Sophia Majid

November 8,2017

Annotated Source List

Previous Topic

Crazy deep-web stories from Reddit - Business Insider. (n.d.). Retrieved September 28, 2017,
from http://www.businessinsider.com/weird-deep-web-stories-from-reddit-2016-5

Summary:

The ​website ​talks about how the founder of the Silk Road is now in prison and how the
dark web still remains. It states various stories that people have witnessed on the deep web
such as having association with a man who wanted to sell rhino horns for six figures, DIY
vasectomy dentistry kits, and pills made by blue rays of light. “​Services like Tor, which mask a
user's identity and let them browse the internet anonymously, give access to a slew of websites
known as the Dark Web (or Deep Web). These sites won't work on a "normal" web browser
like Google Chrome.” This article also introduced a service called For which people use to
access the deep web. It is supposedly very easy to download and very accessible. It is able to
track down you location and figure out your personal information leading to consequences such
as Identity Theft.

Application to Research:

This ​website​ will help to use quote on other people's experiences on the dark web. It lists many
example of why people were triggered into using it and how they were shocked by the events
going on in the web. Due to the fact that this is one of the first sources read about the topic, it is
used as more as background information for the top that is going to be researched. Some
questions that came up were:

How are people affected by it?

Why is it not stoppable if the founder is in jail and police have access to it?

Dredge, S. (2013, November 05). What is tor? A beginner’s guide to the privacy tool.
Retrieved October 06, 2017, Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/05/tor-beginners-guide-nsa-

Summary:

This article summarizes the Tor system that is used to access the dark web. It makes it
very hard for people to identify the source of the information or the location user. It is a
software package, the Tor browser bundle. It can be downloaded and take advantage of
technology. There are some trade-off bundles such as Flash and QuickTime. The system was
made for the U.S. Navy, it has 60% of its funding from the department of defense. Tor is not
used for only the people who want to access the deep web, but also people who want to keep
their laptops and computers safe from browsers that are not that easily trustable.

Application to Research:

Tor plays a big part into accessing the deep web. I will include this in my research as
background information. I researched some of the main ideas about the overall idea of the deep
web. The system Tor is known to be powerful and attractive towards its users. Some questions
I have still regarding to this topic is:

How was the system Tor created?

Why do they not get rid of the system?

Madhavan, J., Afanasiev, L., Antova, L., & Halevy, A. (2009, September 09). Harnessing the
Deep Web: Present and Future. Retrieved October 12, 2017, from
https://arxiv.org/abs/0909.1785

Summary:

The ​Academic Journal ​summarizes how the deep/ dark web is so accessible to every
user of the internet. The want to be able to ‘Harness the Deep Web’. The article states “The
content that our system exposes contributes to more than 1000 search queries per-second and
spans over 50 languages and hundreds of domains. The Deep Web has long been
acknowledged to be a major source of structured data on the web, and hence accessing
Deep-Web content has long been a problem of interest in the data management community. In
this paper, we report on where we believe the Deep Web provides value and where it does not.
“ WIth the internet being this powerful, many pitfalls may be caused.

Application to Research:

I would apply this to my research by reading the article more in depth and checking out
the sources and citations the author used in order to create the certain belief and logistical
approach that he or she demonstrates in the article.

Would it be a good idea to get rid of the few sources that help access the deep web?

How are they going to harness the deep web?

Would doing this cause the right of freedom of speech taken by many?
Shedding light on the dark web. (2016, July 16). Retrieved September 28, 2017, from
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262029/summary

Summary:

This​ website ​consisted of an article compiled by an unknown author. The article was
about a man named David Burchard and his fellow colleagues whom he is running a illegal
drug business with. The article first talked about how David Burchards company was caught by
a undercover despite the many precautions the drug company takes. This article was effective,
useful and helpful due to the fact that it easily introduces the effects of the dark web, and gave
details on how drug lords keep themselves from getting caught. The most important part in the
article is when the author describes how the Silk Road 2 delivers and packages drugs. “​Once a
deal is struck and payment is waiting in escrow, drugs are packed in a vacuum-sealed bag using
latex gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints or traces of DNA, and dipped in bleach as a further
precaution against leaving forensic traces. A label is printed (customs officials are suspicious
of handwritten addresses on international packages). Smart sellers use several post offices, all
far from their homes—and, preferably, not overlooked by CCTV cameras. Some offer to send
empty packages to new customers, so they can check for signs of inspection. Smart buyers use
the address of an inattentive or absent neighbour with an accessible postbox, and never sign for
receipt. Judging by the reviews, around 90% of shipments get through.” This article will be
very beneficial to research.

Application to Research:

This article will be used for describing the steps on how drugs are delivery and
package. It is mostly background information so the researcher gains more knowledge about
they are talking about. It will be an opening to illegal drug associations on the dark web which
will be one of many subtopics that will included in the research. Some broad questions that
came up while reading were:

Why is Tor so accessible?

