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
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kmf]g g+= )!–$!%%!$%, $!%%@^^
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k|sfzg jif{ M @)&@

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d'b|s M n'ldnf lk|lG6ª k|];, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}F

kmf]g g+= M $@%!*##
 
On the happy occasion of 26th year of the establishment of
Koteshwar Multiple Campus (KMC), I would like to extend my warm
congratulations to all the students, parents, entire faculty as well as
the management committee members for being part of the fruitful and
successful journey of KMC over the last twenty-six years. I take this
grand opportunity to greatly value their indefatigable efforts which, I
believe, have immeasurably contributed in bringing the abiding pride
to KMC. I would also like to thank all the well wishers for showing
both love and trust in KMC. I also take this opportunity to express best
wishes for the continued success of KMC as well as of the students and
faculty members in the days ahead. I am confident that the enabling
environment for excellence will be further nurtured by the creativity
and diligence of the students; dedication and wisdom of the teaching
faculties; and good planning and far-sighted vision of the management
committee.
The year 2047 BS (1990 A.D.) was just like any other year in
the calendar but it has been very fascinatingly connected with our
present as well as with our future. Time does not pass, it continues!
I have taken the twenty-six years of KMC as a good start for a more
wonderful and more successful future of KMC. It should not go
without saying that it requires more perseverance, more efforts and
more contribution. I sincerely hope that with collective efforts of all
the students, parents, faculty members, management committee and
well wishers as well, KMC will be able to achieve its long cherished
vision of contributing to bringing positive and constructive changes
in the society with its quality education at affordable price. It is very
exciting to note that KMC is getting along with its vision and we are
ready for unfolding more successful chapters in the future. In fact, it
is really inspiring. It is a matter of great satisfaction that the special
edition of the Deepshikha is being published by including more such
stories of inspirations.
It is worthwhile to mention at this point of time that KMC
started its humble journey with just 49 students and few TU teachers in
2047 BS. Now the Campus has more than two thousand students and
around five dozen dedicated quality teachers. Apart from the faculties
of Commerce, Education and Humanities, the Campus is planning to
launch more streams and specializations as per the demand of time
and need of the society. The Campus has also paid due attention
to incorporate latest technologies in teaching-learning modules.
It is hoped that such advancements promoted by the Campus for
qualitative education will be much more easier after constructing and
shifting to its own building in the space provided by the Government
in Jadibuti.
Lastly, I again wish KMC a complete success in its vision and
mission, and all those associated with the Campus even brighter and
more successful days ahead. I also wish a success of the publication
Deepshikha.

