MAESTRO SERIES

UNITED NATIONS

SYSTEM OF ORGANISATION

FRIENDLY STUDENTS
HANDBOOK

Written By
ISA’AC ISHAYA AUDU

Edited by
Dr. Jonah Amodu

Forward By
Dr. Edgar Agubamah
Published by
Maestro Series Publications, Bauchi, Nig. Copyright,2013
ISBN: 978-978-933-844-3

0
 TABLE OF CONTENTS page

Dedication

Forward

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..

Acronyms………………………………………………………………………..8

Introduction……………………………………………………………………...19

Model United Nations In Brief……………………………………………….25

SECTION A

THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM

United Nations System……………………………………………………31

United Nations …………………………………………………………..…32

General Assembly………………………………………………………….34

1
Security Council……………………………………………………………43

Economic and Social Council…………………………………………..….48

The Secretariat………………………………………………………………..50

International Court of Justice………………………………………………..54

The Trusteeship Council (defunct) ……………………………………………55

The Charter of the United Nations………………………………………...…..55

SECTION B

UNITED NATIONS SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

UNDP……………………………………………………………………………62

UNCTAD………………………………………………………………………...68

UNESCO…………………………………………………………………………70

UNIDO…………………………………………………………………………..75

UNCF…………………………………………………………………………….81

2
UNFP……………………………………………………………………………89

UNPROFOR…………………………………………………………………….95

UN–HABITAT ………………………………………………………………..96

UNEF I……………………………………………………………………….…98

UNEF II………………………………………………………………………....101

UNBOA……………………………………………………………………….103

UNV…………………………………………………………………………….104

IMF……………………………………………………………………………..105

ILO………………………………………………………………………………109

ICGEB…………………………………………………………………………..112

IBE……………………………………………………………………………….114

ICAO………………………………………………………………………….…116

WTO……………………………………………………………………………..117

WB……………………………………………………………………………….118

ICSID…………………………………………………………………………..128
3
WIPO………………………………………………………………………..…130

WTO…………………………………………………………………………….132

WHO…………………………………………………………………………..133

WSDGM………………………………………………………………………..136

WFTU…………………………………………………………………………...138

ITC………………………………………………………………………………140

IMO……………………………………………………………………………..140

ITU…………………………………………………………………………..…142

ICC………………………………………………………………………..……143

J I U………………………………………………………………………….…145

UNNGLS……………………………………………………………………….146

UNAOO………………………………………………………………………..149

UNCDF…………………………………………………………………………155

UNCC…………………………………………………………………………..157

UNCCD………………………………………………………………………..158
4
UNFCCC………………………………………………………………………160

UNJSPF………………………………………………………………………...160

UNSNRDFS…………………………………………………………………...163

UNFF…………………………………………………………………………..165

UNISDR………………………………………………………………………168

IANWGE……………………………………………………………………….169

UPU……………………………………………………………………………..170

SECTION C

UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL COMMISSION

UNECE………………………………………………………………………….172

ECLA……………………………………………………………………………174

ESCAP…………………………………………………………………………..176

ECWA…………………………………………………………………………...178

UNECA…………………………………………………………………………180

SECTION D

5
 UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE

UNINSTRAW………………………………………………………………….181

UNITAR……………………………………………………...............................184

UNGIWG………………………………………………………………………186

UNSCEAR…………………………………………………………………...…189

UNRISD………………………………………………………………………...190

IIEP……………………………………………………………………………...191

ISA……………………………………………………………………………..192

ICTP……………………………………………………………………………193

IIA……………………………………………………………………………….195

UPEACE………………………………………………………………………..198

UNU…………………………………………………………………………...198

UNIS…………………………………………………………………………..200

UNCRI…………………………………………………………………………201

ICSC……………………………………………………………………………203

6
UNDIR………………………………………………………………………...204

SECTION A

UNITED NATIONS FUNCTIONAL COMMISSION

CSOCD…………………………………………………………………..…208

CSW………………………………………………………………………….209

UNSC…………………………………………………………………….......211

CSD…………………………………………………………………………..214

CSTD………………………………………………………………………….214

CND…………………………………………………………………………...215

CCPC…………………………………………………………………………..215

SECTION F

UNITED NATIONS OFFICES

UNOG……………………………………………………………………..…218

7
UNOV…………………………………………………………………………219

UNON………………………………………………………………………….22O

UNOPS……………………………………………………………………….221

UNODC ……………………………………………………………………..223

SECTION G

UNITED NATIONS LOGOS……………………………………………….226

REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH MUN………………………..233

REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………...238

8
 DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to my Mum and Dad who believed in my future,

and holds my hands through the path of life.

9
 FORWARD

In this Era of globalization and pursuit for world peace where

multilateralism is being championed, a monumental, comprehensive and

easy to read book on the United Nations Organization, just as this one –

is an inevitable necessity and a cerebral welcome idea.

The Scholastic Author Isaac Ishaya Audu elaborately departmentalized

the book into six understandable sections;

 United Nations System

 United Nations Specialized Agencies

 United Nations Regional Commission

 United Nations Research and Training Institute

 United Nations Functional Commissions

 United Nations Offices

In each of these sections, the promising Author has led bare the modal

issues as regards the formation, structure, and working of the United

10
Nations. From the formation of the Organization to its present situation

has been simply, in-depth, eruditely, and comprehensively explained

and this unequivocally makes the book a must –read for scholars of

every age, field, status, policy makers and those that desire the

furtherance of global peace.

Dr. Edgar Agubamah

Department of Political Science

And International Studies

ABU, ZARIA.

11
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am greatly indebted to God Almighty for supplying all that i

needed to meet the challenges of writing this Handbook. I am grateful to

a lot of people whose encouragement has facilitate the production of this

book, worthy of note are;

The immediate members of my familyMr. Ishaya Audu, Mrs. Shatu

Ishaya Audu (my parents) who held my hands through the path of life.

Ishmeal, Isah, Ibrahim, Miriam, Sarah, Salome,(my brothers and sisters)

are so much appreciated for their colossal help spiritually, morally,

financially and in all ramifications. My profound gratitude goes to

Model United Nations (MUN) ABU Zaria, for providing the platform for

these production, my sincere appreciation goes to our Model United

Nations (ABU Zaria) Faculty Adviser Dr. Edgar Agubamah despite his

schedules but had time to go through the work and finally forward it,

Prof. Koyade Omojuwa whom despite his academic work and research

devoted time to encourage my effort by going through the Handbook .

12
I am grateful to Dr. Audu Jacob for advising me and reposition my effort

to achieve this documentary, all from the Department of political science

and International Studies ABU Zaria.

My gratitude also goes to Dr. Jonah Amodu, English Department

ABU Zaria , the Editor of this handbook, for taking his time to properly

edit the Handbook. I want to acknowledge the Excos of Model United

Nations ABU Zaria for helping me during the process writing this

Handbook most especially the Secretary General Mr. Tyssi paul Rah for

providing the introduction and other excos for taking part enormously.

I am indebted and grateful to those whose work appeared as part of

this Handbook, the UN and other sources in unexpected places during

the cause of writing this book I have had the benefit and constant

encouragement of friends and family, whom have shaped my interest

with likes of, Micheal Joseph, Ogbe Onyejobu Simon, Hope Danly,

Dakop James, Shettima I Mohammed, peter I Innocent, Assauten

Andetebra Abason, Yusuf Bakura , Peter OkonEffiong, Berry Lalaipido,

Tamar Chiroma, Omale Emmanuel R.,s Ibrahim Caoseek,

EzenwaChukwuma, Andrew Ezekiel, Major Hillary Chukwusa.

13
 I own a large debt of appreciation to those who have financially

contributed to the publication of this book most notably Mr. J. C Makka .

My Faculty Dean Prof. Rauf Dumoye and my HOD Dr.Hudu Abdullahi

and my fellow Career Diplomats.

Above all, I thank the Almighty God for sparing my life to witness

such a great venture.

14
 ACRONYMS

COPUOS: United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer space

CNTBO: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organizations

CIEC: Conference on International Economic Cooperation

ILO: International Labor Organizations

ICGEB: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

IMF: International Monetary Fund

ICJ: International Court of Justice

IBRD: International Bank for Reconstructions and Development

IDA International Development Associations

IMO: International Maritime Organizations

ITC: International Trade Centre

ITU: International Telecommunication Union

IIEP: International Institute for Educational Planning

IIA: International Institute on Ageing

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IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development

ICSC: International Civil Society Commission

ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organizations

ICSID: International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes

ICSHT: International Centre for Science and High Technology

ICGEB: International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

IAPSO: International Agency procurement Service Office

IACSD: Inter-Agency Committee on Sustainable Development

IBE: International Bureau of Education

IFC: International Finance Cooperation

ICC: International Computing Centre

IPPC: International Plant Protection Convention

ITO – International Trade Organization

J I U: Joint Inspectors Unit

MIGA: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

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OHCHR: Office for the High Commissioner for Human Right

OPCW: Organizations for the Prohibitions of Chemical Weapons

SUNFED: Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development

UNS – United Nations System

UNGA – United Nations General Assembly

UNSC – United Nations Security Council

UNESC – United Nations Economic and Social Council

UNS – United Nations Secretariat

UNTC – United Nations Trusteeship Council

UNC – United Nations Charter

UNRL – United Nations Rule of Law

UNR – United Nations Resolutions

UNO – United Nations Organizations

UNU; United Nations University

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme

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UNESCO: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural

Organizations

UNICEF: United Nations Children Fund

UNC: United Nations Committee

UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Associations

UNDRO: United Nations Disaster Relief Organizations

UNTACD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDCP: United Nations International drug Control Programmes

UN HABITAT: United Nations Human Settlement Programmes

UN PF: United Nations Population Fund

UN EP: United Nations Environment Programme

UN PROFOR: United Nations Protection Force

UN EF I: United Nations Emergency Force I

UN EF II: United Nations Emergency Force II

UNDG: United Nations Development Group

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UNE: United Nations Enable

UNV: United Nations Volunteers

UN SSC: United Nations System Staff College

UN AIDS: United Nations Aids

UNODRR: United Nations offices for Disaster Risk Reduction

UPU: Universal Postal Union

UNOPS: United Nations Offices for Project Services

UN OOSA: United Nations office For the Outer space Affairs

UNFF: United Nations Forum on Forest

UNRCN: United Nations Resident Coordinators Network

UNPA: United Nations Postal Administrations

UNOG: United Nations office in Geneva

UNMAS: United Nations Mine Actions Services

UNICT-TF: United Nations Information’s and Communications

Technology

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UNFIP: United Nations Fund for International Partnership

UNEP: United Nations Environmental Programme

UNEG: United Nations Evaluation Group

UNCC: United Nations Compensation Commission

UNCITL: United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

UNCDF: united Nations capital Development Fund

UNOCHA: United Nations office of the Coordinator of Human Right

UNNGLS: United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Services

UNFAO: United Nations Food and Agricultural Organizations

UNODC: United Nations offices of Drug and Crime

UN BOA: United Nations Board of Auditors

UNIS: United Nations International School

UNSO-United Nations System of Organizations

UNW: United Nations Women

UNCSD: United Nations Commissions for Social Development

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UNCN – United Nations Commission on Narcotic

UNSC – United Nations Statistical Commissions

UNCPD – United Nations Commissions ON population and Development

UNCSW – United Nations Commissions on Status of Women

UNCSD – United Nations Commissions on Sustainable Development

UNCCPCJ – United Nations Commissions on Crime Prevention and

UNCHR – United Nations Commissions on Science and Technology for

Development

UNCSTD – United Nations Geographical Information’s working

UNGIWG: United Nations Geographical Information’s working

UNSCEAR: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects

UNIDIR: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research

UNITAR: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

UNICRI: United Nations Inter-Regional Crime and Justice Research

Institute

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UN INSTRAW: United Nations International Research and Training

Institute for the Advancement of Women

UN ECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

UNECA: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

UN ECLAC: United Nations Economic Commissions for Latin America

and the Caribbean

UNESCAP – United Nations Economic and Social Commissions for Asia

and the Pacific

UN ECWA– United Nations Economic Commissions for Western Europe

WBG – World Bank Group

WHO – World Health Organizations

WMO: World Metrological Organizations

WIPO: World Intellectual Property

WFTU: World Federation on Trade Union

WTO – World Trade Organization

22
WTO – World Tourism Organization

WIDER – World Institutions for Development Economics Research

WFP – World Food Tourism

WFC – World Food Conference

WEP – World Employment Programme

WBG::World Bank Group

23
 INTRODUCTION

The world today is becoming a global village where countries far and

near share many things in common be it in science ,culture, technology

,and many more ,policies and decisions adopted by these nations which

have affected the national interest of each Nations which have led to

numerous conflicts and wars around the world.

The most popular of these conflicts were the first world war (ww1)

and the second world war (ww2), which led to the death of people and

affected the social and economic state of the world. Many other conflicts

have occurred in different regions of the world disturbing the peaceful

coexistence of the global citizens.

The recurrent issues in global history necessitate the establishment of

the United Nations, its precursor (the League of Nations) because of its

inability to prevent the First World War. The United Nations was instituted

to prevent the occurrence of another war, it was further believed that the

existence of such a body hosting several nations can help to manage and

sustain the relationship that exist among nations of the world through its

units and networks of agencies .In its over sixty years of existence United

Nations organizations has saved succeeding nations from war ,protected

24
Humans Rights, established conditions for justice, and promoted social and

improved standard of living through peace keeping missions in many

conflict prone regions of the globe.

United Nations as an international organization facilitated

cooperation through international law, international organizations

,international security, economic development social progress human

Rights, Maintenance of peace and security ,preventing Nuclear

proliferation, promoting self-determination and global interdependence,

promoting Humanitarian services to victims of conflicts ,poverty reduction,

and focusing on development through Millennium Development Goals, as

part of stated aim in achieving global peace.The UN has recorded

remarkable success in bringing many nations together to collectively

collaborate in making the globe a better place.

The United Nations has ruled a line as a central universal institutions

that attempts to govern the affairs and international Relations of states ,it is

essential that the structure, composition and functionality of the UN can be

highly understood from the discharge of its role to the global citizens.

There are contemporary issues that are of global relevance which

post challenges that threaten the future of the globe ,the climate change,

25
terrorism, financial crisis, inflation, capitalism, economic crisis, market

crashes, ecological disaster, technological advancement, control of

commerce, leadership crisis, shockwaves, interdependency, greenhouse

gas footprints, carbon footprints, hegemonic factors, citizenship, human

right, dictatorship, threat that transcend National borders as a result of

regional integration.

This Hand Book on United Nations is a work of an improved

intellectual capacity that provides better explanation about the UN and its

agencies to students of Global Politics, International law International

Finance, International Diplomacy, International Affairs ,International

Economic Relations, International Studies ,International Relations, Strategic

Studies, Peace Studies, Conflict Resolution Management, Security Studies,

Jurisprudence, Diplomatic Studies, Political Science, Government and

Politics, a hand-son concise information on the UN which will expose them

to great resources of the United Nations and to shape their minds about the

world views.

The latest manifestations of an important change that has been taking

place within the United Nations in the Past decade has assumed an ever

increasing authority with the respect to political issues, in the use of United

26
Nations diplomacy in peace and conflict resolutions. This development has

led to an organized dependable youth and student’s collective movement

as Voices of the United Nations, with global strife as continually present

and intractable as ever. It is therefore essential that young people consider

the problems of international conflicts ,terrorism and radical insurgency

these had led students to develop a conceptual framework and skills of

understanding these difficult problems through an enjoyable experience

that expands their views of the world(MODEL UNITED NATIONS )Model

United Nations “ is an academic simulation of United Nations designed to

help students ,youths and anyone concerned with the aim of educating

participants about events ,relevant topics in international Relations

,diplomacy and other discipline in world politics”. It is with the purpose to

foster educational development. The purpose of this Handbook is to

promote students awareness about the United Nations to accept their

global cultures, beliefs, values, and attitude of one another with the vision

to engaged a network of people working together as a team striving

towards a peaceful world and conflicts free globe. Because of the complex

nature of the United Nations scattered in different sources, this handbook

27
is a collected documentations to be use learning cooperation and binding

peace mechanism.

Through such a medium of advocacy students acquired the

knowledge of UN ,specific Nations and their process of diplomacy and

comprehension of their National interest ,understanding contemporary

events and global history, international legal and financial system in other

to further consolidate the growth and socio economic development of their

sphere of influence .These are carried out through simulations ,conference,

debates, symposium, information analysis, synthesis and evaluation skills

,social skills of cooperation and leadership.

The Author is responsible for this great initiative that led to the

documentary of this compendium of work which most of the sources of

information used are products of the UN achieves collected to be used by

students UN clubs and Model United Nations students of government in

secondary and tertiary institution, for Modelling and simulations of the

United Nations.

28
MODEL UNITED NATIONS

Mr. Tyssi Paul Rah

(Secretary General)

ABU, ZARIA.

2013

29
 MODEL UNITED NATIONS IN BRIEF

The trend of Globalization and the advances of contemporary

development has opened a new leaf that bring together the next generation

of international leaders through different institutions like the Model United

Nations to learn more about the international community because of the

growing nature of global factors which positively and negatively affects the

life of the global citizens through quality educational experience to enable

them prefer solutions to the global challenges and to engineer a drive

towards a global conflict free society.

Model United Nations (MUN) “is an academic simulation of the

United Nations that aims to educate participants about currents events,

topics in international Relations, diplomacy and the United Nations

agenda”. It can be dated back to early 1920s when students participate in

collegiate simulations of the League of Nations the predecessor to the

United Nations. Model United Nations engage students in discussions of

global issues as a non-profit organizations that advances understanding of

the United Nations and contemporary issues .Through such forums

students develop an appreciation in committee sessions and caucuses in

30
different view point, frustrations of negotiations, it record of cooperation

and a broader view of the human side of inter-group relations and

diplomacy either internationally or domestically.

The participants, role plays diplomat representing a country or NGO

in a simulated sessions of a (committee) of the United Nations, such as the

Security Council or the General Assembly, participants research a country,

takes on roles as diplomats investigate international issues, debate,

deliberate, consult and then developed solutions to world problems .Model

United Nations groups are usually organized as either a CLUB, or a

CLASS. A class can be a full semester class called Model UN or just a class

devoted to a short simulations, secondary schools may often in cooperate

the club of Model UN, a conference is a school, local regional or

international gathering of Model United Nations students .There are

various formats which are followed in Model United Nations conference

and the most widely used Model was developed by various institutions.

Today Model United Nations has greatly matured and expanded, it is

now practice all over the world in classes, clubsand conferences .Model

United Nations participants consist elementary secondary schools,

Undergraduates, graduates and Doctoral students, University Alumni, and

31
professionals have taken part from both public and private schools and

Universities.

The Model United Nations have different kinds and style of position

papers but UNA-USA established a format that has been adopted widely

through the Model United Nations communities .Most position papers

consist of a heading, committees ,topics, country, and delegates

information and body which explains in detail the position of the

participants country.

-Background

-United Nations Involvement

-country position

-possible solutions

Simulations are conducted in different languages, but there are six

official languages of the United Nations but a simulation is conducted in

the most spoken languages of the area in which the conference is being

held .There is gross involvement of the United Nations through the United

Nations Department of Public information’s. Numerous conference

speakers are associated with the United Nations which include the United

Nations Secretaries General, Banki moon, Kofi Annan, Boutros Boutros-

32
Ghali has also served as advisory board members and many students

delegations .

Model United Nations Nigeria is on the same drive with other Model

UN around the globe, in other to foster collective inputs from an African

perspective in tackling peace and security issues Nigerian students had

answer the call for a youth collaborative movement in achieving

cooperation’s and integration devoid of the global insecurity . In an

approached suitable for Nigeria the students had employed a strong

mechanism to learn the SCIENCE OF PEACE and conflict resolution so as

to use it to combat insecurity and crimes made against humanity .Through

such mediums and institutions can be capable of communicating, broadens

and compelled to find solutions for the common good of their society by

addressing global issues in a real world context.

 The Nigeria Model United Nations society is classified into

,Nigeria International Secondary Schools Model United Nations

(NISSMUN) for secondary schools and the Nigeria Model

United Nations (NIGMUN) for tertiary institutions .The Model

United Nations in Nigeria is” highly deepened in the urge and

rising need to involve young people in participation and

33
 decision –making process of the United Nations and to also

facilitate the programs of actions, the youth around the world

to also to also direct focus on the needs of young people in

AFRICA”. Nigeria now have over 39 Model United Nations

with the likes of Ahmadu Bello University Model United

Nations(ABU-MUN) ,Covenant University Model United

Nations ,(CU-MUN)American University of Nigeria yola

,Model United Nations (AUU-MUN) and the host of others

having the mandates to;

 To trained a generation of world class young diplomats.

 To propagate the programme of actions of the United Nations.

 To encourage young people to participate in world dialogue for

peace.

 To promote students and teachers interest in international

relations and related disciplines.

 To teach the aspect of conflict resolutions, research skills and

communication skills.

 To create an opportunity to meet people and make new friends.

34
  To place young people in career field of diplomats,

Ambassadors and Envoys of the United Nations and foreign

affairs ministries.

Africa is today becoming a conflict zone due to insurgency and

resurgence of terrorism and militancy ,it has question the existence

structure of the conventional states and post a threat to human survival

citizens are more becoming parochial to the states while the centre stands

for nothings it is indeed that the centre cannot hold while anarchy is

loosened upon the states sub –national actors have taking the law into their

hands and life seems unbearable death has become the order of the day

while citizens are confused about the future .Model United Nations in

Nigeria checkmates this issues through simulations in other to prefer

solutions using inter- youth forums as committees in striving towards a

better world MODEL UNITED NATIONS is indeed a BIG BITE OF THE

SCIENCE OF PEACE.

35
SECTION

UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM

36
 UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM

The United Nations system consists of the United Nations its

subsidiary including the administered funds and programmers the

specialized agencies and organization; some of the organization of the

United Nations system predate the founding’s of the United Nations in

1945 and were indented after the dissolution of the League of Nations. The

principal organ of the United Nations system is the United Nations itself

and consists of six principal organs established by the charter of the United

Nations, United Nations General Assembly, The Secretariats, International

Court of Justice, United Nations Security Council, United Nations

Economic and social council, United Nations trusteeship council (Finley,

1946-1973, vol.11&111).

UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations (abbreviated UN in English and ONU in French

and Spanish) is an international organization whose stated aims are

facilitating cooperation in international law, international security,

economic development, social progress, human rights and achievement of

world peace. The UN was funded in 1945 after world war 11 to replace the

37
League of Nations in other to stop wars between countries, and to provide

a plat- form for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to

carry out its mission. (Rumki, 2007.41-116).

