Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. BASIC REQUIREMENTS area (A). Tablc 2 lists standard sizes of rolled plate
used for bearing plates.
Rase plates are reqnirtd on the ends of columns to 3. Determine overhanging dimensions m and n,
distribute the concentrated compressive load ( P ) of the projection of the plate beyond the assumed
the column over a much larger area of the material (shaded) rectangle against which the load ( P ) is
which supports the column. applied.
The base plate is dimensioned on the assumption
that the overhanging portion of the base plate acts as
a cantilever beam with its iixed end just inside of the
column edges. The upwnrd bending load on this canti-
lever beam is considered to be uniform and cqual to 4. Use the larger value of m or n to solve for
the bearing pressure of the supporting material. required plate thickness ( t ) by one of the following
formulas:
Derivafion of Formula # I
The primary fnnction of the plate thickness is to pro-
critic$ Section
vide sufficient resistance to the bending moment ( M )
in Bending
on the overhang of the plat(, just beyond the rectangu-
lar area contacted by the column. Treating this over-
LE 1-Masonry Bearing Allowabler
(AlSC Sec 1.5.5)
3.3-1
3.3-2 / Column-Related Design
FIGURE 2
hang (m or n ) as a cantilever beam with M being plates over 2" hut not over 4" in thickness may be
maximum at the fixed or column end: straightened by pressing; or, if presses are not available,
by planing for all bearing surfaces (except as noted
bending moment under requirement 3 ) to obtain a satisfactory contact
p m' bearing; rolled steel bearing plates over 4" in thickness
M = ---- parallel to thc column's x-x axis and shall be planed for all hearing surfaces (except as
2
noted under requirement 3 ) .
M=- parallel to the column's y-y axis "2. Column bases other than rolled steel bearing
2 plates shall he planed for all bearing surfaces (except
bending stress in plate as noted undcr reqnirement 3 ) .
"3. The bottom snrfaces of bearing plates and
where, assuming a 1" strip: column hnses which are grouted to insure full bearing
I S = (I")
--
6
t' contact on fonndations need not be planed."
The above reqnirements assume that the thinner
base plates are sufficiently smooth and flat as rolled,
to provide full contact with milled or planed ends of
column bases. Thicker plates (exceeding 2") are likely
and by substitution:
to be slightly bowed or cambered and thus need to be
straightened and/or made smooth m d flat.
(a) Base plate shop welded to (b) Bose plate shipped separate-attaching
column. angles shop welded to column.
3.3-4 / Column-Related Design
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 9
at its toe to the column (Case B); here formula #5 construction. Aim included are dimensions of standad
applies- bols. (Tablc 3.4).
,
Tension Sheor
AlSC 1.5.2.1 (Building) psi psi
A307 boltr ond threaded parts of
A7 ond A373 rteei 14,000 10.000
A325 boltr when threading ir
excluded from shear planer 40,000 15.000
A325 bolts when threading
excluded fiom rheor ~ l a n e r 40,000 22,000
A354, Grode BC, boltr when (4 lbl
thieoding ir not excludcd from rhear ploner 50.000 20,000
A354. Grode K , Y h e n threading
FIGURE 10
excluded from rheor planer 50,000 24,000 In either representation, there is a combination of
- -.
AASHO 1.4.2 (Bridge) psi axial compressive strcss arid bending stress acting on
tension - boitr ot root of threod 13,500 a cross-section of the column See Figure 11.
