\
g Ù s:tf] pTs[i6 5g\ pxfFx¿, ;fFRr} . pxfFx¿sf ljxf/ jf ;+3f–
/fddf zfSod'lg a'4sf k|ltdf jf k|tLs afx]s c¿ s;}sf]
klg k|ltdf x'Fb}g . ltAatL u'Dafx¿df x]g'{xf];\, xfdLsxfF klg
zfSod'lg a'4sf] k|ltdf jf lrq t x'G5 g} t/ ;fy;fy} w]/}
pb]snfUbf wd{kfn OToflbsf k|ltdf / lrqx¿ klg x'g] u5{g\ .
hfkfgsf dlGb/x¿df d'Vo u'?x¿sf lrqx¿ dfq x'G5g\ / k|foM
zfSod'lg a'4sf] k|ltdf ;d]t x'Fb}g . cjZoklg zfSod'lg a'4
u'?x¿af6 cleGg x'g'ePsfn] cg]s ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|s6
ug'{x'G5 eGg] tYonfO{ a'‰g'k5{ t/ of] clnslt a]Un} s'/f eof] .
t/ oxfF d'Vo s'/f s] eg] h;nfO{ xfdL k'0o / lhgrof{sf
nflu z/0f:yfg dfG5f}+ pxfF t zfSod'lg a'4 g} x'g'x'G5 . xfdL
ltAatLx¿n] zfSod'lga'4nfO{ g} lj;]{/ wd{kfn OToflbsf lrq jf
k|ltdfsf cufl8 ‰ofnL lk6\5f}+, 8d? ahfpF5f} eg]/ dflg;x¿n]
cfnf]rgf ug]{ u5{g\ . of] cToGt} vt/gfs s'/f xf], o;df ljz]if
Vofn /fVg'xf]nf .
-42-
;+3–z/0fsf af/]df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], yfOn}08 / adf{df

;+3sf] cEof; cToGt} /fd|f] 5 . ToxfF leIf'x¿nfO{ u[x:yx¿
tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿n] cToGt} 7"nf] cfb/ ;Tsf/ u5{g\,
bfg u5{g\ . To;}n] ToxfFsf leIf'x¿n] u[x:yhgx¿af6 lgs} 7"nf]
;xof]u / 6]jf kfPsf 5g\ . of] cToGt} pTs[i6 cEof; xf] . k|foM
…b'O{6f dfq /Tg cyf{t\ a'4 / wd{ dfq eP k'luxfNof] lg, ;+3
lsg rflxof] / <Ú eGg] nfUnf t/ xfdLn] ;+3nfO{ klg lj;{g'x'Gg .
;a} leIf' leIf'0fL g} x'g'k5{ eGg] t 5}g t/ xfdLn] cfˆgf] em'sfj
jf ;+:sf/nfO{ Psrf]l6 hfFRg}k5{, xfdLnfO{ ;'xfFpbf] jftfj/0f
ldn]sf] v08df k|jHof k|fKt ug'{ g} ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo . t/
To:tf] cj:yf gePtfklg sd;]sd leIf' leIf'0fLx¿nfO{ cfnf]–
rgf rflx+ gug'{xf];\ . a? cfkm}nfO{ /fd|/L hfFr]/ cfˆg} cfnf]rgf
ug]{ ug'{xf];\ . b[i6fGt v8f ug{df / eujfg\ a'4sf pkb]znfO{
k|ltlglwTj ug{df ;+3sf] e"ldsf cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . cfˆgf]
sd{sf af/]df cyf{t\ xfdLn] af]Ng] x/]s af]nL / ug]{ x/]s sfo{sf
af/]df cToGt} ;r]t /xg'k5{ .
;Ü,-·â-/6ë+-+!7Ü-$,-<ë$-Z¨#-/W:-F0<Ê
ZÜ#-ý7Ü-:<-`Ü-7o<-/ß9-*ß/-ý<-#<ß$<Ê
+è-dÜ9-rë#-:-//-`$-ZÜ#-ý7Ü-:<Ê
,0-8$-0Ü-eè+-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÆÊÊ
kfksd{sf] kmn:j¿k b'u{ltsf cToGt} c;≈o b'Mvx¿
ef]Ug'k5{ eg]/ d'lg -zfSod'lg a'4_ n] eGg'ePsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f cfgf] Hofg} hf]lvddf k/]klg kfksd{
sbflk gug'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
-43-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
;+If]kdf, xfdLn] /fd|f] sd{ u¥of}+ eg] To;sf] kmn klg /fd|} kfOg]5,
g/fd|f] sfd u¥of}+ eg] kmn klg g/fd|} x'g]5 . h:tf] h:tf] x]t' x'G5
kmn klg To:t} To:t} g} x'g]5 . sd{kmnsf] of] lgod cr"s 5 /
csf]{ s'/f, ;fgf ;fgf x]t'–sd{af6 klg cToGt} ljk'n ljkfs kmn
ef]Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . b]z b]zdf x'g] u/]sf eofgs b'3{6gfx¿ cfkb
ljkbx¿ klg cs'zn sd{åf/f ;[lht k"j{ sfld{s aLhx¿sf
pkh x'g\, kmn x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu egf}+ ltAatdf slxn]–
sfxL v8]/L k/]/ afnL gfnLx¿ ;a} gi6 x'G5g\, slxn]sfxL o'4,
n8fO{, cfqmd0f OToflbx¿ x'G5g\ . k'0osf] cefj / klxn] ul/–
Psf cs'zn sd{s} sf/0fn] ubf{ t x'g] x'g\ lg oL ;a} . xfdL;+u
k'0o g} 5}g eg] h:tf];'s} sd{ clxn] u/f}+ g+, To;n] /fd|f] cj:yf,
;'vb cj:yf sbflk NofOlbg]5}g . To;sf/0f klg xfdLn] ;b}j
csf{sf] v';L, ;'v dfq rfxg'k5{ . dfq pgLx¿sf] ;'vsf] lrGtg
x'g'k5{ . rLlgofx¿s} s'/f lncf}+, xfd|f] d'Vo lrGtf, jf OR5f eg]s}
pgLx¿sf] v';L, ;'v xf] . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkbljkb cfOnfu'g\ eg]/
lrtfpg' x'Gg . pgLx¿n] h] ef]U5g\, cfˆg} klxn]sf] sd{sf] kmn
cg';f/ ef]U5g\ .
xfdL cfˆg} Sn]zaf6 k|]l/t eO cs'zn sd{@) ug{ k'U5f}+ .
xfdLn] oL Sn]zx¿af6 sfnf sd{sf aLhx¿ ;+u|x u5f}{ h;af6
vfnL b'Mv l;jfo s]xL klg x'g]5}g . o:t} cs'zn sd{ z/L/–
af6 x'g] cs'zn sd{ h:t} k|f0fL xTof klg xf] . dflg;b]lv lnP/
Pp6f ;fgf] ls/fnfO{ dfg'{ klg o;} k|f0fL xTof leq k5{ . s;}–
nfO{ dfg'{ c;fWo} g/fd|f] sd{ xf], ;s];Dd xfdL o;af6 cfkm"nfO{
cnu /fVg'k5{ . afFRg] clwsf/ ;a} k|f0fLdf ;dfg¿kdf 5 /
;a}nfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] plQs} dfof nfU5 . Pp6f sfF8f xfd|f]
5fnfdf la‰of] eg] slt si6 x'G5 xfdLnfO{, To:t} si6 kL8f
-44-
;a}nfO{ x'G5 . kz' aln lbg' t emg} eo+s/ kfk xf] . s'g} s'g}
7fpFdf Jofks¿kn] kz' aln lbOG5 . klxn] klxn] lsGgf}/, :kLlt
/ g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] e"efux¿df@! / ltAatsf klg s]xL s]xL
e"efux¿df kz' aln lbg] rng g} lyof] . aflx/aflx/ rfFlx d
cyf{t\ bnfO{nfdfsxfF z/0f lng cfpg] t/ leq leq kz'aln klg
lbg] To:tf dflg;x¿sf] Tof] sfd 3f]/ lgGbgLo kfk xf] . æcf]d\
dl0f kb\d] x'FÆ s?0ffdosf] dGq hKg] t/ leqleq} kz'aln lbFb}
lx8\g] . o:tf] s'g}klg xfntdf sbflk x'g' x'Fb}g .
z/L/af6 ul/g] csf]{ cs'zn sd{ rf]/L cyf{t cbQfbfg
xf] . of] klg cToGt} 7"nf] kfk xf] . csf]{ sflos cs'zn sd{
Jolerf/ cyf{t sfd]if'' ldYofrf/ xf] . csf{sf] klt jf csf{sL
kTgL;+u jf cfˆg} ghLssf] gftf kg]{ s;}l;t Jolerf/ ug'{ /
o:tf] Jolerf/ ug'{ kfk xf] eg]/ gdfGg' sfd]if'' ldYofrf/ xf] .
Oltxf;sf ;flxTox¿nfO{ kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] 7"N7"nf zfxL kl/–
jf/x¿df w]/}h;f] em}em8f, snx o;} of}g Jolerf/sf sf/0fn]
x'g] u/]sf] xfdL kfpF5f}+ . of] ;fFRr} 3f6s kfk xf] . csf]{ d[iffjfb
xf] h'g jfs\ cyf{t af]nLaf6 x'g] cs'zn sd{ xf] . d[iffjfb
cyf{t\ em'7f] af]Ng' klg 7"nf] kfk xf] . xf], s;}sf] Hofg arfpFg
em'7f] s'/f af]Ng' cs}{ s'/f t/ To;df klg xfdL ;w} lgisk6
x'g' h?/L 5 . em'7f] af]Nof}+ eg] b'Mv xfdLn] ef]Ug'k5{ g} . s;}n]
cfP/ d]/f] kf]n vf]lnb]nf ls eGg] 8/ lnP/ ;w} n's]/ a:g'kg]{
x'G5 . To;n] ubf{ xfd|f] dg ;w} czfGt eO/xG5, xf] ls xf]Og <
csf]{ jfSsd{ k}z'Go k|nfk xf] jf ldn]sfx¿sf aLrdf r'unL u/]/
kmf6f] NofOlbg' . s;}sf] lj?4df elgPsf ckzAb, g/fd|f s'/fx¿–
nfO{ ;'g]/ oqtq km}nfOlbg] h'g afgL 5 Tof] c;fWo} g/fd|f] /
3f6s klg xf] . xfdLn] t gldn]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ klg ldnfO–
-45-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
lbg] sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . dflg;x¿ ;+u} a:bf, ;+u} sfd ubf{ Ps

cfk;df kf/:kl/s ljZjf; / ;dembf/Ltf x'g' clt h?/L 5 .
rLlgofx¿nfO{ g} x]¥of}+ eg] s] yfxf x'G5 eg] pxfFx¿ ;a}nfO{ sd–
/]8 eGb} lx8\g'x'G5 t/ jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf dfq Tof] ;Lldt /xG5 .
t/ aflx/ eg] pxfFx¿ cfkm"n] k|of]u ug]{ ;fa'g klg csf{nfO{
k|of]u ug{ lbg'x'Gg . s] sf/0fn] To:tf] ePsf] xf]nf egL s;}n]
;f]Wof] eg] hjfkm oxL x'g]5 ls pxfFx¿;+u kf/:kl/s ljZjf;sf]
cefjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ To;f] ePsf] xf] . o;/L Pscfk;df kmf6f]
Nofpg] k}z'Go k|nfk u/]sf] kmn:j¿k To;f] x'g]u5{ . t;y{ k}z'Go
k|nfk slxNo} gug'{xf];\ .
csf]{ cs'zn sd{ kf?io jrg xf] . c¿nfO{ ælevf/L,
;'+u'/Æ OToflb gfd /fvL d'v 5f8]/ ufnL ug'{ kf?io jrg xf] .
o:tf zAbx¿n] csf{sf] lrQ b'V5 / s'g} klg xfntdf Tof] ;'Gg]
JolQm v';L x'g]5}g . ;+leGg k|nfk eGgfn] ;w} grflxg] jflxoft
ukmx¿ ul//xg' xf] . of] ;dosf] k"0f{ jjfbL{ dfq xf] . To;kl5
cfpF5 lrQaf6 ul/g] tLg cs'zn sd{ dWo] klxn] cleBf . dfgf}+
s;};+u s'g} /fd|f] cfsif{s j:t' 5 . Tof] j:t'k|lt xfdL nf]e u5f}{+,
…Tof] j:t' d]/f] eO lbP x'G5Ú eg]/ ;f]+R5f}+ / To;nfO{ h;/L ePklg
xft kfg]{ pkfox¿ jf bfpFx¿ vf]Hb} lx8\5f}+ . o:tf] ;f]+rfOn] xfd|f]
xf]z} x/fpg] x'gfn] xfdL af6f]df lx8\bf lx8\b} kvf{ndf klg 7f]lsg
k'U5f}+ . xfdLn] kvf{n klg b]Vb}gf}+ . csf]{ cs'zn sd{ Jofkfb xf] .
of] klg plQs} 7"nf] kfk xf] . o;af6 xfdLnfO{ ;w} b'Mv lzjfo
;'v sbflk x'g]5}g . Jofkfbn] c¿nfO{ Tolt xflg x'Fb}g a? cfkm}–
nfO{ g} clws xflg eO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] s;}k|lt Ov /fVg' /
s;}sf] s'enf] lrtfpg' eg]sf] cfTd3f6s s'/f xf] . o;/L Ov
kfn]/ xfdLn] s'g}klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . ;d:ofnfO{
-46-
t s?0ff, d}qL, IfflGtn] dfq ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] slxn]

klg Jofkfb lrQ glng'xf];\ . csf]{ cs'zn sd{ ldYofb[li6 xf],
;t\nfO{ c;t\ dfGg' / c;t\ nfO{ ;t\ dfGg' g} ldYofb[li6 xf] .
k|f0ffltkft b]lv lnP/ ldYofb[li6 wf/0f ug'{;Ddsf] cs'zn
sd{nfO{ bz cs'zn sd{ elgG5 . tL cs'zn sd{x¿sf a]–
kmfObf, bf]if s] s] x'g\ OToflb /fd|/L yfxf kfP/ xfdLn] tL ;a}af6
6f9f /xg'k5{, kl~5g'k5{ . ctM d"n cEof; eg]s} k|f0ffltkft,
d[iffjfb OToflbsf ;a} bf]ifx¿nfO{ /fd|/L s]nfO, /fd|/L a'em]/
cfkm"nfO{ a8f] pT;fxk"j{s, jLo{k"j{s tL ;a}af6 6f9f /fVg' xf] .
k"0f{¿kdf tL ;anfO{ r6Ss} 5f]8\g uf¥xf] ePtfklg lj:tf/}
lj:tf/} ltgnfO{ sd ub}{ nfg'k5{ . z/0fudgkl5 ug'{kg]{ d'Vo
cEof; oxL+ g}+ xf] .
ca oxfF dWod k'?ifsf pkb]zx¿sf] JofVof ul/g]5 .
rÜ+-#<ß0-/+è-/-~-Iè7Ü-6Ü:-ý-/5Ü,Ê
8ß+-10-5Ü#-#Ü<-7'Ü#-ý7Ü-&ë<-%,-8Ü,Ê
,0-8$-0Ü-7b²9-*9-ý7Ü-#ë-7.$-0&ë#
+ë,-¸¥-#(è9-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÇÊÊ
lqwft' sf ;'v 3f+;sf] 6'Kkf]df nfu]sf] zLtsf] yf]kf
h:t} Psl5gd} lanfP/ hfg] wd{ x'g\ . slxn]klg
kl/jt{g gx'g] df]Ifsf] k/d cj:yfsf] nflu ;+3if{/t
x'g' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. ( ..
lqwft' -sfdwft', ¿kwft' / cf¿kwft'_ df hxfF;'s} hGd lnP

klg aln/x]sf] 3/sf] tNnfdf uP/ a:g' dfq xf] oBlk tNnfx¿
-47-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
km/s km/s xf]nf t/ x'g t ToxL aln/x]sf] 3/s} tNnfx¿ .