Thank you!
14 January 2016, Kathmandu, Nepal

Hon. Mahendra Bahadur Pandey

Chairman
Campus Managing Committee
Koteshwor Multiple Campus
 
;fd'bflos ¿kdf ;~rflnt o; sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; ;dfh kl/jt{g
ug]{ bIf, u'0fjfg\ ljBfyL{ pTkfbg ug]{ d"n Woosf] ¿kdf ;~rflnt 5 . lj1fg
/ k|ljlwsf] pRrtd\ lj:tf/ eO{ tbg'¿k ;~rflnt ljZj kl/b[Zodf casf]
lzIff ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/sf] cfˆg] b]zsf] ;|f]t /
;fwgnfO{ ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] Jofjxfl/s tyf k|fljlws lzIff / /fli6«o
p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ nIo lnP/ cufl8 a9]sf] ;+:yf
cfˆgf] ;kmntfsf @% cf]6f uf}/jzfnL j;Gt kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . dfly plNnlvt
p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu ;+:yf cljrlnt ¿kdf nflu/x]sf] 5 . ;do / /fli6«o
cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ u/L SofDk; cufl8 al9/x]sf] x'Fbf SofDk;sf] ;du|
cfGtl/s u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu SofDk;n] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u
(UGC) n] tf]s]sf k|fjwfgx¿ k'/f ug{ nflu/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fpFb5' .
o; ;+:yfn] ;du| cfGtl/s u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf (Quality Assurance
and Accreditation, QAA) k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/nfO{ @% jif{sf] cGt/fndf w]/} xb;Dd
k'/f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfn] ;+:yf ;~rfngfy{ k4lt a;fnL k4lt;Ët
;+:yf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . o; ;+:yfdf lzIfs, sd{rf/L, ljBfyL{, z}lIfs
sfo{qmd, ;+:yfsf] ;'zf;g cflbdf u'0f:t/Lo agfP/ nluPsf] 5 h;n] ubf{
xfdLnfO{ uf}/jflGjt agfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] u'0f:t/LotfnfO{ ;+:yfsf] hLjgd"No
agfPsf 5f}F .
;+:yfsf] @^ cf}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf] v'lzofnLdf o; ;+:yf;Fu ;DaGw /fVg]
;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ awfO{ tyf wGojfb lbFb} ;+:yf yk u'0f:t/Lotfn] ljsf;
/ lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5' . pTs[i6 lzIf0f ljlw, pTs[i6 glthf,
Jofjxfl/s lzIff ;Fu;Fu} xfdL;Fu sfg'gsf] kf/blz{tf, k|lqmofsf] :jR5Gbtf,
ljlwsf] ;jf]{Rrtf / ;fª\u7lgs ;bfrf/n] ubf{ clxn] pRr lzIffsf If]qdf
sf]6Z] j/ ax'dv
' L SofDk;n] cfˆgf] ljlzi6 klxrfg :yflkt u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
cfufdL lbgdf xfdL ;+:yfsf ;an kIfx¿nfO{ sfod /fvL b'a{n
kIfnfO{ ;'wfb}{ r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgf u/L o;nfO{ cj;/df abNg] k|0f u/]sf 5f}F
h'g s'/f sfdgf u/]/ ;Dej 5}g, ;dk{0f efjsf ;fy sfo{ u/]/ k'/f ug]{ nIo
;fy cufl8 a9]sf 5f}F . xfn ±@ b]lv :gftsf]Q/ tx;Dd ;~rfngdf /x]sf
sfo{qmdx¿ yk lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug] 5 . ;+:yfsf] lg/Gt/ ;kmntf ;lxt 5lAa;f}+
jif{ k'u]sf] v'l;ofnLdf o; ;kmntfsf] nflu cxf]/fq vl6g] lzIfs, sd{rf/L
tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . l;Ëf] ;~rfns ;ldlt :t'To 5
h;n] ;+:yfnfO{ ;kmn 9Ën] xfFSg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L, o; ;+:yf;Fu
;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ tfn's lgsfox¿nfO{ wGojfb JoQm ub{5' .
cfufdL lbgdf ;+:yf yk ;kmn x'g] k"0f{ ljZjf; JoQm ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ kIfaf6
/rgfTds ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /fVb5' .

uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{
SofDk; k|d'v
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sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk;n] :yfkgfsf] @% jif{ k'/f ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;
cjlwdf SofDk;n] z"Go ljGb'af6 ofqf k|f/De u/]/ k|ult kysf] nfd} km8\sf] to
ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljåfg\ k|fWofksx¿, lzIffk|lt ;dlk{t :yfgLo a'l4hLjLx¿sf]
;Tk|of;af6 :yfkgf ePsf] SofDk;af6 xhf/f}Fxhf/ hgzlSt bLlIft eO;s]sf 5g\ .
ltgLx¿n] hLjg, ;dfh, /fi6« / cGt/f{i6«sf ljljw cfofddf of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf]
va/ ;'Gg kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ uj{ dx;'; x'G5 . ;Lldt ;|f]t, ;fwg / hgzlStsf e/df
c;Lldt p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ nflu kg'{ cjZo klg sl7g ljifo xf] . oxL sl7gfOnfO{
;xofqLsf ¿kdf u|x0f u/L cg]s ;ª\3if{k"0f{ ljut / jt{dfgx¿;Fu kf}F7]hf]/L
v]Nb} SofDk; ;kmntfsf] o; r/0f;Dd cfOk'u]sf] xf] . eljio cem r'gf}tLk"0f{
5 . To;nfO{ klg ;xhtfsf ;fy l:jsf/]/ ;kmntfsf l;F9Lx¿ Pskl5 csf]{ u/L
r9\b} hfg] 5 eGg]df ljZj:t x'g ;lsg] cfwf/x¿ lgdf{0f x'Fb} u/]sf 5g\ . o;n]
SofDk;nfO{ cjZo klg pHofnf] eljiotkm{ 8f]¥ofpFb} n}hfg] 5 eGg]df cfzfjfbL
x'g ;lsG5 . o;af6 Go"g z'Nsdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbFb} cfPsf] SofDk; cjZo
klg cem c¿ y'k|}sf] cfzf / e/f]zfsf] s]Gb| aGb} hfg] 5 .
:yfkgf sfnb]lv SofDk;n] ef]Ub} cfPsf] ;d:of eg]sf] o;sf] cfkm\g}
:jfldTjsf] hUuf / ejg gx'g' g} xf] . o; lbzftkm{ xfnsf lbgdf s]xL k|ult cjZo
ePsf 5g\ . oBlk tL k|ToIftM ef}lts ¿kdf b]vf kg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . t/ klg
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ef]uflwsf/sf ¿kdf SofDk;nfO{ s]xL hUuf k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . of]
va/ ;'gfpg kfpFbf ljBfyL{, cleefjs, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, z'e lrGts, :yfgLo
eb| enfb\dL ;a}sf nflu s0f{lk|o g} xf]nf . oxL Pp6f s'/f -hUuf_ sf] cefjdf
xfn;Dd SofDk;sf] cfkm\g} ejg lgdf{0f x'g g;ls/x]sf] xf] . o; kl/k|]Ifodf olt
k|ult x'g' :jfut of]Uo / k|z+;gLo 5 . cfkm\g} ejgsf] cefjdf SofDk;n] h'g
vfnsf] ;d:of ef]Ub} cfPsf] lyof] To;sf] ca rfF8} g} cGTo xf]nf egL cfzf ug{
;lsg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o;tkm{ klg s]xL k|ultx¿ cufl8 al9;s]sf 5g\
/ lgs6 eljiodf To;n] ;fsf/ ¿k u|x0f ug{ ;Sg]df ljZj:t x'g ;lsg] cfwf/
v8f ePsf 5g\ . SofDk; ejgsf] pknAwtfdf o;n] cfkm\gf] ;ª\sfo / z}lIfs
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lj:t[lt k|bfg u/]/ cem a9LeGbf a9L z}lIfs÷k|fl1s hgzlStsf]
pTkfbg / ljsf;df of]ubfg lbg] g} 5 .
 SofDk;n] cfh;Dd z}lIfs÷k|fl1s lqmofsnfksf ;fy} ljBfyL{, k|fWofks
/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf ax'd'vL k|ltef k|:km'6g / pGgogdf of]ubfg
lbg ;Sg] cltl/St lqmofsnfkx¿ ;d]t ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sIffsf]7f
aflx/ ;~rfng x'g] o:tf ultljlwx¿n] ljBfyL{, k|fWofks / sd{rf/Lx¿df
cGtlg{lxt l;h{g IfdtfnfO{ aflx/ NofO{ dnhn k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . o;} ;Gbe{df
ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;h{gfnfO{ ;d]6]/ km'nrf]sL, Hof]ltk'~h nufotsf k|sfzgx¿
k|sflzt x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ eg] k|fWofks Pjd\ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/df ;xof]uL
l;4 xf];\ egL ljut kGw| jif{b]lv bLklzvfsf] k|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
a;]{gL cg';Gwfgd"ns k|sfzgsf ¿kdf k|sflzt ul/Fb} cfOPsf] 5 . ljljw ljifo
