Experiment 5

Stability of floating bodies

Ques : Metacentric height for small values of angle of heel is the distance between?
Ans: Centre of Gravity and metacentre.

Ques : Comment on stability and comfort of passengers, with increase in metacentric

height.
Ans: Stability increases, Comfort of passengers decreases.

Ques : What is centre of buoyancy.

Ans: The centroid of the immersed part of a ship or other floating body. Coincides with the
centroid of volume of fluid displaced.

Ques: When will a floating body is said to be in a state of stable equilibrium?

Ans: When the metacentre is above centre of gravity.

Ques: Point about which body starts oscillating when it is given small angular displacement?
Ans: Metacentre

Ques: What is Metacentre?

Ans: Intersection of line passing through new centre of buoyancy and centre of gravity.

Ques: Does the change in density affects metacentric height?

Ans: Yes

Ques: Is it true that, for a completely immersed body, the metacentric height is always zero?
Ans: No, The metacentric height may or may not be zero as metacentre will not always
coincide with centre of gravity.
Ques: A uniform body of size 4 m long * 2.5 m wide * 1.5 m deep floats in water. What is the
weight of the body if depth of immersion is 1 m ?
Sol: Weight of Body = Weight of water displaced
= ρ*g*Volume of displaced water=9.81*1000*4*2.5*1.5=147.1kN.

Ques: A rectangular pontoon is 5 m long, 3 m wide and 1.40 m high. The depth of immersion
of the pontoon is 0.60 m in seawater. If the centre of gravity is 0.7 m above the bottom of the
pontoon, determine the metacentric height. The density for seawater = 1045 kg/m3.
Sol: BG=Centre of pontoon – Centre of immersesd portion=0.7-0.3=0.4
Metacentric height=I/V -BG
I=bd³/12 = 5*3³/12
V=5*3*1.4
Metacentric height=0.135 m.

EXPERIMENT
FLOW THROUGH VARIABLE AREA DUCT

Ques: What is Bernoulli equation?

Ans: Bernoulli equation is the mathematical form for the law of conservation of energy for a
flowing liquid.
p1/ρg+ v12/2g + z1 = p2/ρg + v22/2g + z2 = Constant
Flow work + kinetic energy + Potential energy = constant
(in a flowing liquid with no addition or no withdrawal of energy in between two points
under consideration)
Bernoulli equation is obtained by integration of the Euler Equation

Ques: What are the assumptions used in Bernoulli Equation?

Ans:
(i) Flow is steady ( pressure, velocity etc. are constant with respect to time),
(ii) Flow is non-viscous ( no shear stresses or viscosity is zero)
(iii) Fluid is incompressible (density is constant)
(ii) There is no energy added or withdrawn in between the two sections (1 and 2) being
considered.

Ques: To which fluids is the Bernoulli equation applicable?

Ans: Bernoulli equation is applicable only to LIQUIDS.

Ques: SIMILARITY BETWEEN BERNOULLI EQUATION AND ENERGY EQUATION

Ans: Bernoulli equation and the energy equation can be derived directly from the first law of
thermodynamics.

Ques: DI-SIMILARITY BETWEEN BERNOULLI EQUATION AND ENERGY EQUATION

Ans: The energy equation allows for (1) friction, (2) heat transfer, (3) shaft work, and (4)
viscous work (another frictional effect) whereas Bernoulli equation does not.

Ques: What is the Pascal’s law?

Ans: It is a law of pressure of a fluid AT A POINT.
“It states that pressure at a point is same in all directions”.
It is applicable to only to liquids at rest.
It is not applicable to moving fluids.

Ques: What is an ‘ideal fluid’. What will be value of Reynolds number for an ideal fluid?
Ans: Ideal fluid is a hypothetical fluid which is assumed to be non-viscous, non-rotational
and incompressible. In reality, there is no ideal fluid.
Reynolds number = ρ v d /µ
Since viscosity is zero for an ideal fluid,
Therefore
Re = infinity for an ideal fluid

Ques: What is a Newtonian fluid? Give few examples.

Ans: A fluid which obeys the Newton’s law of viscosity is said to be a Newtonian fluid.
Newton Law of Viscosity
ζ = µ du/dy
ζ is the shear stress
µ is the dynamic viscosity
du/dy is the velocity gradient in a perpendicular direction to the flow direction i.e. Flow is in
x direction whereas velocity gradient is in the ‘y’ direction
Examples of the Newtonian fluids are Air, Water and Kerosene