Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INFINITIVES
AS NOUNS
VERBS FOLLOWED BY…
INFINITIVES GERUNDS
agree expect need refuse admit delay imagine practice
appear forget offer seem advise deny keep quit
be able hope plan start* appreciate discuss mind recommen
begin* know how prefer* tend avoid dislike miss d
can(’t) learn prepare try can’t help enjoy permit regret
afford like* pretend want consider finish postpone risk
choose manage promise would like suggest
decide
• I never sleep well in hotels. I always sleep best in my own bed at home.
• That garden wall is all Jason’s own work. He spent several weekends building it.
We can use own as a pronoun after a possessive determiner (e.g. my, his, their). We often use it
in the pattern noun + of + possessive determiner + own:
We use an if the following word The first sound we The first sound we
starts with a spoken vowel. speak is [j], so we speak is [ʌ], so we
use a → a unit use an → anuncle
USES OF THE
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
before phrases of time and with a noun complement
measurements (per
week/weekly) He is a good boy.
We have English 4 times a week. before phrases of nationality
I go on holiday twice a year. Bruce Springsteen is an American.
Our car can do 220 half/quite
kilometres an hour.
We need half a pound of sugar.
Tomatoes are $2 a kilo.
This is quite a good story.
before phrases of jobs
My father is a car mechanic.
USES OF THE
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
With some expressions of quantity What a beauty
I have a little money What a shame
We painted a few chairs It is a pity
Expresions that includes a/an
With expresions that have many All of a sudden
A good many apples are bruised An average of
Many an Apple is bruised As a matter of fact
At a loss
with abstract sustantives In a hurry
A wonderful time In a position
A miserable time In a while
Put an end to.
EXCEPTIONS
Little/few
Negative sentences Subject+ have+ not+ past participle+…. Subject+ has+ not+ past participle+….
Short Answers Affirmative: Yes, + subject+ have Affirmative: Yes, + subject+ has
Negative: No,+ subject+ have+ not Negative: No,+ subject+ has+ not
*In the negative sentences we can use the word never: We have never cut her hair
Present Perfect Simple. Use
Puts emphasis on the result. Finished action that has an
Example: influence on the present.
Example:
• She has written five letters.
•I have lost my key.
Negative sentences Subject+ have+ not+ been+ verb ing+…. Subject+ has+ not+ been+ verb ing+….
Questions Have+ subject+ been+ verb ing+…+? Has+ subject+ been+ verb ing+….+?
Short Answers Affirmative: Yes, + subject+ have Affirmative: Yes, + subject+ has
Negative: No,+ subject+ have+ not Negative: No,+ subject+ has+ not
Present
Perfect with
Time
Expressions
Present
Perfect with
Time
Expressions
Present
Perfect with
Time
Expressions
Wh- Questions with Present Perfect
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
Wh-question+ have/has+ subject+ past Wh- question+ have/has+ subject+been+verb
participle+…+? ing+…+?
Get here
ALL SUBJECTS
Affirmative sentences Subject+ had+ past participle+….
◦ Shows that an action that started in the past continued up until another time in the past.
ALL SUBJECTS
Affirmative sentences Subject+ had+ been+ verb ing+….
SIMPLE CONTINUOUS
9 Y 10 FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE
GERUNDS
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
INFINITVES OR GERUNDS
For INFINITIVES, the negative is verb + not + infinitive.
In English, if you want to follow a verb ■ They decided not to make pizza.
with another action, you must use a
gerund or infinitive. For example: For GERUNDS, the negative is verb + not + -ing.
■ We resumed talking. (gerund – verb ■ Imagine not having pizza! I eat it all the time.
+ ing) Questions
■ I want to see a movie. (infinitive – to
+ base verb)
There are certain verbs that can only be
followed by one or the other, and these
verbs must be memorized.
VERBS THAT CAN BE
FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
enjoy: I enjoyed living in France.
fancy: I fancy seeing a film tonight.
discuss: We discussed going on holiday together.
dislike: I dislike waiting for buses.
finish: We've finished preparing for the meeting.
mind: I don't mind coming early.
suggest: He suggested staying at the Grand Hotel.
recommend: They recommended meeting earlier.
keep: He kept working, although he felt ill.
avoid: She avoided talking to her boss.
