CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Topographic map is a spatial description of area or location for doing

activities. They are symbolized by some features such as point, line, and polygon,
and also completed by attribute data (Basuki, 1999). Topographic map usually
represented on a large scale and fit to its purposes. There are some methods to
create topographic map, one of them is tachimetry method which is usually used.
The result of terrestrial measurement is topographic map includes features of the
real world, and they are represented by some form of symbols.
On the process of creating large scale of topographic map, terrestrial
method has many advantages especially in its precision and speed. Moreover,
along to the increasing of survey and measurement technology, Global Navigation
System (GPS) technology was invented and developed in 1978. The technology is
very realiable to measure position, speed, and time series of every point on the
earth surface accuratelly and fast without distrubed by condition and climate. The
next development of its technology is called Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS), an extra-terrestrial method.
GNSS technology had devepoled to acquire data every time, and then it
called as Real Time Kinematic (RTK) method. The data needs a media to transfer
some differential data correction, which have form of wavelength or internet
network, which is called Network Transport RTCM via Internet Protocol
(NTRIP). GNSS/GPS technology based on NTRIP method has advantages in
acquiring data on the earth surface. Abidin (2008) said that the using of satellite is
relatively more actractive than terrestrial methods.
The most important component, that needs more attention in determining
3D cartesian coordinate (X, Y, Z) for practical purpose, is height component (Z
value). There is a different height value which is resulted from GNSS/GPS
observation and terrestrial method. They are still exsist, and academic society call
it as a undulation or geoid height. Based on the problem, the study was conducted
to measure and analyze the height different and contour pattern from both of the
methods.

1
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

II.1. Terrestrial Measurement using Total Station (TS)

Terrestrial measurement is a basic of survey and mapping. It has also an
important role in determining of some position components on the earth surface
until representing them on the projection media. Along with the development of
conventional surveying instrument, like theodolit, terrestrial measurement had one
step fordward due to the using of digital surveying instrument, such as Total
Station. The result of terrestrial measurement using Total Station is topographic
map that processed by computer and stored on a digital form.
II.2. Topographic Map
Topographic map is a spatial description of some areas that represented by
some symbols (Basuki, 1999). The principle of creating topographic map is
theavailability of height and position data. Height component (Z value) refered to
the reference surface that called as geoid. It is an equipotential surface of gravity
that fitted to the undistrubed mean sea level (Leni, 2012). The position of every
point on the earth surface can be defined by 2D cartesian coordinate (X and Y), or
geodetic coordinate that contains latitude and longitude value.
II.3. Geoid Height, Ellipsoid Height, and Undulation
Geoid height is an orthometric height of a point on the earth surface
refered to the geoid model. Ellipsoid height is a height refered to the ellipsoid as a
mathematic model of earth. Both of the heights have a different value that called
as undulation. (Hofmann and Moritz, 2005).
II. 4. Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)
GNSS is an extra-terrestrial technology with the basic principle is
measuring distance between receiver which located on the earth surface, and
navigation satellites vehicle (Anggreni, 2010). The system of its technology is
conducted by three major segmens. They are space segmen, control segmen, and
user segmen. The integration between space and control segmen is called
infrastructure of GNSS (Diggelen, 2009). One kind of GNSS satellite constellation
is GPS technology.

2
II. 5. Observation and Positinoning using GNSS/GPS Technology
Rizos (1999) said if distance measurement on the positioning system using
GNSS/GPS technology was devided into two, i.e. pseudorange and carrier phase.
Both of them have some differences. In some cases, distance measurement with
carrier phase is more accurate than pseudorange.
Positioning using GNSS/GPS technology consists of two method, i.e.
absolute and relative method. Absolute positioning just need one receiver to
acquire data from satellite, while relative positioning need more than two GPS
receivers that applied simultaneously (Sunantyo, 1999).
II.6. Positioning using RTK System of GNSS/GPS Technology
Positioning using GNSS-RTK System is a positioning system using two
phases. Base station on this system must transfer differential data correction to the
rover on a real time series using VHF/UHF frequency. The data correction is
needed to determine and increase the accuracy of rover’s position. In other hand,
the VHF/UHF frequency has a limit especially on its propagation (Seeber, 2003).
To eliminate the limit, now a day, it is a possibility to transfer data correction
using internet network by streaming NTRIP method (Lenz, 2004).
II.7. Hypothesis Test : The Differences Height Observation Resulted by Two
Methods
The used statictis test is significant parameter test which need a set of
parameter. The test analayze the results by computing a mean of difference height
value that resulted by different two methods, and it was devided by its standard
deviation (Somantri, 2006).
CHAPTER III
STUDY METHODOLOGY
III.1. Preparation
Some steps had done in a preparation procces were collecting data which
divided into supporting data and study instruments such as GPS receiver and Total
Station in completelly. In addition, choosing of the realiable SimCard provider
was very useful for having a good streaming process on the study area.
III.2. Identification of Problem and Study Area, Field Marking
The core problem in the study was determining of the difference height
value and contour pattern resulted between GNSS/GPS technology and terrestrial