The UN currently has a total of 193 member state from its offices

around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on

substantive and administrative issues in regular meeting held throughout

the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly

(the main deliberative assembly; the Security Council (for deciding certain

resolution for peace and security) the Economic and Social Council (for

assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and

development; the secretariat (for providing studies, information and

facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary

judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council(which is

currently in-active) other prominent UN system agencies include the world

health organization (W.H.O) the world food programme (W.F.P) and

United Nation Children’s Fund (UNICEF).(Bach,1984).

The United Nations headquarters resides in international territory in

New York City with the main offices at Geneva, Nairobi and Vienna. The

38
organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contribution from its

member states and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, Russia,

Spanish, English, and French. Because of the widespread recognition that

human kind cannot afford a third world war, the United Nations was

established to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in

solving international economic social and human problems.(Rumki,2007.3-

26) The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon

ratification of the charter by the five permanent members of the Security

Council France, the republic of china, the soviet union the United Kingdom

and the United State and by majority of the other 46 signatories. The first

meetings of the General Assembly with 51 nations represented took place

in London in January 1945. (Riggs, etal.1988).

39
 GENERAL ASSEMBLY

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) is one of the six

principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all

member Nations has equal representation. Its power is to oversee the

budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the

Security Council, receive reports from other part of the United Nations and

make recommendations in the form of General Assembly resolution. It has

also established a wide number of subsidiary organs of the General

Assembly to meet its president or secretary general in regular yearly

sessions. The main part of which lasts from September to December and

resumed part from January until all issues are addressed. It can also

reconvene for special and emergency special session. Its composition

functions, power voting and procedures are set out in chapter IV of the

United Nations’ charter (Rumki, 2007.11-128). The first sessions was

convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster central hall in London

and included representatives of 51 nations. Voting in the General Assembly

on important questions recommendation on peace and security; election of

members to organs, admission, suspension and expulsion of member;

40
budgetary matters- is by a two thirds majority of those present and voting.

Other questions are decided by majority vote, each member country has

one vote (http:www.system.org).

Apart from approval of budgetary matters including adoption of a

scale of assessment, assembly resolutions are not binding on the member.

The assembly may make recommendations in any matter within the scope

of the UN, except matter of peace and security under Security Council

consideration.(Bailey, 1964).

During the 1980, the Assembly became a forum for the North- South

dialogue, the discussion of issues between industrialized nations and

developing countries.

Although the resolution passed by the General Assembly do not have

binding force over the member nations (apart from budgetary measures),

pursuant to its uniting for peace resolution of November 1950 (resolution

377 (v)); the Assembly may also take action if the security council fails to

act owing to the negative vote of a permanent member in a case where

there appears to be a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of

aggression.

41
 The assembly can consider the matter immediately with a view to

making recommendations to members for collective measures to maintain

or restore international peace and security. The agenda for each session is

planned up to seven months in advance and begins with the release of a

preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda. This is

refined into a provisional agenda two days before the opening of the

session. ( http://www.unsystem.org).

After the session begins, the final agenda is adopted in a plenary

meeting which allocates the work to the various main committees who

later submit reports back to the Assembly for adoption by consensus or by

vote. Items on the agenda are numbered regular plenary sessions of the

General Assembly in recent years have initially been scheduled to be held

over the course of just three months, however, additional workloads have

extended these sessions to last on through just short of the next session.

The routinely scheduled portions of the sessions are normally scheduled to

commence on the Tuesday of the third week in September counting from

the first week that contains at least one working day”, as per the UN rules

of procedure. The last two of these regular sessions were routinely

42
scheduled for recess exactly three months afterwards in early December,

but were resumed in January and extended on until just before the

beginning of the following sessions. (Finley, 1977).

The General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forth by

sponsoring states. These are generally statement symbolizing the sense of

the international community about an array of world issues. Most General

Assembly resolutions are not enforceable as legal or practical matters

because the General Assembly lack enforcement powers with respect to

most issues. The General Assembly has authority to make final decisions in

some areas such as the United Nations budgets. (Field, 1978.181-190) The

General Assembly resolutions are generally non – binding on members

states, but carry considerable political weights and are legally binding

towards the operations of the General Assembly. The General Assembly

can also refer an issue to the Security Council to put in place a binding

resolution. (Jacobson, 1978).

The General Assembly also approves the budget of the United

Nations and decides how much money each member states must pay to

run the organization. The charter of the United Nations gives

43
responsibility for approving the budget to the General Assembly (Chapter

IV, Article 17) and for preparing the budget to the secretary – General, as

chief administrative officer (Chapter XV, Article 97). The charter also

addresses the non – payment of assessed contributions (chapter IV, Article

19). The planning, programming budgeting, monitoring and evaluation

cycle of the United Nations has evolved over the years; major resolutions

on the process include General Assembly resolutions 41/213 of 19

December 1986, 42/211 of 21 December 1987, and 45/248 of 21 December

1990.

The budgets cover the cost of United Nations programmes in areas

such as political affairs, international justice and laws, international

cooperation for development, public information, human rights and

humanitarian affairs (Peter,1986).

The main source of funding for the regular budgets is the

contributions of member states. The scale of assessments is based in the

capacity of countries to pay. This is determined by considering their

relative shares of total gross national products(GNP) adjusted to take into

account a number of factors including their per capital incomes, member

44
states are assessed for the costs of the international tribunals and in

accordance with a modified version of the basic scales for the costs of peace

keeping operations.

From the first to the thirtieth General Assembly sessions, all General

Assembly resolutions were numbered consecutively, with the resolution

number followed by the session number in Roman numbers the General

Assembly votes in election for the ten non – permanent members of the

United Nations Security Council. These elections take place every year and

member states serve two year terms with five replaced each year. The

candidates are selected by their regional groups. The General Assembly

also elects members of the United Nations economic and social council. It

also elects members of the United Nations Industrial Development

Organization (UNIDO) and some members of the United Nations

Trusteeship Council; the General Assembly appoints the Secretary General

of the United Nations on recommendation of the Security Council and

adopts rules governing the administration of the secretariat. Along with

the Security Council the General Assembly elects judges to the

international Court of Justice.(http.unsystem.org).

45
 Special session may be convened at the request of the United Nations

Security Council. A special session was held on October 1995 at the head of

government level to commemorate the UN’S 50th anniversary. Another

special session was held in September 2000 to celebrate the millennium. It

put forward the Millennium Development Goals a further special session

(2005 world summit) was held in September 2005 to commemorate the

UN’s 50th anniversary.(Thomas,2005.179-185)

At the first special session of the UN General Assembly held in 1947

Osvaldo Aranh, then president of the special session began a tradition that

has remained until today whereby the first speaker at this major

international forum is always a Brazilian. If the security council fails to act

to maintain international peace and security due to a disagreement

between its permanent members, .(Johan ,1967 ,247-273).

The General Assembly may take action on maintaining international

peace and security if the United Nations Security council is unable usually

due to disagreement among the Paramount members, to exercise its

primary responsibility. If not, in session at the time the General Assembly

may meet in emergency special session within 74 hours. Such sessions are

46
to be called if requested by the UN Security council on … the vote of any

severing member or by a majority at the United Nations while the General

Assembly subsidiary organs are divided into five category committees (30

totals six main ) commission (seven) , boards (six) council and panels, five

welding group and other(Field ,1978.41-116) . Also the committees under

the General Assembly are as follows.

 Disarmament and international security (DISEC)

 Economic and financial (ECOFIN)

 Social cultural and humanitarian (SOCHUM)

 Special political and decolonization (SPEC.POL)

ADMINISTRATIVE AND BUDGETARY

Each main committee consist of all the members of the General

Assembly .Each elects a chairman, three Vice chairman and a reporter at

the outset of each regular General Assembly. They are as follows;

 International law commission

 United Nations commission on international trade law.

 United Nations conciliation commission

47
 United Nations peace building commission

 In the General Assembly, countries are seated alphabetically

according to English translation of the countries names. One country

is balloted each year to sit in the front most left position and the

remaining countries follow alphabetically behind it (Field,1978.181-

190).

UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six

principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the

maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers outlined

in the United Nations Charter include the establishment of

international peace keeping operations, the establishment of

international sanctions and the authorization of military action. Its

powers are exercised through United Nations Security Council

resolution.(http:www.unorg/en/aboutun/history). There are 15

members of the security council this include five veto-wielding

permanent members- China, France, Russia ,the United kingdom and

the United states-based on the great powers that were the victors of

world war II. There are also 10 non- permanent members with five
48
 elected each year to serve two year terms. This basic structure is set

out in chapter of the UN charter. The current non- permanent

members are Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Guatemala,

Luxembourg Morocco, Pakistan, Rwanda, South Korea, and Togo

(Bailey,1975).

The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at

church house West misters, London. Since its first meeting, the council

which exists in continuous sessions has travelled widely holding meeting

in many cities such as Paris and Addis Ababa’s as well as at its current

permanent home at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.

This requirement addresses a weakness of the league of Nations, that

organization was often unable to respond quickly to a crisis. (Davidson

,1990).

The Security Council’s five permanent members have the power to

veto any substantive resolution. At the UN’S founding in 1946, the five

permanent members of the Security Council were the France, the Republic

of china, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the Soviet

Union. There have been two seat changes since then although not reflected

49
in Article 23 of the United Nations charter as it has not been accordingly

amended. (http:enwikipedia.org/wiki/united_nations).

The China seat was originally held by chiankaishek nationalist

Government known as the republic of china in 1971 resolution 27 58

recognized the peoples republic as the right representative of china in the

UN and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the

Republic of china which was expelled from the UN altogether (Bailey,

1975).

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia was

recognized as the legal successor states of the Soviet Union and maintained

the latter’s position on the Security Council. The five permanent members

of the security council were the victorious powers in world war II and

have maintained the world most powerful military forces ever since. They

annually top the list of countries with high military expenditures, in 2011

they spent over US81 trillion combined on defences, accounting for over

60% of global military expenditures, the U.S alone accounting for over

40%)they are also the only countries officially recognized as nuclear

weapon state under the nuclear non-proliferation treaty; though there are

50
other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.

(Bold,1971).

Ten other members are elected by the General Assembly for two

years terms starting on January with five replaced each year. The members

are chosen by regional groups and confirmed by the United Nations

General Assembly. To be approved, a candidate must receive at least 2/3 of

all votes cast for that seat which can result in deadlock if there are two

roughly evenly matched candidates. In 1979, a standoff between Cuba and

Colombia only ended after three months and 154 grounds of voting when

both withdrew in favour of Mexico as a compromise candidate voted

member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election (Bailey S ,1969).

The African bloc is represented by three members; the Latin

American and the Caribbean, Asian and Western European and other blocs

by two member states; and the Eastern European bloc by one member.

.Also, one of the members is an Arab country alternately from the Asian or

African bloc. Under article 27 of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions

on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A

negative vote or veto also known as the rule of great power unanimity by a

51
permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal even if it has received

the required number of affirmative votes. Abstention is not regarded as a

veto despite the wording of the charter. Since the security council in

caption china has used its veto 6 times, France 18 times, Russia / USSR123

times, the United kingdom 32 times and the United States 89 times the

majority of Russian / soviet vetoes were in the first ten years of the

councils existence since 1984 china and France have voted three resolution

each; Russia; / USSR four; the united kingdom ten; and the United States

34. Procedural matters are not subject to a veto so the veto cannot be used

to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain decisions that

directly regard prominent members (UNITAR,1987).

The security council may investigate any dispute or any situation

which might lead to international friction and give rise to a dispute .The

council may recommend appropriate procedure or method of adjustment if

it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and

security the council has broader power to decide what measures are to be

taken in situations involving threats of the peace, breaches of the peace or

act of aggression. In such situation the council is not limited to

52
recommendation but may take action including the use of armed force to

maintain or restore international peace and security.

(http://en.mwikipedia.org/wiki/unitedsystem). The UN role in

international collective security is defined by the UN Charters which gives

the Security Council the power to;

 Investigate any situation threatening international peace

 Recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute

 Call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt

economic relation as well as sea, air, postal and radio communication

or to sever diplomatic relations;

 Enforce its decision militarily or by diplomacy.

 They also recommend the new Secretary General to the General

Assembly. It also has authority to refer cases to the court where the

court could not otherwise exercise jurisdiction and the responsibility

to protect population from genocide, and crimes against humanity.

53
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC)

The United Nations economic and social council (ECOSOC); le

conseil economique et social des Nations Unies,(CESNU), constitutes one

of the principal organs of the United Nations. It is responsible for

coordinating the economic social and related work of 14 UN specialized

agencies their functional commissions and five regional commissions.

ECOSOC has 54 member states. It holds a fun-week session each year in

July since 1998. It has also held meeting each April with finance ministers

heading key committees of the World Bank and the international monetary

fund (IMF).(Hill,1973). The ECOSOC serves as the central forum for

discussing international economic and social issues and for formulating

policy recommendation addressed to member states and United Nations

System (Mangone,1966).

The council has 54 member states which are elected by the United

Nations ‘General Assembly for over lapping three year term seats on the

council are based on geographical representation with 14 allocated to

African States,11 to Asian states, 6 to east European states 10 to Latin

54
American and Caribbean States and 13 to West European and other States.

(Sharps, 1969).

THE SECRETARIAT

The United Nations secretariat (le secretariat des Nations unies ) is

one of the principle organs of the United Nations. It serves as a forum for

member states to discuss and resolve pressing Issues in the international

field through primarily diplomatic resources. The secretariat is composed

of a Secretary General assisted by staff, principal organs of the United

Nations and administers the program and policies laid down by them. The

secretariat carries out myriad duties ranging from the administration of

peace keeping operations to making surveys/ studies about different

countries economic and social trends.(Bailey, 1962).

The activities of the secretariat are performed by 44,000 civil servants

from around the world under the leadership of the Secretary General.

Eligibility is based on a UN- administered examination offered worldwide

in addition to a competitive, application process. Qualification for

membership includes the highest standard of efficiency competence and

integrity according to the UN charter. Staff members are appointed by the

55
Secretary General. During staff recruitment, geographical variety is an

especially a prominent selection factor in order to accurately reflect the

scope of member States in the UN (Jacobson,1979).

While the secretariat seeks to represent UN membership fairly

through diverse geographical representation, staff members are foremost

international officials. The charter states that staff members are responsible

only to the organization and are prohibited from any action or influence

that suggests affiliation with a government or organization outside the UN.

Headquartered in New York, the secretarial functions through duty station

in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Benut, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago, in addition to

offices all over the word.

Though ambiguous in description, other UN States daily activities

are most often carried out by the secretariat. But its functions are difficult

to define. The UN charter is not specific about secretariat powers however

it is clear that the secretariat and the secretary general are vital part of the

UN. It is in charge of notification and the arrangement of the meetings of

the secretary general, the secretariat is also in charge of publishing all of the

treaties and international agreements that the UN makes. The role of the

56
secretariat varies with the agenda of the UN sometimes; it is required to act

as a mediator and peace keeping operation this body. Also has the

important job of relating what the UN has accomplished to the different

media outlets around the world often this can be done through the

organization of international conferences. Another job of the secretariat is

their duty of translating speeches and document into the UN official

languages. (Meron,1977).

The secretariat is also in charge of approving the salary and

allowance for the general service as well as providing advice to different

UN agencies. Due to these powers, all the members of the UN are

supposed to be impartial.

The Secretary General duties include helping to resolve international

disputes, administering peace keeping operations organizing international

conferences, gathering information on the implementation of Security

Council decision and consulting with member governments regarding

various initiatives. Key secretariat offices in this area include the office of

the coordinator of humanitarian services and the department of peace

keeping operations.

57
 United Nations office of legal affairs (OLA)

 United Nations office for disarmament affairs (ODA)

 United Nations office for the coordination of Humanitarian affairs

(OCHA).

 United Nations office of the United Nations high commission for

human Rights (OHCHR)

 United Nations High commission for refugees (UNHCR)

 United Nations office on drugs and crimes (ODC)

 United Nations offices of internal oversight services (OIOSO)

 United Nations office of the high representative for the least

developed countries landlocked developing countries and Small

Island Developing states (OHRLLS)

 United Nations department of political Affairs (DPA)

 United Nations department of management (DM)

 United Nations department of peace keeping operations (DPKO)

58
  United Nations Department of field support (DFS)

 United Nations department of economic and social affairs (DESA)

 United Nations department of General Assembly and conference

management (DGACM)

 United Nations department of public information (DPI)

 United Nations department of safety and security (DSS). Other

offices Away from headquarters.

 United Nations office at Geneva (UNOG)

 United Nations office at Vienna (UNOV)

 United Nations office at Nairobi (UNON)

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

International court of justice (courinternationale de justice)

commonly referred to as the world court or I.C.J. This is the primary

judicial organ of the United Nations established in 1945 by UN charter; the

court began work as the successor to the permanent court of international

justice. The statute of the international court of justice is similar to that of

59
its predecessor. It is the main constitutional document constituting and

regulating the court, it is based in the peace palace in Hague, the

Netherland. Its main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted by

states and to provide advisory opinions or legal question submitted to it by

duly authorized international organs, agencies and UN General Assembly

(Rosenne,1973).

The court covers a wide range of judicial activities to date I C J dealt

with few cases. However since the 1980s there has been a clear increase in

willingness to use the court, especially among developing countries. The

United Nations Security council is to enforce World court’s rulings

however such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five

permanent member of the council.

The I.C.J is composed of fifteen judges elected to nine year terms by

the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council from a list of

persons nominated by National groups in the permanent court of

arbitration. The election is set out in articles 4-19 of the ICJ statute, Election

are staggered with five judges elected every three years in other to ensure

continuity within the court. The composition comprises of Ad-hoc judges,

60
the chambers, the jurisdictions, contentious issues and the advisory

opinion. Membership of the court is supposed to represent the main forms

of civilization and of the principal legal system of the world essentially, this

has common law, civil law and socialist law (now – post –communist law).

Articles 6 of the statute provide that all judges should be elected regardless

of their nationality among persons of the high moral character. Who are

either qualified for the highest judicial office in their home states or known

as lawyers with sufficient competence in international law.(Starke,1964)

A judge can be dismissed only by a unanimous vote of other members of

the court; despite this provision the independence of the I.C.J. judges had

been questioned. Article 31 of the states set out a procedure where by Ad-

hoc Judges sit on contentions cases before the court. This allows any party

to a contentions case to nominate any party at their choice. This system

may seem strange when compounded with domestic court processes, but it

is to encourage state to submit cases to the court. Generally the court seats

as full bench but in the last fifteen years it has on occasion sat as a

CHAMBER.

61
Article 26-29 of the statute allow the court to form small chambers for

special categories of cases and second the formation of ADHOC-chamber

to hear particular disputes. In 1993 a special chamber was established,

under Article 26 (1) of the ICJ. Statute to deal specifically with

environmental matters(although this chamber has never been used).

Jurisdiction of the international court of justice is considered in two

types of ICJ cases; contentious issues and advisory opinions as stated in

Article 93 of the UN charter. All members are automatically parties to the

court statute being a party to the statute does not automatically give the

court jurisdiction over disputes involving those parties.

The contentious issues – in contentious cases (adversarial proceeding

seeking to settle a dispute ) ICJ produces a binding ruling of the court only

states may be parties in contentious cases individuals, corporations, parts

of a federal states NGO’S UN organs and self-determination groups are

excluded from direct participation in cases although the court may receive

information from public international organizations.

The advisory opinion- the advisory opinion is a function of the court

open only to specified United Nations bodies and agencies on receiving a

62
request the court decides which state and organization might provide

useful information and gives them an opportunity to present written or

oral statements. Advisory Opinions were intended as a means by which

UN agencies could seek the courts help in deciding complex legal issues

that might fall under their respective mandates (Robinson, 1967)

In principle, the court advisory opinions are only consultative in

character but they are influential and widely respected certain instrument

or registrations can provide in advance that the advisory opinion shall be

specifically binding on particular agencies or states. They are inherently

none binding under the statute of the court. This non-binding Character

does not mean that advisory opinions are without legal effect, because the

legal reasoning embodied in them reflects the courts authoritative views on

important issues of international law and arriving at them, the court

follows essentially the same rules and procedures that govern its binding

judgments delivered in contentious cases submitted to it by sovereign

states. (Baweth,1963).

63
 EXAMPLE OF CONTENTIOUS CASES

 A dispute between Tunisia and Libya over the delimitation of the

continental shelf between them.

 A complaint by the United States in 1980 that Iran was detaining

American diplomats in Tehran in violation of international law.

 A complaint by the Republic at Macedonia that Greece is vetoing

their accession to NATO; in violation of interim Accord at 13

September 1995 between the fund countries.

 A complaint by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against the

member states of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization regarding in

actions in Kosovo war.

The I C J is vested with the power to make its own rules and court

procedure is set out in rules of court of the international court of justice

1978 amended. The year 2005, the law applied international law as

summarized in article 38 at the I C J statute that in arriving at its decisions,

the court shall apply international custom and the general principles of law

recognized by civilized Nations. Any respondent who does not wish to

64
submit to the jurisdiction of the court may raise preliminary objections.

Any such objections must be ruled upon before the court can address the

merits of the applicants claim, In case where a third states interest are

affected, that state may be permitted to intervene in the case.

UNITED NATIONS TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

The United Nations trusteeship council:-( le consiel de tutelle des

nation unies) one of the principal organs of the United Nations was

established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the

best interest of their inhabitants and of international peace and

security.(Murray ,1957) The trust territories, most of them former mandates

of the League of Nations . The last was palau formally part of the trust

territory of the pacific islands, which became a member state of the United

Nations in remember 1994.(Thullen,1964).

UNITED NATIONS CHARTER

The charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the

international organization called the United Nations. It was signed at the

San Francisco War memorial and performing Arts center in San Francisco;

Untied States on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original members countries

65
(Poland, the other original members which was not represented at the

conferences signed.( It two months later). It entered into force on 24

October, 1945; after being ratified by the five permanent members of the

Security Council, China, France Russian federations, United Kingdom, and

the United States and a majority of the other signatories. Today’s 193

countries are members of the United Nations.

As a charter it is a constituent treaty and all members are bound by

its articles. Furthermore, the charter states that obligations to the United

Nations prevail over all other treaty obligations. Most countries in the

world have now ratified the charter. One of the notable exceptions is the

Vatican City states which have chosen to remain a permanent observer

state and therefore is not a full signatory to the charter. The charter consists

of a preamble and a series of articles grouped into chapters.

The preamble consists of two principal parts the first part containing

a general cell for the maintenance of peace and international security and

respect for human rights. The second part of the preamble is a declaration,

in a contractual style that the governments of the peoples of the United

Nations have agreed to the charter.

66
 SECTION

B
UNITED NATIONS SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

67
 UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United

Nations global development network. It advocates for change and connects

countries, to knowledge experience and resources to help people build a

better life UNDP was founded, on 22 November 1965 with the merger of

the expanded programme of Technical Assistance or EPTA and the United

Nations special find, it operates in 177 countries with nations on their own

solutions to global and national development challenges. As they develop

local capacity, they draw in the people of UNDP and its wide range of

partners. UNDP is a wide range of partners. UNDP is an executive board

with the United Nations General Assembly.