hxfFtxL+ b'Mv} b'Mv dfq 5, h:tf];'s} pkfo ckgfP/ klg xfdLnfO{
of] b'Mvaf6 pDsg' 5, d'Qm x'g' 5 . ;+;f/ jf ejrqm eGgfn] sd{
/ Sn]z@@åf/f lgld{t ;f>j pkfbfg :sGwsf] b'Mv@# xf] . xfdLn]
o;sf] af/]df /fd|f];+u ;f]+Rg}k5{ . xfdL;+u b'n{e dg'io z/L/ t
5, t/ To:tf] eOsg klg xfdL sd{ / Sn]zsf] jz\df k/]/ :jtGq
5}gf}+ eg] xfdLn] jz\ cfkm"nfO{ b'Mv dfly b'Mv dfq ylk/x]sf
x'G5f}+ . To;}n] t o:tf af/+af/ ef]lug'kg]{ b'Mv ;+:sf/af6 cfkm}–
nfO{ d'Qm kfg'{k¥of] . hltklg ;f+;fl/s ;'v xfdL dHhf lnO
lnOsg ef]Ub}5f}+ Tof] jf:tjdf ;'v} xf]Og, Tof] k/dfy{ ;'v xf]Og .
vfnL aflx/L / If0feË'/ ;'v dfq x'g\ tL . h'g}a]nf klg xfdLn]
b'u{ltdf ktg eP/ c;Xo b'Mv ef]Ug kg]{5 .
sd{ / Sn]zsf jz\df k/]sf xfd|f cfˆg} sflos tyf r]t–
l;s OlGb|ohGo :sGwx¿af6 b'Mv pTkGg x'g] eP tL ;f>j
pkfbfg :sGwaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg sxfF efUg] t < ;f]Rg'xf];\ .
olb xfd|f :sGwx¿ :jo+ b'Mvsf] :jefjn] o'Qm 5g\ eg] To:tf
:sGwaf6 pDsg sxfF efUg] < b'Mvsf] ;d'bo d"n Sn]zx¿ x'g\,
d'Vo Sn]zx¿ eg]sf /fu / å]if x'g\ . b'j} cljBfaf6 pTkGg
x'G5g\ . s:tf] cljBf < efju|fx jf cfTdu|fx ug]{ cljBf@$ To;}n]
of] ldYofb[li6 xf] . csf]{tkm{, ;j{wd{ lgM:jefjtf cyf{t ;a}nfO{
lgM:jefj¿kdf lng] k|ltkIf jf dflysf] 7Ls ljk/Lt b[li6 wf/0f
u/]/ To;df Psbd} cEo:t x'g] cEof; ug'{k5{ . o;/L hlt hlt
xfdL To;df cEo:t x'Fb} hfG5f}+, Tolt Tolt xfd|f] cljBf klg sd
sd x'Fb} hfg]5 . xfd|f] lrQdf nfu]sf] of] cljBfsf] bfu Psbd}
Ifl0fs 5g\, zg}Mzg}M o;nfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 . efju|fxsf] cljBf
/ lgM:jefjtfsf] k|1f oL b'j} Ps} ljifodf nlIft 5g\ .@% t;y{
-48-
ls t xfd|f] dgdf cljBf /xg ;S5 ls t k|1f, b'j} Ps}rf]l6

sbflk /xg ;Sb}g . o; k|sf/ k|1f cyf{t z"Gotf 1fg cljBfsf]
k|ltkIf xf] . o; k|1fåf/f xfdL /fu / å]ifnfO{ x6fpF5f}+ / b'Mvaf6
d'lQm k|fKt u5f}{+ .
/fu / å]if lrQsf] :jefj} xf], o:tf] :jefj gx'g]x¿ t d/]–
t'No g} x'G5g\ eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ sf]xL sf]xL . of] lrQsf] :jefj
g} x'Fbf] xf] t lrQsf] :jefj eg]/ r]tgf / k|ef:j/nfO{ ;fIffTsf/
ul/;s]kl5 klg ;w} oL lrQj[lQx¿ lrQdf /lx/xg'kg]{ xf] lg .
t/ h:tf];'s} qmf]w ePklg To;nfO{ zfGt kfg{ ;lsG5, Tof]
;bfsf] nflu /lx/xFb}g . ctM oL Sn]zx¿ lrQsf] cfˆgf] :jefj
eGg' jf hLjgsf] k|fs[lts cË eGg' 7"nf] ldYofb[li6 xf] .
To;f] ePsf] x'Fbf ;Toåo – k/dfy{ ;To / ;+j[lQ ;To –
nfO{ hfGg jf lrGgsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ k|1fsf] vfFrf] kb{5 .
k/dfy{¿kdf ;a} wd{ lgM:jefj 5g\ t/ ;f+j[lts¿kdf jf
Jofjxfl/s¿kdf ;To clj;+jfbs k|tLTo;d'Tkfb xf] . o;nfO{
clw–k|1f lzIff elgG5 . o;sf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf clw–;dflw
lzIffsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ xfd|f] lrQ ljlIfKt x'Fb}g .
clw–;dflwsf nflu klg leIf' leIf'0fL jf pkf;s pkfl;sf
clw–zLn lzIffsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k~rzLn OToflb pkf;s
pkfl;sf zLn xf] / sd;]sd k~rzLn dfq ePklg kfng ug'{
clt cfjZos 5 . ctM lqclwlzIff cyf{t\ clw–zLn, clw–
;dflw / clw–k|1f clt ckl/xfo{ cEof; xf] .
ca oxfF pQd k'?ifsf pkb]zx¿sf] JofVof ul/g]5 .
*ë#-0è+-¸¥<-,<-/+#-:-/Iè-/-%,Ê
0-F0<-Z¨#-,-9$-/+è<-%Ü-5Ü#-eÊ
-49-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
+è-dÜ9-0*7-8<-<è0<-%,-/…:-e7Ü-dÜ9Ê
e$-&±/-<è0<-/þè+-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿¾ÊÊ
cgflbsfnb]lvg} dk|lt s[kfn' x'“b} cfPsf -d]/f_
cfdfx¿ b'Mv ef]Ub}5g\ eg] -d]/f] of]_ ;'vsf] s] k|of]–
hg /≈of] t < To;sf/0f cgGt ;Œj -¿kL cfdf_
x¿nfO{ p4f/ ug{sf nflu af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug'{ g} af]lw–
;Œj rof{ xf] .. !) ..
cfsfz;dfg c;Ld / cgluGtL ;+Vofdf /x]sf ;Tjx¿ ;a}

;'v g} rfxG5g\ / b'Mv clnslt klg rfxFb}gg\ . xfdL klg ;'v
rfxG5f}+ b'Mv rfxFb}gf}+ . ;Tjx¿ olt c;+Vo 5g\ ls pgLx¿nfO{
r6Ss} lj;]{/ pgLx¿nfO{ jf:t} gu/]/ vfln cfˆgf] :jfy{ dfq
l;4 ug]{ xfd|f] ;f]+r ;fFRr} g} cg'lrt, xLg dfq xf]Og bogLo
g} 5 . xfdL cfkm"nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf /fvf}+ / cGo ;a} k|f0fLx¿nfO{
csf]{ 7fpFdf /fvf}+ . ;'v t xfdL ;a} g} rfxG5f}+ / b'Mv klg
xfdL ;a} kG5fpg rfxG5f}+ . s] km/s /Xof] t cflv/ xfdL cfkm"
/ c¿ k|f0fLx¿sf] aLrdf .@^ km/s dfq olt xf] ls xfdL xf}+ t
Ps dfq hals cGo k|f0fLx¿ c;+Vo 5g\ . c;+Vo jf w]/}nfO{
5f]8]/ PshgfnfO{ dfq u|fXotf lbg', k|fyldstf lbg' /fd|f] jf
Gofof]lrt s'/f xf] eg]/ s;n] eG5 < af]lw;Tjx¿ vfln cGo
;Tjx¿sf] nflu dfq sfd u5{g\, lhpF5g\ / cGo ;Tjx¿sf]
;'vsf] dfq sfdgf ub{5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw t nfe
u5{g\ g} Tof] t elg/xg' g} k/]g . t/ dfu{df pgLx¿ slxn]
klg b'MvL klg x'Fb}gg\ . hlt ldx]gtsf ;fy ;Tjfy{ lqmof u5{g\,
hlt cfkm"nfO{ c¿sf] nflu lj;{G5g\, a]jf:tf u5{g\, Tolt g} w]/}
-50-
pgLx¿ v';L x'G5g\, ;'vL x'G5g\ . c¿ k|f0fLnfO{ p4f/ ubf{ h'g

v';Lsf] cg'ej pgLx¿n] ub{5g\, To;n] p4f/sfo{df yk k|]/0ff
ylklbG5 . c¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ vfln cfˆg} :jfy{ dfq x]g]{ jf
cfˆgf] :jfy{l;l4sf nflu dfq sfd ug]{ JolQmn] b'Mv, c;Gt'li6,
/ xtf]T;fx lzjfo s]xL kfpg]5}g . of] t xf:of:kb s'/f eof] .
To;}n] cfˆgf] :jfyL{ Jojxf/, ;f]+rfOnfO{ sd ub}{ ;s];Dd vfln
c¿sf] af/]df dfq ;f]+Rg], c¿x¿sf] v';Lsf] nflu dfq lrlGtt
/xg] ug'{k5{ . ck|ToIf¿kdf o:tf] ;f]+rfOn] kmfObf xfdLnfO{ g}
ePsf] kfpF5f}, xfdL g} ;'vL x'G5f}+ .
c¿sf] dfq enfO{ rfxg], / csf{sf] ;'vsf] nflu dfq sfd
ug]{ JolQm af]lwrof{jtf/df atfOPem}+ h:tf];'s} cfkbljkbsf]
;fdgf ug'{k/]klg, jf hxfF;s ' } hlGdP klg sbflk eoeLt x'g]5}g .
cfˆgf] h:tf];'s} cj:yf ePklg, jf cfkm" h:tf];'s} cj:yfaf6
u'h|g'k/]klg To:tf] cj:yfdf klg pgn] ;Tjfy{ lqmof ul/g} /xg]–
5g\ . /TgfjnLdf gfufh'{gn] klg oxL s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lnP/ eGg'ePsf]
5 . cfˆgf] :jfy{ Tofu u/]/ vfln c¿sf] nflu af+Rg', rof{ ug'{ g}
a'4Tj;Dd k'Ug] dfu{ xf] . xfdL cfkm"nfO{ dxfofgL eG5f}+, t/ h]
rf]ª\ vfkfn] eGg'ePem}@&+ , dxfofgL x'gnfO{ t dxfofg cg';f/sf]
JolQmTj klg x'g'k5{, clg dfq xfdL dxfofgL sxlng]5f}+ . dxfofgL
JolQmTj eGgfn] k/sNof0f cyf{t ;Tjfy{ lqmof g} xf] . To;}n]
xfdLn] k/ lxtsf] nflu sfo{ ug'{k5{ g ls cfˆgf] :jfy{l;l4sf]
nflu . s;/L xfdL c¿sf] nflu lxts/ x'g;S5f}+ eGg] s'/fsf]
lrGtg ubf{ub}{ xfdLn] af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug{ k'U5f}, To;kl5 xfdLn]
ug]{ x/]s sfo{ jf ;a}yf]s :jtM k/sNof0ffled'vL g} x'g]5 . To;}n]
oyfzSo dxfofg lzIff / cEof;sf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . a'‰g'eof]
t<
-51-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
To;f]eP, af]lw;Tj eg]sf] sf] xf] t < h;/L xfdLn] …a'4Ú