If]qsf zf]wvf]hd"ns l;h{gfx¿nfO{ :yfg lbg' o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . o;sf ;fy} 1fg
lj1fgsf ax'ljw If]qdf b]vf k/]sf gjLgtd ;f]rx¿nfO{ lh1f;' kf7s ;dIf
k'¥ofpg] cleef/f jxg ug'{nfO{ klg xfdLn] cfkm\gf] st{Jo 7fg]sf 5f}F . o;af6 s]xL
xb;Dd eP klg kf7sLo 1fgIf'wfsf] kl/t[lKt x'g ;sf];\ eGg] z'efsfª\Iff ;d]l6Psf
5g\ . o;f] eGg kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ v';L nfUg' :jfefljs xf] . of] Pp6f cj;/ klg
xf] SofDk;n] pknAw u/fPsf] 1fguª\ufdf 8'a'NsL nufpg rfxg]x¿sf nflu .
xfdLn] ;Dej eP;Dd o; ;Tsd{df y'k|} ljåfg\ Pjd\ ljb'ifLx¿nfO{ lgdGq0f u/]sf
lyof}F . xfd|f] lgdGq0fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L hh;n] ;xeflutf hgfpg'eof] pxfFx¿ ;a}nfO{
Psd'i7 gdg cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f}F . hh;n] cfufdL cª\ssf nflu jrg
a4tf k|s6 ug'{ePsf] 5 pxfFx¿nfO{ :d[ltlaDadf ;'/lIft /fVb} afFsLnfO{ :jfut
ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/L xfdLnfO{ s[ts[To x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{xf]nf eGg] cfzf 5 .
o; jif{sf] k|f/Dedf uPsf] e"sDkn] lynlynf] agfPsf] dfgl;stf /
eUgfjz]ifdf kl/0ft ul/lbPsf] ef}lts oyfy{df ylkg cfPsf] sl7g /fhgLlts
;ª\s'ntfn] hLjgsf ljljw kIfnfO{ emfFunem'Fun kfl/lbPsf] 5 . ;dosf] o;
ljifd kl/l:yltdf ljb|"k oyfy{nfO{ Psflt/ kG5fpFb} k'gM gf}nf] hf]; / hfFu/sf
;fy ofqfdf ;dlk{t eP/ nfluk/]sf 5f}F . o;}sf] kl/0fltdWo]sf] Pp6f ¿k xf]
bLklzvfsf] of] k|sfzg . of] o; s'/fsf] ;fIo xf], xfdL xf/]sf 5}gf}F, yfs]sf 5}gf}F,
sl7gfOx¿af6 efu]sf 5}gf}F, ljk/Lt kl/l:yltdf klg cufl8 al9/x]sf 5f}F, cufl8
al9/x]sf 5f}F . ;tt r/}jlt r/}jlt === .
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sf/0f xfdLn] n]vssf j0f{ ljGof;df ;fdfGo kl/dfh{g dfq u/L h:tfsf]
t:t} k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F . To:t} o;sf n]v ;dfnf]rgfdf k|:t't ljifo /
ljrf/df n]vs :jo+ g} lhDd]jf/ ePsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .
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 cª\u|]hL v08
1. Representation of Realism in Beyond the Life Lines
Bharat Kumar Upadhyay.......................... 173
2. Influence of Mass Media for Political Change and Development
Chet Nath Ghimire................................... 179
3. The Material Representation of an Antihero in A Clockwork Orange
Dhruba Karki.......................................... 186
4. Think Tank Institutions in Nepal: A Historical Analysis
Dipesh Kumar Ghimire............................. 192
5. I' in Lun Xun's Mad Man's Diary
Gaurav Bhattarai..................................... 198
6. Nepali Subalterns: A Crisis of Identity in Context of ...
Gobinda Bahadur Adhikari........................ 205
7. Using Literary Theory to Analyze Literature: A Sample Mini ...
Hari Adhikari.......................................... 208
8. Exploring Learning Culture in the Higher Level Educational ...
Netra Bahadur Subedi.............................. 214
9. Perspectives on Evaluation of Human Resources Management (HRM)
Ram Babu Nepal..................................... 226
10. Situation of Adolescence Reproductive Health in Nepal
Ram Kumar Rai....................................... 237
11. Role of Media during Crisis and Disasters
Sabitri Dhakal......................................... 251
12. Relevance of Confucianism to the Western Model of ...
Sedhu Nath Dhakal.................................. 258
13. Knowledge and Attitude towards Sexual and Reproductive ...
Urmila Sunuwar...................................... 265