Why do people go on the dark web?

Weise, E. (2017, March 28). Terrorists use the Dark Web to hide. Retrieved October 06, 2017,
from
https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/03/27/terrorists-use-dark-web-hide-lo
ndon-whatsapp-encryption/99698672/

Summary:

The main idea is that the author believes that terrorists will attack the United States
Web network next. Some main supports are that our nation highly depends on the internet to
function and that terrorists would attack there because it will lead to more serious and long
lasting causes. The author stated “...on the following viewpoint, Sam Elrom argues that cyber
terrorists will strike at some point in the United States. Both government and business are
dependent on the Internet, he says, making the network an ideal target for a terrorist
attack.According to Elrom, cyber terrorists are becoming more skillful and have initiated some
attacks on specific targets to learn how networks detect and respond to such strikes. He adds
that "E-jihadists," distribute programs that can be used to overwhelm the servers of Web sites.
The author concludes that experts who claim cyberterror is not a threat are underestimating
terrorists' desire and capabilities. Sam Elrom is president of a security consulting firm
specializing in defense, intelligence, and technological security analysis.”. The author clearly
stated his opinion in the first paragraph of the article. I feel that what the author is saying is
very true and though by a logical approach.

Application to Research:

To look for more information I could use the citations at the bottom of the article to
gather up more sources. I would need to discover what the jihad and ISIS is doing next in order
to change my mind about this topic. Because no one knows what next to expect, only logical
assumptions like the author gave can keep us prepared for whatever is going to happen in the
future.

Has something like this happened before

How are they going to cause an attack?

Is this attack even possible?

What is the deep web?(n.d.) Retrieved October 06 ,2017 from

http://money.cnn.com/infographic/technology/what-is-the-deep-web/

Summary:

The Deep Web contains illegal porn, political dissidents, drugs and stolen credit cards.
It is based off main browsers such as Google and Bing and contains smaller components to it.
There are many stories that people have dealt with . It states various stories that people have
witnessed on the deep web such as having association with a man who wanted to sell rhino
horns for six figures, DIY vasectomy dentistry kits, and pills made by blue rays of light. This
article was effective, useful and helpful due to the fact that it easily introduces the effects of the
dark web, and gave details on how drug lords keep themselves from getting caught.

Application to Research:

I will be able to provide this knowledge to my research easily because it helps increase
my overall knowledge about the deep web. With this i will be able to understand the several
components that take up the main idea that is known as the deep web. With the chart provided
on the website I find more topics to research about.

What is the main attraction to the deep web?

How many users does it have overall?

Are more or less people attracted to it overtime?

Current Topic

Aghababaei, N., Farahani, H., & Hatami, J. (2011). Euthanasia attitude; A comparison of two
scales. Retrieved December 07, 2017, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3713934/

Summary:

“It can be concluded that analyzing the attitude towards euthanasia with the use of EAS
rather than the ATE scale results in lower levels of opposition against euthanasia. This study
raises the question of whether euthanasia attitude scales should contain definitions and
concepts of euthanasia or they should describe cases of it.”This article helped me find my
overall conclusion to my research. I wanted to know how to reduce the opposition against
euthanasia and this abstract gave me the answer. I am now going to do more research on the
meaning of this conclusion.

Application to Research:

The use of the article only gave me the abstract but that was enough. I have now finally
found the conclusion to my research and can use this in order to gain an overall understanding
of what i should be focusing on now. I will research the ATE scale result and the use of ESA to
bring reasoning to my conclusion. I am also thinking about sending the business letter to the
writer of this article.

Arguments against euthanasia. (n.d.). Retrieved December 05, 2017, from

https://vivredignite.org/en/against-euthanasia/

Summary:

Euthanasia is a homicide. In most countries killing another person is considered

murder, even if the intention is to "ease the pain", even if the person has a terminal illness.
Euthanasia is never necessary - even less since the advent of palliative care. Palliative care
provided by a well-trained team help the patient, his family and loved ones. Good palliative
care is able to control physical, psychological , social, spiritual and existential suffering. In
extreme cases, palliative sedation is used. It is not only already legal, but effective. Only about
20% of Canada's population has access to palliative care. Euthanasia is incompatible with
palliative care.The World Health Organization says that palliative care "intends to neither
accelerate nor postpone death ." 90% of doctors working in palliative care in Canada oppose
euthanasia. There has been abuse where euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal. It is
impossible to establish guidelines strict enough to limit euthanasia to persons for whom it is
provided. In fact, the safeguards provided do not hold up in practice. According to Professor
Etienne Montero, Dean of the Faculty of Law of the University of Namur in Belgium, it is
extremely difficult to follow a strict interpretation of legal requirements once euthanasia is
permitted. There are several documented cases of abuse in countries where euthanasia is legal
and in countries or U.S. states where assisted suicide is legal. For example, in Belgium deaf
twins were euthanized at their request because they became blind. Also in Belgium, a woman
was euthanized because she was suffering from anorexia. In the Netherlands, a woman was
euthanized because she was going blind and could not see the dirt. In Oregon, United States, a
woman received a letter from her insurance company refusing to pay for her chemotherapy, but
offering assisted suicide instead. The right to die implies a duty to kill. The so-called "right to
die " (for the patient) implies the duty to kill (for someone else, in this case the doctor). The
medical personnel who commit euthanasia suffer personal consequences. The act of euthanasia
is neither easy nor peaceful. It is a difficult thing to do, and medical personnel is adversely
affected. In Belgium, doctors are entitled to psychotherapy after euthanizing a patient. It is not
uncommon to see Belgian nurses take a day off when they know that euthanasia is planned.
Euthanasia devalues ​some lives. Accepting euthanasia means accepting that some lives (such
as elderly or people with disabilities) are worth less than others. Legalizing euthanasia would
send a clear message: it is better to be dead than sick or disabled. For a healthy person, it is too
easy to perceive life with a disability or an illness as a disaster, full of suffering and frustration.
These people do not look at Euthanasia in a logical standpoint but instead look at it in a more
ideological way. They believe as though it seems as a wrong idea so it must be wrong.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by giving a more theoretical standpoint it my research

instead of basing it out all on logic. Many people feel as though since euthanasia is killing it
must be a bad thing. I want to be able to connect with every reader and want to give different
views on this topic to overall kill the bias so a person is able to create their viewpoint after my
research rather than reading my research only because they agree with the idea.

Bob Cole. (n.d.). Retrieved January 03, 2018, from

https://www.dignityindying.org.uk/story/bob-cole/

Summary:

This story just like the one above makes a big impact on a person who does not believe
euthanasia and assisted suicide due to moral or religious reasons. Bob Cole's story is so heart
felt that a person will be able to understand where he is coming from and why it should be
okay. Like Bob Cole explained ,“Bob knew from his involvement in the campaign the
importance of engaging the public with the reality of the current situation in Britain and when
deciding to share his story he was clear that he wanted to continue supporting the campaign
after his death as he had done whilst he was alive.”
Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research because after the tragedy Bob Cole went through he
decided to become an activist for euthanasia and assisted suicide in britain. Britain now allows
assisted suicide somewhat but way more than the United States does. People like hm really
changed the faith of the country and weather or not it should be legal or unlawful benefiting the
lives of many other people.

Belgium. (n.d.). Retrieved November 27, 2017, from

http://www.patientsrightscouncil.org/site/belgium/

Summary:

Current​ ​law​ ​regarding​ ​euthanasia 2014​ ​law On February 13, 2014, Belgium legalized
euthanasia by lethal injection for children. By a vote of 86 to 44 with 12 abstentions, the lower
house of Parliament approved the law which had previously been passed by the country’s
Senate. Young children will be allowed to end their lives with the help of a doctor in the
world’s most radical extension of a euthanasia law. Under the law there is no age limit to
minors who can seek a lethal injection. Parents must agree with the decision, however, there
are serious questions about how much pressure will be placed on parents and/or their children.
In anticipation of the law’s passage, some Belgian parents, such as Professor Jutte van der
Werff Ten Bosch, had already talked with a child, expressing support if the child should ever
request euthanasia. 2002​ ​law The Belgian act legalizing euthanasia for competent adults and
emancipated minors was passed on May 28, 2002. It went into effect on September 3, 2002.

Application to Research:

This belgian law helps show why and how a county has legalized the act of assisted
suicide. It may also help set up a template for other countries who are also being pushed to
allow euthanasia being taken by many people who need and want it for a certain
understandable cause

Comparison of adjuvant gemcitabine and capecitabine with gemcitabine monotherapy in

patients with resected pancreatic cancer (ESPAC-4): A multicentre, open-label,
randomised, phase 3 trial. (2017, January 25). Retrieved November 05, 2017, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616324096

Summary:

In the ​Article ​which contained a ​Video ​it states, “More than a quarter of oncology
patients had seriously thought about euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide and nearly 12%
had seriously discussed these interventions with physicians or others. Patients with depression
and psychological distress were significantly more likely to have seriously discussed
euthanasia, hoarded drugs, or read Final Exit. More than half of oncologists had received
requests for euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. Nearly one in seven oncologists had
carried out euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide”. After reading this I was able to
understand that patients with depression are more likely to ask for euthanasia because they start
to believe that their life is meaningless. Later it states that it interpreted, “Euthanasia and
physician-assisted suicide are important issues in the care of terminally ill patients and while
oncology patients experiencing pain are unlikely to desire these interventions patients with
depression are more likely to request assistance in committing suicide”.