eGg] zAbsf] dfly JofVof u/]sf lyof}+ af]lw;Tjsf] klg JofVof
u/f}+ . af]lw;TjnfO{ ltAatL efiffdf
e$Í&°/Í<è0<Íý ‰ofª\ 5'a\ ;]d\
kf elgG5 . …af]lwÚ nfO{ ltAatL efiffdf …‰ofª\ 5'a\Ú elgG5 .
‰ofª\sf] cy{ xf] ;a} bf]ifx¿sf] k+|xf0f jf lgj[lt / 5'a\ sf] cy{
;a} s'zn u'0fn] ;DkGg x'g' xf] . ;fFlRrs} eGg] xf] eGg] af]lw
;fwf/0ftof b'O{ k|sf/sf 5g\ .@* t/ oxfF cx{tx¿n] nfe ug]{ xLg
af]lwsf] af/]df s'/f eO/x]sf] 5}g, of] a'4sf] ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw xf] .
;™j jf ;]d\kf eGgfn] ;a}nfO{ p4f/ ug{sf lgldQ af]lw nfe
ug]{ ;+sNk ePsf] k|f0fL a'lemG5 . t;y{ b'O{6f nIo xfdLnfO{
Ps};fy rflxG5 . xfd|f] nIo k/lxt klg x'g'k¥of] / af]lw nfe
klg x'g'k¥of] . k/lxt ug{sf nflu af]lw k|fKt ug]{ xfd|f] ;+o'Qm
p2]Zo x'g'k5{ cyf{t\ lrQf]Tkfb k/fyf{o ;Dos\;Daf]lw sfdtf .
o;}nfO{ af]lwlrQ elgG5 / xfdLn] pTkGg ug'{kg]{ klg oxL af]lw–
lrQ xf] . s;/L af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug]{ t < lgDg Znf]sdf o;sf]
hjfkm kfOg]5 .
Z¨#-/W:-0-:ß<-/+#-/+è-7+ë+-:<-e³$ÍÊ
Jë#<-ý7Ü-<$<-{<-#5,-.,-<è0<-:<-7há$<Ê
+è-dÜ9-/+#-/+è-#5,-bÜ-Z¨#-/W:-+#
8$-+#-/Bè-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿¿ÊÊ
;a} -;Dk"0f{_ b'Mvx¿ cfgf] ;'v dfq rfxfgfn] pTkGg
x'G5g\ . ;Da'4 k/sNof0f rfxgfsf] lrQaf6 pTkGg
x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f cfgf] ;'v c¿sf] b'Mvl;t
;Dos\ tj/n] ;f6\g' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. !! ..
-52-
cfˆgf] dfq ;'v jf cfˆgf] dfq v';L rfxgfn] s;/L ;a} k|sf/–sf
b'Mv cfOnfU5 <@( lsgeg] cfˆgf] :jfy{ kl/k"lt{sf nflu xfdLn]
h:tf];'s} kfk jf cs'zn sd{ ug{df klg kl5 x6\b}gf}+ h;sf]
kmn:j¿k xfdLn] b'Mv g} ef]U5f}+ . csf]{tkm{ c¿sf] p4f/ u/]/
g} a'4Tj k|fKt x'g]5 . To;}n] oxfF cfTd k/fjt{g jf k/fTd kl/–
jt{g ug'{ cfjZos 5 / cfˆg} dfq ;'v rfxg'sf] ;§f ca
c¿sf] dfq ;'v rfxg] ug'{k5{ / cfkm"nfO{ a]jf:tf ug'{k5{ .#)
o;df ;kmntf k|fKt ug{sf nflu xfdLn] æn]g–b]g -tf]ª\ n]g\
#·ë$Í:è,_Æ eGg] cToGt} k|efjsf/L cEof;df kf]Vt x'g' h?/L 5 .
tf]ª\ n]g\ cEof;df c¿sf] ;a} b'Mv cfkm"df lnOG5 / cfˆgf]
;'v c¿nfO{ lbOG5 . of] cEof; dgdg} efjgfsf] ¿kdf ul/G5,
ToxL ;a}eGbf pQd / k|efjsf/L efjgf cEof; xf] . xfdL clxn]
h'g cj:yfdf 5f}+ ToxL+ cj:yfdf g} cfkm"nfO{ sNkgf ug'{k5{ .
ofg] ls :jfyL{ / cfˆgf] dfq ;'v rfxg] JolQmsf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{
sNkgf ug'{k5{ . Tof] Ps hgf :jfyL{ JolQm bfofFlt/ plePsf]
5 egL ;+emg'xf];\ . afofFlt/ d h:t} ;'v rfxg] ;a} cglulGt
;Tjx¿nfO{ pEofpg'xf];\ . oL ;a}sf] ;fIfL / lg0ff{ossf ¿kdf
dgsf] s'g} s'gfdf xfdLn] cfkm}nfO{ /fvf}+ . æo; :jfyL{ JolQm …dÚ
Hofbf dxTjk"0f{ 5 ls oL cgluGtL c¿ k|f0fLx¿ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ <Æ
ca cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug'{xf];\ . o; :jfyL{ JolQmsf] kIf lng] ls tL
;a} b'MvL ;Tjx¿sf] kIf lng] < ;'v t tL b'MvL ;Tjx¿n] klg
a/fa/¿kdf rfxG5g\ g} < n cfkm} eGg'xf];\, s;sf] kIf lng] <
o;/L af]lwrof{jtf/df atfOPsf cEof;x¿ lgs} nfebfos 5g\ .
<ß-+#-7+ë+-&è,-+/$-#Ü<-/+#-#Ü-,ë9Ê
*0<-%+-7në#-#0-7në#-)â-7'ß#-,-8$ÍÊ
-53-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
:ß<-+$-:ë$<-ë+-¸¥<-#<ß0-+#è-/-F0<Ê
+è-:-/Wë-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÀÊÊ
s;}n] 7"nf] /fu–ann] d]/f wg ;a} rf]//] nfG5g\ jf
rf]g{ nufp“b5g\ eg] To:tf JolQmnfO{ z/L/, ;'vzon
nofut tLg} sfndf cflh{t -;a}_ k'0ox¿nfO{ kl/–
0ffdgf ul/lbg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. !@ ..
oxfF;Ddsf] kf7df af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] rrf{ u¥of}+ . t/ af]lwnfe

ug{sf nflu xfdL af]lw;Tj rof{df nfUg}k5{ . s;}n] xfd|f] s'g}
;fdfg rf]/]/ nUof] eg] l/; p7\g ;Sg]5 . Tof] vt/gfs s'/f xf] .
t/ af]lw nfe ug{sf nflu xfdL k|oTg/t 5f}+ / ;a} c¿x¿nfO{
bfg:j¿k lbO/fv]sf 5f}+ eg] xfd|f ;fdfgx¿ klxNo} Tof] rf]/s}
eO;s] . clxn] cfP/ p;n] Tof] ;fdfg lnP/ uPklg p;}sf]
lyof] p;}n] g} lnP/ uof] . ctM clxn] p;n] nu]sf] jf klxn]
rf]/]/ nu]sf] h:tf] nfu]sf ;fdfg jf wg;Dkltx¿ dfq xfdLn]
p;nfO{ ;dk{0f ul/lbg] xf]Og xfd|f] z/L/ / lqsfndf ;l~rt
xfd|f k'0ox¿ ;a} klg p;}nfO{ ;dk{0f jf kl/0ffdgf ug'{k5{ .
/+#-:-(è<-ý-%°$-6+-0è+-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê
#$-+#-/+#-#Ü-0#ë-/ë-#%ë+-eè+-,7$ÍÊ
XÜ$-Bè7Ü-+/$-#Ü<-+è-8Ü-ZÜ#-ý-F0<Ê
/+#-:-:è,-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÁÊÊ
h:t} cfgf] clnslt klg bf]if geOsg} s;}n]
cfP/ d]/f] 6fps} sf6]tf klg s?0ffsf] zlQmåf/f
-54-
pgLx¿sf kfk cs'zn sd{x¿ -;a}_ cfkm"df lng' g}

af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. !# ..
c¿n] xfdLnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofof] jf xfd|f] xflg u¥of] eg] pgLx¿k|lt

s?0ff /fv]/ pgLx¿sf xflg gf]S;fgL jf Iflt ;a} cfkm}n] lng'–
k5{ .
7#7-5Ü#-/+#-:-0Ü-X,-[-2ì#<-ýÊ
Yë$-#<ß0-a/-ý9-…ë#<-ý9-eè+-,-8$ÍÊ
e0<-ý7Ü-<è0<-`Ü<-y9-8$-+è-(Ü+-`ÜÊ
8ë,-),-/Bë+-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÂÊÊ
s;}n] k"/} lq;fx;|dxf;fx;| nf]swft'e/L d]/f] af/]df

gfgfy/Lsf g/fd|f s'/fx¿ k|rf/ ub}{ lx+8]tf klg d}n]
d}qL lrQåf/f 7Ls To;}u/L -pgLx¿sf]_ u'0f b]vfp“b}
lx8\g' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. !$ ..
c¿n] xfdLnfO{ ljleGg ckzAbx¿ k|of]u u/]/ cyjf d'v

5f8]/ ufnL ubf{v]/L klg xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ slxNo} hjfkm
kmsfp{g'x'Gg . pgLx¿lj?4 g/fd|f zAbx¿ slxNo} gaf]Ng'xf];\,
a? af]lwrof{jtf/ u|Gydf atfOPem}+ pgLx¿nfO{ g} bof /fv]/
dL7f] g/d af]nL af]Ng'xf];\ .
7ië-0$-7¸¥<-ý7Ü-+/ß<-<ß-7#7-5Ü#-#Ü<Ê
02$-,<-oá<-;Ü$-2Ý#-$,-‰-,-8$ÍÊ
-55-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
+è-:-+#è-/7Ü-/;è<-`Ü-7¸¥-;è<-`Ü<Ê
#¥<-ý9-7¸¥+-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÃÊÊ
w]/} dflg;x¿sf] -k|f0fLx¿sf]_ hdftsf] aLrdf s;}n]
-d]/f]_ bf]if b]vfpg]b]lv lnP/ -d]/f]lj?4 ljleGg_
ckzAbx¿ g} eg]klg To:tf] JolQmnfO{ sNof0fldqsf]
;+1f lbO{ cfb/k"j{s -lz/ lgx'¥ofP/_ k|0ffd ug'{ g}
af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. !% ..
c¿ ;a}sf ;fd' olb s;}n] xfdLnfO{ a]OHht u/]/ nfhdbf]{

agfOlbG5 eg] To;a]nf xfd|f] Jojxf/ dltzf]wg cEof;df atfP
adf]lhd x'g'k5{ . s;}n] xfdLnfO{ ckdfg u5{ jf xfd|f] bf]if b]vfO–
lbG5 eg] t /fd|} s'/f xf] lg . jf:tjdf pgLx¿ t xfd|f u'? x'g\ .
xfd|f bf]ifx¿sf af/]df xfdLnfO{ ;r]t u/fOlbPsfdf pgLx¿nfO{
d'/L d'/L wGojfb lbg'k5{ / pgLx¿ 7"nf] cfb/ ;Ddfgsf] kfq
x'g\ .
/+#-#Ü-/ß-/5Ü,-#%è<-ý9-/þ$<-ý7Ü-0Ü<Ê
/+#-:-+i-/5Ü,-/P-/9-eè+-,7$ÍÊ
,+-`Ü<-/)/-ý7Ü-/ß-:-0-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê
T#-ý9-/Iè-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÄÊÊ
cfg} ;GtfgnfO{ em}+ dfof u/]/ x]/rfx u/]sf]

dflg;n] g}+ dnfO{ zq'sf] ¿kdf x]5{g\ eg] To:tfnfO{
/f]un] u|:t ;GtfgnfO{ cfdfn] dfof u/]h:t} cToGt}
7"nf] s?0ff /fVg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. !^ ..
-56-
;Gtfg hlt;'s} pR5[+vn / abdf; ePklg ha pm lj/fdL k5{

p;sf] cfdfn] p;nfO{ plQs} dfof ul//xlG5g\ . xfdLn] ;a}
k|f0fLx¿nfO{ To;/L g} x]g'{k5{ .
9$-+$-0(0-ý70-+0,-ý7Ü-þè-/ë-8Ü<Ê
$-{:-+/$-#Ü<-/C<-*/<-eè+-,-8$ÍÊ
v-0-/5Ü,-¸¥-#¥<-ý<-/+#-(Ü+-`ÜÊ
Ü-/ë9-:è,-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÅÊÊ
cfgf] ;dsIfL jf cfkm"eGbf tNnf] bhf{sf] JolQmn]
cx+sf/sf] azdf k/L -ann]_ -xfdLnfO{_ x]nf jf
ckdfg ug{ vf]H5g\ eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{_ u'?nfO{
em}+ cfb/ u/L cfgf] lz/df wf/0f ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj
rof{ xf] .. !& ..
c¿n] xfdL;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{ vf]h] klg To:t} -dfly elgPem}+_

lsl;dn] x]g{ ;Sg'k5{ . To:tf] cj:yfdf xfdL IfflGtjfg x'g'k5{ .
af]lwrof{jtf/df atfOPem}+ olb zq' g} ePg eg] xfd|f] IfflGtsf]
ljsf; s;/L x'G5 < IfflGtsf] cEof; ug{sf nflu ePklg
xfdLnfO{ sf]xL g sf]xL To:tf] JolQmsf] cfjZostf t k5{ k5{
h;sf] sfd g} xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg' xf] . u'? jf a'4nfO{ lgzfgf
agfP/ xfdLn] IfflGtsf] cEof; ug{ ;Sb}gf} . IfflGtsf] cEof;
ug{sf nflu xfdLn] zq'nfO{ g} lgzfgf agfpg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu cfˆg} af/] ;f]rf}+ . dfgf}+ s;}n] kqklqsfdf bnfO{ nfdf
Ps sdhf]/ z/0ffyL{ x'g\ egL n]Vof] jf s;}n] To:tf] eGof] /] .
olb d ;fFlRrs}sf] wd{;fws eP Tof] n]Vg] jf eGg] JolQm;+u
-57-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
d}n] IfflGtsf] cEof; ug]{ sf]lz; ;Sg'k5{ . IfflGtdf cfkm}nfO{

cEo:t kfg{sf nflu xfdLnfO{ Ps u'?sf] vfFrf] kb{5, Tof] u'?
xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg], a]OHht OToflb ug]{ zq' g} xf] . To;}n] u'?sf
¿kdf zq' egf}+bfx¿sf] Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . ;fFRr}
ulxl/P/ ;f]+Rg] xf] eg] zq'x¿ Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] xfdL
kfpF5f}+, n eGg'xf];\ xf] ls xf]Og < xfdLn] dxfofg cEof; ul/–
/x]sf xf}+ eg] xfdLnfO{ IfflGt geO x'Gg, s7Lg 38Lx¿nfO{ ;xg]
Ifdtf geO x'Gg, t/ zq'x¿ g} ePgg\ eg] xfdLn] ;fFRr} s;/L
dxfofgsf] cEof; ug]{ < ;+If]kdf k/fTd kl/jt{gsf] ;f]+rfO{ dgdf
ljsf; ug{sf nflu t xfdLnfO{ w]/} 7Ss/, x08/, ;+3if{, s7Lg
38L, To:tf IftljIft kfg]{ cg]sf}+ cj:yfx¿sf] cfjZostf kg]{
x'G5 . t;y{ xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg], s7f]/ lsl;dsf dflg;x¿ jf
zq'x¿ ;fFRr} g} dxTjk"0f{ dfq xf]Ogg\ /Tg ;dfg g} x'g\ .
72ì-/<-.ë$<-;Ü$-D#-)â-0Ü-8Ü<-/C<Ê
2/<-&è,-,+-+$-#+ë,-bÜ<-/)/-`$-y9Ê
7ië-´¥,-ZÜ#-Z¨#-/+#-:-:è,-eè+-%Ü$ÍÊ
º¥0-ý-0è+-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÆÊÊ
s+ufn eP/ hLljsf rnfpg -jfWo eO{_ ;w}+ dflg;–
x¿af6 lt/:s[t eP/, 7"nf] /f]u lkzfru|xn] u|l;t eP
klg clnslt klg lg?T;flxt geOsg ;a} k|f0fLx¿–
sf] kfk / b'Mv cfkm}df lng' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
wd{ cEof; ug]{x¿n] b'O{j6f cToGt} s7Lg kl/l:yltx¿sf]