SofDk; k[i7
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 ;fdflhs hLjgdf ko{6gaf6 kg]{ c;/
8f= sdnf bfxfn*

kl/ro
;fdfGo cy{df eGg'kbf{ cfˆgf] jf;:yfg 5f8L st} uP/ 3'Dg] sfo{nfO{
ko{6g dfGg ;lsG5 . zflAbs ¿kdf ;do latfpg, cfgGb ug{ / Jofkf/
Joj;fosf l;nl;nfdf ul/g] ofqfnfO{ ko{6g eGg] ul/G5 . ko{6gsf nflu
k|of]u x'g] cª\u|]hL zAb tourism k|m]Gr efiffsf] Tourisme af6 ag]sf] xf]
h'g zAb O{;fsf] pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLb]lv k|rngdf cfPsf] xf] . t/ o;sf]
Voflt eg] ;g\ !(#) kl5 dfq a9]sf] b]lvG5 . k|f/Dedf o;nfO{ ;fdfGo
ofqfsf ¿kdf lng] rng lyof] . t/ cfh cfP/ eg] ko{6gnfO{ ofqf;“u
;DalGwt lj:t[t ultljlwo'Qm ljifoj:t'sf ¿kdf lng nfluPsf] 5 . u|Ls
efiffsf] Tornus af6 klg tourism zAbsf] cEo'bo ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 .
u|Ls efiffdf Tornus sf] cy{ j[Q b]vfpg] pks/0f tyf 3'Dg] rqm eGg]
x'G5 . j[Q of 3'Dg] rqmsf gfdsf cfwf/df g} 3'dfO{ of ofqfnfO{ ko{6g
(Tourism) eGg] ul/Psf] xf] . of] zAbsf] k|rng ;g\ !@(@ b]lv ePsf]
b]lvG5 . o;} u/L ofqf (Tour) af6 ko{6g (Tourism) ;Dej x'g] atfp“b}
ofqf;“u ;DalGwt ultljlwnfO{ ko{6g (Tourism) elgg] klg atfOG5  .
k"jL{o ;flxTodf k|frLg sfndf ofqf ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] eP klg o;sf]
gfd eg] ko{6gsf] ;6\6f k|frLg ;+:s[t ;flxTosf u|Gyx¿df b]zf6g, tLyf{6g,
cfv]6 / ljxf/ h:tf zAbx¿ k|of]u ePsf b]lvG5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] p2]Zo h] eP
tfklg oL ;a} zAbx¿ ofqf;“u g} ;DalGwt 5g\ . otf k|mfG;df eg] Grand
* ;xk|fWofks, kf6g ;+o'Qm SofDk; .

bLklzvf ÷ 11
tour -a[xQ/ ofqf_ sf] k|rng kfOG5 h; cGtu{t k|mfG;, hd{gL, O6fnL /
l:j6\h/NofG8sf] ofqf ug{] sfo{ kb{Yof] .
jf:tjdf ko{6g ofqf;“u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' xf] . ofq'n] ofqfsf qmddf
ug]{ lqmofsnfk, p;n] kfpg] ;]jf / ;]jf lbg] tyf lng] sfo{af6 ko{6gsf] k|fb'ef{j
x'g] ub{5 . ko{6g x'gsf nflu ofqLn] cfˆgf] jf;:yfg 5f8L cGoq} e|d0fdf
uPsf] x'g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu p;n] sDtLdf klg @$ 306f 3/ aflx/ latfPsf]
x'g' kb{5 . ko{6g ljb]zLx¿sf] s'g} d'n'saf6 x'g] cfudgaf6 dfq ;Dej x'g]
s'/f xf]Og . s'g} JolQm cfˆg} b]zleq Pp6f 7fp“af6 csf]{ 7fp“df s]xL ;dosf
nflu hfg] / ofqf ug{] ub{5 eg] o;af6 ko{6g ;Dej x'g] ub{5 .
xfn cfP/ ko{6g cfly{s ultljlw;“u ;DalGwt x'g yfn]sf] 5 . t;y{
ofqLn] ofqf ubf{ cfly{s ultljlw l;h{gf ePdf dfq To;nfO{ ko{6gsf ¿kdf
lng] ul/G5 . ofqLsf] p2]Zo h] eP klg pm :j]lR5s ¿kdf ofqfdf lgl:sPsf]
x'g' cfjZos 5 . o; cy{df laxfg st} uP/ a]n'sf 3/ kms{g' ko{6g xf]Og .
o;} u/L tna vfP/ st} sfd ljz]ifn] hfg' tyf :yfoL ¿kdf a;fO{ ;g'{ klg
ko{6g xf]Og . ko{6g 1fg k|flKt;“u ;d]t ;DalGwt x'g] eP klg s'g} :yfgdf
l8u|L k|fKt ug{] p2]Zon] ljBfyL{x¿ hfG5g\ / ToxLF a;]/ cWoog ub{5g\ eg]
pgLx¿sf] ultljlwaf6 ko{6gsf] cEo'bo x'g ;Sb}g . cfgGb, cfdf]b k|df]b
tLy{ ofqf, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, dgf]/~hg, ;do Joltt ug{ tyf ljbf latfpg
ul/g] :yfoL a;f]af; :yfgeGbf cGoqsf] ofqfaf6 pTkGg x'g] cj:yf ko{6g
xf] . o;/L ko{6g ofqf / ofqL;“u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' xf] .
cfh ko{6g dfgj hLjgsf] cleGg cª\u ag]sf] 5 . cfhsf] ljZjdf
dflg; ljleGg k|of]hgn] sDtLdf jif{df s]xL lbgsf nflu eP klg 3/ aflx/ hfg]
of ofqfdf lg:sg] ub{5 / o;}af6 ko{6gsf] cEo'bo x'g] ub{5 . cf}ifwf]krf/,
Jofkf/ Joj;fo, 1fg cfh{g, dgf]/~hg, k'm;{bsf] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u tyf ljbfsf]
;do latfpgsf nflu dflg;x¿ ofqfdf lxF8\g] ub{5g\ . o:tf sfdx¿ hf] sf]xLn]
klg ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ko{6g cfhsf] o'udf cTofjZos ljifoj:t' dflgPsf] xf] .
ko{6gsf sf/0fn] ubf{ :jfutstf{ (Host society) df ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds
b'a} k|sf/sf k|efjx¿ kg]{ ub{5g\ . o;af6 kg{ ;Sg] To:tf k|d'v c;/x¿
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= ko{6gsf ;sf/fTds c;/x¿