3
method when they were applied for practical purposes like construction project.
The choosen of study area was Eastern parking area of UGM Mosque. The
location was choosen due to some reasons. One of them was an assumption that it
could be represented various relief topograhy. Next, field marking process was
done. The process was divided into two, i.e. polygon and detail spot height
marking. The interval of spot height was less than 5 meters, and it was created a
network pattern. Every single of spot height had uniquely identification. It was a
detail number which represented combination of row and coloumn. Coloumn was
represented in alphabet, while row in number.
III.3. GNSS/GPS Observation and Terrestrial Measurement
Extra-terrestrial measurement in the study was conducted by GNSS
observation using RTK NTRIP method. The observation used base station of
JOG2 which owned by GFZ and the antenna was set on the Geodesy and
Geomatic Engineering Building, Faculty Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada.
As a rover, Leica GNSS/GPS type Viva CS10 borrowed from the Department was
used.
Terrestrial topographic measurement started from polygon measurement,
up to detail measurement using Total Station and also waterpass. The
measurement of spot height and detail had a same location with GNSS
observation. Both of the measurements were planned to be done on the same day.
III.4. Data Processing
Data processing resulted from extra-terrestrial measurement started from
downloading raw data. Eliminating outlier data was needed to achive high
accuracy of 3D CQ which had range between 1 cm up to 7 cm. 3D CQ value
describes the observation quality of 3D coordinates. In the next step, it is a need to
convert geodetic coordinate into cartesian coordinate. The height value resulted
from extra-terrestrial observation is ellipsoid or geometric height. To transform
the value into orthometric height, undulation data is needed. Correlation between
geometric, orthometric, and undulation is represented below:
Orthometric height (H) = ellipsoid height (h) – undulation (N) ...............(III.1)
Terrestrial data processing consists of adjusment of base reference point of
polygon, waterpass data processing, and computing of detail coordinate. Finally,
resulted data from the methods were processed and created into topographic map

4
with the large scale on 1 : 500. To create a more reliable contour, surfer 10 was
used.
III.5. Final Report
The result of terrestrial measurement describes coordinates of polygon,
waterpass result, detail coordinates, and topographic map. In other hand, the result
of GNSS/GPS observation describes raw data quality, elimination of outlier data,
orthometric height, and planimetric coordinates, also topographic map. Analysis
of topographic map created from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial measurement
describes their differences on quantitatif comparation study, visual and graphic.
The significant test which applied to analyze of height difference between
terrestrial and extra-terrestrial measurement was expected to inform if they were
significant or not.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
IV.1. Terrestrial Measurement
IV.1.1. Polygon Measurement
Computing of polygon data could be done after three requirements of
terrestrial measurement accomplished. They were distance, angle, and azimuth.
Polygon measurement was conducting on the opened track, and also refered to the
fixed point which identified by code of P.1/Dtl-N2 and Dtl.H2. The geometry of
polygon can be seen on the Figure IV.1. Coordinates of the fixed point was
assumed as a local coordinate either planimetric or height. The result of polygon
computation can be seen on Table IV.1.

