Dislocations

Dislocations

 Primary line defects in solid crystals

 1-D line Defects

 A dislocation is a line that forms a boundary

between a region of a crystal that has slipped and
a region that has not slipped

 Involve translation of one portion of a crystal with

respect to another part
 Dislocations

 Production / Sources
 Crystal growth
 Deformation

 Influence of Mechanical Properties

 Motion lead to plastic deformation via shear
 Increased yield strength when line defects interact with
other defects
 Types of Dislocations

Edge Dislocations
 Types of Dislocations

Edge Dislocations

Atomic scale visualisation

 Types of Dislocations

Screw Dislocations
 Types of Dislocations

Screw Dislocations

Atomic scale visualisation

 Slip

 Slip is the relative displacement of crystallographic planes by

discrete distances

 Slip in crystals is a direct result of the motion of line defects, namely

dislocations

 Dislocations represent boundaries between

slipped and unslipped regions of a
crystalline solid
 Slip Systems in Crystals

 A specific shear stress is required to

induce dislocations to move
 Dislocations slip on specific slip
systems (i.e. specific crystal plane +
specific crystal direction on that
plane)
 Consider an arbitrary plane
oriented at angle 𝜙 with respect to
the applied load F
 Let y′ = slip direction and z′ = slip
plane normal
 Slip Systems in Crystals

 Consider slip on 𝜙 plane

 Normal Force: 𝐹𝑁 = 𝐹𝑍 = 𝐹𝑍 cos 𝜙
 Shear Force in the slip direction (y′):
𝐹𝑆 = 𝐹𝑍 cos 𝜆
 Area of slip plane: 𝐴𝑆 = 𝐴𝑂 / cos 𝜙

 Resolved Normal Stress

𝐹𝑁 𝐹𝑍 cos 𝜙
𝜎𝑁 = = = 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙
𝐴𝑆 𝐴𝑂 / cos 𝜙
 Resolved Shear Stress
𝐹𝑆 𝐹𝑍 cos 𝜆
𝜏𝑆 = 𝜏𝑅𝑆𝑆 = = = 𝜎 cos 𝜆 cos 𝜙
𝐴𝑆 𝐴𝑂 / cos 𝜙
Schmid Factor
 Dislocations and Plastic Deformation

 Large scale deformation in single crystals will occur at the critical

resolved shear stress, 𝜏𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑆 , on a specific slip plane, in a specific slip
direction

 The 𝜏𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑆 is not the stress required to move a single dislocation on a

slip plane. Rather it is the stress required to move many dislocations

 By analogy, in a polycrystal, the yield stress is also the stress required

to move many dislocations. It reflects the collective 𝜏𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑆 values for a
number of single crystals

 Plastic deformation at ambient temperatures results from the motion

of dislocations and dislocation densities increase during plastic
deformation
 What Factors Influence Critical
Resolved Shear Stress

 Temperature
 Increase T  decrease 𝜏𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑆
 Strain rate
 Decrease 𝜀  decrease 𝜏𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑆
 Impurity level
 Decrease impurity content  decrease 𝜏𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑆
 Dislocation density
 Decrease dislocation density  decrease 𝜏𝐶𝑅𝑆𝑆
 Forces on Dislocations

 Dislocations are line defects that distort the perfect crystal

lattice locally

 This lattice distortion produces an elastic stress field inside the

crystal

 The magnitude of the elastic stress field can be estimated

using elasticity theory

 This information can be used to determine energy of

dislocation, the force it exerts on other dislocations, and its
energy of interaction with other defects
 Forces on Dislocations

 When stresses applied to a crystal are large enough,

dislocations will move via slip or climb to produce plastic
deformation

 The applied loads, which produce the applied stress, induce

work on the crystals as the dislocations move

 In turn, dislocations respond as though they were

experiencing a force, which is given by
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