;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . klxnf], klxn]sf sd{sf] kmn:j¿k b'MvL
-58-
b/Lb| x'g] OToflb cfˆgf] cj:yf x'G5 . To;a]nf xfdL lg/fz x'G5f}+,
xtf]T;flxt x'G5f}+ . csf]{ s7Lg kl/l:ylt s] xf] eg] xfdL cToGt}
wgL eP/ ;'v ;'ljwf ;DkGg x'G5f}+ h;sf] sf/0f xfdLdf 3d08
/ cx+sf/ a9\5 . b'j} cj:yfdf xfdL lgs} ;fjwfg x'g'k5{ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfdL lj/fdL ePsf] a]nf k/fTdkl/j{tg / n]g–
b]g -tf]ª\ n]g\_ sf] cEof; u¥of}+ eg] xfdL /f]uL ePsf]df klg
v';L g} x'g]5f}+ . jf:tjdf c¿ ;a}sf] /f]u, Joflw / b'Mv ;a} xfdL
cfkm"nfO{ lng] sfdgf g} ug{]5f} .
X,-ý9-i#<-;Ü$-7ië-0$-Ü-/ë<-/)â+Ê
F0-*ë<-/ß-8Ü-,ë9-7l-*ë/-b²9-`$ÍÊ
rÜ+-ý7Ü-+ý:-7eë9-XÜ$-ýë-0è+-#6Ü#<-,<Ê
"è$<-ý-0è+-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊ¿ÇÊÊ
w]/} gfd OHht jf k|l;l4 kfPklg, w]/} dflg;x¿n]
-xfdLnfO{_ lz/n] 9f]u] klg tyf j}>j0f jf s'j]/–
sf] hlts} wg;Dklt ePklg o:tf ;f+;fl/s P]Zjo{
;d[l4sf] s'g} ;f/ 5}g eGg] s'/f] b]v]/ -a'em]/_
cx+sf/lxt x''g' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .. !( ..
of] km]l/ csf]{ cGt xf], csf]{ xf]z k'¥ofpg' kg]{ kl/l:ylt . xfdLn]
;a}sf] tf/Lkm, k|z+;f kfO/fv]sf 5f}+, ;a} xfdLn] rfx] cg';f/ g}
rln/x]sf cyjf eO/fv]sf 5g\ eg] xfdL lgs} cx+sf/L, 3d08L
/ cN5L x'gk'U5f} . o;n] xfd|f] cEof;nfO{ 7\ofDd} /flslbg] x'gfn]
oL nf}lss ;'v ;DkGgtfsf] jf:tjdf s'g} klg ;f/ 5}g eg]/
hfGg'k5{ .
-59-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
9$-#Ü-5è-Z$-+i-/ë-0-*ß:-,Ê
dÜ-9ë:-+i-/ë-/)â:-5Ü$-7.è:-/9-7b²9Ê
+è-dÜ9-e0<-+$-XÜ$-Bè7Ü-+0#-+ýß$-#Ü<Ê
9$-{æ+-7¸¥:-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀ¾ÊÊ
olb leqL å]if¿kL zq'nfO{ bdg ul/Pg eg] jflx/L
zq'x¿nfO{ bdg ug{ vf]Hbf pN6f] zq' emg\ a9\b} hfg]–
5g\\ . To;sf/0f d}qL / s?0ffsf] ;}Gon] :j–;Gtlt–
nfO{ -:jo+nfO{_ g} ljgLt ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
qmf]]weGbf 7"nf] c¿ zq' 5}g .#! of] ;+;f/nfO{ Ps rf]l6 x]/f}+,

pbfx/0fsf] nflu bf];|f] ljZj o'4nfO{ g} lncf}+ g . oxL qmf]w / å]if–
n] g} bf];|f] ljZjo'4 nufot cGo o'4x¿ klg eP . Tof] a]nf
kfZrfTo d'n'sx¿ / /l;of 3lgi6 ldq lyP . o'4 t lht]
ltgLx¿n] t/ To;n] ltgLx¿sf] aLrdf /x]sf] ltQmtfkgf, j}d–
gioefjnfO{ lhTg eg] ;s]g . clxn] ltgLx¿df of] ljif cem
klg ljBdfg g} /x]sf] x'Fbf kfZrfTo d'n's / ;f]leot ;+3 Ps
csf{sf s§/ zq' g} ag]sf 5g\ . eljiodf km]l/ o'4 ePdf km]l/
qmf]w / å]ifs} sf/0fn] x'g]5 . t/ xfdL zflGt / v'zL rfxG5f}+
eg] o:tf s'efjgfx¿nfO{ gx6fOsg slxn] klg zflGt / ;'v
cfpg]5}g . d}qL / s?0ffsf efjgfx¿sf] ljsf; u/]df dfq ;'v
/ zflGt ldNg]5 . t;y{ å]iflj?b| n8\g d}qLsf] o'4snf l;Sg}
k5{ .
7+ë+-ý7Ü-8ë,-),-:,-’7Ü-&±-+$-7lÊ
'Ü-10-+-`$-rè+-ý-7.è:-/9-7b²9Ê
-60-
#$-:-5è,-&#<-þè-/7Ü-+$ë<-ýë-F0<Ê
7n:-:-\ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀ¿ÊÊ
sfd u'0f -sf ljifox¿_ eg]sf] g"lgnf] kfgL h:t} g}
x'g\ . -To;df_ hlt lnKt ePklg -xfd|f]_ ltvf{ emg\
emg\ a9]/} hfg]5 . -o;/L_ cf;lQm hufpg] j:t'x¿
h'g;'s}nfO{ klg t'?Gt} kl/Tofu ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj
rof{ xf] .
xfdL ljifox¿k|lt cfzQm eof}+ eg] slxNo}klg ;Gt'i6 x'g ;Sg]–

5}gf}+ . hlxn] klg æcem} k'u]g, cem} Hofbf eP x'GYof]Æ eGg] nf]
e eO/xg]5 . g'lgnf] kfgL hlt vfP klg ltvf{ slxNo} d]6\b}g
eg] em}+ xfdL slxNo} ;Gt'i6 x'g]5}gf}+ . of] s'/f gfufh'{glj/lrt
/TgfjnL df klg atfOPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfd|f] z/L/sf]
s'g} efudf lrnfpg] vl6/f lg:Sof] eg] xfdL sGofpg yfN5f}+,
sGofpFbf s]xL a]/ t xfdLnfO{ cfgGb g} dxz'; x'g]5 . ToxL
cfgGbdf cfzQm eof}+ eg] sGofpFbf sGofpFb} emg\ 7"nf] 3fpF
eP/ b'Vg yfNg]5 . To;af6 /ut klg lg:sg]5 / ;+qmldt eP/
a/afb x'g]5 . ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo t Tof] vl6/fnfO{ h/}b]lv
pkrf/ u/]/ lgsf] kf/]sf] v08df xfdLnfO{ sGofpFg] cfjZost}
kb}{g .
'Ü-P9-[$-/-7+Ü-+#-9$-#Ü-<è0<Ê
<è0<-(Ü+-#+ë+-,<-‡ë<-ý7Ü-0*7-+$-o:Ê
+è-(Ü+-;è<-,<-#6ß$-73Ý,-02,-0-F0<Ê
8Ü+-:-0Ü-eè+-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÀÊÊ
-61-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
-wd{_ h;/L b]vfk5{ -oyf k|ltef;t]_ tL -;a}_ cfg}

lrQ -dfq_ x'g\ . lrQ:j¿k z'?b]lvg} -cflb_ cGtu|fx
k|k~raf6 /lxt x'G5 . tytf1fgaf6 u|fxs–u|f≈osf]
åo efj dgdf gNofpg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
x'gtM x]bf{v]/L of] Znf]ssf] jfSodf :jftlGqs dfWoldssf zAb–

x¿ k/]sf 5g\ h:tf] nfU5 t/ To:t} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . Znf]s–
df æ;a} b[i6wd{ lrQsf] dfof lzjfo s]xL klg xf]OgÆ egL pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . Tof] ;a} k|ltef; jf b[i6wd{sf ;DaGwdf xfd|f] lrQdf
;~ro ePsf aLh / jf;gf sd{x¿sf] cy{df elgPsf] xf] . lrQ
cfkm} z'?b]lv g} s'g} klg efjfGtaf6 laNs'n d'Qm 5 . of] s'/f
a'‰g ;s]df z"Gotf af]w ug]{ lj1fg of] xf] / of] lj1fgsf] 1]o
cyf{t z"Gotf xf] eg]/ efjgf ug]{5}gf}+ . dfq k|s[lt kl/z'4 /
lgik|~r z"Gotfdf xfd|f] lrQnfO{ ;dflxt ul//fVg' g} dflysf]
Znf]ssf] cfzo xf] .
8Ü+-¸¥-7ë$-/7Ü-8ß:-+$-7n+-ý-,Ê
+e9-bÜ-¸¥<-`Ü-7'7-2ì,-'Ü-/5Ü,-¸¥Ê
03é<-ý9-[$-8$-/+è,-ý9-0Ü-P-5Ü$ÍÊ
5è,-&#<-\ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÁÊÊ
cfsif{s Pj+ ;'Gb/ ljifox¿sf] cg'e"lt ubf{ jiff{–
ofddf -cfsfzdf_ b]vfkg]{ OGb|]0fL h:t} g} hlt;'s}
cfsif{s / ;'Gb/ ¿kdf b]vfk/] klg jf:tjdf To:tf]
x'“b}g . -To;}n]_ cf;lQm /fu TofUg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{
xf] .
-62-
wd{x¿ OGb|]0fLh:t} Psbd} ;'Gb/ ¿kdf k|ltefl;t ePklg lgM–

:jefjl;4 5g\ eg]/ a'em]/ tL wd{x¿k|ltsf] cf;QmnfO{ TofUg'k5{ .
Z¨#-/W:-[-2ì#<-HÜ-:0-/ß-;Ü-P9Ê
7há:-[$-/+è,-ý9-/6ß$-/<->-*$-&+Ê
+è-dÜ9-0Ü-0*ß,-zè,-+$-7n+-ý7Ü-2éÊ
7há:-ý9-P-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÂÊÊ
ljljw b'Mvx¿ ;Gtfgsf] d[To' ePsf] ;kgf b]Vg' ;/x
g} xf] . e|flGtk"0f{ k|ltef;nfO{ ;To eg]/ u|fx ug'{
ljgl;lQ -cfkm"nfO{_ ysfpg' dfq xf] . To;sf/0f
s7Lg -b'Mvb_ cj:yfx¿ ;fdgf ug]{ a]nfdf ltgnfO{
e|flGtsf] ¿kdf x]g'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
ctM ;a}nfO{ o;/L g} e|flGtk"0f{ k|ltef;sf ¿kdf x]g'{k5{ /

b'Mvb sl7g 3l8x¿df cQflng' x'Gg . oL t eP af]lwlrQf]–
Tkfb ;DaGwL pkb]zx¿ . ca kf/ldtfsf] cEof; ;DaGwL pk–
b]zx¿sf] ljifodf rrf{ u/f}+ .
e$-&±/-7+ë+-ý<-:ß<-`$-#)ë$-+#ë<-,Ê
dÜ-9ë:-+$ë<-ýë-F0<-:-^ë<-%Ü-+#ë<Ê
+è-dÜ9-:,-+$-F0-^Ü,-0Ü-9è-/7ÜÊ
‚Ü,-ý-#)ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÃÊÊ
af]lwsf] sfdgf ug]{ -cfgf]_ z/L/ t bfg ug'{k5{ eg]
jf≈o j:t'x¿ bfg ug'{ t kg]{ g} eof] . To;}n] s'g}
-63-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
k|To'ksf/ jf k|ltkmnsf] cfz gu/Lsg bfgfEof;

ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
of] bfgsf] cEof; xf] .
2±:-hÜ0<-0è+-ý9-9$-+ë,-0Ü-7iá/-,Ê
#5,-+ë,-/…å/-ý9-7+ë+-ý-#+-0ë7Ü-#,<Ê
+è-dÜ9-rÜ+-ý7Ü-7¸¥,-ý-0è+-ý-8Ü<Ê
2±:-hÜ0<-/rá$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÄÊÊ
zLnsf] cefjdf cfkm\g} :jfy{ klg l;4 x'g ;Sb}
g eg] k/fy{ l;l4sf] sfdgf ug'{ t vfln 7§f
dfq} x'g]5 . To;sf/0f ;f+;fl/s p2]Zo/lxt eP/
zLnsf] /Iff ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
zLnsf] kfngf ug'{ cToGt} cfjZos 5, ljz]if u/]/ cs'zn

sd{af6 6f9f /xg] zLn . To;sf] cefjdf s;/L s;}nfO{ p4f/
ug{ ;lsG5 <
+#è-/7Ü-:ë$<-ë+-7+ë+-ý7Ü-{:-r<-:Ê
#,ë+-eè+-*0<-%+-9Ü,-&è,-#)è9-+$-02±$<Ê
+è-dÜ9-´¥,-:-5è-7i<-0è+-ý-8ÜÊ
/6ë+-ý-Vë0-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÅÊÊ
k'0oef]u ug{ -k'0o;Def/ ug{_ rfxg] lhgk'qx¿sf
nflu xflg b'Mv lbg]x¿ ;a} /Tg lglw ;dfg x'g\ .
-64-
To;sf/0f s;}k|lt jf s'g}k|lt klg qmf]w jf å]if

efj g/fvLsg IfflGtsf] efjgf ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj
rof{ xf] .
xfdLnfO{ w]/} g} ;xgzLntfsf] jf IfflGtsf] 7'nf] vfFrf] 5 . af]lw

nfe ug]{ x]t' k'0o ;+ef/sf] clenfiff /fVg] af]lw;™jsf
nflu xflg ug]{ JolQm, zq' eg]sf t /Tg eGbf klg cToGt}
b'n{e x'G5g\ lsgeg] sf];+u IfflGtsf] cEof; ug]{ eGbf
logLx¿;+u} g} xf] . o;n] k'0o ;+ef/df ;3fp k'¥ofpFb5
/ cGttf]uTjf o;s} sf/0fn] xfdLn] af]lw k|fKt ug]{5f}+ .
9$-+ë,-7/7-5Ü#-/…å/-ý7Ü-(,-9$-8$ÍÊ
0#ë-:-0è-;ë9-/wë#-P9-/Ië,-0*ë$-,Ê
7ië-´¥,-+ë,-¸¥-8ë,-),-7e³$-#,<-`ÜÊ
/Ië,-7iá<-Ië0-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÆÊÊ
s]jn :jfy{ l;4 ug]{ >fjs / k|To]sa'4x¿n] t
cfgf] 6fpsf]df cfuf] nfu] klg ljrlnt geO{ 7"nf]
kl/>d u/]sf] b]V5f}+ eg] ;a} ;Œjx¿sf] cy{ l;4
ug{sf nflu -k/fy{ l;4 ug]{_ u'0fsf vfgL jf d"n
-af]lw;Tjx¿_ n] jLo{sf] cEof; t ug'{ kl/xfNof] .
To:tf] jLo{kf/ldtfsf] cEof; g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
xfdLn] w]/} jLo{jfg\ eP/ pT;fxk"j{s kl/>d ug'{k5{ eGg] Znf]s–

sf] tfTko{ xf] . olb >fjsofgL ;fwsx¿n] cfˆgf] nIo -cx{Tj_
k|fKt ug{ lgs} ldx]gt ub{5g\ eg] dxfofgL ;fwsx¿n] t ;a}
-65-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
k|f0fLx¿sf] lxt;'vsf nflu t emg\ Tof] eGbf clws ldx]gt

ug'{k5{ .
5Ü-#,<-9/-)â-Q,-ý7Ü-T#-0*ë$-#Ü<Ê
(ë,-0ë$<-F0-ý9-7'ë0<-ý9-;è<-e<-,<Ê
#6ß#<-0è+-/5Ü-:<-8$-+#-7+<-ý-8ÜÊ
/<0-#),-Vë0-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÀÇÊÊ
zdy / ljkZogfsf] o'ug4 cEof;n] ;a} Sn]zx¿nfO{
gfz ub{5 eGg] s'/f hfg]/ a'em]/ rf/ cf¿Ko Wofg
eGbf klg dflysf] Wofgdf nLg x'g' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
oxfF ;"qfud cGtu{t Wofg kf/ldtfnfO{ bzf{pg vf]lhPsf] 5 .