Keterangan :

Titik Poligon

Figure IV.1.The geometry of polygon

5
Planimetric coordinate both of fixed points was determined by computing of data
resulted from extra-terrestrial measurement. In addition, to determine the
orthometric height of fixed points, levelling method by using waterpass instrument
was conducted. The orthometric height of fixed points were refered to the geodetic
height point, as called as Titik Tinggi Geodesi (TTG), number 832, and it is
located on the yard of Stasiun TVRI Yogyakarta. Its administration region is
Sinduadi Village, Sub district of Mlati, Regency of Sleman. The orthometric
height of TTG number 832 is + 137,756 m.
IV.1.2. The Result of Levelling
The point which had label P.3 on the polygon geometry was the connecting
point with the TTG. They had difference height for about + 5,625 m.
Table IV.1. The result of levelling measurement between TTG and P.3

Type Result of Measurement

First of difference height + 5634 mm

Second of difference height – 5615 mm

The difference first and second difference height 19 mm

Tolerancy + 22,762 mm

The mean of difference height 5624,500 mm

The result of levelling measurement was using to determine orthometric height of

all points on the polygon. They would be used as height reference point when the
terrestrial measurement were conducted.
IV.1.3. The Result of Terrestrial Measurement
The result of terrestrial measurement was coordinate of detail points which
marked using nail, and they were distributed around study study area. The interval
between one to another detail point was ± 5 m. However, on the area which had
more high topography varity, it became closer and less than 5 m.
IV.1.4. The Topographic Map Resulted from Terrestrial Measurement
The result of terrestrial measurement was topographic map with scale on
1:500. It can be seen on Figure Iv.2.

6
 A9
142 984 POLA KONTUR HASIL PENGUKURAN
A8
141 728
A7 Cara pengukuran : Terestris
140 357
B9 Alat ukur : Total Station merek Foif
142 971 A6
B8
138 565 A5 OTS 635

141
142

139
141 630

8
145

144
137 835A4

140
143

13
B7 137 642
Lokasi : Parkir Timur Masjid
C9
143 017
140 302
A3 Kampus UGM
9140690 C8 B6 137 606
141 398 138 602 B5 A2
Tanggal Pengukuran : 10 September 2013
137 859B4 137 741
C7 137 660
D9 140 252 B3
143 011 C6
D8 138 475 C5 137 605
141 400 B2
137 853 C4
D7 137 727
E9 140 240 137 670 B1
143 010 C3
D6 137 526
E8 137 578
9140680 138 479 D5 C2
141 398
E7
137 843D4 137 709
137 636
140 244 C1
F9 D3
143 026 E6 137 504
F8 138 492 E5 137 572
141 407 137 848E4 D2
F7 137 641 137 678
G9 140 257
142 980 E3 D1
F6 137 585 137 489
G8
138 502 F5
141 743
9140670 137 852F4 E2

139
141

138
G7

144
137 657

140
143

142
140 131 137 766
H9 F3 E1
142 977 G6 137 579 137 486
H8 138 372 G5
F2
UTARA
141 485 137 881G4 137 681
H7 137 678
I9 140 270 F1
G3
142 991 H6 137 490
I8 137 611
138 149 H5 G2
141 492
9140660 137 862 H4 137 679
J9 I7 137 664
140 228 G1
142 970 H3
J8 I6 137 494
137 585
141 413 138 141 I5
H2
137 861 I4 137 685
J7
K9 137 655
140 207 I3 H1
142 988 137 495
J6 137 592
K8 138 154 J5 LEGENDA
141 514 137 853 J4
9140650 137 668
L9 I1
J3 g1
142 977
L8
K6
137 574 J2
137 498
137 460 Nomor detil dan elevasi
138 149 K5
141 550 137 853 K4 137 663

138
L7

141
137 638 Kontur mayor

139
M9
140 161 144

140
K3 J1
142 960 L6
M8
137 569 137 491
138 179 L5
141 535
M7
137 857 L4 Kontur minor
140 238 137 642
N9
K1
9140640 M6 L3
142 947 138 218 M5 137 543 137 487 Batas areal penelitian
L2
137 854 M4
137 641
N7 137 645
140 309 M3
L1
N6 137 485
137 542 M2
138 304 N5
137 341
137 850 N4
137 667 Skala :
M1
N3
137 059
9140630 137 540
P.1/n2 0 5 10 30 m
137 589
N1
137 483

431720 431730 431740 431750 431760 431770 Sistem Koordinat :

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Figure IV.2.The topographic map resulted from terrestrial measurement