!=! ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / k4ltdf k|efj
s'g} klg :yfgdf ko{6gsf sf/0f cg]s k|sf/sf c;/x¿ x'g] ub{5g\ .
ltgLx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf Hofbf k|efj kg]{ ljifoj:t' ;fdflhs If]q xf] . ko{6gsf]

12 ÷ bLklzvf
ljsf;sf sf/0f s'g} klg :yfgdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;sf] ;f]r, wf/0ff, k4lt
/ hLjgz}nL g} kl/jlt{t x'“b} uPsf] x'G5 . ko{6sx¿af6 NofOPsf k/Dk/f
:yfgLo :jfutstf{n] l;Sg], hfGg] a'‰g] / cjnDag ug]{ x'“bf k'/fgf k/Dk/f
e'Nb} hfg] qmd rNb5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf g} kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5 .
o;} u/L ;fdflhs k4ltdf klg ko{6gsf sf/0f k|efj ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if
u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf o:tf] k|efj k|ToIf ¿kdf kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;n]
s'g} klg ;dfhsf] jf:tljs ;+/rgf / k4ltdf c;/ k'¥ofpg] x'G5, h'g ;dfh
ljsf;sf] 3fts dflgG5 . o:tf] k|efjnfO{ lgDgfg';f/n] a'“bfut ¿kdf juL{s/0f
u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf x'g] kl/jt{g

s'g} klg :yfgsf] ;dfh cfˆg} k|sf/n] ag]sf] x'G5 . ljleGg k];f, wd{
/ ju{ h:tf cnu cnu ;d"xsf dflg;x¿af6 pQm ;dfh ag]sf] x'g ;Sb5 .
ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f dflg;x¿sf] k];f, wd{ / ju{df kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sb5 .
h:tf] M s[lifdf nfu]sf] JolQm ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} /f]huf/L of Jofkf/
k];fdf nfUg ;St5 . ;dfhdf wd{ kl/jt{gsf] 7'nf] qmd ko{6gsf] sf/0fn]
g} a9]sf] 5 . h:tf] M ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf y'k|} dflg;x¿ klZrdL d'n'ssf
ko{6sx¿sf] ;Dks{df cfPkl5 wdfwd OzfO{ wd{ u|x0f ug{ nfu]sf] kfOG5 .
o;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfdf g} kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . ;dfh k/Dk/fut
z}nLaf6 klZrdL z}nLdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . dfgjn] cfˆgf] k'/fgf k/Dk/fx¿
klg o;} sf/0fn] 5f8\b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L ko{6gsf sf/0fn] s'g} klg :yfgsf]
;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf g} kl/jt{g cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5, h'g s'/f s'g} klg ;dfhsf
nflu 3f6fsf] ljifo dflgG5 .