ljkZogf 1fg xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd zdysf] cfjZostf
kb{5 cyf{t xfdLn] zdynfO{ wf/0f ug'{k5{ . To;kl5 xfd|f] zdy
/ ljkZogf Ps csf{af6 cleGg x'g]5 .
;è<-9/-0è+-,-.-9ë:-dÜ,-M-8Ü<Ê
Jë#<-ý7Ü-e$-&±/-*ë/-ý9-0Ü-¹¥<-ý<Ê
*/<-+$-Q,-5Ü$-7"ë9-#<ß0-0Ü-Dë#-ý7ÜÊ
;è<-9/-Vë0-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁ¾ÊÊ
k|1fsf] cefjdf -dfly atfOPsf_ kf“r kf/
ldtfx¿n] -dfq_ ;Daf]lw nfe ug{ ;lsGg .
pkfon] o'Qm eO lqd08n kl/z'4 -;Dos\ b[li6
cyf{t u|fxs -sd{ ug]{_, sd{ / u|f≈o -h;sf nflu
-66-
sd{ ul/G5_ tLg} rLhnfO{ k"0f{¿kn] lgM:jefj

b]Vg]_ k|1fsf] efjgf ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
pkfo cyf{t klxnf kfFr kf/ldtfx¿ h:t} bfg, zLn, IflGt,

jLo{ / Wofg kf/ldtfn] dfq o'Qm ePdf af]lw k|fKt ug{ ;ls+b}g .
xfdLnfO{ k|1f kIf klg rflxG5 . ctM o'ug4¿kn] pkfo /
k|1fsf] cEof; ug'{k5{ . k|1fdf xfdLn] lq–sf]l6kl/z'4 kf/ldtf
cyf{t\ stf{ jf u|fxs, sd{ / u|fXo nufot ;a}nfO{ lgM:jefjsf]
¿kdf x]/]/ cEof; ub{5f}{+ .
ca af]lw;Tjsf b}lgs rof{sf af/]df rrf{ ul/G5 .
9$-#Ü-7há:-ý-9$-#Ü<-0-/D#<-,Ê
&ë<-ý7Ü-#6ß#<-`Ü<-&ë<-0Ü,-eè+-rÜ+-ý<Ê
+è-dÜ9-{æ,-¸¥-9$-#Ü-7há:-ý-:Ê
/D#<-,<-\ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁ¿ÊÊ
cfgf e|flGt / bf]ifx¿sf] cfkm}n] k|ltj]If0ff -hf“r_
ul/Pg eg] wfld{s JolQmsf] ¿kdf -xfdLaf6_ cwfld{s
;f+;fl/s sfo{x¿ x'g;Sb5g\ . To;sf/0f lrQ;Gtlt
-dgdf_ df cfgf bf]ifx¿sf] hf“r u/]/ tL bf]if–
x¿nfO{ -e]6fpg]ljlQs}_ kmfNg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg], xfdLn] x/]s lbg cfˆgf Sn]z / bf]if–
x¿nfO{ hfFlr/fVg' k5{ lsgeg] oxfF atfOPh:t}+ aflx/ xfd|f]
rof{ ;xL h:tf] nfu]tfklg jf:tjdf Tof] ;j{yf unt klg x'g
;Sb5 .
-67-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
(ë,-0ë$<-+/$-#Ü<-{:-r<-#5,-+#-#ÜÊ
(è<-ý-uè$-,-/+#-(Ü+-(0<-7b²9-/<Ê
*è#-ý-&è-:-º¥#<-ý7Ü-#$-6#-#ÜÊ
(è<-ý-0Ü-‰-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁÀÊÊ
Sn]zx¿sf] jzdf k/L c¿ lhgk'qx¿ -af]lw;Œjx¿_
sf bf]ifx¿ vf]Hb} s'/f sf6\b} lx8\of}+ eg] cfg} xflg x'g]5
To;}n] dxfofg dfu{df k|j]z u/]sf hf];'s} JolQmsf]
klg bf]ifsf af/]df gaf]Ng' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
xfdLn] csf{sf] bf]if vf]Hb} lx8\g' x'Gg . c¿ JolQm s:tf] 5,

p;sf] l;l4 s:tf] xf] xfdLnfO{ sbflk yfxf 5}g . ljz]ifu/L
dxfofgL ;fwssf ¿kdf xfdLdf t vfln c¿sf] s;/L lxt ug]{,
c¿sf] s;/L d2t ug]{ eGg] cfzo jf ljrf/ dfq x'g'k5{, g ls
c¿sf] bf]if vf]Hg] ljrf/ .
Cè+-/´¥9-+/$-#Ü<-.,-2±,-Ië+-7b²9-5Ü$-Ê
*ë<-/<0-Vë0-ý7Ü-e-/-(0<-7b²9-/<Ê
037-/;è<-aÜ0-+$-‚Ü,-/+#-aÜ0-F0<-:Ê
&#<-ý-\ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁÁÊÊ
nfe / dfg;Ddfgsf] jzdf k/L -xfdL_ Ps cfk;df
n8\5f}+ emu8f u5f}{ h;n] ubf{ -xfd|f]_ >'tdoL,
lrGtfdoL / efjgfeoL cEof;df -qmdzM_ ¥xf;
cfpg yfN5 . cfgf kl/jf/ cfkmGt / bfgklt–
x¿k|ltsf] cf;lQmnfO{ TofUg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
-68-
;w} bfgklt, cfkmGt ldq cflbx¿sf 3/df al;/Xof}+ eg] 7"nf]

vt/f cfOkg]{5 . s'/} s'/fdf ckl/xfo{¿kn] ljt08f, egfeg / jfb–
ljjfb h:tf cToGt} hl6n cj:yf cfOk5{ h;df xfdL g/fd|f]–
;+u km:5f}+ . t;y{ o:tf 7fpF / JolQmx¿sf] cf;lQmnfO{ g}
TofUg'k5{ .
Ià/-0ë7Ü-2Ý#-#Ü<-#5,-<è0<-7há#-7b²9-5Ü$-Ê
{:-/7Ü-r<-`Ü-ë+-2±:-(0<-7b²9-/<Ê
+è-dÜ9-#5,-bÜ-8Ü+-¸¥-0Ü-7ë$-/7ÜÊ
2Ý#-Ià/-\ë$-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁÂÊÊ
kf?io jrg -s6' jrg_ n] csf{sf] lrQ b'V5
-ljlIfKt x'G5_ / lhgk'qsf rof{sf] kl/xfl0f x'G5 .
To;sf/0f csf{nfO{ lrQ b'Vg] vfnsf ;a} s6'
/ ?vf] jrgnfO{ TofUg' g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
cfkm"k|ltsf] cf;lQm g} qmf]wsf] h8 xf] . cem s6' jrg g} k|of]u

ul/of] eg] Tof] qmf]wn] cem 7"nf] ljs/fn\ ¿k lng]5 . o:tf s6'
jrg jf kf?io jrgn] xfd|f k'0o ;a} ;vfk kfl/lbG5, c¿sf]
lrQ b'MvfpF5 / 7"nf] xflg g} ub{5 .
(ë,-0ë$<-#ë0<-,-#(è,-ýë<-/wë#-+!7-/<Ê
l,-;è<-þè<-/ß<-#(è,-ýë7Ü-02ì,-/6ß$-,<Ê
&#<-<ë#<-(ë,-0ë$<-+$-ýë-þè<-0-*#
7/ß9-7'ë0<-eè+-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁÃÊÊ
-69-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
o:tf Sn]zx¿sf] afgL a:of] eg] k|ltkIfsf] ;xf/f–

n] tL Sn]zx¿sf] k|ltsf/ ug{ s7Lg x'g] ePsf]–
n] :d[lt / ;+k|hGo¿kL k'b\unåf/f k|ltkIfsf] z:q
wf/0f u/]/ ;j{k|yd /fuflb Sn]z pTkGg x'g]lalQs}
tx;gx; kfg'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
/fu jf å]if cfpg]lalQs} t'?Gt} To;sf] k|ltsf/ ug{sf nflu

:d[lt / ;+k|h~osf] k|of]u ul/xfNg'k5{ .
0+ë9-,-#$-¸¥-ë+-:0-%Ü-eè+-`$ÍÊ
9$-#Ü-<è0<-`Ü-#,<-U/<-%Ü-7l-5è<Ê
{æ,-¸¥-l,-+$-;è<-/5Ü,-Q,-ý-8Ü<Ê
#5,-+ë,-…å/-ý-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁÄÊÊ
;+If]kdf h'g;'s} sfdx¿ ul//x“bf klg æcfgf]
lrQsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5Æ eg]/ -hf“lr/fVg]_ ;d[lt
/ ;Dk|hGon] lg/Gt/¿kn] o'Qm eO{ k/fy{ lqmof
l;4 ug'{ g} af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
cfrfo{ zflGtb]jåf/f lj/lrt af]lwrof{jtf/ df atfOPadf]lhd

xfdLn] lg/Gt/¿kn] cfˆgf] dgnfO{ hfFRg'k5{, cyf{t dg s:tf]
cj:yfdf 5 x]l//fVg'k5{ . h'g;'s} Sn]z cfP klg xfdLn] t'?Gt}
ljljw k|ltkIfsf] k|of]u ul/xfNg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu egf}+ xfdL
n:s/ jf em'08sf] ;fydf ofqf ub}{ hfFbf ltAatsf] pQ/L k7f/
df k'Uof}+ eg] cfkm" cGoq lx8\g' x'Fb}g eGg] vfnsf] xf]; jf :d[lt
dgdf /lx/xG5 / a8f] ;fjwfgLk"j{s ;xL af6f] klxNofpF5f}+ .
-70-
To:t} lsl;dn] xfd|f] dgnfO{ klg hyfefjL hxfFtxL a/flng

lbg'x'Gg .
+è-P9-/Ië,-ý<-/…å/-ý7Ü-+#è-/-F0<Ê
0*7-8<-7ië-/7Ü-Z¨#-/W:-/<:-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê
7"ë9-#<ß0-F0-ý9-+#-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-`Ü<Ê
e$-&±/-/Wë-/-{:-r<-:#-:è,-8Ü,ÊÊÁÅÊÊ
o;/L kl/>dk"j{s -jLo{n]_ cfh{g ul/Psf k'0ox¿
cgGt ;Œjx¿sf] b'MvnfO{ gfz ug{sf lgldQ,
lqd08n kl/z'l4sf] k|1fåf/f af]lwkl/0ffdgf ug'{ g}
af]lw;Œj rof{ xf] .
o; k|sf/n] oxfF atfOPsf] af]lw;Tj rof{ cfˆgf ;a} k'0o sfo{

jf s'zn sd{x¿sf] kl/0ffdgf ug'{ xf] . u|Gysf] d"n c+u cyf{t
df}n oxL ;dfKt x'G5 . ca t];|f] cË k[i7 sf] af/]df 5nkmn
ul/g]5 .
0+ë-{æ+-/Y,-/%ë<-F0<-:<-#<ß$<-ý7Ü-+ë,Ê +0-ý-F0<-`Ü-#<ß$-#Ü-Bè<-7o$-
,<Ê {:-r<-F0<-`Ü-:#-:è,-<ß0-%°-/¸¥,Ê {:-r<-:0-:-yë/-7+ë+-+ë,-¸¥-
/!ë+ÊÊ
;"q, tGq / zf:qdf atfOPsf pkb]zsf] cy{ / cfo{hgx¿sf]
jrgsf] cg'z/0f ub}{ -d}n]_ ;Ktlq+zb lhgk'q rof{ -cEof;k4lt_
lhgk'q -af]lw;Œj_ dfu{df lzlIft x'g rfxg]x¿sf lgldQ qmda4
¿kdf atfP“ .
-71-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
n]vsn] oL pkb]zx¿nfO{ ljleGg >f]tx¿af6 p4[t u/]/ ;}+tL;