shear - turned bolts 11.000
Multiplying this stress by the width of the Range
beoring - turned bolts 20,000
tffeitive beorjog o m o of o pin or bolt iholl be its diometer multipiicd
(or the thickness of thc web) over which the stresses
by the thickness of the metal on which it beoir. are applied, gives the following force distribution
Column Bases /
Compressive stress
= $
Bending stress
" = -P, e
S
FIGURE 14
FIGURE 15
If the eccentricity ( e ) is less than % D, there is
no uplift of the base plate at the surFace of the
masonry support (Figure 15):
aud
......... (Qb)
Also where:
A, = total area of steel
hold-down bolts
under tension
us = stress in steel
bolt
Es = ah in s t d
bolt
E. = modulus of elas- FIGURE 17
ticity of steel bolt
then and: Solve for Y:
7, o: = stress in concrete
-
rt support
a A, - Pt eC = strain in concrete
6 = - Twc-n support
E, = modulus of elas-
and from similar triangles ticity of concrete
SUPP0l.t
D
- - Y + f n = modular ratio of
;
= 2
Y
elasticity, steel to
concrete
* * *
This reduces t ( t -
Substituting formula #10 into formula #8a:
FIGURE 19
FIGURE 20
diagram
where: bending
ub = s t r e s in outer fibers M
fl, =-
S,
M = hcnding moment
c -- distance to neutral axis - (l0.000* x -- 4")
(78 in.')
I = moment of inertia
Since:
shear
P
f"
= 19,400 psi
Hence, thc. dfstail with %" angles is OK for this
load.
Check Welds to Column Web leg size of (170) fillet weld
The angles are welded to the column web with
= .actual
- -
force
- --
'h" fillet wclds; this will now be checked. allowable force
The heel of the angle is in coinpression against
the wt:b of the column and is equivalent to an addi-
tional weld across the bottom for rcsisturg moment.
On this basis, the section rnodulus of the weld is = .06"
calculated. For simplicity, the weld is treated as a line but 3k"thick angle requires a minimum of Ydl
without any cross-sectional area. From Table 5 ; Sect.
(Table 3, Section 7 3 ) .
7.4, the section modulus of a rectanzular connection is:
If it is dcsircd to incrrasc the anchor bolt capacity
of the d i p angle &tail, tllicker arrgles should be used
with large plate w~ishcrs on top of the angle. The
;ittaclrmc~lts s h o ~ ~ lbe
d maclc to the column flanges,
sincc the welds arc more accessible there and the
bolts Iiave better leverage.
and liere: To ilhistrnte how the colnmn Aange can lx: checked
to clctcmiine whcther or not it is too tliin, considcr a
clip angle mchored with two 1%" bolts centered 2?W
out l'rorn the face of the cohimii flange; see Figure 21.
The angle is att;iclied to the column flange by fillet
Normally, section modulus is expressed as inches ~velclsacross the top a i d down each side.
to the third power; however, here where the weld has The capacity of thc two lx~ltsat 14,000 psi allow-
no area, thc rcsultirrg swtion modulus is expressed as able stress on nntlircaded area (AISC Sec 1.5.2) is-
iiiches squared.
When a stmdard bending formula is used, the 2 (1.2") (14,otl()) =: 31,400 lbs > 28,500 lbs OK
--
answer ( ) is strcss in lhsjin.\ however, when this
new section modulns is used in the bcnding formula, Tlie hending nioment on tire ~ c l dis-
the answer ( f ) is forcc on the weld in lbs/linear in. (28,500 lbs) ( ~ ~ h =
) , )71,250 in.-lbs
n-Related Design
-
zootal tor, weld. At the ends of the angle,
- the force
(915)(3) -
couple is - --- -- - 1370 lbs centered 1" below the
2
top toe of the angle. See Figure 22.
This is the force on each of the vertical welds at
ends of the angle. Since these forces are not resisted
by anything but the flange, they have to be carried
transversely by bending stresses in the flange until
they reach the resistauce in the column web.
The bending moment in the column flange is com-
putod as follows:
FIGURE 22
Column Bares /
FIGURE 23
3.3-14 / Column-Related Design
+
.'. D = 7.73" 13.31" f 7.73"
= 28.77" or use 28%''
Bolt load
The load on the bolts is supported by the top flange of
the 13" channel, reinforced by four 3%" X 'ii' s t B -
cner plates welded between the channel flanges. See
78.Ek Figurc 23.