The UNDP administrator is the third highest ranking official of the

United Nations at the United Nations Secretary General and Deputy,

Secretary General. Headquartered in New York City, the UNDP is funded

entirely by Voluntary contributions from member nations.

(http://www.unsystem.org).

The organizations country is offices in 177 countries where it works

with local governments to meet development challenges and develop local

68
capacity. UNDP works internationally to help countries achieve the

Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s).

UNDP provides expert advice, training and grant support to development

countries, with increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed

countries. To accomplish the MDGs and encourage global developments

UNDP focuses on poverty reduction, Hiv/Aids democratic governance,

energy and environment, social development and crises prevention and

recovery, UNDP also encourages the protection of human rights and the

empowerment of women in all of its programs.(U N D P,2003).

FUNCTIONS OF UNDP

UNDP links and coordinates global and national efforts to achieve

the goals and national development priorities laid out by host countries.

UNDP focuses primarily on five developmental challenges.

 Democratic governance

 Poverty reduction

 Crisis prevention and recovery

 Environment and energy

69
  Hiv/Aids

DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE

UNDP supports national democratic, transitions by providing policy

advice and technical supports improving institutional and individual

capacity within countries, educating populations about and advocating for

democratic reforms. Promoting negotiation and dialogue and sharing

successful experiences from other countries and locations. UNDP also

supports existing democratic institutions by increasing dialogues

enhancing national debate and facilitating consensus on national

governance programs. (http://www.unsystem.org).

POVERTY REDUCTION

UNDP helps countries develop strategies to combat poverty by

expanding access to economic opportunities and resource, linking poverty

programs with programs with countries, larger goals and policies, and

ensuring a greater voice for the poor.

UNDP also works at the macro level to reform trades encourage debt

relief and foreign investments and ensure the poorest of the poor benefit

70
from globalization. On the ground, UNDP sponsors development pilot

projects, promotes the role of women in development and coordinates

efforts between governments N.G.O’s and outside donors. In this way,

UNDP works with local leaders and governments to provide opportunities

for impoverished people to create business and improve their economic

condition. Crisis prevention and recovery, UNDP works to reduce the risk

of armed conflicts or disasters and promote early recovery after crisis have

occurred. UNDP works through its country offices to support local

governments coordinated planning and policy and standard setting.

(http:unsystem).

Examples of UNDP risk reduction programs include efforts to control

small arms proliferation strategies to reduce the impact of natural disasters

and programs to encourage use of diplomacy and prevent violence.

Recovery programs include disarmament, demobilization and

reintegration of ex-combatant, demining efforts, programs to reintegrate

displaced person’s restoration at basic services and transitional justice

system for countries recovering from warfare.

71
 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

As the poor are disproportionately affected by environmental

degradation and lack of access to clean affordable water, sanitation and

energy services UNDP seeks to address environmental issues in order to

improve developing countries abilities to develop, sustainably increase

human development and reduce poverty. UNDP works with countries to

strengthen their capacity to address global environmental issues by

providing innovative policy advice and linking partners through

environmentally sensitive development project that help the poor people

build sustainable livelihoods. UNDP’s environmental strategy focuses on

effective water governance including access to water supply and sanitation,

access to sustainable energy services, sustainable land management to

combat desertification and land degradation, conservation and sustainable

biodiversity, and policies to control emissions of harmful pollutants and

Ozone depleting substance. (http:www.unsystem.org).

72
 UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT GROUP

The United Nations Development Group (UNDG) was created by the

Secretary General in 1997, to improve the effectiveness of UN development

at the country level. The UNDG brings together the operational agencies

working on development; the group is chaired by the administrator of

UNDP. UNDP also provides the secretariat to the group. The UNDG

develops policies and procedures that allow member agencies to work

together and analyze country issues plan support strategies, implement

support programes; monitor results and advocate for change. These

initiatives increase UN impact in helping countries achieve the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) including poverty reduction, 32 UN agencies

are members of the UNDG, and the executive committee consists of the

poor founding members UNICEF, UNFPA, WFP, and UN DP.

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

The United NationsConference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental

body. It is the principal organ of the United NationsGeneral Assembly

dealing with trades investments and development issues.

73
 The organizations goal is to maximize the trades investment and

development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their

efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis. The

creation of the conference was based on concerns of developing countries

over the international markets multi-national corporations and great

disparity between developed nations and developing nations.

In the 1970s and 1980s, UNCTAD was closely associated with the

idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO), the UNCTAD is

established in 1964 in order to provide a forum where the developing

countries could discuss the problems relating to their economic

development. Like GATT (now replaced by the World Trade Organization

(W.T.O). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and would Bank were not

properly organized to handle the particular problems of developing

countries. (Ayres,1983).

The primary objective of the UNCTAD is to formulate policies

relating to all aspects of development including aid transports finance and

technology. The conferenceordinarily meets once in four years. The first

conference took place in Geneva in 1964, second in New Delhi in 1969, the

74
Third in Santiago in 1978, Fourth in Nairobi in 1976, the Fifth in Manila in

1979, the Sixth in Belgrade in 1983, the Seventh in Geneva in 1987, the Eight

in Cartagena in 1992 and the Ninth at Johannesburg (South African) in

1996, the conference has its permanent secretariat in Geneva.

One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive

and implement the Generalized System of Preference (GSP). It was argued

in UNCTAD, that in order to promote exports of manufactured goods from

developing countries, it would be necessary to offer special tariff

concessions to such export. Accepting these arguments, the developed

countries formulated the GSP scheme under which manufactures exports

and some agricultural goods from the developing counties enter – duty –

free – or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such

items from other developed countries are subjected to the normal rates of

duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a

competitive advantage.(Rothstein,1975).

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 UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL

ORGANISATION

The United Nations Educational and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). Its purpose

is to contribute peace and security by promoting international

collaboration through education, science and culture in order to further

universal respect for justice, the rule of law and human right along with

fundamental freedom proclaim in the UN Charter. It is Cooperation.

UNESCO has members; it recently added Palestine in November

2011, and Eight Associate Members. Most of the field offices are cluster

offices covering three or more countries; the hair of the League of Nations’

International Commission on Intellectual and there are also national and

regional offices. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major

programs: education, natural sciences, social and human science, and

communication and information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include

literacy, technical and teacher – training programmes; international science

programmes, promotion of independent media and freedom of the press,

regional and cultural history projects, the promotion of cultural diversity,

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translation of world literatures, international cooperation agreements to

secure the world cultural and national heritage and to preserve human

rights and attempts to bridge the world wide digital gap. It is also a

member of the United Nations Development Group.

UNESCO’s aim is to contribute to the building of peace, the

eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural

dialogues through education, the science, culture, communication and

information.

As early as 1942, in war time, the governments of the European

countries which were confronting Nazi Germanyand its allurement in the

United Kingdom for the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education

(CAME) The Second World War was far from over, yet those countries

were looking for ways and means to reconstruct their system of education

once peace is restored very quickly, the project gained momentums and

soon took on a universal note.

New Governments including that of the United State decided to join

in the proposal of CAME a United Nations conference for the

establishment of an Educational and Cultural Organization (ECO/CONF)

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was convened in Condon from 1 to 16 November 1945. Scarcely, it

gathered together the representatives from four countries who decided to

create an organization that would embody a genuine culture of peace. In

their eyes the new organization was established, the intellectual and moral

solidarity of mankind and in so doing prevent the outbreak of another

world war.

At the end of the conference, Thirty Seven Countries Founded the

United Nation, the constitution of UNESCO signed on 16 November 1945,

came into force on 4 November 1946 after ratification by twenty countries.

The first session of the General Conference of UNESCO was held in Paris

from 19 November to 10 December 1946 with the participation of

representatives from 30 government entitled to vote. (Satyamurthy,1964)

MEMBER STATE OF UNESCO

UNESCO now has 195 members and & Associate members, the sector

for external relations and public information (ERI) and the Africa

Department (AFR) ensure liaison with member states. While AFR covers

the member states from the Africa region, ERI is responsible for relations

78
with the member states from the four other regions and with associate

member.

Relations with member’s states are also ensured by the directors and heads

of the UNESCO.

Regional’s cluster and National Offices. Most member states hall

established Permanent Delegation to UNESCO which headed by

Ambassadors, undertake liaison between the organization and their

governments. All member states have established a National Commission

for UNESCO.

The UNESCO National Commission is national cooperating bodies

set up by the member states for the purpose of associating their

government and non – government bodies with the work of the

Organizations, Member States and Associate.

Members designate are or several Ministries responsible for relations with

UNESCO and or ministries in UNESCOs, fields of competence. UNESCO

emphasizes its efforts toinvolve nationally Parliamentarians andlocally

elected representative’s cities and UNESCO’s governing bodies.

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 ORIGINS OF UNESCO

The main predecessors of UNESCO were:

 The International Committee of Intellectual Co – operation (CICI),

Geneva, 1927 – 1946.

 The International Institute of Intellectual Co – operation (IICI),

Pans, 1925 – 1946.

 The International Bureau of Education (IBE), Geneva, 1925 – 1968.

 The Programme and Budget of the Organization (DOCUMENT

US) is approved every two years by the UNESCO General

Assembly.

 The document US defines for each major programme and other

programme, sectors and central services, the objectives, strategies,

expected results and financial allocations broken down by Main

Line of Action (MLA). The expected results are defined for each

MLA. Complemented, as necessary by performance indicators and

bench marks.


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UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a

specialized agency of the United Nations. Its mandate is to promote and

accelerate sustainable industrial development in developing countries and

economies in transition, and work towards improving living conditions in

the world’s poorest countries by drawing on its combined global resources

and expertise. UNIDO has assumed an enhanced role in the global

development agenda by focusing its activities on poverty reduction,

inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability. It is recognized as

a highly relevant, specialized and efficient provider of key services in

support of the inter linked challenges of reducing poverty through

productive activities, promoting the integration of developing countries in

global trade through trade capacity building, fostering environmental

sustainability in industry and improving access to energy.

UNIDOs role is that of an informed institution, in tune with the goals of its

partners and capable of making them effective.

FUNCTIONS AND SERVICES OF UNIDO

UNIDO delivers value via two core functions

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 Global Forum Facilitator: produce and disseminate knowledge

relating to industrial development. In addition, we act as a forum

for various actors in the public and private sectors, civil – society

organization and the policy – making community to establish

dialogue and develop partnerships. Technology cooperation

agency – design and implement programmes to support, in

cooperation with our partners, sustainable industrial development

efforts.

 These functions are both complementary and mutually

supportive: On one hand, the experience gained in technical

cooperation activities can be shared with policy – makers. On the

other hand, the organization analytical work provides for the

necessary empiric evidence to optimally untold our technical

cooperation activities.

THEMATIC PRIORITIES OF UNIDO

 Poverty Reduction Through Productivity Activities

 Trade Capacity Building

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  Energy and Environment

POVERTY REDUCTION THROUGH PRODUCTIVITY ACTIVITIES

UNIDO seeks to enable the poor to earn a living through productive

activities, thus to find a path out of poverty. The organization provides a

comprehensive range of services customized for developing countries and

transition economies, ranging from industrial policy advice to

entrepreneurship and SME developments and from technology diffusion to

sustainable production and the provision of rural energy for productive

uses.

TRADE CAPACITY BUILDING

Developing countries are benefiting from increasingly participating in

the global trading system. Thus, strengthening theircapacity to participate

in the global trade which is critical for their future economic growth.

Especially after their accession to the WTO.

 Their technical ability to enter into global production and value

chains is key for their successful participation in international trade.

UNIDO is one of the largest providers of trade-related development

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 services offering customer- focused advice and integrated technical

assistance in the areas of competitiveness trade policies, industrial

modernization and upgrading, compliance with trade standards,

testing methods and metrology.

ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY

Energy is a prerequisite for poverty reduction still; fundamental

changes in the way societies produce and consume are indispensible for

achieving global sustainable development. UNIDO therefore promotes

sustainable patterns of industrial consumption and production. As a

leading provider of services for improved industrial energy efficiency and

sustainability, UNIDO assists developing countries and transition

economies in implementing multilateral environmental agreements and in

simultaneously reaching their economic and environmental goals.

UNIDO SERVICES

 Industrial Government and Statistics

 Investment and Technology Promotion

 Industrial Competitiveness and Trade

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  Private Sector Development

 Agro – Industries

 Sustainable Energy and Climate Change

 Montreal Protocol

 Environmental Management

UNIDO ACTIVITIES

 GEOGRAPHY: Focusing on least developed countries and Africa.

 SECTORS: Focusing on agro – based industries.

 TARGET AREAS: Focusing on small and medium enterprises

(SMES).

MEMBER STATES OF UNIDO

There are 174 states as members of UNIDO.The date of membership is the

date on which the Constitution of UNIDO came into force for each

member states in pursuant to article 15, the constitution entered into force

when at least eighty states having deposited instruments of ratification,

acceptance or approval had notified the Secretary – General that they had

85
agreed after consultation among themselves, that… It should enter into

force. For those states, the constitution entered into force on that date (21

June, 1985).

For states having deposited instruments of ratification, acceptance or

approval before 21 June 1985, but not participating in the said notification,

the constitution entered into force on such later, date on which they

notified the Secretary – General that, that the constitution should entered

into force for them. For states having deposited instruments of ratifications

acceptance, approval or accession subsequent to the entry into force of the

constitution, it entered into force on the date of the said deposit.

On 17 November, 1966, the United Nations General Assembly passes

resolution 2152 (XXI) establishing the United Nations Industrial

Organization (UNIDO) as an autonomous body within the United Nations.

Its mission is to promote and accelerate the industrialization of developing

countries. The United Nations Secretary – General nominates Ibrahim. First

Executive Director; The General Assembly in resolutions 3362 (5 VII),

endorses the recommendation at the conference that UNIDO be converted

into a specialized agency.

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 UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND

The United Nations Children’s Fund is a United Nation’s Programme

headquartered in New York City that provides long – term humanitarian

and development and developmental assistance to children and mothers in

developing countries. It is one of the members of the United Nations. It is

one of the members of the United Nations Development Group and its

Executive Committee. UNICEF was created by the United Nations General

Assembly on December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and

healthcare to children in countries that had been devastated by World War

II. In 1953, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System

and its name was shortened from the original United Nations International

Children’s Emergency Fund but it has continued to be known by the

popular acronym based on this old name UNICEF relies on contributions

from government and private groups and some 6 million individuals

contribute, the rest through the National Committees.

It is estimated that 91.8% of its revenue is distributed to program

services. UNICEF programs emphasize developing community – level

services to promote the health and wellbeing of children. UNICEF was

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awarded the Noble Peace Prize in 1965 and the price of Asthmas Award of

concord in 2006, most of the UNICEF work is in the field with staff in over

190 countries and territories, more than 200 country offices carry out

UNICEFs mission through a program developed with host governments,

seventeen regional offices provide technical assistance to country offices as

needed. Overall management and administration of the organization takes

place at its headquarters in New York. UNICEF’s Supply Division is based

in Copenhagen and serves as the primary point of distribution for such

essential items as vaccines antiretroviral medicines for children and

mothers with HIV, nutritional supplements, emergency shelters, and

educational supplies, among others. A 36 – members Executive Board

Establishes Policies, approves programs and oversees administrative and

financial plans.

The Executive Board is made up of government representatives who

are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council Usually for

three – year terms.

UNICEF is an inter – governmental organization and thus is accountable to

those government (UNICEF Report,1994).

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 UNICEF was created in 1956 from the residual resources from the

United Nations relief and rehabilitation administration to secure the fate of

Europe’s children, then imagined that it would still be in existence today.

In the six and a half decades since it was formed, UNICEF continues to

assist children affected by war and crisis but has also taken on a much

broader and ever – evolving role in international development, working

across political, national and social divides to provide integrated services to

children and advocate for the foil spectrum of their rights.

In recent years, a renewed emphasis on equity for children has

become a cornerstone of the organizations programme, policy and

advocacy work. An examination of history underscores exactly why the

time is now right for the world to refocus on equity, not only as a key

guiding principle for development but also as the best ever to achieve the

most sustainable and effective impact in human development.

FOUNDATION AND EARLY WORK

Back in 1946 the lingering effects of the destruction caused by World

War II. Were still affecting millions of people in Europe many were without

basic shelters adequate clothing or food. Especially hard hit were children,

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fully half of whom what dying before their first birthday in some affected

areas. Existing relief mechanism was being phased out.

In response to many voices of concerns on 11 December, 1946, the UN

General Assembly unanimously established the UN International Children

Emergency Fund.

(UNICEF) to mount urgent relief programmes for children. UNICEF was

directed to provide its aid without discrimination because at races culture,

nationality, status or political belief. In this ways principles grounded in

rights and equity helped guide UNICEF work from the very beginning.

CHILDREN AND DEVELOPMENT

By the 1960’s, there was ever – growing global interest in economic

and social development as a key to enable countries to overcome poverty

and meet the needs of their own populations. UNICEF, faced with a torrent

of ideas and having taken on board its lessons from the previous decade,

decided to chart its own path by convening on interagency study

incorporating state of the art analysis from study other UN agencies on the

needs of children in their respective sphere, severed UN agencies including

the World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization,

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International Labor Organization, UNESCO, and UN Bureau of Social

Affairs, contributed to the final report. Children of the Developing

countries, which represented a watershed in nations views on how to

support and assist their youngest citizens. It also change UNICFEs work by

expanding the scope of the organization’s engagement to include all

branches of government and by expanding its work to address the needs of

the whole child including boarder psychosocial needs as well as those of the

parents and care givers.

CHILD SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT REVOLUTION

In the early 1980’s, child mortality rates were seen as an indicator of a

countries level of development. UNICFE and its then executive Directors

Jim Grant revered this conventional wisdom in 1982, proposing that a direct

attack on child mortality would yield dividends for a country economic and

social development. This was the beginning of the child survival and

development revolution in which simple primary health care techniques

developed or refined over preceding decades would be applied in a

concerted effort to vanquish common infections of early childhood. The

techniques were known collectively as GOBI:

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G: for growth monitoring

O: for oral rehydration therapy.

B: for breast feeding and

I: for immunization

GOBI: was appealing because its methods were low in cost, indits appeal

was enhanced by the accompanying social mobilization strategy advocated

by UNICFE. The UNICFE, the strategy enlisted support from all walks of

society in the name of child survival: media; religions leaders, celebrities of

all stripes, non – governmental organization as well as UNICFE traditional

government partners all played a role.

CHILD RIGHTS TAKE CENTER STAGE

In 1987, UNICEF threw its weight behind the work on establishing a

new convention to replace the 1959 declaration of the nights of the child. Its

eventual support and convening capacity were decisive factors, leading to

the adoption of the convention on the rights of the child.In November 1989

by the UN General Assembly. The convention entered into international

law on the legal protections.

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 The convention helped to propel issues of child protection to the top of

the political agendas and paved the way for major initiatives supported by

UNICEF and many other partners including, the World Congress Against

Commercial sexual exploitation of children in 1996, the UN study on the

impact of armed conflict on children in 1996, the adoption by two thirds of

the world’s nations of the conventions prohibiting anti – personnel mines in

1997 and the adoption of the global agenda, for eliminating the worst forms

of child labor in 1997. The convention and its protocols continue to remain

the foundation of UNICEFs mission today.

AN EQUITY FOCUSED APPROACH

In the first decade of the 21st century, UNICEF work continued on all

aspects as the rate children dying each year declined to well below 10

million from more than 12 million in 1990, even as the global under – five

population continues to increase.

UNICEFs humanitarian work was strengthened by the updating of the care

commitments for children in emergencies, protection of numerable children

and combating Hiv/Aids figured more prominently in UNICEFs

programmes than ever before as did gender equality and empowerment of

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women and girls, work with and for adolescents and partnership building

education, nutrition, health and immunization continued to be fundamental

components of UNICEFs programmes all of which have taken a human

rights based approach with a focus on results. Since 2010 UNICEF has

brought to its works and emphasized in the global development dialogues a

renewed focus on equity.

UNICEF NATIONAL COMMITTEES

There are National Committees in 36 industrialized countries

worldwide, each established as independent local non – governmental

organizations common system .UNICEF is funded exclusively by voluntary

contributions from corporations, civil society organizations and more than 6

million individual donors worldwide. There are many different partners –

including the Media, National and Local Government Officials, N.G.Os,

specialist, such as doctors and lawyers, corporation’s schools young people

and the general public on issues related to children’s rights.

UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFP) is a UN organization; the

work of the UNFP involves promotion of the right of every woman, man
94
and child to enjoy a life of health and equal opportunity. This is done

through major national and demographic surveys and with population

censuses. The data generated are used to create programmes to reduce

poverty and address issues concerning the rights of particular minority

population groups. One of their aims is to ensure that every pregnancy is

wanted every birth is safe, every young person is free of Hiv and sexually

transmitted diseases, and every girl and woman is treated with dignity and

respect. Their work involves the improvement of reproductive health,

including creation of national strategies and protocols, and providing

supplies and services to these minority groups, as well as internal migrants

and refuges, the elderly and the handicap. (luard,1977) The organization

has recently been common for its worldwide campaign against obstetric

fistula and female genital mutilation.

The UNFP supports programmes in more than 150 countries,

territories and areas spread across four geographic region: Arab states and

Europe, Asia and the pacific.

Latin America and the Caribbean, and Sub – Saharan Africa, around three

quarters of the staff work in the field.

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It is a member of the United Nations Development group and part of its

executive committee.

The UNFP began operations in 1969 as the United Nations for

Population activities. The name was changed in 1987 under the

administration at the United Nations development Funds. The Agency’s

main goals are:

 Universal access to reproductive health services by 2015;

 Universal primary education and closing the gender gap in education

by 2015;

 Reducing maternal mortality by 75 percent by 2015;

 Reducing infant mortality;

 Increasing life expectancy; and

 Decreasing Hiv infection rates

UNFP is the world largest multilateral source of funding for population

and reproductive health programs, the fund works with governments and

non – governmental organization in over – 150 countries with the support

96
of the international community, supporting programs that help women,

men and young people.

 Voluntarily plan and have the number of children they desire and to

avoid unwanted pregnancies.

 Undergo safe pregnancy and children.

 Avoid spreading sexually transmitted infections.

 Decrease violence against women.

 Increase the equality of women.

According to UNFP these elements promote the right of reproductive

health, that is physical, mental, and social health in matters related to

reproduction and the reproductive system. The fund raises awareness of

and support efforts to meet these needs in developing countries, advocates

close attention to population, concerns, and helps developing nations

formulate policies and strategies in support of sustainable development.