IV.2. Extra-terrestrial Measurement
IV.2.1. Downloading of GNSS/GPS Raw Data
The results of extra-terrestrial measurement using RTK NTRIP method
were planimetric position, geometric height, standard deviation of planimetric and
geometric height, position quality, and height quality. On the study, standard
deviation of geometric height represented geometric height quality. It had a
meaning if on the used receiver there was no systematic error.
IV.2.2. Elimination of Outlier Data
Detection of outlier data to the geometric height was controlled by a
statement. If the accuracy of geometric height was less than 7 cm, data must be
eliminated.
IV.2.3. The Orthometric Height and Relative Geometric Height
The geometric height resulted from GPS observation was refered to
ellipsoid. And then, it must be transformed into orthometric height which refered
to geoid. The transformation process needs an undulation value around of study
area. After that, the geometric height was computed to result a relative and local
orthometric height.
IV.2.4. Anaylsis of Geometric Height Resulted from GNSS/GPS Observation
Analysis of geometric height quality was conducted for every detail around
study area, either on the flat or slope area. The analysis shows if the geometric
height quality on the flat area tend to decrease on the range between 0,067 m up to

7
 0,017 m, while on the slope are it would be increased for about 0,012 m up to
0,051 m.
IV.2.5. The Topographic Map Resulted from Extra-Terrestrial Measurement
Creating of topographic map resulted from extra-terrestrial measurement
had the same processes with terrestrial measurement. The topographic map
resulted from extra-terrestrial measurement can be seen on Figure IV.
a9 POLA KONTUR HASIL PENGUKURAN
142 979
a8
141 738
a7 Cara pengukuran : Pengamatan GNSS/GPS
140 352 Alat ukur : GNSS/GPS merek Leica
b9
142 916 a6
b8 138 525 a5 Tipe Viva CS 10

144
141 579 Lokasi : Parkir Timur Masjid

143

141

139
137 865a4

145

140
142
b7 137 671

138
c9 140 262 Kampus UGM
9140690 142 952 b6 a3a
c8
138 531 b5 137 570 Tanggal Pengukuran : 10 September 2013
141 346 a2a
137 850b4
c7
137 648 137 635
d9 140 197
b3
142 966 c6
d8 137 633
138 459 c5
141 354 b2
137 675c4
d7 137 625
137 627
e9 140 219 b1a
c3
143 010 d6 137 523
9140680 e8 137 447
141 353 138 462 d5
c2
e7 137 631d4 137 693
140 165 137 595
f9 c1
143 029 e6 d3 137 473
f8 137 515
138 381 e5
141 386 d2
137 595e4
f7 137 643
140 259 137 557
g9 d1
f6 e3
142 978 g8 137 548 137 447
138 550 f5
141 759
9140670 g7 137 709f4 e2

138
144

137 697

140
137 702

139
142

141
143

140 380
h9 f3 e1
143 033 g6 137 567 137 441
h8 138 413 g5
f2
UTARA
141 530 137 768g4 137 661
h7 137 734
i9 140 235 f1
g3a
142 932 h6 137 446
i8 137 540
138 143 h5 g2
141 485
9140660 137 682 h4 137 614
i7 137 637
j9 140 214 g1
142 900 h3 137 460
i6
j8 137 650
138 173 i5
141 437 h2a
137 618 i4 137 724
j7
137 620
k9 140 089 h1
142 959 j6 i3 137 476
k8 138 196 j5 137 575 LEGENDA
141 521 137 716 j4
137 583
9140650 l9 i1
j3 g1
142 975
l8
k6a
138 087 k5
137 548 j2
137 492
137 460 Nomor detil dan elevasi
141 537 137 656
137 578 k4
138

l7 137 625
140

m9
140 183 j1 144 Kontur mayor
139
141

142 951 l6
k31 137 435
m8
138 113 l5 137 503
141 447
m7
137 811 l4 Kontur minor
140 212 137 564
n9 k1
9140640 m6 l3 137 516
142 884 138 145 m5 137 442 Batas areal penelitian
137 519 m4 l2
137 537
n7 137 576
140 289 m3 l1
n6 137 503 137 428
138 253 n5 m2
137 826 n4 137 285
137 627 Skala :
m1
n3
137 000
9140630 137 458
n2 0 5 10 30 m
137 589
n1
137 571

431720 431730 431740 431750 431760 431770 Sistem Koordinat :