The two interior plates each support a full bolt
FIGURE 24 load of '/, (78,800 Ibs) or 26,300 lbs. Thesc stiffeners
are attached to the channel web with four I" X
the altitude is the maximum hearing stress at the edge intermittent fillet welds on each side of the plate, and
of the plate, and the base of the triangle is the effective to both flanges by continl~ous3$,j" fillet welds on each
bearing length ( Y ) against the plate. (See short side of the plate. See Figmo 25. The welds at the
method described on page 10.) Since the area of this chnnncl flanges transmit the moment to the channel
triangle has a center of gravity % Y h e k from the flangcs, and the welds at the channel web support most
altitude, the bearing pressnre may be resolved into a nf the shearing load.
concentrated force at this point. This point will be Thc 2" eccentricity of the bolt load to column
assumcd to lie wh'ere the column flange's concentrated Range is trar~sposedto a force couple acting on the
compressive load of 208,800 1hs is applied. channel flanges. This couple is obtained by dividing
FIGURE 25
Column Bases / 3.3-15
the momeut by the depth of the stiffeners: For simplicity, this analysis has assumed that the
effective bearing length ( 1 ' ) was such that the center
of gravity of the triangular bearing stress distribution,
C.G. a t % Y, lies along the centerline of the column
Bange where the comprcssive force of the colunm is
applied.
This is a hori~ontalload acting at right angles to
the column flange. I t is delivered as four concentrated
loads at the tops of stiffeners and then carried hori-
zontally by the channel flange to a point opposite the
column web where it is attached to the column with a \With the same column base detail as in Problem 3,
we will now m e the original derivation for this effective
2%'' x M" fillet weld.
bearing length ( Y ), treating the analysis as a reinforced
2%" X 5600 lhs/in. = 14,000 lbs. concrete beam and solving the resulting cubic equation.
The work may takc longrr, hut rcsults are more ac-
The concentrated load valucs are 2015 lbs at each curate. See Figun: 26, temporarily ignoring the anehor-
end stiffener for one-half a bolt load, and 4030 lbs at bolt channel attachments.
each interior stiffener.
= 15,800 psi
To keep the channel section from sliding parallel
to the column flange, the direct vertical pull of the
bolts is supported by two 13" X continuous fillet
welds between the edge of the cnlumn flanges and the
web of the 13" channel section. The shear on these
welds is-
FIGURE 26
The problem in Figure 23 has been analyzed on
the basis of simple levers with the compression load Here:
concentrated on the colnmn flange. It ignores the com- e = 16.15"
pression are:> under the web of the column and illus- f = 9"
trates the prohlcrn where the channel flange of the
anchor bolt attachment does not bear against the base D =z 283/4"
plate. B = W
3.3-16 / Column-Related
Tensile stress
FIGURE 27
in bolts
Compression stress at outer
1 edge of channel st~ffcners
E
n = = 10 (E, = 3000 psi)
Ec
15h" bolts
A. = 3 (2.074)
= 6.22 in.' (bolts under tension)
Plotting these three points, the curve is observed
Q, = 130 kips to pass through zero at-
Y = 13.9"
-
from formula #13 (cubic ~ q u a t i o n j
Y3+K1YZ+K2Y+K3=0 which is the effective bearing length.
.1=3(~-$)
28%
=3
(16.15 - -
2
= 5.33
6 n A,
K' = --
B (f + e)
-6 (lOj(6.22)
(9 + 16.15)
24
= 392 which is the tensile load on the hold-down bolts.
= lOiiO psi
Therefore.~ substitutinr" into formula &13:
which is the bearing pressore of the masonry support
E3 + 5.33 Y2 + 392 Y - 9160 = 0 against the bearing plate.
Letting Y = +lo, --1-12, and +15 provides the follow- If the anchor hold-down bolt detail is milled with
-
ing solutions to the cubic equation as the function of the column base so that it ht:ars against the base &ite,
Y: it must be made strong enough to support the portion
Column Bases / 3.3-17
-
- (199.98 + 2 1 n")
(27.36 + .42 n ) = 8220 + 4300 = 12,150 psi
I Dirtonce: C.G. to
ref. mi. y y
I Moment
4.688 +n
Poition 2
= .21n2 -- 4.615
of web
- - .--
Column flonge 4.344 42.83 -
~-
1 86.05
Sa =
d212b + dl S, = bd
d2
+ - s ," -
-
d2
-.