-v_ ;fdflhs k4ltdf kl/jt{g

;fdfGotof ko{6gsf sf/0f s'g} klg :yfgsf] ;fdflhs k4ltdf klg
7'nf] kl/jt{g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg ;dfhsf k4lt cfˆg} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
ltgLx¿dWo] afa'sf] pQ/flwsf/ 5f]/fdf ;g]{, gftfuf]tf / cfkmGtnfO{ dfg
;Ddfg ug]{, ;fdflhs sfo{x¿ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ug]{, /ut / b'wsf] gftfleq
j}jflxs ;Dks{ sfod gug]{ / k/Dk/f sfod /fVg] h:tf ljifoj:t' g]kfnL
;dfhsf lglZrt k4lt dflgG5g\ . t/ ko{6gsf] ljsf; tyf ljsl;t d'n'ssf
ko{6sx¿;“usf] ;Dks{sf sf/0f oxf“sf y'k|} dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf o:tf k/Dk/f /
k4lt 5fl8;s]sf 5g\ . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fLsf abnfdf Psn k|f0fL ePsf]

bLklzvf ÷ 13
dx;'; x'g nfu]sf] 5 . o;/L ko{6gn] ;fdflhs k4ltdf g} lglZrt kl/jt{g
Nofpg] u/]sfn] o;n] ;dfh ljsf;sf If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .

-u_ ;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;dembf/Ldf kl/jt{g

ko{6gsf sf/0f ljleGg d'n'sdf hlGdPsf ljljw ;fdflhs kl/j]zo'Qm
dflg;x¿sf lardf cfk;L e]63f6, lrghfg / ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] 5 eg]
o;n] ;fdflhs cGtlqm{of ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbOPsf] kfOG5 . cfk;L
lrghfgsf sf/0fn] g} dflg;x¿sf e]ife"iff, /xg;xg, efiff, ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/f
Pssf] csf{n] l;s]sf 5g\ . logLx¿ Pscsf{df cfbfg k|bfg ePkl5 ;fdflhs
;b\efjdf ;d]t j[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;+rf/sf] dfWodsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f Psk6s
lrghfg ePkl5 ljZjsf h'g;'s} s'gfdf a:g] dflg;x¿;“u klg ljrf/x¿
cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ;b\efjnfO{ bL3{ ¿k lbg
;d]t ;xof]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;dembf/Lsf sf/0f ljZjsf dflg;x¿ Ps csf{sf]
efjgf, rfxgf / OR5f a'‰g ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o efOrf/f /
;b\efj a9fPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf lardf x'g] å]if, 3[0ff tyf e]befjdf sdL
Nofpg ;d]t o;n] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . km/s km/s wd{, efiff / ;+:s[lt
ePsf d'n'sx¿nfO{ klg Ps csf{df ldqjt Jojxf/ ug{ tyf ;Dks{ / ;DaGw
a9fpg ko{6gsf] ljsf;n] g} ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ko{6gsf sf/0f
g} JolQm JolQmsf lardf geP/ /fi6« /fi6«sf lardf ;d]t cGt;{DaGw sfod
ePsf] 5 .
Pp6} wd{ dfGg] t/ cnucnu :yfgdf / d'n'sdf a:g] dflg;x¿sf
lardf ko{6gsf sf/0fn] g} ;Dks{ / ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] 5 . h:tf] n'lDagLdf
af}4dfuL{sf], dSsf dlbgfdf d'l:ndsf], h]?;]nddf O;fO{x¿sf] tyf ef/t /
g]kfnsf ljleGg tLy{:ynx¿df lxGb"x¿sf] hd36 / e]63f6 ko{6gsf sf/0f
g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o; afx]s klg wfld{s d]nf, pT;j, ;df/f]x / e]63f6
ko{6gn] g} ;Dej u/fPsf] 5 . Pp6} wd{leqsf ef}uf]lns kl/j]z cg';f/ km/s
/x]sf d"No / dfGotf Pscsf{df l;Sg] / cfjZostf cg';f/ csf]{ :yfgsf]
k/Dk/f cª\uLsf/ ug]{ tyf 5f8\g] sfd klg ko{6gsf sf/0f g} ;Dej ePsf]
xf] .
a]Unfa]Un} efiff, ;+:sf/ / hLjgz}nL ePsf dflg;x¿sf lardf cfk;L
e]63f6 u/fpg], ;b\efj a9fpg], ldqtf sfod u/fpg] tyf cfk;L ;/;xof]udf

14 ÷ bLklzvf
j[l4 u/fpg] dfWod ;d]t ko{6g g} ag]sf] 5 . o;/L dflg; dflg;sf lardf
cfk;L ;b\efj / ;dembf/L a9fpg] dfWodsf ¿kdf ko{6gnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