Application to Research:

By reading this research paper I now know that I have to include what certain factors
may lead for a patient to ask for assisted suicide. After reading this I will add depression and
find more reasons on why one individual may ask for assisted suicide. I will now focus on
researching why someone would want to receive euthanasia and what factors make it alright to
receive it.

Why would a patient want Euthanasia?

How to keep a patient from receiving assisted suicide?

Is depression what majorly affects the decision?

Death and Dying. (n.d.). Retrieved January 13, 2018, from

http://www.deathreference.com/En-Gh/Euthanasia.html

Summary:

Euthanasia is considered to be ​voluntary ​when it takes place in accordance with the

wishes of a competent individual, whether these wishes have been made known personally or
by a valid advance directive—that is, a written statement of the person's future desires in the
event that he or she should be unable to communicate his or her intentions in the future. ​Non
Voluntary ​euthanasia is done without the knowledge of the wishes of the patient either because
the patient has always been incompetent, is now incompetent, or has left no advance directive.
A person is considered incompetent when he or she is incapable of understanding the nature
and consequences of the decision to be made and/or is not capable of communicating this
decision.​Involuntary ​euthanasia is done against the wishes of a competent individual or against
the wishes expressed in a valid advance directive. Examples of involuntary euthanasia include
a son who gives a lethal overdose of medication to his father who is suffering from cancer, but
the father does not want the overdose.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by explaining the different types of euthanasia a person can
receive and the benefits and disadvantages that can come out of each procedure. This why
people will understand the pros and cons that can come out of each of the situations amkin
them choose the best option for themselves.
Ethics - Euthanasia: Anti-euthanasia arguments. (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2017, from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/against/against_1.shtml

Summary:

This website stated an overall opinion that Euthanasia is a practical form in order for a
patient to relieve themselves from a constant pain. It contained really good arguments on why
euthanasia is not a bad choice. It said “Ethical arguments: Euthanasia weakens society's respect
for the sanctity of life,Accepting euthanasia accepts that some lives (those of the disabled or
sick) are worth less than others,Voluntary euthanasia is the start of a slippery slope that leads to
involuntary euthanasia and the killing of people who are thought undesirable, Euthanasia might
not be in a person's best interests, Euthanasia affects other people's rights, not just those of the
patient. All of these are overall good arguments that can change one's perspective.

Application to Research:

I can apply this to my research by including these arguments and having these
arguments in my overall product that comes out of this research. I can have this information
shared with those who do not know much about Euthanasia so they can learn the good side to it
rather than why people are against the idea of having. These ideas can also rebuttal the negative
criticism at the topic.

Emanuel, E. J. (1994, September 12). Euthanasia. Historical, ethical, and empirical

perspectives. Retrieved January 08, 2018, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8074593

Summary:

As a worker of the NIH stated in a research proposals abstract ,”Debates about the
ethics of euthanasia date from ancient Greece and Rome. In 1870, S. D. Williams, a
nonphysician, proposed that anesthetics be used to intentionally end the lives of patients.
Between 1870 and 1936, a debate about the ethics of euthanasia raged in the United States and
Britain. These debates predate and invoke different arguments than do debates about euthanasia
in Germany. Recognizing the increased interest in euthanasia, this article reviews the
definitions related to euthanasia, the historical record of debates concerning euthanasia, the
arguments for and against euthanasia, the situation in the Netherlands, and the empirical data
regarding euthanasia in the United States.”

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by using this information to help readers understand the
background of euthanasia and how it came to form during a period of time and how people
point and views whether bad or good came to be throughout euthanasia and assisted suicides
history

Emanuel, E. (1998, May Published). The promise of a good death.

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(98)90329-4/fulltext

Summary:

In this article, the author states many conclusions made by how society is against the
idea of euthanasia and assisted suicide. “8 years ago the US Supreme Court ruled on the
Cruzan case,5its first in the end-of-life area, indicating that there was a constitutional right to
refuse life-sustaining treatments”, the constitution has declared that if a person can have a
treatment to live longer, they should be given the treatment. “Thus we face a paradox:
increasing concern about death and dying, tremendous technical capacities to relieve symptoms
and improve care, and persistent suffering of dying patients, all combined with the continued
denial of death”, just because a person can live longer does not mean that the pain will be
worth it. Rather than giving someone right to treatment, should not they instead give them a
peaceful good death?”What constitutes a good death? The Institute of Medicine's definition is:
“[A] decent or good​ death is one that is: free from avoidable distress and suffering for patients,
families, and caregivers; in general accord with patients' and families' wishes; and reasonably
consistent with clinical, cultural, and ethical standards”, Euthanasia gives the promise of a
peaceful death to patients who have been struggling pain invoking illnesses for a period of
time. Forcing them to live longer due to only society's ethical opinions, rather than
understandable reasons.