3ib + dl 3 3
-
- 1131212 X 14.5 f 13) -
- + (13)'
- -
-
(131"
- -
- 114.51li3)
3114.5
2
13) + ll4.5)(13)
3 3
-
- 86.1 in. -
.- 242.2 in.' -
- 56.3 in." -
-- 185.9 in."
M M M M
i a = -
S,
f --
Sx,
i" = --
Sr
is = -
S,
- -
- l174.2001 -
- -I 174,2001
(242.2)
-
- -( 1 74.2001
156.31
-.-I 174,2001
-
186.11 (185.91
-
- 2020 lbslin. -
- 720 Ibdin. - 3100 l b d i n . - 935 ibslin.
-
v = -
v - v = -
v
i. = - f. f
- fe
L L L L
-
- (123.4001 -
.
.
f123.4001
-
- I-
123.4001
-
-
1123,400)
-
2(i3) + 04.5i 2(13 1-14.5) 2 (13) 2 114.5)
-
- 3050 i b d i n . -
- 2240 i b d i n . -
- 4750 ibslin. -
- 4260 I b d i n .
i. = v' ib2
= f(2020,Zf;3050)
+ isn
- 3670 i b d i n .
-
7
f. =
==
-
-
d "8(
fx-.
+(211;;;;2
2350 Ibsiin.
fez i? = V' f,,2
= '"i3100li
-
.-
i*z .+
+
i475012
5680 Ibrlin.
- \/1937t;4260iz
f , = V fb2
-.
-
+
4360 ibnlin.
/.?
0 =
actvol farce " = uctual force . "= aituol force (11 = octucl force
cliawabie force ollawoble force aliowabie farce oilowobie force
= -(36701
111.200) t E70%
.- -(23501
-
i11.2001
-
- -156801
111.2001
= ,328'' or 5/16" A - ,210.' or *,,A
- -
- .506" or X" A
Column Bases / 3.3-19
At the center of the 3" bar, the bolt loads are section moddus of weld
snpported by tension and compression forces in the
1" thick web platcs above and below the bar. The
web plates are attached to the column flange, opposite
the column web, by welds that carry this moment and = 112 in.'
shear into the column.
The shear pnd moment caused by the anchor bolt ( 1288)
S, = --
forces, which are not in the plane of the weld, deter- (9.5)
mine the size of the vertical welds. The welds extend = 135.5 in."
15" above and 3" below the 3" transverse bar.
The properties and stresses on the vertical welds maximum bending force on ueld
are figured on the basis of treating the welds as a line,
having no width. See Figure 30.
- -- -. I
2weldrX15" 30 15.3 405.0 5467.5 562.5
required flkt weld size
3000
Total 36 414.0 6048 a =-
113J0 WI E70 allowable
moment of inertia about N.A
M"
I, = I, +
I, - -
A
This requircs continuous fillet welds on both
sides for the full length of the 1" vertical web plate.
If greater weld strength had been required, the 1" web
platc could be made thicker or taller.
For bolts of ordinary size, the upper portion of
the plates for this detail can be cut in one piece from
colnmn sections of 14" flanges. This insures fnll con-
tinuity of the web-to-flange in tension for carrying the
bolt loads. By welding across the top and bottom edges
of the liorizontal plate to the column flange, the re-
= 11.5" (up from base line y-y) quired thickness of flange plate in bending is reduced
by having support in two dircctions.
distance of N.A. from outer fiber
6. TYPICAL COLUMN BASES
cbotbm = 11.5"
In ( a ) of Figure 31, small brackets are .groove butt
olumn Bares /
y stiffeners moy be
FIGURE 31
\voided to the oirtcr edges of thc colnmr Annges to this moment. The only slight drawback is that the
develop greatcr moment resistance for the attachment attaclring plntcs will not stiffen the overhung portion
to the bas? plate. This will help for moments about of the base plate for the hending due to tension in the
either the x-x or the y-y :tsis. A single bovel or single V hold-down bolts, or due to the upward hearing pressure
joint is preparcd by beveling just the edge of the of the masonry support. Mowevrr if this is a problem,
brackets; no hcveling is done on the column flanges. smxll hrackrxts shown in dottrd lines may be easily
For colnnrn flanges of nominal thickness, it might added.
