Variable

rate tillage

Variable rate
fertilizer or lime Base maps
application

Variable Harvesting and

rate planter GIS field mapping

Variable Variable
rate cultivator rate irrigation

Variable
rate sprayer

Microprocessor-Based
Agri Instrumentation

Krishna Kant
Microprocessor-Based
Agri Instrumentation

KRISHNA KANT
Dean (Academic)
Jaypee Institute of Information Technology
Noida

New Delhi-110001
2010
MICROPROCESSOR-BASED AGRI INSTRUMENTATION
Krishna Kant

© 2010 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the
publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4086-2

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Raj Press, New Delhi-110012.
 To
Solid pillars of my life
Wife: Dr. Madhu Chhanda
Son: Prashant Rishi
Daughter: Neha Shikha
and
(late) Dr. J.H. Agarwal
Ex-Director (Instrumentation)
JNKVV Jabalpur,
who introduced me to the subject of agriculture instrumentation
Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix

1. Introduction 1–13
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 World Agriculture Scenario 1
1.3 Indian Agriculture Sector—A Synoptic Review 2
1.3.1 Areas of Concerns 3
1.4 Information, Interpretation and Instruction Systems 5
1.4.1 Information 6
1.4.2 Interpretation 7
1.4.3 Instruction 9
1.5 Agri Instrumentation 12
Exercises 13
2. Agri Transducer 14–64
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Transducer—Definition and Nature 15
2.3 Transducer Function 15
2.3.1 Measurement 15
2.3.2 Conversion 16
2.4 Characteristics of Transducers 16
2.4.1 Measurand Characteristics 16
2.4.2 Electrical Characteristics 16
v
vi Contents

2.4.3 Static Characteristics 17

2.4.4 Environmental Characteristics 18
2.5 Technology Trend 18
2.5.1 Conventional Transducers 18
2.5.2 Silicon Transducers 20
2.6 Displacement/Motion Transducers 20
2.6.1 Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 20
2.6.2 Capacitance Gauges 22
2.6.3 Silicon Displacement Transducers 23
2.7 Temperature Transducers 23
2.7.1 Resistance Temperature Detector 23
2.7.2 Thermocouples 24
2.7.3 Thermistors 26
2.7.4 Pyrometers 27
2.7.5 Silicon Temperature Transducers 30
2.8 Pressure Transducers 32
2.8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers 32
2.8.2 Piezoresistive Transducers 34
2.8.3 Silicon Pressure Transducers 36
2.9 Grain Moisture Transducers 39
2.9.1 Direct Methods 40
2.9.2 Indirect Methods 41
2.10 Soil Moisture Transducers 42
2.10.1 Electrical Resistance Blocks 43
2.10.2 Thermal Dissipation Blocks 44
2.10.3 Tensiometers 44
2.10.4 Neutron Scatter 47
2.10.5 Dielectric Constant Methods 48
2.11 Humidity Transducers 49
2.11.1 Psychrometers 49
2.11.2 Hygrometers 50
2.12 pH Transducers 52
2.13 Gas Transducers 54
2.13.1 Chemical Reaction Gas Sensors 54
2.13.2 Infrared (IR) Gas Sensors 55
2.13.3 Carbon Dioxide Sensor 57
2.13.4 Ammonia Sensors 58
2.14 Intelligent Sensors 59
2.14.1 Desirable On-chip Signal Processing 60
2.14.2 Present Status 60
2.15 Future Trends 61
Exercises 63
 Contents vii

3. Binary Number System and Arithmetic 65–85

3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Binary Number System 65
3.2.1 Representation 66
3.2.2 Octal Number System 69
3.2.3 Hexadecimal Number System 70
3.3 Negative Number Representation 72
3.3.1 Introduction 73
3.3.2 Signed Magnitude Representation 73
3.3.3 One’s Complement Representation 73
3.3.4 Two’s Complement Representation 73
3.4 Binary Arithmetic 75
3.4.1 Binary Addition 75
3.4.2 Binary Subtraction 76
3.4.3 Binary Multiplication 77
3.4.4 Binary Division 82
Exercises 84
4. Basic Computer Organization 86–115
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Computer Hardware Organization 86
4.2.1 Evolving Computer Organization 87
4.2.2 Input System 89
4.2.3 Output System 90
4.2.4 Memory 91
4.2.5 Arithmetic and Logic Unit 98
4.2.6 Control Unit 99
4.3 Instruction Execution 103
4.3.1 Instruction Cycle 103
4.3.2 Clock 104
4.3.3 Instruction Format 106
4.3.4 Addressing Modes 106
4.3.5 Instruction Set 109
4.4 Programming System 110
4.4.1 Machine Language Programming 110
4.4.2 Assembly Language Programming 111
4.4.3 High Level Language Programming 113
4.4.4 Software 113
Exercises 115
5. Introduction to Microprocessor Architecture 116–153
5.1 Introduction 116
5.2 Introducing Microprocessor 116
5.2.1 Introduction 117
5.2.2 Address, Data and Control Bus 118
viii Contents