Application to Research;

I will apply this to my research to provide reasoning to my hypothesis. This article

really helped me understand why Euthanasia should not be unlawful, and that the constitution
does not have a good reason it order to keep patients from having a peaceful death. Overall this
helped my figure which side I want to take in this opinion, and that is that I am against the idea
of someone being kept from taking Euthanasia. If a person who wants to die due to severe pain,
they should be able to let go.How was it declared unconstitutional?What procedures do they
take to determine if a patient can not have Euthanasia?

Hatami, J. (n.d.). Euthanasia attitude; A comparison of two scales. Retrieved December 09,
2017, from
http://www.academia.edu/16005940/Euthanasia_attitude_A_comparison_of_two_scale
s

Summary:

“The main purposes of the present study were to see how the term “euthanasia”
influences people's support for or opposition to euthanasia; and to see how euthanasia attitude
relates to religious orientation and personality factors.In this study two different euthanasia
attitude scales were compared. 197 students were selected to fill out either the Euthanasia
Attitude Scale (EAS) or Wasserman’s Attitude Towards Euthanasia scale (ATE scale). The
former scale includes the term “euthanasia”, the latter does not. All participants filled out 50
items of International Personality Item Pool, 16 items of the the HEXACO openness, and 14
items of Religious Orientation Scale-Revised.Results indicated that even though the two
groups were not different in terms of gender, age,education, religiosity and personality, mean
score on the ATE scale was significantly higher than that of the EAS. Euthanasia attitude was
negatively correlated with religiosity and conscientiousness and it was positively correlated
with psychoticism and openness. It can be concluded that analyzing the attitude towards
euthanasia with the use of EAS rather than the ATE scale results in lower levels of opposition
against euthanasia. This study raises the question of whether euthanasia attitude scales should
contain definitions and concepts of euthanasia or they should describe cases of it.” This is the
abstract of the article. I have copied it here in order to help me for future reference because my
research report with be greatly influenced by this one.

Application to Research:

I will use this research report in order to contact the author Javad Hatami and try to interview
him. This research report has almost the same exact question as mine and is going to heavily
impact mine because it is clearly everything I am looking to study and solve out. I am going to
send my business letter to the writer and get in contact as soon as possible.

Historical Timeline - Euthanasia - ProCon.org. (n.d.). Retrieved January 13, 2018, from
https://euthanasia.procon.org/view.timeline.php?timelineID=000022

Summary:

This website shows the christian history behind euthanasia and why religion might
affect it opposition nowadays. "In ancient Greece and Rome, before the coming of Christianity,
attitudes toward infanticide, active euthanasia, and suicide had tended to be tolerant. Many
ancient Greeks and Romans had no cogently defined belief in the inherent value of individual
human life, and pagan physicians likely performed frequent abortions as well as both voluntary
and involuntary mercy killings. Although the Hippocratic Oath prohibited doctors from giving
'a deadly drug to anybody, not even if asked for,' or from suggesting such a course of action,
few ancient Greek or Roman physicians followed the oath faithfully. Throughout classical
antiquity, there was widespread support for voluntary death as opposed to prolonged agony,
and physicians compiled by often giving their patients the poisons they requested."

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by giving it as background on why euthanasia may be

passed through religious, old-fashioned folks. This way a reader will understand why the may
not believe it is a right decision. Also this will help me build up a stronger rationale to my
research paper.

Justitie, M. V. (2017, June 06). Euthanasia, assisted suicide and non-resuscitation on request.
https://www.government.nl/topics/euthanasia/euthanasia-assisted-suicide-and-Non-resu
scitation-on-request

Summary​:

“Euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal only if the criteria laid down in the Dutch
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act are fully
observed. Only then is the physician concerned immune from criminal prosecution. Requests
for euthanasia often come from patients experiencing unbearable suffering with no prospect of
improvement. Their request must be made earnestly and with full conviction. They see
euthanasia as the only escape from the situation. However, patients have no absolute right to
euthanasia and doctors no absolute duty to perform it.” This is something new I learned that a
patient has no right to Euthanasia, although they are the ones who should be making the
decision rather than the doctor. The doctor, like critics say, is playing the role of god rather
than a person deciding their own faith which they have more right to than a doctor who only
operates them has. “Termination of life on request can take two forms. In the case of
euthanasia, the physician administers a fatal dose of a suitable drug to the patient. In assisted
suicide, by contrast, the physician supplies the lethal drug but the patient administers it.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by using this as the method they use to determine if the
doctor should terminate the patient's life and how he makes this decision. I want to look more
into this because this is only the general fact. I will use this ‘general fact’ and compare it with
other place which have made Euthanasia and assisted suicide legal.m By doing this I will be
able to come to a conclusion on how and what specific things in my opinion they should fix so
a patient has more control over his or her life. I want to be able to get scenarios and use this
information to test when it would be lawful and unlawful for a patient to receive
Euthanasia.Look deeper into this policy.Why does a doctor have more control than a patient?
Can a patient flee to a different state that declares Euthanasia legal in order to receive it?

