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‘DerrenenTiad Cacutus & Irs ApPucanions fl 11, sia"! (Ber 404) = 3 (x08 a (Roipur, 2005) (Kurukshetra, 2009) nin te (esate) (S.V.TU. 2009 ; J.N.T.U,, 2006 8) 2; 2000 (Bhopal, 2008) (Mumbai, 2007) ‘iy forming x diferential equation, show that sae doe de 2 coe hee 22, (sin 2? 2 aes 22. #. a 29 log + fae) 2-122 8e -phie 24, ty =sin (m sin), show tat 2°) yyy, + my =0 Hence expand sin m6 in powers of sin @. (S.V.T.U,, 2008) 25, Using Taylor's theorem, express the polynomial 2x? + 7x? +x — 6 in powers of (x = 1) (Burdwan, 2003) 26. Expand (i)e* —Cochin., 2005) (i) tat x, in powers of (x ~ 1) upto four terms, 27. Expand sin x in powers of (x 1/2), Hence find the value of sin 91° correct to 4 decimal places. (Rohtak, 2008) 28, Prove that logins logsina 1(e a)eota Sle aleve. 29, Find the Taylor's series expansion for log cos x about the point 2/8 30. Compute to four decimal places, the value of eos 32°, by the use of Taylor's series, (Kurukshetra, 2006) 1, Calculate approxmately (1) 10g). 404, given log 4 = 0.6021. (Rohtak, 2005 S) (a) (049 (Mumbai, 2007) INDETERMINATE FORMS Ingeneral Lt [/(2)/@a] = Lt f(x)/ Lt g(x). But when Lt f(x) and Lt x) are both zero, then the quotient reduces to the indeterminate form 0/0. This does not imply that Lt, [f(2)/@x)] is meaningless or it, does not exist. In fact, in many cases, it has a finite value, We shall now, study the methods of evaluating the limits in such and similar other cases : (1) Form 0/0. If f(a) = 6 (a) = 0, then fo), 1, Le) Je Her By Taylor's series, Lua? flo) (= aif ta) By ea fra) + 1G, POL, ge #98 oa) + (x— aoa) + Jy (xa)? $a) +. 21 © xa Gla) +} x= a) la) + f@_ y, fe eo”. ga AD ‘This is known as L'Hospital's rule, In general, if and then from (1), Lt 1 FG) _ yy OD 40 00) gMay 8 9K) [Rule to evaluate Lt [fix¥o(x)] in 10 form : Differentiating the numerator and denominator separately as many times as would be necessary to arrive a determinate form. ot <0 ae py GO te D1 4d “a Be Solution. ( up clog +s) (‘orm 0 form xe’ te" te +UAta” _O+tei+1 er 2 “8 Ww) i (form 2.) = dA idx-1 ~ EA 1-0-17s yy 21+ log x)-1 ogy =» log x eu I-Wx {torm 2) 2 +1 loge or 2 esr 1+ log = te Made (1+ log x) + x"/x)—0 ea al’; J = Lt Tit log x) + 28/2) yay cast ¥ taro +14 2 “ Drrenewnal Caciaus & tre Appucarions = a+b 00s. o mee #4 2 (form 5) pth eaten eees Ai) a Bx for = 0, This requires u +b © = 0 With this condition, (i) assumes the form 0/0. in x — b(sin x + x cos x)+csin x @= Hs, a (c — 2b) sin x ~ bx cos x = yo one €-B8O=U Le, C= ¥b. New un = Lt beens bens n+ basins 290 60< “ o b (2)-5 x0 60x" 60+40\ x ) 60 ie. b=60,and +. c= 180. ‘Form (ii), a = 120. (2) Form ~/-m. It can be shown that L’Hospital’s rule can also be applied to this case by differentiating the numerator and denominator separately as many times as would be necessary. (eratedat oats. sao 2,18 ,1, 2 eg ample 4 bnuaie 1, WEEE Solution. Let y=(1+x" or Evaluate the following limits fhe ‘ (NTU, 20068) sin x sin a Pa ee ty fee se a-41/2 log, sin & Mts v ue Zens —log tl) i Pay z xe" = log (1+x) 00s x — log (1+ x)- Tt 9 “ean econ BY Foe A ale ag ia eee 18, Ut SREWE 14. ote Fane in ((log (1+ x) e* + sin x 16, Ly Halos (oooh at eee ito Tom (sin) fy Tog+a) (1ta)/* ~e+der 18, eae boo tae 19, It fu, Sees is finite, find the value of a and the limit. (Nagpur, 2009) 20. Finda, bit Lt Soha eben = 6 (Mumbai, 2009) 730 e 3 PI, Pile, eno tights, Sew tee (atumbai, 2008) [BikFefennas CaLciuus & 1s Arrucanons = (3) Forms reducible to 0/0 form. Each of the following indeterminate forms can be easily reduced to the form 0/0 (or #/e») by suitable transformation and then the limits ean be found as usual. L FormO=-If 14, fle) =Oand Li 9{«) ~=ythen Lt [/(a). 90] assumes the form 0x =. ‘To evaluate this limit, we write F0x)- $x) = f(x)/[1/9 (x) to take the form 0/0. ~ @ GV{L/ALx)] to take the form m/on, log x form 2 Solution. Et, (tan x log x)= Lt us ('282) ( =) . Wx \__ 4, (sin® o > u[—5]= 4 7 | (orm 5) «kK 2sin x cos x 290 1 TW. Form o—c1f Li f(s) == Lt ota) then Ls, (/(s)~ 91s] assumes the form o»— Tt can be reduced to the from 0/0 by writing else [as “ales +1ei 7° +8) #08 x + €05 IIL. Forms 0", 1, °. Ify = Lt [f(xI*” assumes one of these forms, then log y = Lt, 02) log f(@) takes the form 0.2, which ean he evaluated hy the method given in Tahave Tlog y= 1 then y aa ‘Solution. (f) Let ye Ux, (sini - in ve 1s loesinx (1omm 2) logy = Ut tan lngain r= Tt = form Hence yea Hiowen Ewoieerine Marnuarics oie, (Lat vu ( Ee] atid logy = U4, MEU HDF 4-8 (a* + b* +c°)7 (a* log a +B log b + c* log c) = Tg SEE He eT eg oH log boc? ego) ty T (14141 oga + log + log e)= £ og (abe) = log (abe)¥®, y= (abe) ue (i) (2) = Mol at = lt a) ae eect hats ty = Lares heret= 54 Gex tw = Le tase? f= Le <0! [: Lt ase) & sto ae Ee Evaluate the following limits hut (- 1 | @urdioan, 2008) sto? aia {Ut @rtanx—nvees) (VU, 2008) ee a eth pace Sheer s| ee i Lt (@* +0!" W.7.U,, 2007) a __ Lt, fee nf % Lt d+sin y™* 10. Lt. (e08 x)!" me ay Te Lt (tan x (V.-.U,, 2004) 12, UA, (cot 6 = 2D TS 18 Loos! 4 (22) sha tole sin 2 2) ue 1 16 (2) wn, 2001) 16. eas) tole fod an (38) nu (2-2) (wrt, 210; Nagur, 200) 2 (cosh 2-1) 1 1 ou (eens) 19, as whl (Osmania, 2000 8) i ux 20, ufoes) (nw, 2008)

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