5.2.3 Tristate Bus 119

5.2.4 Clock Generation 120
5.3 Interfacing Microprocessor 121
5.3.1 Microprocessor—Memory Interfacing 121
5.3.2 Microprocessor—I/O Interfacing 125
5.4 Data Transfer Schemes 128
5.4.1 Introduction 128
5.4.2 Parallel Data Transfer 128
5.5 Microprocessor Chip and Signals 132
5.5.1 Basic Facilities in Microprocessor 132
5.5.2 Microprocessor Signals 133
5.6 Microprocessor Evolution and Advancements 136
5.6.1 Introduction 136
5.6.2 8-Bit Microprocessors 136
5.6.3 16-Bit Microprocessors 139
5.6.4 32- and 64-Bit Microprocessors 142
5.6.5 Bit-Slice Processor 144
5.6.6 Microcomputers and Microcontrollers 147
5.6.7 Transputer 149
Exercises 152
Further Reading 153
6. Sample and Hold Amplifier, Multiplexer, Digital to Analog
and Analog to Digital Converters 154–190
6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 Sample and Hold Amplifier 154
6.2.1 Introduction 155
6.2.2 Working Principle 155
6.2.3 Some Common Sample and Hold Chips 155
6.2.4 Performance Characteristics 158
6.3 Multiplexer 158
6.3.1 Introduction 158
6.3.2 Analog Multiplexer 159
6.3.3 Single Ended vs Differential Multiplexing/Demultiplexing 163
6.3.4 Digital Multiplexer 164
6.3.5 Multiplexer–Demultiplexer Operation 167
6.3.6 Performance Characteristics 167
6.4 Digital to Analog Converter 168
6.4.1 Introduction 168
6.4.2 Working Principle 168
6.4.3 Performance Characteristics 174
6.5 Analog to Digital Converter 174
6.5.1 Introduction 174
6.5.2 Ramp Analog to Digital Converter 175
6.5.3 Integrating Ramp Analog to Digital Converters 176
 Contents ix

6.5.4 Successive Approximation Analog to Digital Converter 177

6.5.5 Analog to Digital Converter Chip 179
6.5.6 Bipolar vs Unipolar Mode 179
6.5.7 Control Modes in ADC 180
6.5.8 Integrated Multiplexer-cum-ADC 186
6.5.9 Performance Characteristics 187
6.5.10 Data Acquisition System 187
Exercises 189
7. Intel 8085 Microprocessor Hardware Architecture 191–215
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 General Architecture 191
7.2.1 Introduction 191
7.2.2 Intel 8085 Clock 192
7.2.3 Programmable Registers 193
7.2.4 Address and Data Bus 194
7.2.5 Memory and I/O Interaction 194
7.2.6 Interrupt System 195
7.2.7 Direct Memory Access 196
7.2.8 Serial Input-Output 196
7.2.9 Intel 8085 Activity Status Information 196
7.2.10 Intel 8085 Reset 197
7.3 Intel 8085 Pins and Signals 197
7.3.1 Intel 8085 Pin Out 197
7.3.2 Signals—Intel 8085 198
7.4 Memory Interfacing 200
7.4.1 Introduction 200
7.4.2 Address Decoder 74LS138 200
7.4.3 Example 201
7.4.4 Interfacing Slower Memory 203
7.5 Instruction Execution 203
7.5.1 Introduction 203
7.5.2 Event Sequence Timing Diagram 204
7.5.3 Opcode Fetch Machine Cycle 205
7.5.4 Memory Read Machine Cycle 206
7.6 Direct Memory Access 207
7.6.1 Introduction 207
7.6.2 DMA Timing Diagram 208
7.7 Interrupt Processing 209
7.7.1 Introduction 209
7.7.2 Enabling and Disabling of Interrupts 210
7.7.3 Interrupt Masking 210
7.7.4 INTR Interrupt Timing Diagram 211
Exercises 213
Further Reading 215
x Contents

8. Intel 8085 Microprocessor Instruction Set and Programming 216–248

8.1 Introduction 216
8.2 Programmers Model of Intel 8085 216
8.2.1 Introduction 217
8.2.2 Programmers Model 217
8.2.3 Program Status Word 217
8.3 Instruction Format and Addressing Modes 218
8.3.1 Operand Types 219
8.3.2 Instructions Format 219
8.3.3 Addressing Modes 219
8.3.4 Symbols and Abbreviations 222
8.4 Data Transfer Instructions 223
8.4.1 Introduction 223
8.4.2 Instruction Repertoire 224
8.5 Arithmetic Instructions 227
8.5.1 Introduction 227
8.5.2 Instruction Repertoire 228
8.6 Logical Instructions 231
8.6.1 Introduction 231
8.6.2 Instruction Repertoire 232
8.7 Branch Instructions 236
8.7.1 Introduction 236
8.7.2 Branch Instruction Repertoire 236
8.7.3 Subroutine Call and Return Instructions 238
8.7.4 Subroutine Call and Return Instructions Repertoire 239
8.8 Stack I/O and Machine Control Instructions 242
8.8.1 Introduction 242
8.8.2 Instruction Repertoire 242
Exercises 246
Further Reading 248
9. Microprocessor Peripheral Interfacing 249–337
9.1 Introduction 249
9.2 I/O Ports 250
9.2.1 Introduction 250
9.2.2 Linear Select Decoding 250
9.2.3 Generation of Multiple Device Pulses 250
9.3 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)—Intel 8255 251
9.3.1 Introduction 251
9.3.2 Mode 0—Basic Input/Output 253
9.3.3 Mode 1—Strobed Input/Output 253
9.3.4 Mode 2—Strobed Bi-Directional Bus 253
9.3.5 Configuring Intel 8255 253
9.3.6 Interfacing Intel 8255 255
 Microprocessor-Based Agri
Instrumentation

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