Margaret John. (n.d.). Retrieved January 03, 2018, from

https://www.dignityindying.org.uk/story/margaret-john/

Summary:

This story is very impactful because it helps an individual against euthanasia to

understand what the purpose of it is and understand that it actually good death, which is its
literal meaning. As Margret John stated, “ . Amateur Assistance from my family might well
cause me more distress, fail to achieve the purpose and increase rather than decrease my
suffering and theirs! I couldn’t risk them being prosecuted either. It would be very reassuring
to know that I could talk to my GP about what I could take to control my death if my suffering
became unbearable towards the end, or even to talk to him more generally about assisted dying
without putting him at risk of prosecution. Ideally I want a change in the law so that, when
there is no longer any treatment and palliative care is not making the pain tolerable, I would be
able to ask my GP for something that I can administer myself at a time of my choosing without
the fear that in fulfilling my wishes I am placing him or her at risk of prosecution.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by including the moral composition of the story because
after my interview with an assisted suicide professional, he told me the best way to cause
someone to be for euthanasia instead of against it is to tell other people's struggles and mishaps
they went through so it could be more understandable ethically and logically to the person.

Maryland Euthanasia Laws. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from

http://statelaws.findlaw.com/maryland-law/maryland-euthanasia-laws.html

Summary:

This ​article​ explained the code of conduct of euthanasia laws in Maryland. It states,
“Withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining procedures in accordance with this subtitle shall
not for any purpose be considered to be a suicide.” Withholding life sustaining procedures are
not considered as suicide in Maryland. “In 1997, the United States Supreme Court decided in
favor of the government's interest in preventing intentional killing and preserving life, ruling
that interest outweighs a citizen’s liberty interest in having the choice to die. Therefore, there's
no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide. However, the Court did distinguish
between a physician proactively ending a patient's life (which is not permitted) and passively
refusing or removing life-saving medical treatment (which can be permitted). Likewise, states
also have the option of making the same distinction under their laws, as Maryland has done”.
The supreme court backs up their opinion on making euthanasia unlawful due to the fact that
they do not want physicians to kill their patients under any wrong circumstances causing more
problems.

Mishra, P. K. (2011, October 01). Retrieved October 12, 2017, from

https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1015487

Summary:

After reading this ​article​ written by an anesthesiologist in India, more insights opened
up. One thing that was not well aware of was that some doctors could end up killing their
patient if they ask for Euthanasia even if they have a good chance of living, or are strong
enough to fight against it. Some doctors in India have given patients Euthanasia because it
benefits themselves. A couple of doctors in India have killed patients in order to gain property
or money. Some even have to keep themselves from going to jail. Euthanasia is something that
some doctors do not really apply all their knowledge to.
Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by being able to use of one of the situations given, in
my research paper. This article was short but helped me realize situations regarding Euthanasia
that are wrong and are not ethical. I can now draw up conclusions stating what rules or
situations doctors should apply to their patients if they want to perform Euthanasia.How would
a doctor get away with Euthanasia?How to perform Euthanasia?What to doctors consider when
committing Euthanasia?

New York Euthanasia Laws. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from
http://statelaws.findlaw.com/new-york-law/new-york-euthanasia-laws.html

Summary:

In this article, it explains the code of conduct of euthanasia in New York. It states, “It
should be noted that euthanasia differs from physician-assisted suicide. In instances of
physician-assisted suicide, the doctor generally prescribes life-ending medication, but the
patient administers the medication himself or herself -- compared to euthanasia where the
physician (or other third party) administers the lethal dose of medication ​for​ the patient. Only
five states -- Oregon, New Mexico, Vermont, Montana, and Washington -- currently allow
physician-assisted suicide. In New York, euthanasia is treated as a crime. If found guilty of
manslaughter, an individual may be charged with second degree manslaughter. In addition, a
section of the Public Health Law broadly demonstrates the state’s policy towards euthanasia,
specifying that the statute is not intended to promote or permit suicide, assisted suicide, or
euthanasia.While euthanasia and assisted suicide are largely illegal throughout the U.S., many
states, including New York, do allow the withdrawal of life-sustaining machines or procedures.
“Life-sustaining” in this context, refers to treatments, medication, and/or procedures that take
over (or prompt the revival of) the operation of vital organs or bodily functions”.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by using this conduct and New York's opinions on
euthanasia. Using different state laws will help me create an overall background on euthanasia
and why it is declared illegal in the united states. THen I will research how it became legal in
different countries and figure out if the same process is applicable to the united states in
changing their views about this topic.

Pickert, K. (2009, March 03). Assisted Suicide. Retrieved January 08, 2018, from
http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1882684,00.html

Summary:

As TIME magazine stated “The centuries-old debate over a person's right to die, usually
in cases of painful terminal illness, is currently grabbing headlines with the​ ​arrest of four
members of a group called the Final Exit Network​. Authorities say the four helped an Atlanta
man commit suicide last June, which, if proven, would be a violation of Georgia state law.