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

Figuer IV.3. The topographic map resulted from extra-terrestrial

measurement (GNSS/GPS observation)

IV.3. Analysis of Topographic Map Resulted from Terrestrial and Extra-

Terrestrial Measurement
Contour pattern resulted from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial measurement
can be seen on Figure IV.4 (a) and IV.4. (b). For practical purpose, both of them
had been overlay. The result of overlaying both of them can be seen on Figure
IV.4. (c).
A9 A9
a9 142 984
142 984 142 979 142.979 A8
A8 a8
141 728 141 728
141 738 141.738
A7 A7
a7
140 357 140 357
B9
140 352 B9 140.352
b9
142 971 a6 142 971 A6
A6 142 916 142.916 B8
B8 138 525 a5 138 565 A5
1

b8
2

138 565 A5
1399

141 630
8
141

14

138.525
142

144
145

14
145

137 835A4
139

143

1400
3

141 630
8

13
2
144
145

141 579
13
144

137 835A4
140

141.579
143

14
14
13

143

14
14
141

139

137 865a4
145

14
140
142

B7 137.865
B7 137 642 b7
137 642
137 671
138

C9
C9 140 302 137.671
140 302 c9 140 262 143 017 140.262 A3
143 017 A3 a3a 9140690
9140690 C8 B6 9140690 142 952 b6 142.952 C8 B6 137 606
137 606 c8 137 570 141 398 138 602 B5 137.570
141 398 138 602 B5 138 531 b5 A2
A2 141 346 a2a 141.346 138.531
137 859B4
137 859B4 137 741 137 850b4 C7 137.850 137 741
C7 137 660 c7 137 635 137 660 137.635
D9 137 648 D9 140 252 137.648
140 252 d9 140 197 140.197 B3
143 011 C6
B3 b3 143 011 C6
137 605 142 966 c6 142.966 D8 138 475 C5 137 605
D8 138 475 C5 d8 137 633 137.633
141 400 138 459 c5 141 400 138.459 B2
B2 141 354 b2 141.354 137 853 C4
137 853 C4 137 675c4 D7 137.675 137 727
D7 137 727 d7 137 625 137 670 137.625
140 240 137 670 137 627 E9 140 240 B1
E9 B1 e9 140 219 b1a 140.219 137.627 C3
143 010 C3 c3 143 010 D6 137 526
D6 137 526 143 010 d6 137 523 143.010 E8 137 578 137.523
E8 137 578 e8 137 447 9140680 138 479 D5 137.447
9140680 138 479 D5 C2 9140680 138 462 d5 141 398 138.462 C2
141 398 141 353 c2 141.353 137 843D4 137 709
E7
137 843D4 137 709 137 631d4 137 693 E7 137.631
137 636 137.693
e7
137 636 137 595 140 244 137.595 C1
140 244 C1 f9 140 165 c1 F9 140.165 D3
F9 D3 E6 137 504
143 026 E6 137 504 143 029 e6 d3 137 473 143 026 137 572 137.473
137 572 f8 143.029 F8 138 492 E5
F8 138 492 E5 138 381 e5 137 515 138.381 137.515
141 407 D2 141 386 141 407 137 848E4 D2
137 848E4 137 595e4 d2 141.386 137.595 137 678
137 678 f7 137 643 F7 137 641
F7 137 641 137 557 G9 137.557 137.643
G9 140 257 140 259 140 257 E3
g9 d1 142 980 140.259 D1
142 980 E3 D1 e3 F6
F6 142 978 f6 137 447 142.978 G8 137 585 137 489
G8 137 585 137 489 g8 137 548 138 502 F5 137.548 137.447
138 502 F5 138 550 f5 141 743 138.550
141 743 141 759 9140670 141.759 E2
9140670 137 852F4
138
99