The fund promotes a holistic approach to reproductive health care that

includes access to a range of safe and affordable contraceptive methods

and to sensitive counselling, prenatal care, and attended deliveries,

97
emergency obstetric care and post – natal care: and prevention of sexually

transmitted infections by promoting safer sexual behaviour. The work of

the agency revolves around improving reproductive health making

motherhood safer, supporting adolescence and youths preventing Hiv and

Aids, promoting gender equality, protecting human rights and

reproductive health supplies using a culturally sensitive approach. Their

assistance is in developing countries which receive help in accordance with

their priorities for development. The activities were carried out through,

meeting development goals, population and development strategies,

sexual and reproductive health.

The world population is edging toward 7 billion people (up from 2.5

billion in 1950), with this UNEFPA assists countries in every aspect of this

tasks from developing capacity in data collection and analysis to

participating in national, regional and global policy dialogues, key areas of

focus includes ageing, climate change and urbanization working with a

wide range of partners, UNEFPA assist governments in delivering sexual

and reproductive health care throughout the life cycle of women, areas of

assistance include;

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 Family planning,

 Antenatal, safe delivery and post natal care,

 Prevention and appropriate treatment of infertility,

 Prevention of abortion and management of its consequences,

 Treatment of reproductive tract infections,

 Prevention, care and treatment of sexually transmitted infections in

including Hiv,

 Information, education and counselling, as appropriate in human

sexuality and reproductive health,

 Prevention of violence against woman, care for survivors and other

actions to eliminate traditional harmful practices,

 Appropriate referrals for further diagnosis and management of the

above.

UNITED NATIONS POPULATIONS AGENCIES AND ENTITIES

 Commission on population and development.

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  United Nations department of economic and social affairs.

UNITED NATIONS PROTECTION FORCE

The United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was the first

United Nations Peace keeping force; it was created by UN Security Council

resolution 743 on February 1992, during the Croatian war of independence.

The initial mandate of the UNPROFOR was to ensure conditions for peace

talks and security in three demilitarized “safe haven “enclaves designated

as United Nations protected. Areas (UNPAS) located in various regions

before the Republic of Croatia was admitted into the UN as a member but

were controlled by the self – styled Republic of Serbian Krajina.

It existed between the beginning of UN involvement in February

1992, and it’s restructuring into other forces (United Nations Preventive –

Deployment Force – (UNPREDEP)), and United Nations confidence

restoration operation UN (RO) in March 1995. In French, its name was for

PREDEP (Forec de protection des Nations Unies).

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 The mandate was extended to so – called “pink zones” (UNSC

Resolution 769), and control of the demilitarization of the prevlaica

peninsula near disbrovnic (UNSC Resolution 770). The UNPROFOR was

composed of nearly 39,000 personnel, 320 of whom were killed on duty, on

31 March 1995, UNPROFOR was restructured into three coordinated peace

operations on 20 December 1995 the forces of the UNPROFOR were

reflagged under NATO led implementation force (IFOR) whose task was to

implement the general framework agreement for peace in Bosnia and

Herzegouina (GFAP – otherwise known as the day ton accords or day ton

agreement).

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENT PROGRAMME

The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN –

HABITAT) is the United Nations Agency for human settlements. It was

established in 1973 and has its headquarters at the United Nations office at

Nairobi, Kenya. It is mandated by the United Nations, General Assembly

to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities with

the goals of providing adequate shelter for all. It is a member of the United

Nations Development group. Its regional centre’s are called United Nations

101
center for Humans Settlements ( Habitat) and are situated at Nairobi; Rio

de Janeiro, and fukuova.(Moses,1984).

The main document outlining the mandate of the organization is

the Vancouver declaration on human settlements. The declaration on cities

and other human settlements in the new millennium, and resolution

56/206.The governing council of the UN Habitat meets every second year

in Nairobi Kenya.

 World urban forum convenes the years between the governing

councils. It was created as an informal meeting, space between UN

Habitat, civil society governments and the private sector.

 The world urban youth assembly is an integral part of the world

urban forum.

 The world urban campaign, the world urban campaign is a

collaboration project between UN Habitat and its many.

UNITED NATIONS EMERGENCY FORCE I

The United Nations Emergency Force I(UNEF 1) was the first UN

military force of its kinds. Its mission was to enter Egyptian territory with

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the consent of the Egyptian government in order to help maintain peace

during and after the withdrawal of non – Egyptian force and to secure

compliance with the other terms established in the resolution to cover an

area extending roughly from the canal to the armistice demarcation lines

established in the armistice agreement between Egypt and Israel.

UNEF was formed under the UN authority General Assembly and

was subjected to the national sovereignty clause. Article 25 paragraphs 75

of the UN charter, an agreement between the Egyptian government and the

Secretary – General, the good faith accords or good faith aide – memories

placed the UNEF force in Egypt with the consent of the Egyptian

government.

Since the operative UN resolutions were not passed under chapter VII

of the United Nation’s charter, the planned deployment of a military force

had to be approved by Egypt and Israel agreed to the stationing of UN

force on its territory or in any area it occupied. After multilateral

negotiations with Egypt, eleven countries offered to contribute to a force on

the territory or in any area it occupied. After must Egyptians side of the

armistice line, Brazils, Canada’s, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, India,

103
Indonesia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and Yugoslavia. Support was also

provided by United States, Italy, and Switzerland.(Elmandjra,1973).

The first force arrived in Cairo on November 15, and UNEF was at its

full force of 60,000 by February 1957. The force was fully deployed in

designated areas around the canal, in the Sinai and Gaza when Israel side

of the 1949 armistice lines, but this was rejected by Israel. The mission was

directed to accomplish its mission in four phases.

 In November and December 1956, the force facilitated the orderly

transition in the Suez Canal area when British and French forces left.

 From December 1956 to March 1957, the force facilitated the

separation at Israel and Egyptians forces and the Israel, execution

from all areas – captured during the wars except Gaza and sham – el

sheik.

 In March 1957, the force – facilitated the departure of Israel force

from Gaze and sham – el – sheik.

 Deployment along the borders for purposes of observation. This

phase ended in may 1967.

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Due to financial constraints and changing needs, the force shrank through

the years to 3,378 by the time its mission ended in May 1967.

On May 16, 1967, the Egyptian government ordered all United Nations

forces out of Sinai immediately. Then Secretary – General, the U thant tried

to redeploy UNEF to encores within the Israeli side of the 1949 armistice

lines to maintain peace but this was rejected by Israel. In a decision that

proved to be controversial, that acted to affect the Egyptian order without

consulting either the Security Council as the General Assembly.

Most of the forces were evacuated by the end of May, but 15 UNEF forces

went caught in combat operations and levied in the six day war. The last

United Nations soldier left the region on June 17.

UNITED NATIONS EMERGENCY FORCES II

The Second United Nations Emergency Forces (UNEF II) was

established by United Nations General Assembly, in accordance with

United Nations Security Council Resolution 340 (1973), to supervise the

ceasefire between Egyptian and Israeli forces at the end of yomkippor war

or October, and following of the agreement of 18 January 1974 and 4

September 1975, to supervise the redeployment of Egyptian and Israeli

105
forces and to man content the butter zones established under those

agreement.

The mandate of UNEF II was to supervise the implementation of

United NationsSecurity Resolution 340 which demanded that an

immediate and complete cease fire between Egyptian and Israeli forces be

observed and that the parties return to the positions they had occupied at

1650 hours GMT on 22 October 1973. The force would use its best efforts to

prevent a recurrence of the fighting’s and in the fulfilment of its tasks it

would have the 10 operate of the military observers of the United Nations

Truck Supervision (UNTSO). UNEF II was also to cooperate with the

international committee of the Red until 24 April 1974, was subsequently

renewed eight times. Each time as the date of expiry of the mandate

approached, the Secretary – General submitted reports to the United

Nations Security Council on the activities of the force during the period. In

each October 1978, the mandate of UNEF IIwas extended a last time for

nine months until 24 July 1979. The area of operation of the UNEF II was at

Suez canal sector and later the later the Sinai peninsula, with the head

quarter at Cairo (October 1973 to August 1974) August 1974 – July 1979).

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 The UNEF II is supported by contributions of military personnel war;

Australia (air unit/helicopters and personnel), Austria (infantry,

Canada/logistics/signals air and service units), Finland (troops/infantry),

Nepal (troops/infantry), Panama (troops/infantry), Pens (troops/infantry),

Poland (logistics/engineering medical and transport Unit), Senegal (troop’s

infantry) and Sweden (troops/infantry).

UNTIED NATIONS BOARD OF AUDITORS

The United Nations Board of Auditors (UNBOA) was established in

1946 upon the approval of the General Assembly of the United Nations

(UN) for more than 60 years, the heads of the supreme audit institution

from the member states of the UN have provided independent,

professional and quality audit services to the health and sound

development of UN and have set a professional image and a good

reputation for the UNBOA. Today, the UN is experiencing a series of

reform initiatives in management which have profound and far reaching

influence: improving accountability and oversights establishing efficient

and transparent governance mechanisms prioritizing budgeting and

results based budget; reforming human resources system; implementing

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the international public sector accounting standards; restructuring the

global procurement framework; and soon.

UNITED NATIONS AIDS

United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS is an innovative

partnership that leads and inspires the world in achieving universal access

to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. UNAIDS fulfils its mission

by Uniting the effort of the United Nations System, Civil Societies, National

governments, the private sector global institutions and people living with

and most affected by HIV;

-Speaking out in solidarity with the people most affected by HIV in defence

of human dignity, Human rights, and gender equality;

-Mobilizing political, technical, scientific and financial resources and

holding ourselves and others accountable for results.

-Empowering agents of change with strategic information and evidence

and assure that resources are targeted where they deliver the greatest

impact and bring about a prevention revolution ;and supporting inclusive

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country leadership for sustainable responses that are integral to and

integrated with National health and development efforts .(UNAIDS ,2011).

UNITED NATIONS VOLUNTEERS (UNV)

The United Nations volunteers (UNV) programme is the UN

organization that contributes to peace or development. Through

volunteerism worldwide UNV based in Bonne general UNV is active in

around 130 countries every year UNV with feed units in 86 countries is

represented. Worldwide through the loftiest the united nation

development programmed. (UNV) UNV contributes to peace and

development, walking with partners to integrate volunteerism into

development programming, and mobilizing an increasing number and

diversity of volunteers, including experience UN volunteer throughout the

world.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international

organization that eves created on July 22, 1944 at the Bretton woods

conference and came to existence on December 27, 1945 when 19 countries

signed the articles of agreement. It originally had 45 members. The IMF

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stated goal was to stabilize exchange rates and assists the reconstruction of

the world international payment system post World War II. Countries

contribute money to a pool through a quota system from which countries

with payment. In-balances can borrow funds temporarily, through this

activity and others such as surveillances of its member’s economies and

policies, the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries.

(Ayres, 1983).

The IMF describes itself as an organization of 188 countries, working

to foster global monetary, cooperation, secure financial Stability, facilitate

international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic

growth and reduce poverty crowned world. The organizations stated

objectives are to promote international economic cooperation international

trades employment, and exchange rate stability, by making financial

resources available to member countries to meet balance of payments

needs. Its headquarters are in Washington D.C. Member countries of the

I.M.F have access to information on the economic policies of all member

countries, the opportunity to influence other members economic policies,

technical assistance in binding, fiscal attars, and exchange matters, financial

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support in times of payment difficulties and increased opportunities for

trade and investment. Serves as chairman of the Executive Board. The

Managing Director assisted by a first Deputy managing Director and three

other Deputy Directors.

The IMF is led by managing directors who is head of the staff and It

also has the Board of governors consisting of one governor and one

alternate governor. The Board normally meets once a year and is

responsible for electing or appointing executive directors to the executive

board. The board of governors is advised by the international monetary

and financial committee and the development committee. The international

monetary and financial committee has 24 members and monitors,

developments in global liquidity and the transfer of resources to

developing counties. The Development Committee has 25 members and

advice on critical development issues and on financial resources required

to promote economic development in developing countries the I.M.F

voting power is based on a quote system.

The I.M.Fs quota system was created to raise funds for loans. Each

member is assigned a quota or contribution that reflects the country

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srelative’s size in the global economy. Each member assigned quote

determines its relative voting power. Thus, financial contributions from

member governments are linked to voting power in the organization. The

quotas are normally reviewed every five years and can be increased when

deemed necessary by the Board of governors. Its membership is divided

along income lines; certain countries provide the financial resources. Both

developed countries CREDITORS and developing countries BORROWERS

are members of the I.M.F.

The I.M.F works to foster global growth and economic stability, it

provides policy advice and financing to members in economic difficulties

and also works with developing nations to help them achieve

macroeconomics stability and produce poverty. The rational for this that

private international capital markets function imperfectly and many

countries have limited access to financial markets.

Such market imperfections together with balance of payments

financing provide the justification for official financing, without which

many countries could only correct large external payment imbalance

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through measures with adverse efforts on both national and international

economic prosperity.

Upon I.M.F initial formation; its two primary functions were: to

oversee the fixed exchange state arrangement between countries, thus

helping national government manages their exchange rates and allowing

these governments to prioritize economic growth, and to provide short –

term capital to aid balance of payments, this assistance was meant to

prevent the spread of international economic crisis. The new challenge is to

promote and implement policy that reduces the frequency of crisis among

the emerging market countries especially the middle – income countries

that are open to massive capital outflows it also perform surveillance of the

overall macroeconomic performance of its member countries.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency

dealing with labor issues, particular international labor standards and

decent work for all. Almost 185 out of 193 UN members are part of the ILO.

In 1969s the organization received the Nobel peace prize for improving

peace among classes, pursuing justice for workers and providing technical

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assistance to developing Nations. The ILO registers complaints against

entities that are violating international rules; however, it does not impose

sanctions on governments. Unlike other United Nations specialized

agencies, the international labor conference, adopts the draft programme

and budget of the organization for submission to the conference elects the

director general requests information from member states concerning labor

matters appoints commissions of inquiry and supervises the work of the

international labor organization. The ILO organizes the international labor

conference in Geneva every year in June’s where continuous and

recommendations are crafted and adopted. Also, known as the parliament

of labor, the conference also makes decisions about the ILO’s general

policy, weak and programme each member state has of our representatives

at the conference; two governments delegated, an employer delegate and a

worker delegate. All of them have individual voting rights and all votes are

equated. In 1998s the 86th international labor conference adopted the

declaration on fundamental principles and nights at work. This declaration

contains four fundamental policies.

 The right of workers to associate freely and bargain collectively.

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  The end of forced and compulsory labor.

 The end of child labor,

 The end of unfair discrimination among workers.

As of 2012, 185 countries in the UN are members of the ILO, the

constitution of the ILO offers that any nation which has a membership in

the UN can become a member of the ILO. To gain membership nations

must inform the director general that it accepts all the obligations of the

ILO constitution.

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of

the United Nations,(UN) as with other UN specialized agencies, working

on international developments, ILO is also a member of the United Nations

Development Group, in 1946 it’s the first specialized agency of the Newly

termed United Nations.

The ILO is a major provider of labor statistics training and teaching

services child labor, projects it also does the following;

 Raise global awareness and understanding at modern forced labor.

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 Assist governments in developing and implementing new laws,

policies and action plans.

 Develop and disseminate guidance and training materials on every

aspect of forced labor and trafficking.

 Implementing innovative programmes that combines policy

development, capacity, building of law enforcement and labor

market institutions and targeted; field based projects of direct

support for both prevention of forced labor and identification and

rehabilitation of its Development goals; reducing the number of

people that suffer from hunger in half by 2015 (preceded by the

Rome Declaration in 1996) and developing a global partnership for

development. The alliance was founded by the Rome based fined

agencies – the food and agriculture organization of the United

Nations (FAO), UN World Food Programme (WFP), International

Fund for agricultures fund for development (IFAD).

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 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR GENETIC ENGINEERING

AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

The International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

is an international non-profit research organization established as a special

project of UNIDO; it became fully autonomous in 1994 and now counts 63

member states.

The international centre for genetic engineering and Biotechnology

provides a scientific and educational environment of the highest standard

and conduct innovative research in life science for the benefit of developing

countries. It strengthens the research capability of its members through

training and funding programmes and advisory services which represents

a comprehensive approach to promoting biotechnology internationally

(ICGEB, 2022).

The centre is dedicated to advanced research and training in

molecular biology and biotechnology and holds out the prospect of

advancing knowledge and applying the latest techniques in the field of ;

-Biomedicine

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-Crop improvement

-Environmental protection/remediation

-Biopharmaceuticals and bio pesticide production.

The Board of Governors made up of representatives from each

member states, the council of scientific advisers, composed of eminent

scientist who oversee the scientific excellence of the centre and the

secretariat, which constitutes the Director Generals. At present, more than

400 people from 38 different countries are working in the ICGEB.

Laboratories as research scientist, postdoctoral fellow, PhD students,

research technicians and administrative personal.(ICGEB).

INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF EDUCATION

International Bureau of Education (IBE) is the UNESCO institutes

specializing in educational contents, methods and structure. Its overall

mission is to contribute to the attainment of quality education for all(EFA)

to this end, the IBE builds networks to share expertise on curriculum

development in all regions of the world and aims to introduce innovative

approaches in curriculum design and implementation ,improve practical

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skills and facilitate international dialogue on educational policies and

practices.(ICE,2008).

IBE was established in 1925, with headquarter located in Geneva,

Switzerland. The IBE works in partnership with national education

authorities ,international organizations ,academic institutions ,and other

relevant stakeholders .It offers technical assistance ,training ,polity support

and a wide range of resources , tools and materials necessary for

curriculum specialist to gain new perspective on complex issues and

making informed decisions according to their own context and needs.

Its aims were to centralize documentation related to public and

private education, to take an interest in scientific research in the

educational field, and to serve as a coordinating centre for institutions and

societies concerned with education (ICE, 2004).

Since 1934, the IBE has organized the international conference on

public education (now International Conference on Education ) which from

1946 onwards was convened together with the United Nations Educational

,Scientific and Cultural organization(UNESCO),founded in 1945 ,in 1994;

the IBE became the UNESCO institute responsible for educational contents

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, Methods and teaching/learning strategies through curriculum

development.(IBE,1934-1977).The IBE is governed by a council comprised

of representative of 28 member states elected by the General conference of

UNESCO .The role of the council is to draw up the draft general program

and budget of the IBE for each biennium for submission to the general

conference as well as to ensure the consistency and complementary of the

activities foreseen with the Education sectors strategy and

programme.(IBE,2012).

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

International Civil Aviation organization is a specialized Agency of

the UN, Established to promote the safety and orderly development of

international civil aviation throughout the world .It sets standard and

regulations necessary in aviation safety, security efficiency and regularity

as well as for aviation environmental protection .The organization serves as

the forum for cooperation in all fields of civil aviation among its 191

member states (ICAO, 2012).

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 As the global forum for cooperation among its member states and

with the world aviation community, the international civil aviation

organization (ICAO) has established three strategic objectives;

 SAFETY –To enhance global civil aviation safety

 Security-To enhanced global civil aviation security

 Environmental protection and sustainable Development of Air

transport.

WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

The World Trade Organization (W.T.O) is an organization that

intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization

officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement,

replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which

commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade

between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating

and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed

enforcing participant adherence to W.T. agreement which are signed by

representatives of member governments and ratified by their

parliaments.(cox,Roberts,1969).

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 Most of the previous trade that the W.T.O focuses on derives from

previous trade negotiation; especially from the Uruguay (1986 – 1994), the

organization with headquarters in centre William Rappard, Geneva,

Switzerland with157 member states the organization is attempting to

complete negotiations on the Doha Development Fund, which was

launched in 2001 with an explicit focus on addressing the needs of

developing countries.

WORLD BANK

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides

loans to the developing countries for capital programs. Its precursor body

was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was a

multilateral agreement regulating international trade, its purpose was the

substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination

of preferences ,on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis. It was

negotiated during the UN conference on trade and employment, and was

the outcome of the failure at negotiating government to create the

international trade organizations (ITO),GATT was signed in 1947 and

lasted until 1994.(GATT, 1948). The World Bank is one of four institutions

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created at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. The International

Monetary Fund (IMF) seen here at the Bretton Woods conference, where

plans were laid to launch the institutions. The World Bank is traditionally

headed by a citizen of the United State. While the (IMF) is led by a

European citizen, it parent organization was the World Bank Group, Based

in Washington, D.C, U.S with 188 countries (IBRD), 172 countries (IDA).

The World Bank differs from the World Bank Group, in that the

World Bank Comprises only two institutions: The International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development (IBRN) and the International

Development Association (IDA) whereas other latter incorporates these

two in addition to three more International Finance Corporation (IFC),

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, (MIGA) and International

Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Lord Keynes and

Hary Dexter white are the founding fathers of World Bank and

IMF.(Ayres,1983).

From its conception until 1965, the bank undertook a relatively low of

lending, fiscal conservatism and careful screening of loan applications was

common. Bank Staff attempted to balance the priorities of providing loans

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for reconstructions and development with the need to in still confidence in

the Bank. The Marshall plan of 1947 caused lending by the bank to change

as many European countries received aid that competed with World Bank

bans. Emphasis was shifted to non – Europeans countries; and until 1968,

loans were earmarked for projects that world enable a borrower country to

repay loans such project as profs, highway systems and power plant.

From 1968 to 1980s the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs

of people in the developing world. The size and number of loans to

borrowers was greatly increased as loan target expanded from

infrastructure into social services. In 1980, the World Bank Administrative

Tribunal was established to decide on disputes between the World Bank

Group and its staff where allegation of non – observance of contracts of

employment or terms of appointment had not been honoured.

The structural adjustment polices was introduced aimed at

streamlining the economies of developing nations well also a large part of

World Bank policy during this period this (SDP) was responsible for the

reduced healthy nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of

children in Asia, Latin, America, and Africa.

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 From 1989, World Bank policy changed response to criticism from

many groups. Environmental groups and nations were incorporated to

mitigate the effects of the post that promoted such harsh criticism World

Bank in accordance with its six strategic themes has taken more various

policies into effect since 1989. It has taken various policies to preserve the

environment while promoting development. In 1989, World Bank names

implementing agency in Montreal protocols to stop the ozone damage with

the target of 950tophase out of substance that deplete the ozone layer by

2015.

In other to promote global public good, the World Bank tries to

control communicable diseases such as malaria’s delivering vaccines to

several parts of the world and joining combat forces. In 2000s the World

Bank announced a “War on AIDs, and in 2011s the Bank joined the

international bank for reconstruction and development.

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 INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND

DEVELOPMENT

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

aims to reduce poverty in middle income of poorest countries by

promoting sustainable development through loans, guarantees risk

management products, and analytical and advisory services. Established in

1944 as the original institution of the World Bank, IBRD is structured like a

cooperation that is owned and operated for the benefits of its 188 member

countries.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development raises most

of its fund on the World Financial Markets and has become one of the most

established borrowers since issuing its first bond in 1947. The income that

IBRD has generated over the years has allowed it to fund development

activities and to ensure its financial strength, which enables it to borrow at

low cost and offer client’s good borrowing terms.(Bennets, 1984).