af]lw;Tj rof{x¿cGtu{t ;+If]kdf JofVof ug'{ePsf] 5 .
vë-ië<-+0,-5Ü$-‚$<-ý-&±$-/7Ü-dÜ9Ê 0"<-ý-+bè<-ý7Ü-Zè/-‚ë9-0-0&Ü<-)èÊ
0+ë-+$-+0-ý7Ü-#<ß$-:-/Dè,-ý7Ü-dÜ9Ê {:-r<-:#-:è,-7há:-0è+-:#<-ý9-
<è0<Ê
-d]/f]_ cNk a'l4 / 1fgsf] sf/0fn] kl08tx¿nfO{ k|;Gg kfg]{
vfnsf] 5Gb jf sfJofn+sf/ o;df gxf]nf . -t/_ ;"q / cfo{hg–
x¿sf] pkb]znfO{ cfwf/ lnPsf] sf/0fn] -d}n] k|:t't u/]sf]_
lhgk'q rof{df s'g} e|flGt jf uNtL 5}g eGg] d]/f] ljZjf; xf] .
olb JofVofdf s'g} uNtL jf sdL sdhf]/L /x]df Ifdf k|fyL{ 5'
eg]/ n]vs dfkmL dfUg'x'G5 .
7ë,-`$-{:-r<-ë+-ý-x/<-&è,-F0<Ê vë-+0,-/+#-7l<-#)Ü$-+ý#-+!7-
/7Ü-dÜ9 Ê 7#:-+$-0-7oè:-:-<ë#<-(è<-ý7Ü-2ì#<Ê +0-ý-F0<-`Ü<-/6ë+-ý9-
03+-¸¥-#<ë:ÊÊ
t}klg, lhgk'qx¿sf rof{sf cToGt} ljzfn dlxdfsf] ulx/fO{
gfKg d h:tf cNk a'l4 ePsf k|f0fLsf nflu Psbd} s7Lg ePsf]
sf/0fn] -hltklg_ lj/f]wfef; / gldn]sf k+lQm OToflbx¿sf]
y'k|f] -/xg uP_ -To;_ sf nflu cfoh{gx¿n] -d k|lt_ w}o{ wf/0f
u/L Ifdf ul/lbg'xf];\ egL k|fy{gf ub{5' .
To;kl5 pxfFn] lgDg kl/0ffdgf u/]/ JofVofsf] cGt ug'{x'G5 .
-72-
+è-:<-e³$-/7Ü-+#è-/<-7ië-/-´¥,Ê +ë,-+0-´¥,-Jë/-e$-&±/-<è0<-0&ë#-#Ü<Ê
rÜ+-+$-5-Ü /7Ü-0*7-:-0-Ü #,<-ý7ÜÊ ,-9<-#6Ü#<-0#ë,-+-è +$-02±$<-ý9-;#ë ÊÊ
o; sfo{åf/f k|fKt k'0on] ;a} ;Œjx¿ -b'O{ pQd af]lw–
lrQx¿_ ;+j[lt af]lwlrQ / k/dfy{ af]lwlrQ – åf/f ;+;f/
-ej_ / lgjf{0f -zd_ sf] cGtdf g/xL gfy cjnf]lst]Zj/ h:t}
aGg ;s'g\ .
ª'N5' yf]u\d] :xfª\kf] lj/lrt ;Ktlq+zb lhgk'q rof{sf] JofVof

oxL+ ;dfKt x'G5 .
<è0<-%,Í*0<Í%+-/+è-/-+$-/+è-/7Ü-{æ-+$-Q,-ý9-b²9-%Ü#Ê
;a} ;Tjx¿ ;'v / ;'vsf] sf/0fn] o'Qm xf]pg\ .
Z¨#-/W:-+$-Z¨#-/W:-bÜ-{æ-+$-o:-/9-b²9-%Ü#Ê
-;a} ;Tjx¿_ b'Mv / b'Mvsf] sf/0faf6 d'Qm xf]pg\ .
-73-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
kfb l6Kk0fLx¿M
!= l8a\ kf l~o …Ü/-ý-#(Ü<- M ~of]g\ df]ª\ k] l8a\ kf
(ë,-0ë$<-ý7Ü-…Ü/-ý-
Zo] ‰o] l8a\ kf
;è<-e7Ü-…Ü/-ý-
@= Vo]g\ kf l~o
0aè,-ý-#(Ü<- M l‰o tf jf Vo]g\ kf 'Ü-P-/-0aè,-ý- ,
l‰o ~o] kf Vo]g\ kf 'Ü-Xè+-ý-0aè,-ý- ;du|df eGg] xf] eg] l8a\
l~o lSo Do'g\ kf ;fª\ lZoª\ . Vo]g\ l~o lSo gfª\ jf Uo] kf
…Ü/-ý-#(Ü<-`Ü-0ß,-ý-<$<-5Ü$-Ê 0aè,-ý-#(Ü<-[$-/-{<-Ê cyf{t
b'O{ cfj/0fsf] cGwsf/ x6]sf] / b'O{ 1fgsf] k|sfz km}lnPsf] of]
g} a'4 zAbsf] kl/efiff xf] .
#= ;d'Tyfg lrQ M s'g\ Go] nf]ª\ jf cyf{t\ s'g\nf]ª\
´¥,-,<-yë$-/-
jf
´¥,-yë$-Ê
$= Go] n'u\ #,<-:ß#<- The Nature State of Mind
%= nfd l/d\
:0-9Ü0- M !! cf}+ ztflAblt/ a+ufnsf u'? ctLz
bLk+s/ >L1fgn] ltAatdf bf];|f] wd{ k|rf/ k|;f/sf] a]nfdf k|rf/
ug'{ ePsf] a'4wd{sf] qmda4 cEof; k|0ffnL ;d]l6Psf] pkb]z–
nfO{ dfu{qmd\ pkb]z elgG5 . cfrfo{ ctLzn] To;a]nf /Rg'–
ePsf] u|Gy af]lwkyk|bLk
e$-&±/-:0-bÜ-…ë,-0è- ;f] pkb]zsf] k|d'v
cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . nfdl/d pkb]zdf a'4wd{nfO{ ljgf s'g}
lj/f]wfjf;\ lqk'?if l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df >fjsofgb]lv, kf/ld–
tfgo x'Fb} jh|ofg;Dd klg qmda4¿kdf cEof; ug{ ;lsG5 .
of] k|0ffnL g} a'4wd{nfO{ qdzM cWoog / cEof; ub}{ n}hfg] Ps
k|d'v dfu{bz{g xf] h;nfO{ rf/}j6f ltAatL a'4wd{sf k/Dk/fx¿
h:t} l`ª\df, ;fSof, sfUo' / u]n'un] a/fa/¿kdf ckgfPsf]
b]lvG5, gfd km/s km/s ePklg . oxL+ ;du| ltAatL a'4wd{sf]
ljz]iftf klg eGg ;lsG5 . kl5 ctLzsf] ;f]xL u|GynfO{
cg'z/0f ub}{ !$ cf}+ ztfAbLsf u]n'u\kf k/Dk/fsf ;+:yfks u'?
rf]ª\vfkfn] dxfdfu{qmd u|Gy
:0-9Ü0-&è,-0ë- nfd\ l/d\ 5]+df] u|Gy
-74-
n]Vg'eof] . o; k|0ffnLnfO{ jh|ofg cEof; ug'{ k'j{ cEof; ug'{

kg]{ d'Vo k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 .
^= k"/f Znf]s o; k|sf/ 5 M
dgf]k'AaËdf wDdf dgf];]7\7f dgf]dof . dg;f r] kb'6\7]g efiflt
jf s/f]lt jf . ttf]g+ b'MvdGj]lt rSs+…j jxtf] kb+ ..
-ods jUuf] M !, wDdkb_
&= ;]d\ :xfª\ kf] <è0<-/6$-ýë-
*= ~o]Dkf] #(è,-ýë- s'g} klg cs'zn rLhx¿nfO{ k|ltsf/ ug{sf
nflu k|of]u ul/g] lj/f]wL zlQm k|ltkIf, h:t} /fusf] k|ltkIf
cz'rL efjgf, qmf]wsf] k|ltkIf d}qL s?0ff, df]xsf] k|ltkIf
k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] efjgf OToflb .
(= wfd k] 5\of]P
+0-ý7Ü-&ë<- ;fwf/0ftofM eujfg\ a'4sf] pkb]z–
nfO{ ;4d{ jf wfd\ k] 5\of]P elgG5 .
!)= Sn]zx¿nfO{ k|1fsf] z:qn] k|ltj]If0ff ub}{ hfFbf lgM:jefj g}
b]lvG5 . lgM:jefjtf jf z"Gotf g} wd{wft' xf] . o;}nfO{ Sn]z–
x¿ wd{wft'df no x'g' jf 1fgsf] ¿kdf pbfpg' elgG5 .
!!= bfu\ Zo]g\ ~ofd\ Ho]
/+#-#5,-0(0-/Bè- zf:tf eujfg\ zfSod'lg
a'4åf/f pklbi6 af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf b'O{6f k/Dk/fdWo] af]lw;™j
d~h'>Laf6 cfrfo{ gfufh'{g x'Fb} k|;fl/t x'Fb} cfPsf] uDeL/ af]lw
lrQf]Tkfb k/Dk/f xf] . csf]{ k/Dk/f cyf{t\
{æ-7o<-0,-$#-/¸¥,-
Uo' b\o] Do]g\ ªf b\o'g\ -x]t'kmnsf ;ft pkb]z_ eujfg\ zfSod'lg
a'4af6 af]lw;™j d}q]o, cfrfo{ c;+u x'Fb} x:tfGtl/t x'Fb} cfPsf]
k/Dk/f xf] . ltAatL a'4wd{df af]lwlrQf]Tkfb pTkfb ug]{ ljlw
oxL+ b'O{6f xf] h;nfO{ dltzf]wg cyf{t\
vë-‚ë$- nf] Hof]ª\ klg
elgG5 .
!@= o;nfO{ ef]6 efiffdf wfd\ kf ;'d\
+0-ý-#<ß0- elgG5 . ;4d{sf]
cEof; ubf{ oL tLg pQd qmdx¿nfO{ kf/ ug}k{ 5{ . klxnf] af]lw–
lrQf]Tkfbsf] k|of]u qmdnfO{ Hof]/ jf ;]d\ So]
‚ë9-/-<è0<-/þè+-
-75-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
elgG5 . bf]>f] pQdnfO{ cgfnDagL df}n cyf{t ªof]P lZo ldu\

Do] +$ë<-#5Ü-+0Ü#<-0è+-- elgG5 eg] t];|f] pQdnfO{ k[i7 kl/–
0ffdgf cyf{t Ho] ªf] jf Bè<-/Wë-/- elgG5 .
!#= /fdzÍ/ lqkf7L -;+_, k|1fkf/ldtf]kb]zzf:q] cfrfo{xl/eb|lj/–
lrtf cle;dofn+sf/j[lQM :km'6fyf{, -;f/gfy M s]Gb|Lo ltAatL
pRr lzIff ;+:yfgd\, !(@!_, k[= % . ltAatL efiffdf o;
u|GynfO{ ªf]g\ tf]u\ Uo]g elgG5 . ;f] u|Gydf ltAatL d"n klg
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL u|Gydf ePsf] ltAatL ;+:s/0f
cg';f/ pQm ;+:s[t Znf]ssf] 7Ls ltAatL cg'jfb o; k|sf/ 5
M
<è0<-/þè+-ý-,Ü-#5,-+ë,-dÜ9Ê 8$-+#-ý9-Jë#<-ý7Ü-e$-&±/-7+ë+ÊÊ
-pRrf/0fM ;]d\ So] kf lg Zo]g\ Wog\ l5\o/ . ofª\ wfu\ hf]u\ k]
‰ofª\ 5'a\ 8f]P ._ x]g'{xf];\ M ;è<-9/-`Ü-.-9ë:-·â-dÜ,-ý7Ü-0,-$#-#Ü-/Y,-
/%ë<-0$ë,-ý9-Dë#<-ý7Ü-{,-`Ü-7iè:-ý-+ë,-#<:-/º¥#<-<ëÊÊ -z]/fj\
lSo kmf /f]n\ 6' l5\og\ k] d] ªf l3 t]g\ Rof]P ªog\ kf/\ tf]u\ k] Uo]
g\ lSo 8]n kf 8Øg\ ;n Zo'u\ ;f]_, k[= !$=
!$= h]= 8ANo' hf]ª\ -;+=_, gfufh'{gLof d"ndWodssfl/sf k|1f gfd
-r]GgO{M lb cb\o/ nfOj]|/L P08 l/;r{ ;]G6/, !(&&_, k[= @=
!%= lrQsf] kl/efiff g} :km"6 / r]tgf cyf{t :on\ lZoª\ l/u\ kf
#<:-5Ü$-9Ü#-ý- xf] .
!^= So'g\ lZo gfd\ kf/\ Zo] kf
´¥,-#5Ü-F0-ý9-;è<-ý-
!&= /fª\ lZog\ :o]n\ jf
9$-/5Ü,-#<:-/-
!*= oL g} lqljw k|1f ;è<-9/-F0-ý-#<ß0- Zo] /fa gfd\ kf ;'d\
cyf{t\ k|1f pTkGg u/fpg] tLg pkfo x'g\ . tL x'g\ >'tdoL,
lrGtgdoL / efjgfdoL k|1f
*ë<-/<0-Vë0-ý7Ü-;è<-9/-#<ß0- yf]P
;fd\ uf]d\ k] Zo]/fa\ ;'d\ . t/ ;fwf/0ftof eGbfv]/L vfln yf]P
;fd\ uf]d\ ;'d\ dfq klg elgG5 . t/ of] k|1f hufpg] tLg qmd–
a4 pkfo dfq x'g\ tLg k|sf/sf] k|1f t nf}lss k|1f, xLg nf]sf]–
Q/ k|1f / dxf nf]sf]Q/ k|1f x'g\ . cfo{ c;Ëlj/lrt dxfofg
-76-
;"qfn+sf/df k|1fsf] of] juL{s/0f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 h;

cg';f/ M k|f1]if' jt{gft\ lqljw]g r k|eb] g] . nf}lssf] xLgnf]sf]Q/f]
dxfnf]sf]Q/ – dxfofg ;"qfn+sf/ 6Lsf – !*÷@* . oL tLg k|sf/
sf k|1fnfO{ ltAatL efiffdf qmdzM
7'Ü#-Dè,-ý7Ü-;è<-9/- lHou\
To]g k] z]/fa,
7'Ü#-Dè,-:<-7+<-ý-+0,-ý7Ü-;è<-9/- lHou\ To]g\ No]
b\o] Do]g\ k] Zo]/fa\ / 7'Ü#-Dè,-:<-7+<-ý-&è,-ýë7Ü-;è<-9/- lHou
To]g\ No] b\o] kf 5\o]g\ kf]P Zo]/fa\ elgG5 .
!(= kflndf æcQgf] :jefj wf/o]lt wDdÆ eg]/ wd{sf] kl/efiff
lbOPsf] 5 h;sf] cy{ xf] cfˆgf] :jefj wf/0f ug]{ x'gfn] wd{
elgPsf] xf] . t/ :ylj/jfb, j}eflifs / ;f}qflGts dtfjnDaL–
x¿n] dfq wd{nfO{ To;/L lnG5g\ of]ufrf/Lx¿ wd{x¿ ;a}
vfln lrQdfq xf] eGb5g\ eg] dfWolds bz{gdf ;a} wd{x¿
lgM:jefj 5g\, ;+j[lt;Tosf] ¿kdf k|tLTo;d'Tkfbsf] sf/0fn]
ltgsf] cl:tTj 5 t/ k/dfy{df s;}sf] To:tf] ;Qf 5Fb} 5}g .
t/ zflAbs cy{df wd{sf b;j6f cy{x¿ &ë<-`Ü-+ë,-/%°- 5\of]P
lSo Wof]g\ Ro' cfrfo{ j;'jGw'sf] JofVofo'lQm
F0-/;+-9Ü#-ý-
eGg] u|Gydf lbOPsf] kfOG5 M !=
;è<-e- 1]o, @= :0- dfu{,
#=
f-$,-7+<-ý- lgjf{0f, $ 8Ü+-`Ü-8ß:- dgf]ljifo, %= /<ë+-,0<-
2é-
k'0o, ^= hLjg, &=
#<ß$-9/- k|jrg, *= 7e³$-7b²9- ef}lts,
( $è<- lgod jf lgot, !)= &ë<-:ß#<- go .
@)= u|Gy >4]o bnfO{ nfdfHo"n] bz cs'zn sd{sf af/]df Pp6f
Pp6f u/L JofVof ug'{ePsf] 5 . t/ ;dli6df a'bfut¿kdf bz
cs'zn sd{
0Ü-+#è-/-/%°- o; k|sf/ 5g\ M sfoaf6 x'g] tLgj6f
!= k|f0ffltkft rë#-#%ë+ , @= cbQfbfg 0-eÜ,-:è,-ý- , #= sfd]z'
ldYofrf/ 0Ü-2$<-ë+- Ù jfs\af6 x'g] rf/j6f $= d[iffjfb
Jà,-¸¥-‰-/, %= k}z'Go k|nfk n-0- , ^= kf?io jrg 2Ý#-Ià/- ,
&= ;+leGg k|nfk
$#-7&:- Ù lrQaf6 x'g] tLg *= cljWof
/F/-<è0<- , (= Jofkfb #,ë+-<è0<- , !)= ldYofb[li6 :ë#-P-
-77-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
@!= lj8Djgfjz\ clxn] klg g]kfndf wd{sf] gfddf dflg;x¿n] kz'