9140670 e2
11

137 852F4 E2 137 709f4 G7

139

1313
141

1414
138
138

g7
13

137.709
144

137 657
1400
143

1422
144

G7
3

137 697 137 766

140

137 702
144

137 657
140

140 131
14
143

142

14

137 766
14
139
142

141
143

140 131 140 380 H9 137.702 137.697 E1

H9 E1 h9 e1 140.380 F3
F3 f3 142 977 G6 137 486
142 977 G6 137 486 143 033 g6 137 567 137 441 143.033 137 579 137.441
137 579 h8 H8 138 372 G5 137.567
H8 138 372 G5 138 413 g5 138.413 F2
F2 141 530 f2 141 485 137 881G4
141 485 137 881G4 137 768g4 141.530 137 681
137 681 137 661 H7 137.768
137 678
H7 137 678 h7 137 734 137.661
f1 I9 140 270 137.734 F1
I9 140 270 F1 i9 140 235 g3a 140.235 G3
G3 142 932 137 446 142 991 H6 137 490
142 991 H6 137 490 h6 137 540 142.932 I8 137 611 137.446
I8 137 611 i8 138 149 H5 137.540
138 149 H5 138 143 h5 g2 141 492 138.143 G2
141 492 G2 141 485 141.485 137 862 H4
137 862 H4 137 682 h4 137 614 9140660 137 679
9140660 137 679 9140660 i7 J9 I7 137.682
137 664 137.614
J9 I7 137 664 j9
137 637 140 228 137.637 G1
140 228 G1 140 214 g1 142 970
142 970 H3 142 900 h3 137 460 142.900 140.214 I6
H3 137 494
J8 I6 137 494 i6 J8
137 585 137.460
137 585 j8 137 650 141 413 138 141 I5 137.650
141 413 138 141 I5 138 173 i5 138.173 H2
H2 141 437 h2a 141.437 137 861 I4
137 861 I4 137 618 i4 137 724 J7 137.618 137 685
J7 137 685 j7 137 655 137.724
137 655 137 620 K9 140 207 137.620 H1
K9 140 207 H1 k9 140 089 h1
142 988 I3
142 988 I3 142 959 i3
140.089 137 495
137 495 j6 137 476 142.959 J6 137 592
J6 137 592 k8 137 575 K8 138 154 J5 137.575 137.476
K8 138 154 J5 138 196 j5
141 521 141 514 138.196
137 853 J4
141 514 137 853 J4 137 716 j4 141.521 137.716
137 668
137 668 137 583 9140650 137.583
9140650 L9 9140650 l9 i1
L9
J3
I1
I1 j3 142 977
142 977 J3 142 975 k6a 137 492 K6 137 498
K6 137 498 137 548 142.975 L8 137 574 J2 137.492
L8 137 574 J2 l8 138 087 k5 j2 138 149 K5 137.548 137 663
138 149 K5 137 656 141 550 138.087
137 663 141 537 137 853 K4
1388

141 550 137 853 K4 137 578 k4 141.537 137.578 137.656

13
138
138

L7
11

137 638
1399

L7 l7 137 625
140

M9
1414
141

137 638
139

140 161
1400

M9 m9 137.625
13

140 161 140 183 j1 K3 J1

139

142 960
141

14
140

142 960 K3 J1 142 951 k31 140.183 L6

L6 l6 137 435 142.951 M8
137 569 137 491
M8
137 569 137 491 m8 137 503 138 179 L5 137.503 137.435
138 179 L5 138 113 l5 141 535 138.113
141 535 141 447 141.447 137 857 L4
137 857 L4 137 811 l4 M7 137.811
M7 m7
140 238 137 642
137 642 140 212 137 564 N9 137.564
N9 140 238 n9 k1 140.212 K1
K1
9140640 l3 9140640 M6 L3
137 487
9140640 M6 L3
137 487
m6 137 516 142.884
142 947 138 218 M5 137 543
142 947 137 543 142 884 138 145 m5 137 442 137.516
138 218 M5 138.145 137.442 L2
L2 l2 137 854 M4
137 854 M4 137 519 m4 137.519 137 641
137 641 137 537 N7 137 645 137.537
N7 137 645 n7 137 576 137.576
140 309 L1
140 309 L1 140 289 m3 l1 140.289 M3
137 485
M3 N6
N6 137 485 n6 137 428 137 542 M2 137.428
137 542 M2 137 503 138 304N5 137.503 137 341
138 304N5 138 253 n5 m2 138.253
137 341 137 850 N4 137.285
137 850 N4 137 826 n4 137 285 137.826
137 667
137 667 137 627 137.627 M1
M1 m1 N3
N3 n3 137 059
137 059 137 000 9140630 137 540 137.000
9140630 137 540 9140630 137 458 137.458 P.1/n2
P.1/n2 n2
137 589
137 589 137 589 137.589
N1
N1 n1
137 571 137 483
137 483 137.571
431720 431730 431740 431750 431760 431770 431720 431730 431740 431750 431760 431770
431720 431730 431740 431750 431760 431770