At its annual meeting in September 2006s,the World Bank – with the

encouragement of its shareholder governments to the – committed to make

further improvements to the services it proceeds its members to meet the

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financial and risk management products broadening the provision of free –

standing knowledge services and making it easier for clients to deal with

the Bank.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION (I.D.A)

International Development Association (I.D.A) is the part of the World

Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries, Established in 1960s. I.D.A

aims to reduce poverty by providing loans (called Credits) and grants for

programs that boost economic growths, reduce inequalities and improve

people’s living conditions. I.D.A compliments the World Bank original

leading arm – the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

(IBRD) was established to function as a self – sustainably business and

provide loans and advice to middle income and creditworthy or poor

countries. IBRD and I.D.A share the same staff and headquarters and

evaluate projects with the same rigorous standard.

International Development Association (I.D.A) is one of the largest

sources of assistance for the World’s 81 poorest countries, 39 of which are

in Africa. It is the single largest of donor funds for basic social services in

these countries; it financed operations deliver positive change for 205

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billion people, the majority of whom survive on less than 82 a day; it also

lends money on concessional terms, this means International Development

Association charges little or no interest and repayments are stretched over

25 to 40 years, including a 5 – to – 10 – years grace period, provides grants

to countries at risk of debt distress and also provides significant levels of

debt relief through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative

and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI). Since its inception, I.D.A

has supported activities in 108 countries, and it annual commitments

increased steadily and averaged about 8.15 billion over with about 50

percent of that going to Africa for the fiscal year ending on June 30, 2012.

International Development Association Commitment reach 8.14.8 billion

spread over 160 new operations.

MULTILATERAL INVESTMENT GUARANTEE AGENCY

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) established in

1948 but came into effect September 1985. MIGA is a member of the World

Bank Group, which has the mission to promote foreign direct investment

(FDI) into developing countries to help support economic growth, reduce

poverty, and improve people’s lives. MIGA’s operational strategy plays to

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our foremost strength in the marketplace – attracting – investors and

private insurers into difficult operating environments.

It focus on insuring investments in the areas where we can make the

greatest difference to countries eligible for assistance from the International

Development Association (the world poorest countries) conflict affected

environment (from one developing countries to another).

MIGA offers comparative advantage in all of these areas – from our

unique package of products and ability to restore the business community,

confidences to our ongoing collaboration with the public and private

insurance market to increase the amount of insurance available to

investors. As a Multilateral International Development Agency (MIGA),

only supports investments that are developmentally sound and meet high

social and environmental standards. MIGAprovides political risk insurance

guarantees to private sector investors and lenders, MIGA guarantees and

protects investments against non – commercial risks and can help investors

obtain access to funding sources with improved financial terms and

conditions much of the strength of MIGA is derived from world bank

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groups, it also conduct research and share knowledge as part of its

mandate to support foreign direct investment into emerging markets.

MIGA work alongside experience in political risk insurance, with

backgrounds including banking and capital markets, environmental and

social sustainability, project finance and sector specialties and international

law and dispute settlement much of its strength from member countries

and Board of Director, which voting power is weighted according to the

share of capital each director represents. Its key mission is to enhance the

flow to developing countries of capital and technology for productive

purposes under conditions consistent with their developmental needs,

policies and objectives, on the basis of fair and stable standards to the

treatment of foreign investment.

MIGA was created to complement public and private sources of

investment insurance against non – commercial risks in development

countries. Its multilateral and character and joint sponsorship by

developed and developing countries were seen as significantly enhancing

confidence among cross border investors.

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 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE ORGANISATION

The international finance cooperation is a member of the World

Bank Group, and is the largest global development institution focused

exclusively on the private sector in developing countries. I.F.C was

established in 1956, I.F.C is owned by 184 member countries, a group

that collectively determines our policies our work in more than a 100

developing countries allows companies and financial institutions in

emerging markets to create jobs generate tax revenues, improve

Cooperate governance and environmental performers and contribute to

Their local communities. I.F.C focuses on;

 Building long – term client relationships in emerging markets.

 Developing local financial markets.

 Addressing constraints to private sector growth in infrastructure,

health, education and the food supply chain.

 Addressing climate change and ensuing environmental and social

sustainability ,and

 Strengthening the focus on tiers markets.

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 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SETTLEMENT OF INVESTMENT

DISPUTES

International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (I.C.S.I.D)

is an autonomous international institution established under the

convention on the settlement of investment disputes between states and

nationals of other states (the I.C.S.I.D or the Washington convention), with

over one hundred and forty member states. The convention sets forth

I.C.S.I.D mandates organization and care functions, the primary purpose of

I.C.S.I.D is to provide facilities for conciliation and arbitration

ofinternational investment disputes.

The I.C.S.I.D convention is a multilateral treaty formulated by the

Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and

Development (the World Bank). It was opened for signature on March 18,

1965 and entered into force on October 14, 1966. The convention sough to

remove major impediments to the free international flows of private

investment posed by non – commercial risks and the absence at specialized

international method for investment dispute settlement. I.C.S.I.D was

created by the convention as an impartial international forum providing

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facilities for the resolution of legal disputes between eligible parties,

through conciliation or arbitration procedures.

As evidenced by its large membership; considerable case loads and by

the numerous references to its arbitration facilities in investment treaties

and laws, I.C.S.I.D plays an important role in the field of international

investment and economic development. It is considered today to be the

leading international arbitration institution devoted to investors – state

dispute settlement.

WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

ORGANIZATIONS

The world property Intellectual property organizations is the UN

agency dedicated to the use of intellectual property (patents , copy rights,

trade marks, design e.t.c. As a means of stimulating innovation and

creatively WIPO promotes the development and use of the international

system through;

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-Services –WIPO runs system which makes it easier to obtain protection

internationally for patents, trade, marks design and appellations of origins

and to resolved disputes.

 -LAW –WIPO helps to develop the international legal IP framework

in line with society evolving needs.

 INFRASTRUCTURE-WIPO- builds collaborative networks and

technical platforms to share knowledge and simplify IP transactions,

including.

 Free data base and tools for exchange information.

 DEVELOPMENT –WIPO builds capacity in the use of IP to support

economic development.

WIPO also work with member states and stake holders to improve

understanding and respect for IP worldwide ,it provide economic analysis

and statistics and provides IP based solutions to help tackle global

challenges .WIPO member states determine the strategic direction and

activities of the organization they meet in the Assemblies ,committees and

working group (wipo decision making bodies ).There are currently 185

member states, staffs are drawn from more than 90 countries ,while the

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respective division divisions of the secretariats are responsible for

coordinating the meetings of member states and implementing their

decisions for administrating the international IP registration system for

developing and executing the programmes design to achieve WIPOs goals

executing the programs design to achieve WIPO s goals and for providing

a repository of IP expertise to assist its members.

WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION

The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the

UN agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and

universally accessible tourism, UNWTO promotes tourism as a driver of

economic growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability

and offers leadership and to the sector in advancing knowledge and

tourism policies .UNWTO, encourages the implementation of the global

code of ethics for tourism to maximize tourisms ,social economic

contribution while minimizing its possible negative impacts and is

committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the United

Nations Millennium Development Goals geared towards reducing poverty

and foster development(UNWTO REPORTS,2011).

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 UNWTO ,generates markets knowledge, promotes competitive ,and

sustainable tourism policies and instrument foster tourism education and

training and works to make tourism an effective tool for development

through technical assistance projects in over 100 countries around the

world. UNWTO , membership include UN ,6 Associate members ,and over

400 affiliate members representing the private ,educational institution

,tourism association and local tourism actors.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS

The World health organization’s is the directing and coordinating

Authority for health within the UN system. It is responsible for providing

leadership on global health matters shaping the health, research agenda,

setting norms and standards, articulating evidence based policy options

providing technical support to countries, monitoring and assessing health

needs. In the 21st century health is a shared responsibility, involving

equitable access to essential care and collective defense against

transnational threats.

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 WHO is reforming to be better equipped to address the increasing

complex challenges of the health of populations in the 21stcentury, through

the following objectives?

-Improve health outcomes ,WHO is committed to meeting the

expectations of its member state and partners in addressing agreed global

health priorities ,focused on the advantage and financed in a way that

facilitate the focus.(WHO REFORM).

-Greater coherence in global health, with WHOM playing a leading

role in enabling the many different actors to play an active and effective

role in contributing to the health of all people.

-An organization that pursues excellence, one that is effective,

efficient responsive, objective, transparent and accountable (EBSS/2/2).

WHO operates in an increasing complex and rapidly changing land

scape. The boundaries of public health action have become blurred,

extending into other sectors that influence health opportunities and

outcomes .WHO responses to these using six point agenda;

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 -promoting development –Health development is directing by the

ethical principle of equality, access to life saving or health promoting,

intervention, should not be denied for unfair reasons including these with

economic social roots (WHO BROCHURE).

-Strengthening health system –WHO address provision of adequate

numbers of opportunity trained staffs, sufficient financing, sustainable

system for collecting vital statistics and access to appropriate technology.

-Fostering heath security –Addresses the outbreaks of emerging and

epidemic prone diseases such outbreaks on occurring in increasing number

of urbanization, environmental mismanagement sets.

-Harnessing research, information and evidence, WHO generate

authoritative heath information, in consultations with leading experts to set

norms and standards, articulate evidence based policy options and to

monitor the evaluation of global heath situation.

-Enhance partnership –WHO uses strategy power of evidence to

encourage partners implementing programs within countries to align their

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activities with best technical guidelines and practices as well as with

priorities established by countries.

Improving performance –WHO aims to ensure that its motivating

and recording its budgets and activities through result based management

with clear expected results to members, performs at country, regional and

international levels.

WORLDWIDE SUPPLIER DATABASE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE

The United Nations, including its many affiliated organizations

represent a global markets of over USD 6 billion annually for all of goods

and services the UN global marketplace acts as a single window through

which the business community may register with the UN system providing

an excellent ringbone to introduce your goods and services to many UN

organizations ,countries and regions .the database facilities the inter change

of supplier information within the UN system as information is made

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available to all .UN organizations and its cat as a important procurement

tool to shout list suppliers ,for competitive bidding.

The supplier database on the global market place is unavailable to all and

world bank procurement personal, and is the main supplier database of the

following organizations.

IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency

IAPSO: Inter-Agency Procurement Services Offices

ILO: International Labor Organizations

ITC: International Trade Centre

UN/PS: United Nations Procurèrent Services

UNESCO: United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizations

UNHCR: United Nations High Commission for Refugees

UNICEF: United Nations Children Fund

UNIDO: United Nations Development Organizations

UNOPS: United Nations Offices for Project Services

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WFP: World Food Programme

WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organizations

It enable and promote companies who seek to establish and expand

their global sourcing abilities and supply procurement ,global

communication, supply operations on a global level ,it’s a line through web

services to meet individuals need of business with similar global interest.

WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS

The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) was established in 1945

to replace the international federation of trade unions. Its mission was to

bring together trade unions across the world in a single international

organization, much like the United Nations. After a number of western

trade unions left it in 1949, as a result of dispute over support for the

Marshall plans to form the international conference of free trade unions

affiliated with or sympathetic to communist parties. In the context of the

cold war, the WFTU was often portrayed as a soviet front organization.

The WFTU has declined precipitously in the past twenty years since the

fall of the communist regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe,

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with many of its former constituent unions joining the WFTU. In January

2006, it moved its headquarters from plagues Czech Republic to Athens,

Greece and now focuses or organizing regional federations of unions in the

Third World, campaigning against imperialism, racism, poverty

environmental degradation and exploitation of workers under capitalism

and in defense of full employment, social security, health protection and

trade union rights. The WFTU continues to devote much of its energy to

organizing conference, issuing statements and producing educational

materials. As part of its efforts to advance its international agenda, the

WFTU develops working partnership with national and industrial trade

unions worldwide as well as with a number of international conference of

Arab unions (ICATU), the permanent congress of trade union unity of

Latin America (CPUSTAL) and the General federator of Trade Unions of

CIS. The WFTU holds consultative status with the economic and social

council of the United Nations, the ILO, UNESCO, FAO, and other UN

agencies. It maintains permanent missions in New York, Geneva, and

Rome.

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The following Trade Union’s Internationals are constituted within the

WFTU;

 Trade Unions International Agriculture, Food, Commerce, Textile,

and Allied Industries,

 Trade Unions International of Public and Allied Employers.

 Trade Unions International of Energy, Metal, Chemical, Oil and

Allied Industries,

 Trade Unions International of Transport Workers.

 Trade Unions International of Building, Wood, and Building

Materials Industries,

 World Federation of Teachers Union

INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE

The international trade center (I.T.C) is a joint agency of the world

trade organization and the united nation with the aim in development

countries to become more competitive in global markets speeding

economic development and contributing to the achievement of the UN

millennium development goal (MDG). With more than 40 year of hand on

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trade and business experience in a developing world. I.T.C promotes

poverty reduction by boosting trade and trade related technique and

responds to the development need of the countries. These are also

dimension which I.T.C work

 Empowering women economically

 Facilitate export development.

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

The international maritime organization (IMO) is in United Nations

specialized Agency charged with the responsibility for the safety and

security of shipping and prevention of marine pollution by ship. IMO was

established in 1948 from the defunct inter government maritime consulter

(IMCO)

As a united nation specialized Agency is to promote safety secures

environmentally sound efficient and sustainable shipping through

cooperation. This is accomplished by adopting the highest practicable

standard of maritime safety and security efficiency of navigation and

prevention and prevention and control of pollution from ships as well as

through consideration of the related legal matters and election

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implementation of most instruments will a lieu to their universal and

united from application.

After an international conference in a general convention format

establishing I.M.O to which the original name was the intergovernmental

maritime consultative organization, IMCO the purpose of the organization

can be out lined as follows;

 To provide the mechanism for cooperation among the field of

government regulation

 To encourage and facilitate the general adoption of the highest

practicable standard,

 To prevent tanker accident and to minimize their consequences

 Providing compensation to those who had suffered financially as

a result of pollution.

 Keeping the safety of life of sea.

 Responding to the scourge modern day pirate and

 Addressing the reduction of greenhouse gas emission from ships.

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION

The international telecommunication union (ITU) is the united nation

specialized agency for information and communication an organization

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based on public private partnership funded in Paris in 1865 as the

international telegraph union which later changed to international

telecommunication union in 1934, and in 1947 become a specialized agency

of the united nation, which has expertise in the telegraph the work of ITU

now cover the whole TCT sector from digital braced costing to the internet

and from mobile technologies to 3 D.T.V.

ITD currently has a membership of 193 countries and some from

private sector entities headgear treed in general, Switzerland with twelve

regional and areas offices around the world. ITU represented a cross

section of the global I.C.T sectors from the world largest manufactures and

came to small innovative player working with the new and emerging

technologies along with leading R&D intuitions and academic founded on

the principle of international cooperation between government (member

state) and the private sector (see for members associate and academia ) ITU

is committed to connecting the work virtually every facet of modern life in

businesses allure or enter raiment at work and at home deepens on

information and communication technologies. It also allocates global radio

spectrum and satellite orbited develop the technical standards that consign

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networks and technologies lastly interconnect and smug to improve access

to I.C.T in other to underserved communities world.

INTERNATIONAL COMPUTING CENTRE

The United Nations International Computing Centre (I.C.C) was

established in Geneva in 1971 as a common service providing a wide range

of information and communication technology services on a cost recovery

basis, to its users worldwide. It was originally set up to meet the needs of

three organization; the United Nations (UN),

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World

Health Organization, the centre has grown over the years to count now

more than is partner organization and a large number of other users.

It delivers;

 A broad range of IT services

 7 days/74 hours technical support

 Export advice on information technology and management.

 Information management services

 Assistance in exploiting networking and computing technologies.

I.C.C is governed by a management committee comprising of one

representative from each partners organization. This committee provides

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broad policy guidelines and receive, I.C.C work programme and associated

budgets

JOINT INPECTIONS UNIT

Joint Inspection unit (J I U) is the only independent external oversight

body of the United Nations System mandated to conduct evaluations

inspection and investigation system –wide, the joint inspection unit aims;

 To assist the legislative organs of the participatory organizations in

meeting their governance responsibilities in respect of their oversight

function concerning management of humans ,financial and other

resources by the secretariat.

 To help improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the respective

secretariat in achieving the legislative mandates and the mission

objectives established for the organization.

 To promote greater coordination between the organization of the

United Nations system.

To identify best practices, purpose benchmarks and facilitate information-

sharing throughout the system.(Cardoso ,Report, A/58/817).

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 Joint Inspection Unit has a unique mandate and opportunity to look

at cross-cutting issues and be an agent for change across the system, to

secure administrative efficiency and achieve greater coordination between

organizations, the work of the inspectors may consist of.

 Inspecting, evaluating, and investigating the operation of the

organizations.

 Assuring member states that activities undertaken are core-effective.

 Improving efficiency and increasing productivity

 Conducting risk management analysis

 Examining opportunities for programs delivery improvement

 Increasing coordination and harmonization among organizations

 Monitoring the implementation of recommendation.

UNITED NATIONS NON GOVERNMENTAL LIASON

SERVICES

The United Nations Non- Governmental liaison services (UNNGLS)

are an inter-agency programme the United Nations mandated to promote

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and develop constructive relations between the United Nations and civil

society organizations. UN-NGLS was established in 1975 by several UN

agencies to serve as a UN General Assembly has recognized the value of

NGLS work on several occasions in 1982 and again in 1993.

Drawing on its nature and UN system –wide perspectives ,NGLS provides

strategic information analysis and support to a wide range of

constituencies ,using it unique convening and networking capacity to

strengthen multi stakeholders dialogue and alliance –building on core UN

issues .NGLS closely monitor and reports ongoing deliberation at the UN

on its broad economic and social development ,human rights ,environment

,peace and security agenda.

It produces accessible and concise information which is widely

circulated among civil society actors, as well as UN and diplomatic circles

through a database of more than 30,000 entries .Its communication and

information program me includes a number of newsletter and Handbooks

on the UN system (Go Between, Roundup) as well as an extensive

electronic outreach including the bi-monthly civil society observers,the

weekly NGLS and French newsletter ,INFOLLETTER.

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 Facilitated civil society participation in UN processes and

deliberations, NGLS offers its expertise and support to civil society

organizations (CSO) in their work with the UN.NGLS advises organization

on opportunities to engage with the UN and facilitate their participation in

various UN processes and event (conferences, hearings ,workshop etc.)

NGLS has a specific commitment to enhance the participation of southern

and under-represented civil society actors (Millennium Declaration,

September 200).

With system –wide experience and expertise on civil society

engagement, NGLS assist UN bodies in the implementation of their civil

society strategies and helps address gaps and fill needs as they arise on the

UN system-civil society interface. Upon request it facilitates the

coordination of civil society participation an inter-agency projects and

initiatives. NGLS also organizes the annual C S O focal point meeting,

bringing all the staff responsible for external relations in the organization

of the multilateral system. These meetings provide an opportunity to build

a strong community of practice for multi-stakeholder involvement in

global affairs through the sharing of best practices and lesson learned

(World Summit outcome Document, paca.172-17).

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 NGLS promote debates and provides analysis on emerging trends in

UN civil society relations, tracking the dynamics as well as the evolution of

global civil society. It regularly engages in participatory research project to

examine the UN system engagement with new and emerging actors of

global governance , such as grassroots organizations ,social movement and

indigenous peoples organization with view of showcasing best practices,

stimulating debates within the UN circles and between the UN and civil

society actors .(NGLS ,2012).

Over the years NGLS has pioneered many of the practices which

today have become relatively mainstreamed call upon to facilitate the

selection process of civil society representative and their inputs in the first

interactive hearing of the General Assembly (G A) with civil society .held

prior to the 2005 world summits. NGLS expertise has been sought in 2006

,2007 and 2008 to spearhead civil society participation in the series at GA

hearing that focused on various issues ( International migration and

development, the least developed countries, HIV/AIDS) .NGLS has also

been instrumental in other recent processes ,including consultations of civil

society around the panel of eminent peoples on UN system wide coherence

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in 2006 and participation of civil society organization in the international

review conference on financing development in 2008.

UNITED NATIONS ATLAS OF THE OCEANS

The United Nation Atlas of the oceans is an internet portal

providing information relevant to the sustainable development of the

oceans. It is designed for policy makers who need to become familiar

oceans, issues and for scientist, students and resource managers who

need access to database, and approaches to sustainable development

.The UN Atlas supports chapter 17 of Agenda 21 the blueprint for the

sustainable development of oceans adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit

in Rio de Janeiro.

The development of the Atlas began in November 1999 by the

UN agencies responsible for matters relevant to the sustainable

development of the oceans and the advancement of oceans science as

an initiative of the United Nations Chief Executive Board for

coordination (CEB) formerly the subcommittee on oceans and coastal

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 Areas of the Administrative committee on coordination (UN –

ALAS,2012).

The UN Atlas of the oceans was initially funded by the United

Nations foundations. In Addition, six UN Agencies

(FAO,TAEA,IMO,UNEP,WMO,UNESCO/IOC) committed financial

resources to the project joint by the secretariat of the convention on

Biodiversity (CBD) Development has been under the lead of the FOA

fisheries and Aquaculture Department with additional participation from

national agencies collaborators include the Russian Head Department of

Navigation and Oceanography (HDNO) and the US .National oceanic and

Atmospheric Administrative (NOAA) which provided a wealth of

information and seconded a senior manager to serve as project manager

supplying him with support staff and funding .(UN-ATLAS ,2002-2013).

The original partnership has expanded to include the Census on

Marine Life (COML), the National Geographic society the UN International

Seabed Authority (ISA), The World Resource Institute (WRI) and world

observatory (W2O), (UN ATLAS REPORT, and NOV.2010).

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 USES OF THE OCEANS

 Disposal of waste from land: including sewage, non- point sources,

carbon dioxide sink.

 Energy including conversion of Fidel waves thermal (OTEC) salinity

and wind energy.

 Fisheries and Aquaculture: including, resources, technology

production, processing utilization, trade, governance.

 Human settlement on the coast including coastal urbanization and

development, destruction of habitats and other physical alterations.

 Marine Biotechnology-information on pharmaceuticals, other

chemicals, genetic resources and products developed from marine

living resources using biotechnology.

 Non consumptive uses –including, clean water, endangered species,

marine, reserves, habitat, viewing of nature (ecotourism) aesthetics

values and amenities.

 Ocean dumping and ship waste-including dredging of ports,

voluntary dumping, disused oil platforms, discharge from cargo, and

passengers ship, nuclear waste disposal.

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  Offshore oil, Gas and Mining exploration and extraction of oil and

gas; gravel sand and mineral mining from the coast to deep water.

 Recreation and Tourism, including fishing, boating swimming

,surfing and other types of recreation and tourism ,infrastructure

development ,management approaches ,managing the impact.