he easier to simply add two brackets, fillet welded to The plates can he fillet wrlded to the outer edges
the base of the column; see ( h ) and ( c ) . No beveling nf thc column flange as in ( c ) , although there is not
is required, and handling and assembling time is re- good accessibility for the welds on the inside. Some of
duced hecat~seonly two additional pieces are requirod. these inside fillet welds can be made before the unit
In ( b ) thc bracket plates are attached to the face is assembled to the base plate.
of the coluin~rflange; in ( c ) the p1atr.s are>attached to For thick Ranges, clctail ( a ) might represent the
the outer edge of the column Nange. In any rolled lrast amount of \velding and additioml plate material.
section used as a column, greater berrtling strength Short lengths of pipe have been welded to the
and stiifiress is obtained about the x-x nxis. If the outer edge of the cohnnn flange to develop the neces-
moment is ahont the x-x axis, it would be better to sary moment for the hold-down bolts; see ( d ) . The
attach the additional plates to the face of the column length and leg size of the attaching fillet welds are
as in ( b ) . This will provide a good transverse fillet sufficicnt for thc moment.
across the n)lumn flange and two longitudinal fillet In ( e ) two channels with additional stiffeners are
welds along the outer edge of the column flange with w c l d d to the cohnnrr flanges for the required moment
good acct%ssihilityfor melding. Thc attaching plates from the hold-down bolts. By setting this channel
and the welds connecting thein to the base plate are assenibly back slightly from the milled end of the
in tho most effcct~vcposition and location to transfer column, it does not have to be designed for any bear-
3.3-22 / Column-Related Design
7 . HIGH-RISE REQUIREMENTS
P = A w
= (690 in." (750 psi) moment of inertia about N.A.
= 516 kips
Since:
M = a S
FIGURE 36
3.3-24 / Column-Related
= 8400 psi OK
-
distance of N.A. to outer fiber
shear force at face of 6" base plate
cb = 9.27"
(to be transferred through fillet welds)
bending stresses
Vb =M Cb = 24,630 llx/in. ( t o be carried by four fillet
I welds at 1%" thick brackets)
leg size of mch fillet w d d joining base plate to brackets
= 4370 psi
W
l/g (24,630)
=----
(11,200) -
= ,545"or use %/,Br'[l
E70 allowable
---
(The minimum fillet wcld leg size for 6" plate
is WB .)
same region as does the maximum unit shear force. Alternate method. In cases where the forces are
However the analysis docs not take long: high, and the requirement for welding is greater, it
would be wcll to look further into the analysis in order
bending force on weld to reduce the amount of welding.
f, = u t In Figure 37, it is seen that the maximum unit
force on the vertical wt:ld due to bending moment
= (9770 psi) (1%")
occurs at the top of the bracket mnnection ( b ) in a
= 14,660 lbs/in. (one bracket and two fillet rcgion of very low shear t~msfcr.Likewise the maxi-
welds ) mum unit shear force occurs in a region of low bending
or moment ( c ) . In the following analysis, the weld size
= 7330 lbs/in. (one fillet weld) is determined both for bending and for shear, and the
larger of these two values are used:
vertical shear force on weld
(assuming unifolm distribution) ccrtical shear requirement
(maximum condition at N.A.)
fl = 25,200 lbs/in.
= ,562" or %,/,,"
bending requirement
(maximum condition at top of bracket)
required leg size of certical fillet weld
actual force
0 =
allowable force
= -. actual force
allowable force
Column stiffeners
A rather high eompr~~ssive force in the top portion of
these brackets is applied horizontally to the column
Range. It would hs wcll to add stiifenors behveen the
column flanges to transfer this force from one bracket
through the column to thc opposite column flange;
Figure 38.