IV.4.(a) IV.4.(b) IV.4.(c)

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Figure IV.4. (a) Contour pattern resulted from terrestrial measurement, (b) contour
pattern resulted from extra-terrestrial measurement, (c) contour patter resulted
from overlaying between (a) and (b)

Based on Figure IV.4., both of terrestrial measurement and extra-terrestrial

measurement by using RTK NTRIP method visually had a same contour pattern.
The mean of height difference between them was – 0,041 m.
IV.4. Statistical Analysis
The hypothesis was every data had a same quality, so the height resulted
from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial measurement were same. The mathematical
form of hypothesis can be written:
H0 : ̅̅̅̅
𝑑𝐻 = 0, atau H1 : ̅̅̅̅
𝑑𝐻 ≠ 0.
Statistical analysis was applied using Z-test. The computed of Z-value was
– 6,238 with the interval confident of 5 %. The curve of study hypothesis can be
seen on Figure IV.5.

- 6,238

-1,960 0 +1,960

Figure IV.5. The curve of study hypothesis

Based on the Figure IV.5., the computed of Z-value was located out of hypothesis
area. The statement was declaired due to the computed of Z-value less than Z-
table. So, based on statistical analysis it can be concluded if there was a significant
height difference resulted from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial measurement.

CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION, SUGGESTION, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
V.1. Conclusion
Visual analysis of the topographic map shows the same contour pattern
which resulted from terrestrial and extra-terrestrial measurement. The mean height
difference both of them was – 0,041 m. The difference appeared due to of
geometric height resulted of GNSS/GPS observation. It value did not depend on

9
the slope of topography, but on the obstruction condition and phenomena around
of study area.
V.2. Suggestion
For developing on the next study, it is a need to acquire data on the more
coverage study area which has a high various topography condition. Due to having
a more strength of NTRIP signal, it is a must to make sure the fit and proper
provider card which will be used.

V.3. Bibliography
Abidin, H.Z., 2007, “Penentuan Posisi GPS dan Aplikasinya”, Edisi I, PT,
Pradnya Paramitha, Jakarta.
Anggreni, D., 2010, “Pemodelan Geometrik dan Kinematik Kawasan Sulawesi-
Kalimantan Bagian Timur Berdasarkan Data GNSS-GPS dan Gaya Berat
Global”, Disertasi, Program Studi Teknik Geodesi dan Geomatika, Institut
Teknologi Bandung.
Basuki,I., Iskandar, H., 1999, “Penggunaan Global Positioning System (GPS)
untuk Pembuatan Peta Situasi pada Sub-Das Jeratun Seluna”. Makalah pada
Seminar Penerapan Sistem Informasi Geografi dan Radiotracking untuk
Pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati. Bogor :Institut Pertanian Bogor
(IPB).
Diggelen, F.V., 2009, “A-GPS Assisted GPS, GNSS, and SBAS”, Artech House,
London.
Heliani, L.S., 2012, “Pendahuluan Geodesi Fisis”, Power Point Mata Kuliah
Geodesi Fisis, Jurusan Teknik Geodesi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Yogyakarta.
Hofmann,W.B.,Moritz, H., 2005, “Physical Geodesy”, Springer, Wien, New
York.
Lenz, E., 2004, “Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP) –
Application and Benefit in Modern Surveying Systems”, Papers, FIG
Working Week 2004, Athens, Greece, May 22-27, 2004.
Rizos, C., 1997. “Principles and Practiceof GPS Surveying”, School of Geomatic
Engineering, UNSW, New South Wales, Australia.
Seeber, G., 2003, “Satellite Geodesy 2nd Edition”, Walter de Gruyter, New York.
Somantri, A. dan Muhidin, S.A., 2006, “Aplikasi Statistika dalam Penelitian”,
Penerbit Pustaka Setia, Bandung.
Sunantyo, A.T., 1999, “Pengantar Survei Pengamatan Satelit Global Positioning
System”, Diktat Mata Kuliah, Jurusan Teknik Geodesi, Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.

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