The idea that it should be illegal to help someone commit suicide is most often ascribed to the
Biblical Commandment: Thou Shalt Not Kill. Despite this, several Judeo-Christian societies
have condoned assisted suicide in recent years. Australia legalized it in 1995, only to rescind
the law two years later. The Netherlands and Switzerland have decriminalized the practice,
paving the way for a British man named Craig Ewert to travel to Zurich in December 2008
intent on taking his life. Ewert's journey and death were broadcast on British television.
Although British law makes it illegal to help someone commit suicide, authorities have opted
not to prosecute Ewert's wife and others who have helped loved ones travel abroad for the
express purpose of committing suicide. In the case of Final Exit, according to authorities —
and an undercover agent who infiltrated the group — the four arrestees instructed a 58-year-old
man how to kill himself using a plastic hood filled with helium. The defendants face at least up
to five years in prison if convicted. It appears the man who died was not terminally ill;
according to the Associated Press, his doctor told authorities that although he suffered from
cancer that left his face disfigured, he was cancer-free at the time of his suicide.”

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research because this will be the historical part behind euthanasia
and what it is made out of. If people start understanding its history they will one day
understand how people points and views came to be and figure out how to change them. This
way the research product can contain this information and actually make a change in the
reader's opinion about assisted suicide.

Physician-Assisted Suicide Fast Facts. (2017, June 10). Retrieved December 17, 2017, from
http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/26/us/physician-assisted-suicide-fast-facts/index.html

Summary:

The article states a lot of information on how an who is the one who gives a patient
euthanasia in most states in the United States and what credentials they need in order to do that.
It says” Physician-assisted suicide differs from euthanasia, which is defined as the act of
assisting people with their death in order to end their suffering, but without the backing of a
controlling legal authority. In Oregon,​ ​"the physician must be a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) or
Doctor of Osteopathy (D.O.) licensed to practice medicine by the Board of Medical Examiners
for the State of Oregon. The physician must also be willing to participate in the Act." In
Vermont, "only a doctor of medicine or osteopathy licensed to practice medicine in
Washington may write this prescription...A physician, nurse, pharmacist, or other person shall
not be under any duty, by law or contract, to participate in the provision of a lethal dose of
medication to a patient." In Washington,​ ​"only a doctor of medicine or osteopathy licensed to
practice medicine in Washington may write this prescription...participation is entirely
voluntary. Health care providers are not required to provide prescriptions or medications to
qualified patients."In California, "An individual seeking to obtain a prescription for an
aid-in-dying drug...shall submit two oral requests, a minimum of 15 days apart, and a written
request to his or her attending physician. The attending physician shall directly, and not
through a designee, receive all three requests required pursuant to this section."In Colorado,
"Allows an eligible terminally ill individual with a prognosis of six months or less to live to
request and self-administer medical aid-in-dying medication in order to voluntarily end his or
her life;Authorizes a physician to prescribe medical aid-in-dying medication to a terminally ill
individual under certain conditions; and Creates criminal penalties for tampering with a
person's request for medical aid-in-dying medication or knowingly coercing a person with a
terminal illness to request the medication." In the District of Columbia, to obtain the
medication, "a patient shall make 2 oral requests, separated by at least 15 days, to an attending
physician. Submit a written request, signed and dated by the patient, to the attending physician
before the patient makes his or her 2nd oral request and at least 48 hours before a covered
medication may be prescribed or dispensed." Oregon - Has had a physician-assisted suicide law
on the books since 1997. Since its enactment, there has been a steady increase in both
prescription recipients and the number of deaths. According to the 2016 Data Summary, as of
January 23, 2017, prescriptions have been written for 1,749 people, and 1,127 patients have
died from ingesting the drugs that were legally prescribed to them under the law.

Application to Research:

One of my main questions in the research was figuring out who gives euthanasia and if they are
qualified to do it and what things or issues fall on them in the process. The blame and other
things are a big contributing factor because they play such a big role. I will use this to judge if
what types of people patients believe should be able to give them the medical dose of
euthanasia.

