THEME 2: CELLS

CHAPTER 9: ENERGY FLOW

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 ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
(atp)
• Energy currency of life
• Nature’s energy store
• High energy molecule
• Provide energy for almost all biological processes by
being converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
• ATP+ H2O ADP+ Pi
• Present in cytoplasm and neoplasm
• Made by ATP synthase

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 STRUCTURE OF atp
• Composed of 3 components:

High energy bond

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Importance
of ATP

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• Movement
Within cells
- Mitosis
- Packaging & secretion
- Endocytosis and exocytosis
Of whole cells
- Muscle contraction
- Changing shape of cells
- Cilia and flagella

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• Synthesis
- DNA replication
- Protein synthesis

• Maintenance of stable
environment
- efficient functioning of cellular
enzymes
- E.g. maintain body temperature
- Maintain blood glucose level
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 Metabolic pathways
• Coordinated series of chemical reactions in which
product of one reaction becomes the substrate for
the next reaction

• Many of the molecular transformation occur within

cells require multiple steps to accomplish

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Energy pathways involve many small regulated steps
- To ensure efficient management of energy
- Easier to overcome activation energy of each
small steps
- Formation of important by-product
- To prevent spontaneous combustion
- E.g. one glucose molecule spilt into two pyruvate
molecules by 10-step process

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Catabolism or breakdown

Anabolism or synthesis
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Main source of energy for life  sun

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 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Photosynthesis captures the energy of sunlight and
uses it to convert the inorganic molecules of CO2 and
water into high energy organic molecules (glucose)
• In plants, takes place in the chloroplast

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Two major reactions in photosynthesis:
• Light-dependent reactions
• Light-independent reactions

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Cellular Respiration

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A summary of aerobic respiration. The breakdown of glucose
occurs in stages, with energy captured in ATP along the way.
Most ATP is produced in the mitochondria.
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Uses of fermentation

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