It might he argncd that, if the brackets are milled
to brar against the column flanges, the bearing area
may then be considered to carry the compressive hori-
zontal force bctwecn the bracket and the column flange.
FIGURE 38 Also, the connecting welds may then be considered to
/ Column-Related
FIGURE 39
Slight tensile prestress
Unit sheor ' between bracket in weld before load is
force on weld ond column flange applied
carry only the vertical shear forces. See Figure 39, left.
If the designer questions whether the weld would
load up in compression along with the bearing area
of the bracket, it should be remembered that weld
shrinkage will slightly prcstrrss the weld in tension and,
the end of the bracket within the weld region in com-
pression. See Figure 39, right. As the horizontal com-
pression is applied, the weld must first unload in bnt 3" thick column flange would require a minimum
tension before it would be loaded in compression. In lhr' h (Table 2, Sect. 7.4).
the meantime, the bracket bearing area continues to If partial-penetration groove welds are used (as-
load up in compression. suming a tight fit) the following applies:
This is very similar to standard practice in welded
allowables (E70 welds)
plate girder design. Even though the web is not milled
along its edge, it is fittpd tight to the flange and simple compression: same as plate
fillet welds join the hvo. In almost all cases, these welds shear: 7 = 15,800 psi
are designed just for the shear transfer (parallel to the
weld) between the web and the flange; any distributed shear jorce on one weld
floor load is assnmed to transfer down through the f. = 4310 lbs/in.
flange (transvrrse to the weld) into the cdge of the
web which is in contact with the flange. Designers required effective throat
believe that even if this transverse force is transferred
through the weld, it does not lower the capacity of
the fillet weld to transfer the shear forces.
Refer to Figure 37(b) and notice that the bending
action provides a horizontal compressive force on the
vertical connedng wclds along almost their entire
length. Only a vcry small lcngth of the welds near
the base plate is subjected to horizontal tension, and i j using bevel ioint Y6 ,ik
these forces are very small. The maximum tensile
forces occur within the base plate, which has no con-
necting welds.
FIGURE 40 FIGURE 41
COLUMN BASE PLATE DIMENSIONS (AISC, 1963)
- / /
II
L--?Q
c
COLUMN BASE PLATES
Dimensions for maximum
column loads
Cuacilic, <', -
Base nlaien, ASTM 1116. h -
30UO or,
27 iri
For 'Or COLUMN BASE PLATES
Dimensions for maximum
column loads
-
Bare OaiPs, hSTM A16. F,, = 27 kr,
coacrsts. l , 3OM nri
mT
.1- . J-
. 1.-
Wt.
P"
Fi.
-
tn. ib.
61:16 1w
W 161
133
120
106
99
92
85
79
72
65
58
53
50
45
40
I12
100
89
4 X 14% 77
W 72
66
60
54
49
45
1 X 12 39
W 33
1 X 10 67
W: 58
48
40
1 x 8 35
W 31
28
24
20
17
~. ~-
Note' i
SIlO
- Wht
. 2
xk
-
"
X;
-
E
5!
a a
x x- r x sa x z "
a F
xm
a L
I
Y . L D
x
D
XS
- -
S r ,
F
x x
-
F
a
F
X-
m F
X-
"
s
X-
?
8
X-
ases / 3.3-31
Column base plates for the 32-story Commerce Towers, Kansas City,
Mo., were shop-fabricated and shipped separately. At the site they
were positioned and bolted to the concrete. The heovy columns were
then erected ond field welded to base plates. This was facilitated by
use of semi-automatic arc welding with self-shielding cored electrode
wire. Process quadrupled the speed of manual welding and produced
sounder welds.
Ten-ton weldments were required for tower bases on lift bridges along
the St. Lawrence Seaway. Edges of attaching members were double-
beveled to permit fuil penetration. Iron powder electrodes were speci-
fied for higher welding speeds and lower costs. Because of high
restraint, LH-70 (low hydrogen) E7018 electrodes were used on root
posses to avoid cracking, while E6027 was used on subsequent passes
to fill the ioint.
3.3-32 / C o l u m n - R e l a t e d Design