The Impact of Euthanasia on Society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 05, 2017, from
http://www.life.org.nz/euthanasia/euthanasiakeyissues/impact-on-society/

Summary:

Many people also believe that Euthanasia is a main issue that causes more problems than
benefits. This attitude in its early stages concerned itself merely with the severely and
chronically sick. Gradually the sphere of those to be included in this category was enlarged to
encompass the socially unproductive, the ideologically unwanted, the racially unwanted and
finally all non-Germans. But it is important to realize that the infinitely small wedged-in lever
from which this entire trend of mind received its impetus was the attitude toward the
non-rehabilitable sick. If someone would want to kill themselves because they cannot deal with
that pain could end up becoming a very bad choice. THis is due to the fact that they might have
a chance of getting better in the future. Also any hospitals are under certain religions such as
the local st agnes in catonsville that it primarily a christian hospital. Many religious people
believe that euthanasia is a sin because no one can have the choice of having life or death and
only god can chose that for an individual. This is the same concept as suicide which many
people look at as a selfish act because instead of thinking how much others will suffer without
you the patient only cares about the themselves and the pain they are going through which ends
up heading to a very controversial topic.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by using this online article as a source to show the other
mindset people have of euthanasia in a more religious point of view. This way my readers can
have different bias that help create their overall one after seeing what variable that should apply
to this decision.

The last day of her life. (2015, May 17). Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/magazine/the-last-day-of-her-life.htm

Summary:

Sandra Bem was a well known american psychologist. She realized that she was often
forgetting things and got a check up. The doctors told her she had alzheimer's. Hearing this
news, Sandra got scared and started thinking about suicide. SHe did not want to kill herself in a
painful way, but just to end her life before she stopped being completely herself. Due to the
fact that it is very predictable when alzheimer's gets bad, Sandra made a plan to kill herself
right what the action fell. THe interviewer stated, “But when would that be? Sandy knew that
the Alzheimer’s decline itself was predictable — it usually moves from mild (misplacing
things, repeating questions) to moderate (being unable to learn something new, getting lost,
failing to recognize loved ones) to severe (losing the ability to speak, swallow or remain
continent; needing help with every function of day-to-day life). In the immediate aftermath of a
diagnosis of amnestic M.C.I., however, she couldn’t know how long each stage might last. She
wanted to squeeze in as much intellectual and emotional joy as she could before she died, but
she wanted to make sure she didn’t wait too long. She needed to be engaged enough in her life
to be able to end it.” This is another form of why people would want to use euthanasia.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by giving this story about Sandra Bem as an example to
why a certain individual would want to use euthanasia and perform assisted suicide. Reasons
like theses should not be looked down by society.

The role of critical care nurses in euthanasia and assisted suicide — NEJM. (n.d.). Retrieved
October 23, 2017, from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199605233342106

Summary:

Reading this article brought the attention of the nurses role in the situation of
performing Euthanasia.“​ Critical care nurses frequently care for patients who wish to die, and
these nurses are often in a position to hasten their deaths. And, like physicians, they may also
be in a position to engage in such activities outside the practice setting, on behalf of friends or
relatives who wish to die.” They are often put in the situation to decide for the patient.
“Usually, the patient has either verbalized or written several requests to have his/her suffering
ended. It's like we never planned it, but, having developed a relationship with the patient, we
both knew when it was time. In some instances, the patient was unconscious, on an opiate drip,
which I increased or failed to decrease when vital signs dropped. The only physician I've ever
had an agreement with is an oncologist I work with, but it's mostly unspoken.” Due to the Fact
that nurses are the one who communicate with the patient about how they are feeling, they
understand the patient's state of mind and mentality of if they want to continue living or believe
that treatment will make everything better at the end.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by involving the nurse's point of view as well as the
doctor and if they should be able to have a say in if Euthanasia should be performed on the
patient. Nurses play a big role in the patients lives and they could have a proper say in what the
patient should do. Critical care nurses should also have guidelines and ethical rules that help
determine if Euthanasia is the proper choice.Should nurses have a say?What are the nurses
guidelines? Is the nurses or doctors opinion more important about committing euthanasia?

U.S., C. O. (1997, June 26). Washington v. Glucksberg. Retrieved November 05, 2017, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1204128

Summary:

“The U.S. Supreme Court upheld Washington's ban against assisted suicide "as applied
to competent, terminally ill adults who wish to hasten their deaths by obtaining medication
prescribed by their doctors." The Court refused to expand the liberty interest under the Due
Process Clause of the U.S. constitution to include a right to commit suicide under it, a right to
assisted suicide. The state has prevailing interests in the preservation of human life, the
prevention of suicide, the integrity of the medical profession, the protection of vulnerable
groups, and avoidance of a slippery slope into euthanasia.” This Court case is one of the most
popular ones dealing with Euthanasia. The US supreme court was the against the right to
upheld someone fro jm have a peaceful death. The US supreme court denied in constitutional
for glucksberg to receive it in order to be kept from being in pain.

Application to Research:

I will apply this to my research by using it as in example of when a certain person was
allowed to receive euthanasia due to ethical reasons. This court case will be used as a model
court case and something the research paper will look up to. I want to get more information on
other court cases dealing with assisted suicide so I can compare and contrast them into figuring
out the morals of the Supreme court and in what cases did they or did they not declare it
constitutional or unconstitutional.What court cases are against this?How the supreme court
denied in unconstitutional? Why would the supreme court make the decision that they did?