aln lbOg} /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ljutsf] bfFhf]df s]xL dfqfdf sdL
cfPsf] rflxF b]lvG5 . t/ bz}+, OToflb kj{ / ljleGg cj;/x¿–
df cem} hgfj/x¿ h:t} v;L, xfF;, /fFuf], s'v'/f OToflb lsg]/
b]jtfsf cufl8 aln lbOg] s'k|yf /f]Sg ;s]sf] 5}g .
@@=
:<-+$-(ë,-0ë$<-ý- No] wfª\ Gof]+ df]ª\ kf
@#= 7¸¥-eè+-`Ü-(è-/9-:è,-ý7Ü-.ß$-ýë7Ü-Z¨#-/W:- b' ‰o] lSo `] jf/\ No]g\ k]
km'ª\ kf]O b' ª\on\ .
@$=
/+#- ·â-73Ý,-ý7Ü-0-9Ü#-ý- bfu\ t' lHog\ -bfu\lHog\_ k] df l/u\ kf
@%= o;sf] tfTko{ s] xf] eg] Pp6} j:t' jf wd{nfO{ cljBfsf] cfFvfn]
x]bf{ efju|fx ul/G5 t/ k|1fsf] cfFvfn] x]bf+ lgM:jefj z"Go–
¿kdf a'lemG5 . k|1fkf/ldtf Åbo;"qdf ¿k+ z"Gotf z"Got}j
¿kd\ . ¿kfGg k[yu\ z"Gotf, z"Gotfof+ g+ k[yu\ ¿k+ elgPsf] 5 .
o;sf] cy{ ¿k z"Gotf xf] / z"Gotf g} ¿k xf] ¿kaf6 z"Gotf
cnu 5}g / z"Gotfaf6 klg ¿k cnu 5}g eGg] xf] . ;+;f/sf
;a} j:t'x¿ k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5g\ x]t' k|Toojf6 pTkGg ePsf
x'g . h'g k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5g\ tL z"Gotf :jefjsf x'G5g\ .
@^= oxL s'/fnfO{ af]lwrof{jtf/df zflGtb]jn] klg hf]8 lbP/
eGg'ePsf] 5 M obf dd k/]iff+ r t'Nod]j ;'v+ lk|od\ .
tbfTdgMsf] ljz]iff] o]gfq}j ;'vf]BdM ..(%.. obf dd k/]iff+ r eo+
b'Mv+ r g lk|od\ . tbfTdgM sf] ljz]iff] oQ+ /Iffld g]t/d\ ..(^..
-af]lwrof{jtf/M *M(%–(^_
@&= h] rf]ª\ vf kf, nfd l/d\ 5]+ df], efu @ -Go"of]s{M :gf] nfog\
klAns]zg\, @))$_, k[= !&= o; u|GynfO{ ltAatLaf6 nfdl/d
5]+df] cg'jfb ;ldltn] c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb u/]sf] xf] .
@*= af]lw tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 M != >fjs af]lw, @= k|To]saf]lw /
#= ;Dos\ ;Daf]lw . t/ >fjsaf]lw / k|To]saf]lw b'j} lxgofg
cGtu{t kg]{ ePsfn] oxfF b'O{j6f af]lwsf] dfq rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
-78-
@(= zflGtb]jn] klg eGg'ePsf] 5 M

o] s]lrb\ b'Mlvtf nf]s] ;j]{ t] :j;'v]R5of . o] s]lrt\ ;'lvtf
nf]s] ;j]{ t]˜Go;'v]R5of .. !@( .. Wofgkf/ldtf, af]lwrof{jtf/
cyf{t\ of] ;+;f/df hlt klg b'MvL k|f0fLx¿ 5g\ pgLx¿ ;a}
cfˆg} dfq ;'v rfxfgfn] b'MvL ePsf x'g\ / of] ;+;f/df hlt
klg ;'vL k|f0fLx¿ 5g\ tL ;a} c¿sf] lxt rfxfgfn] ;'vL ePsf
x'g\ .
#)= k/fTdkl/jt{gsf] kl/efiff zflGtb]jn] o;/L lbg'x'G5 M
1fTjf ;bf]ifdfTdfg+ k/fglk u'0ff]blw . cfTdefjkl/Tofu+ k/f–
bfg+ r efjo]t\ .. !!# .. Wofgkf/ldtf, af]lwrof{jtf/ . cyf{t\
cfkm"nfO{ bf]if}bf]ifn] el/Psf] / c¿ ;a}nfO{ u'0f}u'0fsf ;fu/
;dfgsf 7fGb} cfkm"nfO{ Tofu]/ …csf]{ x'FÚ eGg] efjgf ug'{k5{ .
o;nfO{ g} k/fTdkl/jt{g elgG5 jf cfkm"nfO{ c¿;+u ;f6\g'
elgG5 .
#!= wDdkbdf klg pNn]v 5 M
glTy /fu;df] clUu, glTy bf];;df] sln . glTy v+w;df b'Svf
glTy ;lGtk/+ ;'v+ .. ^ .. ;'vjUuf], wDdkb . cyf{t\ /fu h:tf]
cfuf] 5}g, å]if / qmf]w h:tf] zq' 5}g, k~r:sGw h:tf] b'Mv 5}g
/ lgjf{0f h:tf] ;'v 5}g .
To:t} af]lwrof{jtf/df zq' eGg] zAb k|of]u gePklg kfk eGg]
zAb k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
g r å]if;d+ kfk+ g r IfflGt;d+ tkM . t:dft\ IfflGt+ k|oTg]g
efjo]låljw}g{o}M ..@.. IfflGtkf/ldtf, af]lwrof{jtf/ . cyf{t\ å]if–
h:tf] 7"nf] kfk 5}g, IfflGth:tf] c¿ tk:of 5}g . To;sf/0fn]
ljleGg pkfoåf/f k|oTgk"j{s IfflGtsf] efjgf u/ ..
-79-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
Znf]ssf zAbx¿sf] cy{ -Glossary of the Verses_

{:-r<- -Uon\ :o]_ — lhg k'q Ù af]lw;™j
:#-:è, -nfu\ No]g\_ — rof{ Ù cEof; k4lt
<ë-/¸¥,-0 -;f] b\o'g\ df_ — ;tL{; -#&_
&ë<-´¥,-7ië-7ë$-0è+ -5\of]P So'g\ 8f] xf]ª\ Do]_ — ;a} wd{x¿ cfjf–
udg /lxt
7ië-/ -8f] jf_ — ;™j k|f0fLx¿
,-9<-#6Ü#<-0#ë, -Ro]g\ /\o] l:xu\ Uof]Pg\_ — gfy cjnf]lst]Zj/
Vë-#<ß0 -uf] ;'d\_ — lqåf/ -sfo, jfs\ / lrQ_
.,-/+è7Ü-7e³$-#,< -ô]g\ b]O Ho'ª\ Go]_ — lxt / ;'vsf >f]t
/;+-ý9-e -Zo] kf/ ‰of_ — AofVof ug]{ 5' .
+:-
+ 7eë9-iá-&è,-Cè+-+!7 -wn\ Hof]/\ 8' 5\o] Go] sf_ — If0f ;Dkbsf]
8'Ëf¿kL -dfgjb]x_ k|fKt ug{ sl7g jf If0f;Dkbn] o'Qm
b'n{e dg'io z/L/
7"ë9-/7Ü-02ì -vf]/\ j] 5f]_ — ej;fu/ .
7+ë+-&#< -b\of]P 5\ofu\_ — cf;lQm .
+i -8f_ — zq' .
5è-Z$- -ZXo] bfª\_ — å]if .
(ë,-0ë$< -Gof]g\ df]ª\_ — Sn]z .
F0-#8è$ -gfd\ o]ª\_ — ljIf]k, dg a/flng' .
+/è,-ý-/Yè,-ý -j]g\ kf To]g\ kf_ — c/0ofl>t x'g' Ù PsfGt
h+unsf] ;xf/f lng' .
0ië,-"$- -8\of]Pg\ vfª\_ — cltlyu[x .
¸¥#-#<ß0 -w'u\ ;'d\_ — lqljif cyf{t /fu, å]if / df]x .
-80-
*ë<-/<0-/Vë0 -Yof]P ;fd\ uf]d\_ — >'t, lrGtf / efjgfdoL .

e0<-+$-XÜ$-Bè- -‰ofd\ wfª\ lGoª\ Ho]_ — d}qL / s?0ff .
8ë,-), -of]g\ To]g\_ — u'0f .
89-$ë7Ü-w-/ -of/\ ªf]P bf jf_ — z'SnkIfsf] rGb|df .
/;è<-#(è,-+0-ý -Zo] Go]g\ wfd\ kf_ — ;Rrf sNof0fldq .
7"ë9-/7Ü-/1ì,-•9-/%Ü$-/ -vf]/\ j] Rof]Pg\ /f/ lRoª\ jf_ — ;+;f/sf]
jGwgfuf/df km;]sf .
7'Ü#-Dè,-T -lHou\ To]g\ Nxf_ — nf}lss b]jtf .
+!ë,-0&ë#-þ/<-7ië- -Sof]g\ 5f]u\ -;'d\_ Sofd\bf]_ — lq/Tgsf] z/0fdf
hfg'
$,-<ë$-Z¨#-/W:-F0< -ª\o]g\ ;f]ª\ b'u\ ª\n\ gfd\_ — b'u{ltsf b'Mvx¿
ZÜ#-ý7Ü-:<-`Ü-7o<-/ß -lbu\ k] No] lSo 8\o] a'_ — kfk sd{sf] kmn
rÜ+-#<ß0-/+è-/- -l:o ;'d\ b] jf_ — lqej cyf{t lqwft'sf ;'v
~-Iè7Ü-6Ü:-ý -rf r]O :x]n\ kf_ — 3fF;sf] 6'Kkf]df nfu]sf] zLt
0Ü-7b²9-*9-ý7Ü-#ë-7.$-0&ë# -ld+Uo'/ yf/\ k] 3f] kmfª\ 5\of]u\_ — ckl/–
jt{gzLn df]Ifsf] k/d cj:yf
e$-&±/-<è0<-/þè+ -‰ofª\ 5'a\ ;]d\ So]_ — af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug'{
/Wë-/ -ªf] jf_ — kl/0ffdgf
Yë$-#<ß0 -tf]ª\ ;'d\_ — lq;fx;|dxf;fx;| nf]swft'
7¸¥-;è< -b' Zo]_ — ;+1f
F0-*ë<-/ß- -gfd\ Yof]O a'_ — j}>j0f, s'j]/
XÜ$-ýë- -lGoª\ kf]_ — ;f/
dÜ-9ë: -l5\o /\of]n\_ — jfXo
7+ë+-ý7Ü-8ë,-),- -b\of]P k] of]Pg\ To]g\_ — sfd u'0f, k~rsfdu'0f
:,-’7Ü-&± -No]g\ 5fO 5\o'_ — g"lgnf] kfgL
-81-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
[$-/ -gfª\ jf_ — k|ltef;

<è0<-(Ü+ -;]d\ lGo_ — lrQ :j¿k, lrQ :jefj -Nature of mind_
‡ë<-ý7Ü-0*7-+$-o: -6\of]P k] yf wfª\ 9n\_ — åofGtd'Qm -Free from
the conceptual extremes_
+e9-bÜ-¸¥<-`Ü-7'7-2ì, -of/\ lUo Wo'O lSo Hof 5\of]Pg\_ — jiff{ ofddf
b]vfkg]{ OGb|]0fL
HÜ-:0 -ld nfd\_ — ;kgf
7há:-[$ -7\o'n\ gfª\_ — e|flGtk"0f{ cfef;
‚Ü,-ý- -lHog\ kf_ — bfg
2±:-hÜ0<- -5\o'n\ l7d\_ — zLn
/6ë+-ý -:Xof]P kf_ — IfflGt
/Ië,-7iá<- -Rof]Pg\ 8\o'_ — jLo{
5Ü-#,<- -lZXo Go]_ — zdy -Wofg_
T#-0*ë$ -Nxfu\ yf]ª\_ — ljkZogf -Wofg_
#6ß#<-0è+-/5Ü -:x'u\ Do] lZXo_ — rt'y{ cf¿Ko -Wofg_
/<0-#),- -;fd\ To]g\_ — Wofg
;è<-9/- -Zo] /fa\_ — k|1f
.-9ë:-dÜ,- -kmf /f]n\ -t'_ l5\og\ -kf__ — kf/ldtf
*/<- -yfa\_ — pkfo
7"ë9-#<ß0-0Ü-Dë#-ý7Ü-;è<-9/ -vf]/\ ;'d\ ld tf]u\ k] Zo] /fa\_ —
lqd08nkl/z'4 k|1f
{æ, -Uo'g\_ — k|jfx, ;Gtfg, lrQ;Gtfg, lrQ;Gtlt
Ià/-0ë7Ü-2Ý#- -r'a\ df]O l5u\_ — kf?io jrg, s8f zAb
#(è,-ýë -Go]g\ kf]_ — k|ltkIf -antidote_
0+ë9-, -bf]/\ gf_ — ;+If]kdf -in brief_
-82-
l,-+$-;è< -9\o]g\ wfª\ Zo]_ — :d[lt / ;Dk|hGo -mindfulness and

alertness_
0+ë-{æ+-/Y,-/%ë<-F0< -bf] Uo' To]g\ Rof]P gfd_ — ;"q, tGq /
zf:qx¿
+0-ý-F0< -wfd\ kf gfd\_ — cfo{hgx¿
vë-ië<-+0, -nf] 8\of]P Do]g\_ — cNka'l4
0"<-ý -Vo] kf_ — lgk'0f, kl08t
Zè/ -b]a\_ — 5Gb
+ë,-+0-´¥,-Jë/-e$-&±/-<è0<-0&ë# -Wof]g\ wfd\ So'g\ Hof]a\ ‰ofª\ 5\o'a\
;]d\ 5f]u\_ — ;+j[lt / k/dfy{ pQd af]lwlrQ
rÜ+-+$-5Ü-/7Ü-0*7-:-0Ü-#,<-ý -l:o wfª\ lZXo yf nf ld Go] kf_ —
;+;f/ / lgjf{0fdf l:yt g/xg] -ck|ltli7t lgjf{0f_
:ß$-+$-9Ü#<-ý-‰-/7Ü -n'ª\ wfª\ l/u\ kf df j]_ — cfud tyf
o'STofg'ofoL
/1°,-ý -Ro'g\ kf_ — leIf'
-83-
This page is intentionally left blank.
;Daf]wg ;Gb]z
k/dkfjg >L bnfO{ nfdfHo"åf/f sfnrqm cleif]s k|bfgsf] bf}/fg–
df O{= ;+= !((^–!@–!& tbg';f/ lj= ;+= @)%# kf}if !# ut]sf]
lbg ef/tsf] ;fn'u/f eGg] :yfgdf g]kfnaf6 cfpg'ePsf af}4–
x¿sf] Ps ;d"xnfO{ lbg'ePsf] ;Daf]wg ;Gb]z .
xfd|f] ;DaGw k/Dk/fb]lv g} ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s b'j} b[li6sf]0faf6