 Transportation and Telecommunication, including maritime

transport, and telecommunication, (pipe, cables), navigation port

infrastructure, shipping rules, safety of sea routes, congestion,

accident.

OCEAN ISSUES

Global, regional and national issues relating to the oceans and their

governance are describing with an emphasis on sustainable development.

-Climate variability and climate change ,addressing temperature changes ,

sea level rise , ocean acidification, ice changes , currents storms, diseases ,

algal bloom, impacts, adaptations ,outlook ,for the future including

possible adaptation to reduce impacts, research and governance

,institutions.

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-Emergencies ,dramatic and unexpected events negatively affecting people

and their ocean activities, including harmful algal blooms ,storms

,typhoons, hurricanes, tsunami, icebergs warning and aid institutions.

-Food security access and availability of sea food from captured fisheries or

aquaculture and related problems, including poverty; contains information

on aquaculture, fisheries, precautionary approach ,catch trends ,and

projections institution, enforcement, food security and the future.

-Governance contains institutions and processes involved in the United

Nations Convention on law of the sea (UNCLOS) and other policy

development and implementation, including laws and programs at the

international, regional and national level.

-Human Health; include issues such as algal blooms, pollutions, water-

borne diseases, food quality and contains invasion specie introductions,

contingency planning, urban crowding,

-Environmental modification, dredging and outlook of the future.

-pollution and degradation, describe negative modification of the ocean

environment, pollution and degradations, problems associated with

mitigation ,ocean dumping, human generated ocean noise ,food security

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,nutrients from the atmosphere non-point source pollution ,impacts

control, for the future.

 Safety of standards, and accidents piracy, storm transport of

dangerous goods and other cargo related issues with a concern for

human welfare and condition of sea.

 Sustainable development covers issues related to sustainable and

responsible conduct in using the oceans such as renewable energy

and integrated coastal –zone management ,with mention of small

island developing states .( S I D S,2013).

UNITED NATIONS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT FUND

The United Nations Capital Development Fund is the UN capital

investment agency for the world ,49 least developed countries ,it creates

new opportunity for poor people and their small business by increasing

access to micro-finance and investment capital ;UNCDF programme help

to empower women and are designed to catalyse larger capital flows from

the private sector, national government and development partners for

maximum impacts towards the MDGS (UNCDF ,REPORT, 2011).

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UNCDF mandate from the UN General Assembly (1966) is to assist

developing countries in the development of their economies by

supplementing existing sources of capital assistance by means of grants

and loans. The mandate was modified in 1974 to focus on first and

foremost the least developed among the developing countries (UNCDF

,2013).

The original mandate to promote economic development in the least

developed countries remains highly relevant today .Economic growth is

necessary to enhance living standards, reduce poverty and cope with the

worlds growing population, and it must be socially and environmentally

sustainable to deliver maximum benefits for current and future

generations.

Within its economic development mandates UNCDF focuses on

public and private financing mechanism. Effective and efficient finance in

both the public and private sectors can spur economic growth and make it

more sustainable and inclusive. UNCDF focuses on financing mechanism

has special relevance for least developed countries where public financing

management is often weak and private financing system,often

underdeveloped and inaccessible to poor people.

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 -Public sector strengthening, public investment at the local level

.UNCDF supports decentralization and strong financial management with

the decentralized system .This leads to improved allocation of scarce public

resource stronger and more responsive local government and ultimately

better public investment in roads, market places, irrigation system and

other basic infrastructure that improve people lives and lays the

foundation for economic growth.

 Private sector ,ensuring financial services reach poor people

and small businesses .Inclusive financial system ,promote

private sector driven ,pro-poor people growth with savings

,credit, payment ,insurance .UNCDF help poor families and

small businesses generate income ,build assets , invest in

opportunities and strengthening resilience to setbacks. UNCDF

today operates in 40 of the world’s 49 least developed

countries, 70% of its portfolio is in Africa while 50% is in post

crisis countries, and two of its private donors are private

foundations.

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 UNITED NATION COMPENSATION COMMISSION

The United Nations Compensation Commission was established in

1991 as a subsidiary organ of the United Nation Security Council .Its

mandate is to process claims and pay compensation for losses and damages

suffered as a direct result of Iraq’s. Unlawful invasion and occupation of

Kuwait. Compensation payable to successful claimants from a special fund

that receives a percentage of the profit from sales of Iraq oil. (SECURITY

COUNCIL RESOLUTION, 687 OF 3 APRIL.199).

The Governing council is the organ of the commission that sets it

policy within the framework of the relevant United Nations Security

Council resolutions. As such it establishes the criteria for the

compensability of claims, the rules and procedures for processing the

claims the guidelines for the administration and financing of the

compensations fund and procedures for the payment of compensation. It

reports regularly to the Security Council on the work of the commission.

The Governing council is the same as that of the fifteen member

security council, china, France, the Russian federation , the United

kingdom and the United State are the U.S permanent member , the ten

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non-permanent members are selected by the General Assembly for two

year term with five being replaced each year.(UNCC, 2013).

The council is also responsible for approving the budgets of the

commission which is received by the council committee on administration

matters, in December1997, the secretariat presented to the committee for

the first time a biennium budget, thus bringing the commission into lime

with standard United Nations practice and this has remained the practice

since then.

UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DERSERTICATION

The international community has long recognized that land

degradation is a major economic, social and environmental problem of

concern to many countries in all regions of the world. In 1977, the United

Nation Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) adopted a plan of action

to combat Desertification (PACD) Despite this and other efforts ,the United

Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) concluded that the problem of

land degradation in arid and, semi-arid dry sub-humid areas had

intensified had intensified although there local examples of success, as a

result ,the question of how to tackle desertification was held in Rio de

janeiro in 1992, the conference supported a new integrated approach to the

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problems emphasizing action to promote sustainable development at the

community level.(UNCCCD CONVENTION IN MADRID, September

2007).Desertification, along with climate change and the loss Of

biodiversity were identified as the greatest challenges to sustainable

development during the sole legally binding international agreement

linking environment and development .The convention addresses

specifically the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas known as the dry

lands where some of the vulnerable ecosystem and people can be found

.(UNCCD ,2008-2018). The conventions 195 parties work together to

improve the living conditions for people in dry land to maintain the effects

of the drought.

The UNCCD is particularly committed to a bottom up approach,

encouraging the participation of local in combating desertification and land

degradation; the UNCCD sectaries facilitates cooperation between

developed and developing countries ,particularly around knowledge and

technology transfer for sustainable land management.AS the dynamics of

land, climate and biodiversity are intimately connected the UNCCD

collaborate closely with the other two Rio convention on biological

Diversity ( C B D) and the United Nations framework convention on

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climate change (UNFCCC), to meet these complex challenges was at

integrated approach and the best possible use of natural resource.

UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTIO ON

CLIMATE CHANGE

In 1992 countries joined an international treaty, The United Nations

Framework on Climate Change to cooperatively consider what they could

do to limit average global temperature increase and resulting climate

change and to cope with whatever impacts were by then inevitable.

(UNFCCC CONVENTION, 1994).By 1995, countries realized that emission

,reduction provision in the convention were inadequate .They launched

negotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change and two

years later ,adopted the Kyoto protocols .The Kyoto protocol legally binds

developed countries to emission reduction target .The protocol first

committed period began on January 2015 and will end in 2020.(Kyoto

protocol,1997).

There are now 195 parties to the convention and 191 parties to the

Kyoto protocol .The UNFCCC secretariat supports all institutions involved

in the international climate change negotiations particularly the conference

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of the parties (COP) serving as the meeting of the parties (CMP) ,subsidiary

bodies which advises the COP/CMP , and the COP/CMP Bureau which

deals mainly with procedural and organizational issues arising from

COP/CMP and also has technical function .(UNCC QATAR,2012).

UNITED NATIONS JOINT STAFF PENSION FUND

The United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund is a fund that was

established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1949 to provide

retirement, death disability and related benefits for staff of the United

Nations and the other organizations admitted to membership in the funds,

AS of 31December, 2010,the fund was serving 23 members organizations

with 121138 active participation and 63,830 beneficiaries .The funds

provides;

 Retirement benefit

 Early retirement

 Deferred retirement

 Withdrawal settlement

 Disability settlement

 Widows Widowers benefits

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  Divorced, surviving spouse benefits

 Spouse married after separations benefits

 Child benefits

 Secondary dependent benefits

 Residual settlement

The funds pension adjusted system was design to protect the

purchasing power of a period benefits from inflation, in some cases ,from

currency fluctuations pensions are adjusted annually ,or 1 April adjustment

are made in accordance with the movement of the applicable consumer

price index ,however ,if this movement was less than 2%, the Adjustment is

postponed until the cumulative 2% threshold has been attained .If the

applicable CPI movement was less than 10%,the benefits are adjusted semi-

annually ,on April 1, and 1october ,beneficiaries living in certain countries

have the option of choosing the two track system for adjustment of their

benefits.

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 UNITED NATIONS SYTEM NETWORK ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT

AND FOOD SECURITY

The United Nations System Network on Rural Development is a

global partnership approach towards tackling rural development

challenges of the country levels. It was established in 1997 by the United

Nations Administration committee on coordination (today UN system

Chief Executive Board for coordination) It brings together key actors for the

achievement of shared goals of food for all and rural poverty reduction

comprising 20 UN organizations .The UN system network is an inter-

agency mechanism for follow up to the WORLD FOOD SUMMIT (1996)

and WORLD FOOD SUMMIT (2002) and supports the international land

coalitions. The framework secretariat is managed by FOA, in close

collaboration with IFAD and WFP. (UNSN, 2002).It has the following

aims;

 Support efforts by Government and its partners to implement the

World Ford Summit plan of action and rural development and food

security programmes.
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  Reinforce ties between UN system organizations and other

stakeholders notably NGOs and civil society organizations.

 Foster Synergies and disseminate information’s, experience and best

practices, the dynamics core of the UN system network consist of

national thematic (TGs) working on rural and food security issue

.each group defines its themes and according to the different needs

and priorities at the national level. By the end of year 2002 more than

80 TGs were been established in the world.

A National TGs typically comprises representatives from UN

organizations or governments donors NGOs civil society and private

sector, whose participation is being strongly encouraged given their roles

actors for development.

This broad –based membership creates a collaborative framework in

which to plan and implement development activities ;promote new

projects ,share information ,knowledge and expertise ,promote discussion

on the main development challenges and ensures coordinated technical

support to National efforts .Thematic groups set an agenda and

methodology of work responding to priority themes for action in each

country .(FIVIMS,2013).
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 UNITED NATIONS FORUM ON FOREST

The United Nations forum on forest (NUFF) was established in 2000

headquarter in New York by the economic and social council at the United

Nations (ECOSOC) a subsidiary body with the main objective to promote

the managements conservation and sustainable development of all types of

forests and to strengthen long term political commitment to this end…. The

forum has universal memberships and is composed of all member states of

the United Nations and specialize agencies.

It is the role of UNFF as an international instrument for sustainable

forest management which has impact on international cooperation and

national action to reduce deforestations prevents forest degradations

promote sustainable livelihoods and reduce poverty for all forest

dependent peoples.

In other to achieve its main objectives the following principal functions

have been identified for the UNFF:

 To foster international cooperation.

 To strengthen interaction between the United Nations forum on

forests and relevant regional and sub – regional forest – related

mechanisms institutions and instruments organizations and

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 processes with participation of major groups in sustainable forest

management.

 To strengthen political commitment to the management conservation

and sustainable development of all types of forest.

 To monitor, assess and report on progress of the above functions and

objectives

 To enhance cooperation as well as policy and programme

coordination on forest – related issues.

 To enhance the contribution of forests to the achievement of the

internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium

Development goals, and to the implementations of sustainable –

development. The UNFF is guided by a Bureau and serviced by a

compact secretariat that also serves as a secretariat for the

collaborative partnership on forests. It global objectives are as

follows;

 Reverse the decline in official development assistance for sustainably

management and mobilize significantly – increased new and

additional financial resources from all sources.

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  Reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide through sustainable forest

management (SFM) including protections restoration, forestation and

reforestations and increase efforts to prevent forest degradation.

 To enhance forest – based economic; social and environmental

benefits; including by improving the livelihoods of forest –

dependent people.

 To increase the area of sustainable managed forest including

protected forests and increase the proportion of forest product

derived from sustainably managed forests.

UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY

FOR DISASTER REDUCTION

As an increasing number of people are being affected by Natural

hazards, there is growing recognition by government and organizations

that building resilient communities and reducing disaster risk is a core

initiative. The United Nations International Strategy For Disaster

Reduction (UNISDR) was established to support and coordinate this

movement (UNISD ,2000). Over the decades disaster risk reduction has
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moved from a narrowly perceived technical disciplines to a broad –based

global movement focused on sustainable development.

UNISDR was created in December 1999 as part of the UN secretariat

with the purpose of ensuring the implementation of the international

strategy for disaster reduction .UNISDRs mandates is to serve as the focal

points in the United Nations System for the coordination of disaster

reduction activities ,also its aims to reduce the damage caused by natural

hazards like earthquakes ,floods .droughts and cyclones ,through an ethnic

of convention .The international strategy for Disaster reduction and in

effects seeks to promote a culture of prevention .(UNISDR ,20130).

INTER – AGENCY NETWORK ON WOMEN AND GENDER

EQUALITY

The United Nations Inter – Agency Network on Women and Gender

Equality (IANWGE) is a network of gender local points in United Nations

offices specialized agencies funds and programmes and is chaired by UN

Women, UN women also serves at the secretariat for the Network. The

network has played a central role in promoting gender equality throughout

the United Nations system and in follow – up to the fourth world

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conference in women in Beijing in 1995 and the twenty – third special

session at the General Assembly.

The I.A.N.W.G.E consist of approximately to members representing

25 entities of the United Nations system i.e. offices and departments of the

United Nations secretariat, regional commissions, funds, and programmes,

specialized agencies and the Breton woods institutions, all member entities

and departments within the UN secretariat receive invitations to the

annual meeting of the IANWGE which usually takes places in the first

quarter of each year.

UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION

The Universal Postal Union (UPU) was established in 1874s with its

headquarters in the Swiss capita Berne, is the second oldest international

organization worldwide, with its 192 member countries, the UPU is the

primary forum for cooperation between postal sector players, it helps to

ensure a truly universal network of up to date products and services. The

organization fulfills an advisory, mediating and liaison role, and provides

technical assistance where needed. It sets the rule for international mail

exchanges and makes recommendations to stimulate growth in mails

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parcel and financial services volumes and improve quality of service for

customers. The UPU consists of four (4) bodies:

 The Congress

 The Council of Administration (CA)

 The Postal Operations Council (POC)

 The International Bureau

 The Telemetric Cooperative

 The EMS Cooperative

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 SECTION

UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL COMMISSIONS

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 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) was

set up in 1947 by ECOSOC. It is one of five regional commissions of the

United Nations are;

 Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA, 1973).

 Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

(ECLAC, 1948).

 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP,

1947).

 Economic Commission for Africa (ECA, 1958).

 Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA, 1973).

UNECE is out to promote Pan – European economic integration. To

do so it brings together 56 countries located Eastern Europe, South – East

Europe and common Wealth of independent states (CIS) and North

America. All the countries dialogue and cooperate under the aegis of

UNECE on economic and sect oral issues. However, all interested United
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Nations member state may participate in the work over 70 international

professional organization and other nongovernmental organizations talk

part in UNECE activities which facilitate greater economic integration and

cooperation among, its member countries and promotes sustainable

development and economic prosperity through;

 Exchange and application of best practices as well as economic and

technical expertise.

 Negotiations of international legal instruments.

 Policy dialogue.

 Development of regulations and Norms.

 Technical cooperation for countries with economies in transition.

UNECE contributes to enhancing the effectiveness of the United

Nation through the regional implementation of outcomes of global United

Nations conferences and summits. It gives focus to the United Nations

global mandates in the economic field in cooperation with other global

players and key stakeholder notably the business community. (Naf, 1984).

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 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA

The Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA), the Spanish

acronym is CEPAL – was established by Economic and Social Council

Resolution 106 (VI) of 25 February, 1948 and began to function that same

year, the scope of the commissions of the Caribbean, and by resolution

1984/67 of 27 July, 1984, the Economic Council decided to change its name

to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLA);

the Spanish acronyms CEPAL, remains unchanged.

ECLAC, which is headquartered in Santiago, Chili, is one of the five

regional commissions of the United Nations. It was founded with the

purpose of contributing to the economic development of Latin Americas

coordinating actions directed towards, this ends and reinforcing economic

ties among its primary objectives.

In June 1951, the commission established the ECLAC sub – regional

headquarters in Mexico City, which serves, the needs of the Central

American sub – regional; and in December 1966, the ECLAC sub – regional

headquarters for the Caribbean was founded in Port of Spain, Trinidad and

Tobago.

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In addition, ECLAC maintains country officers in Buenos, Aires, Brasilia,

Montevideo and Bogota as well as liaison office in Washington D.C (Brandt

,1980).

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THE

PACIFIC

The united nation economic and social commission for Asia and the

pacific (ESCAP) is the regional development arm of the United Nations for

the Asia pacific island Nations kiribati for the east and from the Russian

federation in the north to new Zeeland in the South’s the region is home

to 40billion peoples or five third of the words population.

This makes Escap the most comprehensive at the united nation five

regional commissions and the largest united nation body serving the Asia

pacific region with over 600 staff.

Established in 1947 with 145 headquarters in ban picnics Thailand ESCAP

works to overcome some of the rigor greatest challenge by providing resent

oriented project technical assistance and capacity building to member state

in the following areas;

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  Sub – regional activities for development

 Trade and investment

 Transport

 Social development

 macroeconomic policy and development

 Information and communications. Tech no logy and nick reduction.

ESCAP promotes rigorous analysis and peer rearguing in about -7

core areas of work, translate these finding into policy dialogues and

recommendation and provide good development practices, knowledge

sharing and technical assistance to member states in the implementation of

these recommendation.(UNDP ,.1992-2002).

Escap uses its convening power to bring countries together to address

through regional cooperation reclining;

 Issue that are of a sensitive or emerging nature and require fun the

advocacy and negotiation

 Issues that are teaspoon day in nature or that void benefit from

collaborate inter country. Approaches

 Issues that benefit from regional or multi-country involvement.

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  Issues that all or a group of countries in the region face for which it is

necessity to learn from each other

 ESCAP provides a forum for its member state that promotes regional

cooperation and collective action assisting countries in building and

sustaining shared economic growth and social equally

ESCAP give more participation to the smaller and often life out

voices of the region the least develop net small island state and land locked

state.

ESCAP is norm setting and policy work, ultimately impact people’s lives in

a positive way by hoping countries shape and implement a more balanced

and inclusive development agenda for the region.

The ESCAP sectional comprises the office of the Executive secrete sever

substantive division (MPDD, TID, TD, ED, IDD, SDD, AND SD). The

division of administration and the delivery of ESCAP programmers is

supported by the sub regional offices and the regional institutions.

(Bhagwati,1972).

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR WESTERN ASIA (ECWA)

The economic commission for western Asia (ECWA)was established

on 9 august 1973 pursuant to the economic and social council resolution

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1818 (LV) the purpose of setting up the commission was to rise the level of

economic activity in member countries and strengthen cooperation among

them.(Meier,1984). It was also intended to meet the need of the countries in

western Asia for the services for a regional economic to promote the

development effort in the region. It has been located in a number of Arab

capital, its membership comprises of 17 Arab countries in western Asia. It

is charged with following objectives.

 To familiarize the outside world with the circumstance and need of

the countries in the region.

 To promote cooperation between the countries

 To support economic and social development in the countries of the

region

 To achieve regional integration between member countries and

promote the exchange of exercises best practice and lessons learned.

 To achieve regional integration between member countries and to

ensure interaction between western Asia and other regions of the

world.

ESCWA provides a framework for the formulation and

harmonization of sect oral policies for member countries a platform for

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congress and coordination a home for expertise and knowledge’s and an

information observatory. ESCWA Activities are coordinated with the

divisions and anal offices of the headquarter of the united nation,

specialized agencies and international and region organization including

the league of Arab state and its subsidiary bodies and the gait cooperation

council.(Harrison,1980).

UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA

The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) was

established in 1958 by the United Nations Economic and social council to

encourage economic cooperation’s among its member states (the nations of

the African continent) following a recommendations of the United Nations

General Assembly, with headquarter in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. It is one of

the five regional commissions. The UNECA has 53 member states,

corresponding with the 53 member states of the United Nations that lie

within the continent of Africa .The commission work ,is structured into

seven programme divisions ;

 -African center for statistics

 Gender and social development

 Food security and social development

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 Economic development and Nepad

 ICT and Science & Technology

 Regional integration, infrastructure and trade

 Governance and public Administration

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 SECTION

D
UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH AND TRAINING

INSTITUTE

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UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING

INSTITUTE FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN

The United Nations international research and training institute for

the Advancement and training of women(UN-INSTRAW) has been the

leading UN institute devoted in research capacity building development

and knowledge management with the goal of achieving gender equality

and women empowerment .The institutes participatory and innovation

approaches to research have produced gender disaggregated data and

research result that have served to better inform the design of training and

capacity building programmes and projects UN-INSTRAW works in

partnership with government, the United Nations system ,civil society and

academics.UNI STRAW is a subsidiary of the United Nations General

Assembly ,it was established upon recommendations of the world

conference on the international women year 1975 in Mexico through the

ECOSOC.UNINSTRAW started operations in 1979 since 1983 its main

offices are located in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic’s with a focus

on the advancement of women through research and training. The institute

is finance through contributions which are mostly green by governmental

organizations.(Braidotti ,1994).

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 UN INSTRAW emphasizes the importance of articulating research,

capacity building and knowledge management and the design of training

and capacity building programs as well as the formulation of ,the programs

by UN INSTRAW are; UNISTRAW gender peace and security programs

-UN INSTRAW gender migration and development programs

-UNINSTRAW Gender governance and women political participation

programs .

-UN INSTRAW Capacity building programs

UN-INSTRAW is the leading UNITED NATIONS Institute devoted to

research training and knowledge management in partnership with

government the United Nations system, civil society and academia to

archive gender equality and women empowerment. It’s a UN entity

mandated to develop research and training programmes that contribute to

the empowerment of women and the achievement of gender equality

worldwide through alliance building with UN Members, international

organizations academia, civil society, the private sector and other sectors

through

-Buildingsustainable, transparent and efficient institutions.

187
-strengthen the capacity of key state holders to integrate gender

perspective in policies programs and project

-create synergies for knowledge management and information’ sexchange.

-Undertakes action oriented research from a gender perspective that has a

concrete impact on policies, programmes and project.

UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH

The United Nations institute for training and research (UNITAR) is a

training arm of the United Nations system serving some 17000 beneficiaries

annually by conducting more than 400 capacity development and research

activities around the world. The mission of the UNITAR is to deliver

innovative training and conduct research in acknowledged system to

develop capacities in the offices of environment peace security and

Diplomacy and governance. The idea o f a UN training and research

institute was mentioned for the first time in 1962. The founding of UNITAR

in 1963 followed the recommendation of the Economic and social council to

the General Assembly which commissioned the secretary General with the

establishment of a United Nations institute for training and research as an

autonomous body within the UN system.

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 The creation of UNITAR occurred at the most posture time in the

history of the united nation 36 states had joined the organization since 1960

including 78 African states that unprecedented walk of decolonization was

a success story for the United Nations at the same time however it created a

critical need for assistance as many of the newly – independent states lack

the capacity to training their young diplomats. The institutes therefore

endeavoured to satisfy that need in accordance with its statistics. UNITAR

commenced functioning in March 1965. The institution originally had its

headquarters based in New York and a European office in general. The first

office- still known as the UNITAR building – stood up on First Avenue

near UN headquarters. UNITAR headquarters were transferred to general.

Many UN entities offer training on themes at relevance to their

respective mandates none of them however offers the expertise on how

best to deliver this training how best to capture and retain knowledge and

how best to build upon it. UNITAR is therefore concentrating on the means

of delivering a dust training and professional learning; how to monitor and

evaluate their impact behaviour; and how to capitalize on capacity

development.

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 FUNCTION OF UNITAR

The functions of UNITAR include the followings

 Conducting training programmers in multi-lateral diplomacy and

international co-operation for diplomat accredited to the United

Nations and national officials.

 Carrying out a wide range of programmers in social and economic

development

 Ensuring liaison with UN organization while strengthening

cooperation with academic institutions

 Entrusted to conduct research to improve outcomes of its training

programmers through the development of training tools and

methodologies.

UNITED NATIONS GEOGRAGHICAL INFORMATION WORKING

GROUP

The United Nations geographical information working group

(UNGIWG) is a voluntary network of UN professionals working in the

fields of cartography and geographic information science. The United

Nations geographical information working group was formed in 2000 to

address common geospatial issues, map boundaries data exchanges

190
standard that affect the work of UN organization and member states.

UNGIWG also works directly with non- governmental organizations

research institution and industry to develop and maintain common

geographic database and geospatial technologies to enhance normative and

operational capabilities UNGIWG report periodically to the UN chief

executive broad (C.E.B) on progress made and priority issues. The aims at

UNGIWG are as follows;

 Improve the efficient use of geographic information for better

decision making.

 Promote standards and norms for maps and either other geospatial

information.

 Develop core geospatial data to avoid duplication

 Build mechanism for sharing maintaining and assuring the quality of

geographic information;

 Provide a forum for discussing common issues and emerging

technological advances.

The structure of UNGIWG has evolved to reflect changing needs and

the particularities of managing a working group whose 30 plus.

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Members are located around the globe. The structure and modus operand

of UNGIWG is set out in detail in its terms of reference. Since 2009s special

interest group (SIG) and time – bound task groups (TG) are in charge of the

implementation of decisions taken.

In 2005 UNGIWG embanked on the development of the UN Spatial data

infrastructure (UNSDI) in 2010s UNSDI was recognized as a UN system

wide Information and Communication Technology (ICT) harmonization

initiative when the General Assembly adopted the UNICT strategy

developed by the office of Information and communication technology

(OICT) headed by the Assistant Secretary General and chief information

Technology officer (ASG/CITO), the UN secretariat in New yolks USA.

In 2011, UNGUNG adopted the centre of excellence for UNSDI

project proposal developed by OICT on 28 March 2012 in Vienna at the 12 th

plenary meeting of UNGUNG the UNSDI steering comities, in close

collaboration with OICT will launch the center of excellence for UNGUNG

project founded by voluntary contribution of member’s states. The first

phase of implementation will take three years to complete by an

interagency team from OICTs, the UN office in Geneva information and

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communications technology service (UNOG/ICTS) and the food

Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome.

UNITED NATIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON THE EFFECTS OF

ATOMIC RADIATION

The UNSCEAR was established by the General Assembly of the

United Nations in 1955, with headquarter in Vienna. Its mandate in the

United Nations is to assembly and report levels and effects of exposure to

ionizing radiation.

Government and organization throughout the world basis for evaluating

radiation risk and for establishing protective measures, the committee

member is designed by the General Assembly which has designed 27

countries to provide scientists as member of the committee. The committee

has issued 20 major publications which programmers of work is approved

by the General Assembly and extend typically over a 4-5 year period. The

secretariat collates relevant date submitted by UN member state

international organization and nongovernmental organization and engages

specialist to analyze those date to study relevant scientific literati on and

193
produce scientific evaluation the secretion to each session of UNSCEAR

and at the end of the cycle the substantive ravines are published.

UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT

The United Nations research institute for social development is an

autonomous research institute nation the UN system that under takes

multidisciplinary research and policy analysis on social dimensions of

contemporary development issues. UNRISD was established in 1963 as an

autonomous space within the UN system for the conduct of policy relevant

cutting – edge research on social development that is pertinent to the work

of the United Nations secretariats regional commissions and specialized

agencies; and national institutions.

The dimension at which UNRISD operations are as follows:

 Provide a space for the exchange of ideas giving prominence to

marginalized viewpoints, often challenging mainstream

development. Thinking and offering alternative policy options.

 Mobilize and strengthen the research capacity of individuals and

institutions in developing countries through collaboration

inquiring.

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  Engage researcher’s policy makers and civil society actors from

around the world in generating and sharing knowledge in order

to shape policy within and beyond the UN system.

 Focus on the often neglected social content and impacts of

development processes and the role of social institutions relations

and actors in shaping development.

 Insisting social equity inclusion and justice are central to

development thinking policy and practice.

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

The International Institute for Education Planning was created by

UNESCO in 1963 in Paris, France, it is supported by grants from UNESCO

and by voluntary contributions from member state and other (IIEP) is an

integral part of UNESCO, yet it enjoys a large amount of autonomy. It is

aimed at training planners and managers in skills to analyze and plan

,manage and implement monitor and evaluate institutions and improving

administrative routines ,organizations leadership skills fostering an

enabling environment through policy forums international cooperation

and networking IIEP has trained more than 5000 experts and educational
195
officers which is its primary activity to fit different needs a variety of

possibilities are proceeded full year courses ,shelter, intensive training

distance education, provide methodological aspect allowing identification

of priorities ,best practice and innovations ,also, its tailored programmes to

meet countries specific needs special programmes have recently been

launched to assist government confronted with emergency situations.

INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY

The international seabed Authority (ISA)(Authoriteinternationale des

fonds marinos, Authoridadinternacional de les tondosmarinos) is an inter-

governmental body based in Kingston, Jamaica, established to organize

and control all mineral related activities in the international seabed area

beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, and are underlying most of the

world oceans it is an organization established by the law of the sea

convention. The convention came into force 16th November 1994.Two

principal organs established the policies and govern the work of the

Authority ,the Assembly in which all members are represented and 36

member council elected council member chosen according to a formula

designed to ensure equitable representation at countries from various

groups including those engage in seabed mineral exploration and the land

196
based producers of mineral form on the seabed ISA operate by countries by

contracting with private and public operations and eventually exploit

specified areas the deep seabed for mineral resources essentially for

building most technological products .

The convention established a body called the enterprise which is to

serves as the authority own mining operations but no concrete steps have

been taken to bring this into being. The authority organize annual

workshop on various aspect of seabed explorations with emphasis on

measures to protect the marine environment from any harmful

consequences it disseminates the results of these meetings through

publication.

The Authority established an endowment fund to support

collaborative marine scientific research on the international seabed area

.The fund will aid experiment scientist and technicians from developing

countries to participants in deep sea research organized by international

and national institution.

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 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR THEORICAL PHYSIC

The Abdus Salam international centre for theoretical physics

(ICTP) was founded in 1964 by Pakistan scientist and Nobel laureate

Abdul salam. The center is an international research institute for

physical and mathematical sciences and operates under a tripartite

agreement between the Italian government, United Nations

Educational scientific and cultural organizations UNESCO and

international Atomic Energy Agencies (AIEA)it’s located near the

marima mare park trite, Italy.

ICTP foster the growth of advanced studies and research in physical and

mathematical ,sciences, especially in support of excellence in developing

centers and develop high level scientific programmes keeping in mind the

needs of developing countries and provide an international forum of

scientific contact for scientist from all countries .ICTP welcomes about 5000

scientist each year .About 50%of the 100,000 scientist who have

participated in ICTP research activities since the central inception in 1964

are from developing countries visitors have represented some 170 Nations

and 40 international organizations with more than 64,000 books and full

text access to nearly 3500 journals , the library has the biggest single

198
collection at specialized physical and mathematical literatures in the whole

of Europe .

INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGEING

The United Nations institute on Ageing was as a result of the

question raise of ageing as a matter of international concern at the United

Nations in 1987,eventually in 1979 the general assembly agree to call a

world Assembly on Ageing in 1987. in its resolutions 37/51 it

recommended inter-the promotion of training and research, as well as the

exchange of information and knowledge in other to provide an

international basis for social policies and actions. It unanimously, and

without reservation, adopted the Vienna international plan of actions on

ageing which remains at the cornerstone of worldwide policy on ageing .

In this respect ,the plan recommended that practical training

institutes should be promoted and encourage so that they act as a practical

bridge between and among developed and developing countries .The

United Nations Economic and social council, by its resolution 1987 /41

recommend to the United Nations secretary General the establishment of

the international institute on ageing on the 9th October 1987 ,the United

Nations signed an official agreement with the government of malta to

199
established the international institute on ageing as an autonomous body

under the auspices of the United Nations the institute was inaugurated on

15th April ,1988 by the then United Nations secretary General ,H.E Mr.

Javier peres de cueller.

UNIVERSITY FOR PEACE

The University for peace (UPEACE) is an education organization

established in Cost Arica in 1980 to provide humanity with an international

institution of higher education for peace with the aim of promoting among

all human beings the spirit of understanding tolerance and peaceful

coexistence to stimulate cooperation among peoples and to help lesson

obstacles and threat to world peace and progress in keeping with the Noble

aspirations proclaimed in the charter of the United Nations.

The University has the unique status of not only being a dedicated

institutions for higher education in peace and conflict studies but also in

international treaty body organization mandated by United Nations

General Assembly. It offers master and doctrinal degree it carries activities

related to the international peace and security objectives of the United

Nations through countries and offices located in Addis Ababa, General,

200
and Geneva, New York. The Hague, and South Korea and through

partnership .arrangement with numerous institutions worldwide.

Peace as a treaty organization is not part of the UN system but has observer

status at the UN while maintaining its independence in academic financial

and management matters. The UN secretary General is the president of

Peace ,the University has established two centers for its master’s and

doctoral programme as policy makers these are 1Upeace centre for

executive education 2 Peace Human right centers ,the Peace established its

African programme in 2002 on the basis of extensive consultations in the

continent which aimed at developing a programme that respond to the

true needs ,aspirations and obstacles for education for building peace in

Africa,while in January 2012 ,Upeace created a new center at the Hague

,Netherlands Upeace, the Hague ,which is based on the Academy binding

of the peace palace next to the Hague Academy at the international level it

fixes on education and research at the fore fronts of peace studies closely

cooperating with academic and policy oriented institutions in the

HagueAlso in 2010 .

The Upeace, Asia pacific centre was established in seul,the Republic

of Korea .The centre bring out important activities as a think tank for

201
development studies and provide past graduate training programmes

between the nipper foundation and the University of peace in collaboration

with Ateneo de manila it offers 1 regular programmes ,special

programmes study abroad programmes distance Education courses

,Doctoral programmes .

UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY

The United Nations University (UNU) began in 1969, with a proposal

by United Nations secretary General U Thant for the establishment of a

United Nations University, truly international and devoted to the charter

objectives of peace and progress”. The UNU General Assembly, in its

annual session that years authorized an expert study on the feasibility of

the proposal and after considering the question, further at its next two

annual sessions, approved the establishment of the United Nations

University in December 1972. The UN General Assembly formally adopted

the charter of the United Nations University in December 1973 – and 36

years later, in December 2009, amended that charter to explicitly grant

UNU permission to award postgraduate degree.

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 The UNU is a global research and teaching organization with 15

institutions and programmes in 13 countries worldwide, as well as

administrative and services units in Tokyo (headquarters) Bonn -kuala,

lumpur, New York and Paris. The UNU maintains close cooperative

relationships with the UN system organization, (Agencies programmes,

commission, funds and convention secretariats) as well as with leading

universities and research institutes in UN member states. The main goal of

the United Nation University is to contribute to global sustainable

development that will enable present generations to live a decent life in

peace in freedom, in safety and in good health without compromising the

ability of future generations to do the same.

The UN employs a system oriented interdisciplinary problem solving

approach that integrates the methodological rigor of the natural and

physical science with the insight of the social science and full

interdependent thematic cluster within the overarching thesis of

sustainability;

 Population and health

 Peace, security and human rights

 Development governance
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  Global change and sustainable development

 Science technology and society

UNU has since grown to encompass 15 institutions and programmes in 13

countries armed the world as the UN 20 associated institutions.

UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

The United Nations international school (UNIS) was founded in 1947

by United Nations officiated families. The school has a multi – national

staffs from 70 countries and over 1,450 students from 120 countries. The

main language of instruction is English and all students’ study French or

Spanish beginning in the elementary school Arabic, Chinese, German,

Italians, Japanese and Russian are also taught beginning in the studied

often school.

The United Nations international school is chartered by the New

York states Board of regents for the purpose of establishing maintaining

and operating a United Nations international school including a

kindergartens elementary schools and secondary school which will fit the

specific needs of children of the different nationalities comprising the

United Nations. United Nation international school is accredited by the

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council of international schools. The secondary program culminates in the

international Baccalaureates and the schools. Internationally recognized

academic standards enable its students to transfer to international and

national schools and to be eligible for admission to universities in the

United States and other countries.

The school is member of the college Boards the National Association

of independent schools the New York State. Association of independent

schools the international Baccalaureate organization, the European council

of international schools and the council of international school.

UNITED NATIONS INTERREGIONAL CRIME AND JUSTICE

RESEARCH INSTITUTE

The United Nations Interregional crime and Justice research Institute

(UNICRI) is a United Nations entity established in 1967 to support

countries worldwide in preventing crime and facilitating criminal Justice.

Crime is a common concern both for government and citizens across the

globe. As crime becomes increasingly internationalized new forms of crime

emerge and organized crime spreads national responses and international

cooperation are required in the fields of crime prevention and criminal

justice. UNICRI supports governments and the international community at

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large in thatching criminal threats to social peace’s development and

political stability.

UNICRI is mandated to assist intergovernmental and non –

government organizations in formulating and implementing improved

policies in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice. UNICRI’S

goals are:

 To foster just and efficient criminal justice system.

 To advance understanding of crime related problems.

 To support and respect international institutions and other

standards.

 To facilitate international law enforcement cooperation and

judicial assistance.

UNICRI is governed by a Board of inductees composed of eminent

exports. The staff covers a wide range of expertise in the management of

research training cooperation and documentation and are supported by

highly qualified consistent selected according to project requirements.

UNICRI provides a one – stop facility offering high level expertise in crime

prevention and criminal justice problems. Technical co – operation is

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enhanced by the use of action – oriented research to assist in the

formulation of improved policies and concrete intervention programmes.

With more than 40 years of experiences UNICRI has structured its work

programmes and modus operand, in order to always be responsive to the

needs of the international community. UNICRI programmes focus on

different areas with the aim of creating and testing now and holistic…

approaches in preventing crime and promoting and development. UNICRI

plays a leading role with respect to specific riches and supports the work of

other international organizations through its specialized.

 Cyber – crimes

 illicit trafficking precious metal

 urban security

 environmental crimes

 counter terrorism

 domestic violence

 juvenile justice

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 INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

The International Civil Service Commission (I.C.S.C) is an

independent expert body established by the United Nations General

Assembly, its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of

service of staff in the United Nations common system charged with the

responsibility of promoting and maintaining high standards in the

international civil service.

The commission is composed of fifteen members who serve in their

personal capacity. They are appointed by the General Assembly for four

year terms, with due regard for broad geographical representation. The

chairman and the vice – chairman and full – time members and are based

in New York, the full commission meets twice a year.

UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR DISARMAMENT RESEARCH

The United Nations institute for disarmament research (UNIDIR) is a

voluntarily funded autonomous institute within the United Nations. An

impartial actor the institute generates ideas and promotes action on

disarmament and security based in Geneva, UNIDIR is centrally positioned

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to assist the international community in developing the practical,

innovative solution and, thinking needed to find solutions to the challenges

of today and tomorrow. UNIDIR brings together states international

organization civil society, the private sectors and academics so that they

may work together, internationally, regionally and locally to build and

implement creative solutions that will benefit all states and peoples. The

institute research practical assistance and educational efforts encompass

five themes.

WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION

We work to support and enable progress in nuclear disarmament and

non – proliferations addressing all aspects of the nuclear determine from

delivery vehicles to security policy to the benefits and risks of the peaceful

use of nuclear energy. As well uses assist the international community in

efforts to keep the world free of biological chemical weapons.

WEAPONS OF SOCIETY DISRUPTION

UNIDIR work towards limits and controls on the weapons that far at

the fabric of societies from day to days such as small aims cluster

munitions land mines and small explosive remnants of war, they seek to

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identify and understand the grave herm the use of such weapons brings

and thereby to help societies recover and rebuild.

EMERGING THREATS

UNIDIR work to anticipate the security challenges of tomorrow.

Advances bringing real benefit to human society and development must be

supported but use cannot ignore the new weapons methods of warfare and

dangers to society that might follow.

PROCESS AND PRACTICE

UNIDIR works to translate ideas for disarmament and security into

practical action from supporting treaty negotiation and implementation to

identifying best practices on the ground,they who serve to strengthen and

interconnect the effort of all actors throughout the international

community.

SECURITY AND SOCIETY

UNIDIR are mandated to facilitate greatest securely not just for all

state but for all people peoples proceeding from the fundamental belief

that human security are predicated on economic and social development,

they also work to integrate the ideas and action of a wide rung of security

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stance holder from inter government organization to community group –so

that together we may understand the challenge and build practical solution

UNIDIR aims are to assist the international community in finding

and implementing solution to disarmament and security challenges.

Through it research and educational efforts, UNIDIR seeks to forward aims

control and disarmament contribute to conflict prevention and promote the

development of a peaceful and prosperous – world. UNIDIR serve as a

bridge –among the united nation disarmament security and development

organization and between the united nation system and the brocade

security community to create the necessary synergies to address and

mitigate the effects of insecurity Alf the international regional and local

levels.

The institute driving vision is that a world in which human security

is ensured, where peace prevails over conflict weapons of mass destruction

are eliminated convention arms. Proliferation is avoided and reduced

military spending accompanies global development and presently as

envisioned in Arties 26 of the united nation charter. UNIDIR thus seeks to

serve as an agent of progression change towards those goals.

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 SECTION

UNITED NATIONS FUNCTIONAL COMMISSION

212
 COMMISSION FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The United Nations Commission for Social Development (CSOCD)

had been in existence from the very inception of the United Nations,

advising the Economic and social council and governments on a wide

range of social policy issues and on the social perspective of functioning

under a broad mandate, the commission for social development formerly

the social commission has met at various intervals during 50 years of it

existence with a membership that has various size and geographical

composition.

It has adapted its agenda and its methods of work periodically to

enable it to provide changing circumstances, relevant expert advice to the

council to multilateral funds and programmes supporting operational

activities in the social field and to governments seeking technical guidance

in the formulations implementation and evaluation at national policy.

The commission for social development is a functional commission of

the economic and council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations its

memberships was expanded from 32 – 46 members in 1996.

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 COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN

The United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (C.S.W) is a

functional commission of the United Nations. Economic and Social Council

(ECOSOC), It is the principal global policy making body dedicated

exclusively to gender equality and advancement of women. Every year

representatives of member’s states gather at United Nations headquarters

in New York to evaluate progress on gender equality identity challenges

set global standards and formulate concrete policies to promote gender

equality and women’s empowerment worldwide. CSW was established by

ECOSOC resolution II (II) of 21 June 1964 with the aim to prepare

recommendations and reports to the council on promoting women’s rights

to the council on promoting women’s rights in political economic civil

social and educational fields.

The commission also makes recommendations to the council on

urgent problems requiring immediate attention in the field of women’s

rights the CSW has the following to do;

 Promoting the objectives of equality development and peace

214
  Monitoring the implementation of measures for the advancement of

women’s and receiving and appraising progress made at the

nationals sub – regional and global levels.

 Support for mainstreaming a gender perspective in United Nations

activities.

 Maintain and enhance public awareness and support for the

implementation of the platform for action.

Forty five member states of the United Nations serve as members of

the commission at any time, the commission consist of one representative

from each of the 45 members states elected by the council on the basis of

equitable geographical distribution, thirteen members from Africa; eleven

from Asia, nine from Latin America and Caribbean; eight from Western

Europe and other states and four from Eastern Europe, members are

elected for a period of four years.

The Bureau of the commission plays a crucial role in facilitating its

preparation for and in ensuring successful outcome of the annual sessions

of the commission.

Bureau members serve for two years the principal output of the

commission on the status of women is the agreed conclusions on priority

215
themes. In particular, they contain a set of concrete recommendations for

action by governments, intergovernmental bodies and other institutions

civil society actions and other relevant stakeholders to be implemented at

the international national regional and local level.

UNITED NATIONS STATISTICAL COMMISSION

The United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) was established

in 1947, is the apex entity of the global statistical system. It brings together

the chief statisticians from member states from around the world. It is the

highest decision making body for international statistical activities,

especially the setting of statistical standards, the development of concepts

and methods and their implementation at the national and international

level.

The statistical commission oversees the work of the United Nations

statistics division (UNSD), and is a functional commission of the UN

economic and social council, the commission performs;

 Development of the central statistical services of the secretariat.

 In the coordination of the statistical work of specialized agencies.

 In promoting the development of national statistics and the

improvement of their comparability.

216
  In advising the organs of the Unite Nations on general questions

relating to the collections analysis and dissemination of statistical

information.

 In promoting the improvement of statistics and statistical method.

The statistical commission considers special issues of concern in

international statistical development, methodological issues, coordination

and integration of international statistical programmes, support of

technical cooperation activities in statistics and organizational matters. The

commission submits a report on each session to the economic and social

council. The report contains an account of the commission’s proceedings

and the action taken on each agenda item of the members of the United

Nations, the secretary – general or the specialized agencies. Any financial

implications of the draft resolutions must be brought to the attention of the

commission and the council before being adopted and must subsequently

be approved by the organs of the United Nations having the necessary

authority.

The membership of the commission of 24 member countries of the

United Nations elected by the United Nations Economic and social council

217
on the basis of an equitable geographical distribution according to the

following pattern.