VERBS THAT CAN BE
FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES
agree: She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting.
ask*: I asked to leave early / I asked him to leave early.
decide: We decided to go out for dinner.
help*: He helped to clean the kitchen / he helped his flatmate to clean the kitchen.
plan: She plans to buy a new flat next year.
hope: I hope to pass the exam.
learn: They are learning to sing.
want*: I want to come to the party / I want him to come to the party.
would like*: I would like to see her tonight / I would like you to see her tonight.
promise: We promised not to be late.
*We can use an object before the infinitive with these verbs.
(Note that 'help' can also be followed by the infinitive without 'to' with no difference in meaning: 'I helped to carry it' = 'I helped carry it'.)
Verbs followed by a gerund or infinitive with
little to no change in meaning:
■ Example: It started to rain. / It started raining.
begin love
can’t bear prefer
can’t stand propose
continue start
hate
like
Verbs
followed by
a gerund or
infinitive
with a
change in
meaning
Verbs
followed by
a gerund or
infinitive
with a
change in
meaning
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL
1st Myself Ourselves
2nd Yourself Yourselves
Herself
Himself
3rd Themselves
Itself
Oneself
Use of reflexive pronouns
As a direct object when the object is the We only use reflexives with these verbs
same as the subject of the verb: for emphasis:
He dressed himself in spite of his
injuries.
I am teaching myself to play the piano. She’s old enough to wash herself.
Be careful with that knife. You might
cut yourself.
As indirect object when the indirect
object is the same as the subject of the
We can use a reflexive pronoun as direct verb:
object with most transitive verbs, but Would you like to pour yourself a
these are the most common: drink.
amuse blame cut dry We’ve brought ourselves something to
enjoy help hurt introduce kill eat.
prepare satisfy teach
Use of reflexive pronouns
As the object of a preposition when the object refers to Emphasise the person or thing we are referring to:
the subject of the clause: Kendal itself is quite a small town.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
ADVERBS OF PLACE
INTERROGATIVE
We use interrogative pronouns to affirm, deny or
PRONOUNS
ask perception, knowledge or memory about a
circumstance of someone or an action.
PRONOUNS
information about an action to someone that isn’t
the subject.
VERBS
Advise Ask
Inform Show
Tell Teach
INTERROGATIVE Affirmation
PRONOUNS
• The man told the children which path to follow
• I told her where to go
Negation
• I didn’t advise Helen which pattern to choose
• I didn’t ask her where to go
Question
• Is the instructor teaching Bobby how to swim?
ADVERBS OF PLACE
ADVERBS OF DEGREE AND INTENSIFIERS
Examples:
TO SHOW DEGREE ABOUT This line is moving very slow
THE WAY TO DO AN ACTION Obviously, he shut the door too hard
I have almost completely finished icing the cake
Especial They drove back rather slowly
•Very, too, almost, rather , quite,
intensifiers enough. She’s expressing her ideas quite forcefully
or modifiers Ted didn’t run rapidly enough so Bob was safe at second
base
14
WORDS USED TO EXPRESS
SHADES OF COLORS
QUANTITATIVE EXPRESSIONS
First, we can use 'as ... as' with a normal We can say that something is more than another thing
adjective (not a comparative) to say by using a comparative adjective with 'than’.
two things are the same: Luke is taller than Lucy.
• John is as tall as Luke (= they are the Your book is more interesting than my book.
same height).
We can make the comparison stronger by using 'far' or
• We have as many books as them 'much' or 'a lot' before the adjective. We can make it less
strong by using 'a little' or 'a bit'.
We can use 'not as ... as' to say that two
things are not the same. Your book is much more interesting than my book.
Amanda is a lot younger than Julie.
• Paris is not as big as London (=
London is bigger than Paris). This exercise is a little more difficult than that
exercise
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
It's possible to drop 'the' when the adjective is used later in the sentence, rather than
directly before the noun. We can choose either 'the' or 'no article', with no change in
meaning:
• She is (the) most beautiful.
• This café is (the) best.
• John and Lisa are (the) most intelligent.
• This bowl is (the) biggest.
This is not possible when the adjective comes directly before the noun:
• He is fastest swimmer.Х
• He is THE fastest swimmer√