/xFb} cfO/x]sf] tYo tkfO{+x¿ ;a}n] /fd|/L a'‰g'ePsf] xf]nf egL
d cfzf ub{5' . Tof] g} Ps sf/0f xf] h;n] ubf{ a'4wd{k|lt j[xt
>4f clxn] klg tkfO{+x¿sf] dgdf leq}af6 pAh]/ cfpF5 .
cfhsf] o; o'udf, ef}lts pGglt ljZj/e/df j[xt¿kdf
eO/x]sf] 5 / g]kfndf klg ef}lts k|ult lg/Gt/¿kn] eO/x]sf]
xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] . t/ ef}lts k|ult hlt tLj|
ult;+u eP tfklg o;n] dfq xfdLnfO{ :yfoL ;'v tyf ;Gt'li6
lbg ;Sb}g . t;y{, tkfO{+x¿ o:tf] ;'vdf ;Gt'i6 gx'g'xf];\ h'g
xfd|f] of] hLjgdf dfq ;Lldt x'G5 .
ha xfdL klZrdL b]zx¿sf] b|'tt/ pGglt / ljsf; b]V5f}+,
ta ltgLx¿ wgL 5g\ / xfd|f] b]z u/La 5 eg]/ xfdL ;f]R5f}+ . t/
ulxl/P/ x]bf{v]/L tL ljsl;t b]zsf dflg;x¿n] lelq dfgl;s
;'v kfPsf x'Fb}gg\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ O{iof{, nf]e / å]if h:tf w]/}
dfgl;s ;d:ofx¿n] lylr/x]sf] x'G5 . oL ljljw ;d:ofx¿nfO{
x6fpgsf nflu slt dfG5]x¿ clkmd, ufFhf / /S;Lh:tf nfu'
kbfy{sf] ;xf/f lng] u5{g\ . sltkon] t b'Mv ;xg g;s]/
cfTdxTof ;d]t u/]sf] pbfx/0fx¿ w]/} kfpF5f}+ . To;sf/0f ef}lts
;'v / ljsf; dfq k|ofKt 5}g eGg] s'/f xfdLn] yfxf kfpg' k5{ .
-85-
ÉÊÊ {:-r<-:#-:è,-<ë-/¸¥,-0-ÊÊ
o:tf] ef}lts ;'vn] xfd|f ;d:ofx¿nfO{ sbflk ;dfwfg ug{

;Sb}g .
xfdLn] sd{ / To;sf] dxTjnfO{ klg a'‰g'k5{ . wd{sf]
;f/ g} ga'emLsg wd{k|lt cf:yf g} /fv]tfklg Tof] wd{k|ltsf]
ldYofb[li6 dfq x'g]5 .
;fwf/0ftof ljZjdf w]/} k|sf/sf wd{x¿ 5g\ . s]xL wd{x¿
vfln ljZjf;df dfq l6s]sf x'G5g\ . tL wd{x¿sf] k5fl8 s'g}
ts{ klg x'Fb}g . t/ a'4 wd{ To:tf wd{x¿eGbf km/s 5 / a'4
wd{ Jojxfl/s klg 5 . o;n] xfd|f] lrQ / rof{nfO{ ;Gdfu{df
nufpgsf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 . To;sf/0f, xfdLn] a'4 wd{sf] ;f/
nfO{ a'‰of}+ eg] o;n] xfdLnfO{ ldYofb[li6sf] vf8ndf km:gaf6
arfpF5 . To;sf/0f wd{sf] cWoog ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 .
;+ej eP a'4wd{ ;DaGwL u|Gyx¿ h:t} rt'/fo{ ;To /
;Toåo h:tf a'4wd{sf k|f/lDes / d"n pkb]zx¿ cfˆgf] efiffdf
k|sflzt u/L ljt/0f ug{ ;s] plrt ;xof]u x'g]5 . ;fy} of]
s'zn sd{n] ;j{;fwf/0fdf a'4 wd{sf] 1fgsf] ljsf; klg x'g]5 .
cffw'lgs lzIff lbglbg} ljsl;t x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . wd{ ;/
sf/sf] ;xof]un] dfq ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g / ltgLx¿sf] bfloTj klg
x}g . t;y{ ;j{;fwf/0f k|f0fLx¿sf] lxtsf nflu xfdL af}4x¿n]
Psh'6 eO{ a'4wd{nfO{ ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 h'g xfd|f] bfloTj klg
xf] . t;y{ a'4wd{sf] 1fgåf/f o;sf] dd{ a'‰g tkfO{+ xfdL ;a}
JolQm, kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;+3 ;+:yfx¿n] o;nfO{ k|rf/ k|;f/
ug{sf] nflu j[xt ¿kdf Psh'6 eO{ nfUg'k5{ .
5';fª\ l/Gkf]5]Ho"n] o; ;DaGwL g]kfnL lstfa dnfO{ pknAw
u/fpg' ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ nfU5 o:tf lstfax¿n] a'4wd{nfO{ /
fd|/L j'‰g ;xof]u ug]{5g\ . c¿nfO{ lxt ;xof]u ug'{ g} a'4 wd{sf]
-86-
;f/ xf] . t;y{ xfdLn] o;nfO{ cWoogdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL

Jojxfl/s¿kdf klg j[4, /f]uL, u/Lj, ckfË JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u
ug'{k5{ . o; ;DaGwL ;+3–;+:yfx¿af6 k|f/lDes sfo{ x'g'
cfjZos 5 . o;f] u/]df wd{ k|rf/ xfd|f] ;d'bfosf] ljsf;;+u
;Da4 x'g]5 .
;fdflhs ;]jf tyf c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{df /fd|f]
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf O{;fOx¿nfO{ klg lng ;lsG5 . ltgLx¿af6
xfdLx¿n] w]/} s'/f l;Sg ;S5f}+ . dnfO{ nfU5 c¿nfO{ ;xof]u
ug'{ Jojxfl/s ¿kdf clt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . t;y{ Ps csf{k|lt
bofn' xf]pF . oxL d]/f] eGg' 5 .
olb tkfO{+ / tkfO{sf ;a} ldqx¿n] g]kfndf /x]sf
ltAatLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] ;Sbf] lsl;dn] ;xof]u ug'{ePsf] v08df
d w]/} v'zL / cfef/L x'g]5' .
g]kfndf olb a'4wd{sf] pTyfgsf] nflu ltAat / ltAatL–
x¿af6 s]xL ;xof]u cfjZos eP >L 5';fª\ l/Gkf]5] jf d]/f g]kfn–
sf k|ltlglwdfkm{t dnfO{ ;Dks{ u/] x'G5 . xfdL ;fwg / ;|f]tn]
EofP;Dd a'4wd{sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]u ug{ v'zL x'g]5f}| /
OR5's 5f}+ .
-87-
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Gyalse Laglen

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Gyalse Laglen

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ª'N5' yf]Ud] :xfª\kf]lj/lrt

;Ktlq+zb lhgk'q rof{

tkfO{+sf] sflos lgdf{0fsfo lxpFsf] e"lddf k|s6 eof] .

>fL 5';fª\ l/Gkf]5]

ª'N5' yf]Ud] :xfª\kf]lj/lrt

ltAatL d"n;lxt cg'jfbM

k|yd ;+:s/0f M !))) k|lt

a'4 ;Djt\ M @%%%

The Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva is a text which was

When your mothers

This is really the main point. We should learn to consider others

Çré Chusang Rinpoche

cgflbsfnb]lv ltdLnfO{ dfofddtf lbFb} cfpg'ePsL

of] ;fFRr} g} d'Vo a'+bf xf] . c¿nfO{ cfkm"eGbf dx™jk"0f{ / Kof/f]

>L 5';fª\ l/Gkf]5]

xfd|f] dg;fo ljzfn / s'zn eP 7"nf] nfe xfl;n x'g]5 . o:tf]

aNn p;nfO{ lgoGq0fdf Nofpg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] dg klg To:t} xf] .

nufpFb}df p;sf] dlt zf]wg eO;ssf] 5 eGg ;lsGg . p;sf]

k|oTg jf cfsf+Iff x'g]5 . o:tf ofjt k|s[ofx¿nfO{ kf/ ub}{ xfdL

t;y{ xfd|f O{iofhGo t[i0ffx¿nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf ;Gt'i6 kfg{ g;Sg]

tkfO{ o:tf] k/d kfjg :yndf x'g'x'G5 . o:tf] 7fpFdf a;]/

vfgf klg c;fWo} :jflbi6 5 / ;a} s'/f /fd|} eO/fv]sf 5g\ .

lgd"{n ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df lgjf{0f, jf lg/f]wsf] cj:yf nfe

ug}{k5{ . o;sf] kmn:j¿k cjZo+efjL¿kn] lg/f]w, jf lgjf{0fsf]

lxGb', OzfO{, OZnfd h:tf w]/} wd{x¿n] ;'v / b'Mvsf]

zAb l/lnlhog o:tf] k|0ffnLdf k|of]u x'G5 h;df O{Zj/nfO{

vfnL d"v{x¿n] dfq eG5g\ . cf}ifwLn] sfd gu/]sf] t cf}ifwL–

yf]Ud] ;fª\kf] ;fSof k/Dk/fsf u'? a'6f]g l/Gkf]5]sf

d o; u|Gysf] ;+lIfKt 6Lsf dfq oxfF k|:t't ub}{5' . o;sf]

klxnf] v08 cyf{t k|of]u klg b'O{ pk–v08df ljeflht 5 M k|f/–

:jefjn] o'Qm cfjfudg x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf] nflu x]t' / kmns}

cyf{t\ h'g j:t' k|tLTo;d'TkGg 5 To;sf] pTklQ x'Gg, lg/f]w

ctM æ;j{ wd{+ cgfuddlgu{dd]lt kZoÆ cyf{t ;a} wd{nfO{

eujfg\ a'4n] ;a}sf] lxtsf nflu ;j{k|yd\ af]lwlrQf]Tkfb ug'{eof] .

of] :km"6 r]tgfsf] lg/Gt/tf jf ;Gtlt x'g] x'gfn] kl5 ;Dd

/ cGo ;a} wfld{s k/Dk/fx¿df eGbf klg tkfO{+x¿sf] a'4wd{d}

;do vfOlbG5, To;}n] cGo st} 7fpFdf hfg';\ / ;s];Dd

sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . o:tf] 7fpFdf xfdLn] bofn' dg / z'4 cfzo

s'zn jf lgolGqt lrQ eg]sf] k;ndf lsg]/ kfOg] ;fwg

cnu cnu lsl;dn] gx]g'{xf]nf, tLg} j6fnfO{ ;fy ;fy} nUg'–

eg] xfdLn] cf;lQm / å]ifnfO{ kf] kl/Tofu ug'{kg]{ xf] / ltgsf]

ljIf]ksf/L JolQmx¿af6 6f9f /xg ;Sof}+ eg] / ;w} sfdsf]

o; h'gLsf ;a} h~hfn cf;lQmx¿nfO{ Toflulbg' g}

5 . To:t} h] rf]ª\ vfkfn] klg o; s'/fdf 7"nf] hf]8 lbg'ePsf]

bz{gsf] z"Gotf, ToxfF k|f;lËs b[li6 5}g . s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf

cfo{ ;To x'g\ . xfd|f] lrQdf hDdf ePsf Ifl0fs Sn]zx¿sf]

ca k|:t't u|Gysf] JofVofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbcf}+ . s[kof Wofg

xfdLnfO{ atfpg' eof] . To;}n] xfdLn] cfkm"n] ;Sbf] lsl;dn]

;+3–z/0fsf af/]df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg], yfOn}08 / adf{df

lbg] sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . dflg;x¿ ;+u} a:bf, ;+u} sfd ubf{ Ps

t s?0ff, d}qL, IfflGtn] dfq ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] slxn]

lqwft' -sfdwft', ¿kwft' / cf¿kwft'_ df hxfF;'s} hGd lnP

km/s km/s xf]nf t/ x'g t ToxL aln/x]sf] 3/s} tNnfx¿ .

ls t xfd|f] dgdf cljBf /xg ;S5 ls t k|1f, b'j} Ps}rf]l6

cfsfz;dfg c;Ld / cgluGtL ;+Vofdf /x]sf ;Tjx¿ ;a}

pgLx¿ v';L x'G5g\, ;'vL x'G5g\ . c¿ k|f0fLnfO{ p4f/ ubf{ h'g

To;f]eP, af]lw;Tj eg]sf] sf] xf] t < h;/L xfdLn] …a'4Ú

oxfF;Ddsf] kf7df af]lwlrQf]Tkfbsf] rrf{ u¥of}+ . t/ af]lwnfe

pgLx¿sf kfk cs'zn sd{x¿ -;a}_ cfkm"df lng' g}

c¿n] xfdLnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofof] jf xfd|f] xflg u¥of] eg] pgLx¿k|lt

s;}n] k"/} lq;fx;|dxf;fx;| nf]swft'e/L d]/f] af/]df

c¿n] xfdLnfO{ ljleGg ckzAbx¿ k|of]u u/]/ cyjf d'v

c¿ ;a}sf ;fd' olb s;}n] xfdLnfO{ a]OHht u/]/ nfhdbf]{