 Five members from African states.

 Four members from Asian, states.

 Four members from Eastern European states.

 Four members from Latin American and Caribbean states.

 Seven members from Western European and other states.

COMMISSION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The United Nations Commission on sustainable development (C.S.D)

was established by the UN General Assembly in December 1992 to ensure

effective follow up at the United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) also known as the earth summit. The C.S.D was

highly participatory in structure and outlook by engaging in its formal

proceedings a wide range of official stakeholders and partners through

innovative formulae.

218
 COMMISSION ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR

DEVELOPMENT

The United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for

Development (C.S.T.D) is a subsidiary body of the Economic and Social

Council (ECOSCO). It was established in 1992, to provide the General

Assembly and the economic and social council with high – level advice on

relevant issues, through analysis and appropriate policy recommendations

or options in order to enable those organs to guide the future work of the

United Nations, develop, common policies and agree on appropriate

actions. The commission is also mandated to assist the economic and social

council in the system – wide follow – up to the world summit on the

information society. The commission met for the first time in April 1, 1993,

in New York, USA. Since, 1993 the UNTAD secretariat has been

responsible for the substance servicing of the commission.

COMMISSIONS ON NARCOTIC DRUGS

The United Nations Commissions on Narcotic Drugs (CND) is the

central policy making body within the United Nations system dealing with

drug related matters, the commission monitors the world drug situations

develops strategies on international drug control and recommends

219
measures to combat the world drug problem, including through reducing

demand for drugs promoting alternative development initiatives and

adopting supply reduction measures. The commission provides members

status with a venue to exchange expertise, experiences and information on

drug – related matters and to develop a coordinated response. It also has

functions under the international drug control theatres for example with

regard to the substances under international control.

COMMISSION ON CRIME PREVENTION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

The United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal

Justice (CCPCJ) is the central body within the United Nations system

dealing with crime prevention and criminal justice policy including

trafficking in person’s international crime and aspects of terrorism

prevention. It monitors the use and application of relevant United Nations

standards and norms and guider policy development in response to

emerging forms of crimes expertise, experiences and information’s to

develop national and international strategies and to identify priorities for

combating crime. The commission coordinates its effort with other United

Nations bodies that the United Nations convention against transnational

220
organized crime and the conference of the parties to parties to the United

Convention against corruption.

The commission also acts as preparatory body to the United Nations crime

congresses.

ECONOMIC AND POPULATION DIVISION

The United Nations Economic and Population Division (EPD) was

established in 1946 by the General Assembly to renamed the commission or

population and development, it has 44 member states elected by the

economic and social council for a period of four years on the basis of

geographic distribution it meet typically every three years the EPD is

charged with the responsibility to follow up to the implementation of the

programme of action of the international conference on population and

development and assisting the council to monitors review and asses the

implementation of the programme of action at the national regional and

international levels and advice the council then on in the following areas.

 Arranging for studies and advising the council on;

 Population issues and trends

 Integration population and development strategies

221
 Population and related development policies and programmes

 Provision of population assistance upon requests to developing

countries and on a temporary basis to countries with economies

in transition.

 Any population and development questions on which the

principal or the subsidiary organs of the united nation or the

specialized agencies may seek advice

 Providing appropriate recommendations to the council on the

basis of on integrated consideration of the reports and issues

related to the implementation of the program of action.

 Monitoring, reviewing and assessing the implementation of the

programme of action of the international conference on

population and development at the nationals, regional and

global levels identifying reasons for success and failure and

advising the council there of for social development.

222
SECTION

UNITED NATIONS OFFICES

223
 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT GENEVA

The United Nations Office At Geneva is Housed at the palais des

Nations ,representative office of the secretary General At Geneva , focal

point for multilateral diplomacy, UNOGS services more than 8000

meetings every year making it one of the busiest conference centers in the

world with more than 1,600 staff it is the biggest duly stations outside the

United Nations headquarters in New York .providing key infrastructure

and support, Unog contributes significantly to the organizations efforts to

maintain international peace and security to advance disarmament to

protect and promote human right to eradicate poverty, to implement

sustainable development ,humanitarian relief in emergencies –A large

number of dignitaries and high level delegations comes to UNOGS every

year to participate in bilateral exchange ,intergovernmental meetings

,conferences and other events making UNOG a center for information

sharing and exchange .UNOG perform representation and liaison function

,with permanent mission the host government and other governments

,intergovernmental meetings and nongovernmental organizations research

and academic institutions at Geneva as well as other organizations of the

United Nations common system at Geneva .it also facilitate inter-agency

224
and cooperation with regional organizations the offices provide financial

and administrative support services to more than 20 Geneva based

organizations departments as well as entities located in Bonn and Turin .It

manages the United Nations facilities in Geneva and provides and

provides conference services in the UN meetings held at Geneva and at

other locations as well as for specialized agencies understanding or special

arrangement and exchange among cultures through its cultural activities .

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE AT VIENNA

The United Nations office at Vienna (UNOV) was established on

January 1980 as the third United Nations headquarters after New York and

Geneva (and before Nairobi). It performs representation and liaison

functions with permanent mission to the United Nations (Vienna) the host

government and intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations

UNOV manage and the UN programmes on the peaceful use of outer space

and provides common services ,information’s services ,security and safety

services ,procurement services and general support services for the

organizations located at the Vienna international centre. UNOV is closely

associated with the UN offices on Drugs and crime (UNODC).

225
 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE IN NAIROBI

The United Nations office at Nairobi, UNON,the United Nations

headquarters in Africa, was established by headquarters in Africa, was

established by the General Assembly in 1996,the office is headed by a

Director–General,at the under-secretary-General level, serves as the

representative office at the secretary- General in Nairobi and performs

representative and liaison functions with permanent missions, the host

country and other government and intergovernmental and non-

governmental organizations in Nairobi as well as other organizations of the

United Nations system in Kenya facilities, facilities cooperation’s between

the United Nations and regional organizations ;provides administrative

and other support services to the United Nations Environment

programme(UNEP) and the United Nations Human settlements

programmes(UN-HABITAT);provides joint and common services to other

organizations of the United Nations System inKenya,as applicable

information’s and provides security and safety services for United Nations

staff and facilities in the United Nations office at Nairobi.

226
 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR PROJECT SERVICES

The United Nations Office for project services is an operational arm

of the United Nations helping a range of partners implement aids and

development projects, Unops is a central resource the Un system,

providing project management and procurement services that range from

managing the construction of roads in south Sudan to building shelters in

Haiti and procuring educational computers in Argentina. It works in the

most hand to reach areas despite considerable security and environmental

challenges as an active member of United Nations country teams working

closely with other UN organizations to support the achievement of the

Millennium Development Goals in a sustainable manners.

UNOPS work is in line with the UN values and principles and

promote the concept of one United Nations .Unops is fullyself financing

and is neutral with no political or substantive mandates.Unops does not

need a public profile for fundraising or advocacy instead taking a low key

role and promoting the project of its partners .it help partners supplement

their own capacities improve quality ,reduces risk boost cost-effectiveness

and increase speed :the organizations is not for profit and there it ensures

that any savings made during implementation are returned to the founder

227
or reinvested to boost project impact Unops support sustainable project

management ,transactional ,implementation services ,sustainable Advisory

services ,sustainable infrastructure.

Unops has more than 6,000 talented and committed personal running

essential operations around the world with headquarters in Copenhagen

,Denmark, a network of five regional offices and a further 20 National

offices ,Unops oversees activities in more than 80 countries its role within

the UN means that during periods of conflict or crisis it maintain a physical

presence on the ground and also helps its partners to build school, roads,

bridges, hospitals, prison, and police stations, trained construction

workers, procurement officers, and government official organized mass

education efforts for elections and disaster preparedness and it aims at

rebuilding peace and stability after conflict. Early recovery at communities

affected by natural disaster, the ability of people to develop local

economies and obtain social services Environmental sustainable and

adoption to climate change Unops is engage with the UN European Union,

the World Bank, a government, private organizations or an NGOS. In other

to help translate policies into action to deliver implementation are returned

to the founder or reinvested to boast protect impact.

228
 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME

The United Nation office on drugs and crime is a global leader in the

fight against illicit drugs and international crime. Established in 1997

through a merger between the incited nation drug control programmed

and the centre for international crime prevention, UNODC operate in all

regions of the world through an extensive NETWORK of field offices.

UNODC riches on voluntary contribution main, from government for 90

percent of its budge, UNODC is mandated to assist member state in their

struggle against illicit drug crime and terrorism. In the millennium

declaration member state also resolved to intensity efforts to fight

transnational crime in all its dimension to redouble the efforts to

implement the commitment to counter the world drug problem and to

take concerted action against international terrorism. The three pillars of

the UNODC are;

 Field based technical cooperation projects to enhance the capacity

of member states to counteract illicit drug crime and terrorism.

229
 Research and analytical work to increase knowledge and

understanding of drug and crime issues and expand. The

evidence base for policy and operational decisions.

 Normative work to assist state in the ratification and

implementation of the reluctant international treaties the

development of domestic legislation on drugs, crime and

terrorism and the processions of secretariat and substantive

services to the treaty based and governing bodies UNODC makes

every effort to integrated and mainstream the gender perspective

particularly in its projects for the provision of alternative

livelihoods, as well as those agented human UNODC delivers the

following services;

 Organized crime and trafficking. It helps government react to the

instability and insecurity coursed by crime like smuggling of

illicit drugs weapons, natural resources counterfeit good and

human being between countries.

 Corruption UNODC; Partners with the public and private sectors

as well as civil society to loosen the grip that corrupt individuals

have on government’s national borders and trading channels.

230
 Crime Prevention and criminal Suffice reform UNODC promotes

the use of training manuals and the adoption of codes of

conducts and standards and norms that aim to guarantee that

they a cause the gaiety and the unction’s can all rely on a criminal

justice system that is fair and grounded on human right values

 Drug Abuse Preventive and Heath UNODC tries to convince

youths not to use illicit drugs drug-dependent people to seek

treatment and government to see drug use as a health problem,

not a crime.

 Terrorism prevention UNODC is moving towards a more

programmatic approach that involves developing customized

assistance to entities uncoiled in investigating and adjudicating

cases linked to terrorism.

231
SECTION

UNITED NATIONS LOGOS

232
 UNITED NATIONS LOGOS

The United Nations is a global organization that is known to almost

everyone on the planet. The UN features many different organizations
within its umbrella, all with a different purpose. As it can be seen from the
following design logos, these different aims are expressed by different
elements in the logo design.

1. The United Nations

The United Nations logo is the one logo from which most of the
following logos are based. The logo is in a calming sea blue, showing the
organization’s intention to solve problems and make the world a more
peaceful place. The globe is not just an appropriate icon for this
international organization; it is also in a round shape that is commonly
used in designing logos that want for viewers to feel included. The laurel
leaves are a symbol of government and education, and show the lofty goals
of this well known organization.

233
2. The United Nations Children’s Fund

The United Nations Children’s Fund, also known as UNICEF, is an

organization dedicated to helping children around the world. The logo
expresses this well. Like many design logos used by organizations that
work with families, the center graphic is of a parent holding their child.
The lettering of the agency name is entirely lower case and well-rounded,
making it seem friendlier than that used by most UN organizations. The
logo is in the familiar United Nations blue with the familiar globe and
laurel branches in the background, leaving no confusion as to the sponsor
of this organization.

3. The Human Rights Council

234
 The Human Rights Council of the United Nations is focused on
maintaining a standard of human rights around the world. This council
shows its ties to the UN by using the globe as the background of their logo.
The dove and the olive branch show the peaceful intentions of the council,
while the bold red and orange of these shows the urgency and attention
that the issue of human rights deserves. Bright, warm colors are often used
in design logos to both attract attention and create a sense of immediacy.

4. United Nations Environment Programme

As the name suggests, the United Nations Environment Programme

focuses on helping countries cooperate to create a healthier, cleaner planet.
This logo ties into the UN by using the branches and the light blue color,
but instead of a globe intersected with latitude and longitude lines as seen
in most United Nations logos, a solid circle is used instead. This closing in
of the circle creates more of a sense of cooperation, while the human figure
reaching to opposite parts of the circle suggests that this committee has
effects on every corner of the globe.

5. The International Monetary Fund

235
 The International Monetary Fund oversees the financial activities of
different countries and help track world financial trends. This UN agency
is unique because all but a handful of UN countries are members. This
universal appeal is expressed by the logo. The two lateral hemispheres of
the globe are shown overlapping, with a shield-like shape enclosing them.
The shield is the symbol of tradition and history, so it is appropriately used
here. Like many design logos for companies that focus on the bottom line,
the logo is a stark black and white, a change from the light blue usually
used for United Nations organizations.

6. The World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization focuses on public health issues,

coordinating similar national programs and offering assistance where no
national public health program exists. As such, its health logo features the

236
familiar United Nations logo with the addition of a caduceus. Because the
caduceus is a recognizable and international sign of medicine, this makes
the intent of this organization clear.

7. The World Food Programme

The World Food Programme is the world’s largest humanitarian
organization, focusing solely on maintaining adequate and stable food
supplies to areas that have traditionally been without them. The food logo,
in a slightly darker version of the recognizable UN blue, features the laurel
leaves of the UN logo, along with a hand holding wheat and corn, two of
the most important crops in the world. The hand is slightly elongated at the
finger tips, forming a swoosh shape that is used by design logos that want
to portray a sense of movement.

8. The United Nations Population Fund

The United Nations Population Fund focuses on monitoring the

population worldwide and offering reproductive care to people around the
world. It has a very different logo from the design logos of other UN
agencies and organizations, but it is nonetheless a unique and powerful
logo. The logo is square in a golden yellow color with orange circles
symmetrically arranged. The United Nations logo is small graphic in the
237
center of the logo, while the initials of the organization are featured in one
of the orange circles. This logo is modern and has the solidness of the
square shape, setting it apart from other UN programs while maintaining
its distinct identity as part of the organization.

9. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

The office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human

Rights is independent of the Human Rights Council, one of the many
examples of duplication of duties within the UN. This human rights
organization features a different logo from the other human rights
organization in the United Nations, in a stark black and white to show the
seriousness with which the office views human rights violations. The
familiar laurel leaves from the United Nations logo are there, but instead of
a globe there is a bold, stylized flame, showing the fire of humanity and the
office’s intention to protect it.

10. The International Labor Organization

238
 The International Labor Organization of the United Nations deals
with labor issues around the world, ensuring that workers are treated fairly
everywhere. Like a few other United Nations design logos, this one uses a
slightly darker version of the classic UN blue. The familiar laurel leaves are
used, but in the middle is a cog-like shape made of three pieces. This is
easy to relate to the cause of worker’s rights because it is a shape
commonly seen in factories.

239
 SECTIONS

REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH MODEL UNITED NATIONS

240
REGISTERS ASSOCIATED WITH MODEL UNITED NATIONS

Adjourn. All UN or Model UN sessions end with a vote to adjourn. This

means that the debate is suspended until the next meeting. This can be a short time
(e.g., overnight) or a long time (until next year's conference).
Agenda.The order in which the issues before a committee will be discussed.
The first duty of a committee following the roll call is usually to set the agenda.
Amendment. A change to a draft resolution on the floor. Can be of two
types: a "friendly amendment" is supported by the original draft resolution's
sponsors, and is passed automatically, while an "unfriendly amendment" is not
supported by the original sponsors and must be voted on by the committee as a
whole.
Amendment to the 2nd Degree. A change to the draft amendment on the
floor. Can also be either a " Abstain. During a vote on a substantive matter,
delegates may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This generally signals that a state
does not support the resolution being voted on, but does not oppose it enough to
vote no. Frequently abstaining is banned in Model UN sessions for minor
substantive matters, such as amendments or amendments to the 2nd degree, in
order to force progress in a resolution.
Friendly" or an "unfriendly" amendment. In some formats of debate, passing the
amendment to the 2nd degree is equivalent to passing the original amendment; in
others it merely means debate continues on the now altered amendment. In the
Security Council amendments can be permitted to multiple degrees in order to
allow an amendment to be designed to be acceptable to all countries.
Background guide. A guide to a topic being discussed in a Model UN
committee usually written by conference organizers and distributed to delegates
before the conference. The starting point for any research before a Model United
Nations conference.
Binding.Having legal force in United Nations member states. Security
Council resolutions are binding, as are decisions of the International Court of
Justice; resolutions of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council are
not.
Bloc.A group of countries in a similar geographical region or with a similar
opinion on a particular topic.

241
 Caucus.A break in formal debate in which countries can more easily and
informally discuss a topic. There are two types: moderated caucus and immoderate
caucus.
Chair. A member of the dais that moderates debate, keeps time, rules on
points and motions, and enforces the rules of procedure. Also known as a
Moderator.
Committee. Participants choose to be in different committees, and discuss
with others on topics related to the committee. For example, 'Economics and
Social' committee will debate the question of 'Refugee Crisis'.
Dais.Th e group of people usually high school or college students in charge of a
model United Nations committee.It generally consist of a chair, a Director and a
Rapporteur.The dais is also raise platform on which the chair traditionally sits.
Decorum. The order and respect for others that all delegates at a Model UN
conference must exhibit. The Chair will call for decorum when he or she feels that
the committee is not being respectful of a speaker, of the dais, or of their roles as
ambassadors.
Delegate.A participant acting as a representative of a member state or
observer during a Model UN conference.
Delegation.The entire group of people representing a member state or
observer in all committees at a particular Model UN conference.
Director. A member of the dais that oversees the creation of working papers
and draft resolutions, acts as an expert on the topic, makes sure delegates
accurately reflect the policy of their countries, and ensures that decorum is
maintained during caucuses.
Division of the question. During voting bloc, delegates may motion to vote
on certain clauses of a resolution separately, so that only the clauses that are passed
become part of the final resolution. This is known as division of the question.
Draft resolution.A document that seeks to fix the problems addressed by a
Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become
a resolution.
Faculty adviser.The faculty member in charge of a Model UN team, class
or club.
Flow of debate.The order in which events proceed during a Model UN
conference. See Flow of Debate chart.
Gavel. The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, that the Chair uses to
keep order within a Model UN committee. Many conferences give the gavel used

242
in a committee to the delegate recognized by the dais as the best in that committee;
therefore, the term is frequently used to refer to the award given to the best
delegate, even in cases where no actual gavel is given.
Formal debate. The "standard" type of debate at a Model UN conference, in
which delegates speak for a certain time in an order based on a speakers' list.
Head delegate/ambassador.The student leader of a Model UN club or
team.Responsible for ceremonial actions required of the delegation at a conference
or answering specific questioning, such as in the Security Council.
Member state. A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations
and whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and
Security Council. Currently, there are 193 member states. The only internationally
recognized state that is not a member state is the Holy See.
Moderated caucus. A type of caucus in which delegates remain seated and
the Chair calls on them one at a time to speak for a short period of time, enabling a
freer exchange of opinions than would be possible in formal debate.
Motion. A request made by a delegate that the committee as a whole do
something. Some motions might be to go into a caucus, to adjourn, to introduce a
draft resolution, or to move into voting bloc.
Observer.A state, national organization, regional organization, or non-
governmental organization that is not a member of the UN but participates in its
debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive matters.
On the floor. At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft
resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by
the Director and introduced by the committee, it is put "on the floor" and may be
discussed.
Operative clause.The part of a resolution which describes how the UN will
address a problem. It begins with an action verb (decides, establishes,
recommends, etc.).
Page. A delegate in a Model UN committee that has volunteered to pass
notes from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short
period of time.
Placard.A piece of cardstock with a country's name on it that a delegate
raises in the air to signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak.
Point. A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action
relating to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and
a point of personal privilege.

243
 Position paper.A summary of a country's position on a topic, written by a
delegate before a Model UN conference.
Preambulatory clause.The part of a resolution that describes previous
actions taken on the topic and reasons why the resolution is necessary. It begins
with a participle or adjective (noting, concerned, regretting, aware of, recalling,
etc.).
Procedural. Having to do with the way a committee is run, as opposed to
the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters
and may not abstain.
Quorum. The minimum number of delegates needed to be present for a
committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the
members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the
Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but nine members must
be present to pass a resolution.
Rapporteur.A member of the dais whose duties include keeping the
speakers' list and taking the roll call.
Resolution. A document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that
aims to address a particular problem or issue. The UN equivalent of a law.
Right of reply. A right to speak in reply to a previous speaker's comment,
invoked when a delegate feels personally insulted by another delegate's speech.
Generally requires a written note to the Chair to be invoked.
Roll call.The first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which
the Rapporteur reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee.
When a delegate's country's name is called, he or she may respond "present" or
"present and voting." A delegate responding "present and voting" may not abstain
on a substantive vote.
Rules of procedure.The rules by which a Model UN committee is run. See
our Charts of Rules and Motions.

Second.To agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be

seconded before they can be brought to a vote.

Secretariat.The most senior staff of a Model UN conference.

Secretary-General.The leader of a Model UN conference.

244
 Signatory. A country that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor
and signs the draft resolution to accomplish this. A signatory need not support a
resolution; it only wants it to be discussed. Usually, Model UN conferences require
some minimum number of sponsors and signatories for a draft resolution to be
approved.
Simple majority. 50% plus one of the number of delegates in a committee.
The amount needed to pass most votes.
Speakers' list.A list that determines the order in which delegates will speak.
Whenever a new topic is opened for discussion, the Chair will create a speakers'
list by asking all delegates wishing to speak to raise their placards and calling on
them one at a time. During debate, a delegate may indicate that he or she wishes to
be added to the speakers' list by sending a note to the dais.
Sponsor.One of the writers of a draft resolution. A friendly amendment can
only be created if all sponsors agree.
Substantive.Having to do with the topic being discussed. A substantive vote
is a vote on a draft resolution or amendment already on the floor during voting
bloc. Only member states (not observer states or non-governmental organizations)
may vote on substantive issues.
Immoderate caucus.A type of caucus in which delegates leave their seats to
mingle and speak freely.Enables the free sharing of ideas to an extent not possible
in formal debate or even a moderated caucus. Frequently used to sort countries into
blocs and to write working papers and draft resolutions.

Veto. The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United
Kingdom, and the United States to prevent any draft resolution in the
Security Council from passing by voting no.
Vote. A time at which delegates indicate whether they do or do not support a
proposed action for the committee. There are two types: procedural and
substantive.
Voting bloc.The period at the end of a committee session during which
delegates vote on proposed amendments and draft resolutions. Nobody may enter
or leave the room during voting bloc.
Working paper.A document in which the ideas of some delegates on how
to resolve an issue are proposed.Frequently the precursor to a draft resolution.

245
 Yielding. The movement that delegate A, who is standing at the front, make
to pass the right of front speaking to delegate B who agrees with the idea offered
previously by delegate A and will keep extend the idea to gain more votes from the
floor. It is moderated by chairs.

246
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