-3_ ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfdf x'g] kl/jt{g

;+:ff/sf ljleGg efux¿df a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf efiff, ;+:sf/,
k/Dk/f / rfnrng cnu cnu k|sf/sf x'g] ub{5g\ . ko{6gsf sf/0fn] o:tf
cnucnu kl/j]zsf dflg;x¿ Pscsf{df e]63f6 x'g] / ;Dks{ a9\g] ub{5 .
o;n] ubf{ dflg;x¿ larsf efiff, ;+:sf/ k/Dk/f / rfnrngdf kl/jt{g cfpg]
ub{5g\ . dflg;x¿sf] ;fd|fHo ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿df km}n“bf / la|l6;x¿
;+;f/sf ljleGg :yfgsf] e|d0fdf hf“bf pgLx¿sf] ;Dks{sf sf/0f cª\u|]hL
efiff ;+;f/e/ g} km}ng] df}sf kfof] . t;y{ ;+;f/e/ g} cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf
¿kdf cª\u|]hL efiff g} k|rlnt 5 . cnu cnu d'n'ssf dflg;x¿sf nflu
ljrf/x¿ cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ efiff cª\u|]hL g} ag]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf cGt/f{li6«o
;Dks{sf] efiff cª\u]|hL g} ag]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o 6«fen Ph]G;L, xf]6n / ljdfg
;]jf nufotsf Ph]G;Lx¿df oxL efiff k|rngdf NofOPsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df lzIffsf] ljsf; klg ko{6gsf sf/0f g} ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljZjsf cTolws d'n'sx¿df cª\u|]hL lzIffnfO{ ljBfno :t/df clgjfo{
ul/Psf] 5 . cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf ;d]t ko{6gsf] cxd e"ldsf /x]sf]
5 . o:tf vf]h / cg';Gwfg ug{ rfxg] dflg;x¿ 1fgsf] vf]hLdf ljZje/
3'Dg] ub{5g\ . Oltxf;, e"uf]n / efiff nufotsf ljifoj:t'sf] cg';Gwfgdf klg
ko{6gn] 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . g]kfndf cª\u|]hL dfWodsf ljBfnox¿ km:6fPsf]
sf/0f klg ko{6g g} xf] lsgls cª\u|]hL efiff cGt/f{li6«o efiffsf ¿kdf :yflkt
ePsf] 5 / cª\u|]hL /fd|f] geP;Dd cGt/f{li6«o ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgdf c;xh x'g]
ub{5 . cª\u|]hL af]Ng ;Sg] JolQm ;+;f/sf] h'g s'gfdf uP klg af]lnrfnLsf]
dfWodaf6 ljrf/x¿ cfbfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf]
xf] . oxf“sf o'jfo'jtLx¿ ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ hfg] qmd ko{6gsf sf/0fn] g}
a9]sf] xf] .
:jf:Yo Pjd\ lrlsT;fsf] If]qdf ;d]t ko{6gsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf]
x'G5 . ljz]if u/L dflg;x¿ ko{6ssf ¿kdf cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ ljZjsf ljleGg
d'n'sx¿df cfjthfjt ug]{ ub{5g\ . /fd|f] / e/kbf]{ tyf l56f] tyf ;:tf] ;]jf
/ ;'ljwfn] ubf{ :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] e|d0f ug]{ qmd a9]sf]
5 . h:tf] So'jfdf ;:tf] / rf“8f] tyf ljZjfl;nf] ¿kdf cf}if]wfkrf/sf] Joj:yf
ePsfn] o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf xhf/f}F nfvf} ko{6sx¿ cf}ifwf]krf/sf nflu So'af

bLklzvf ÷ 15
hfg] ub{5g\ . o;}u/L Knfl:6s ;h{/Lsf nflu So'jf / blIf0f cd]l/sL /fi6«x¿
e]g]h'Pnf, sf]nlDaof, k]¿ / a|flhn k|Voft 5g\ . Toxf“sf :yfgLo dflg;x¿
klg cTolws dfqfdf cfˆg} d'n'sdf Knfl:6s ;h{/L u/fpg] tyf cfk"mnfO{
;'Gb/ atfpg] ub{5g\ . ;g\ @))* df k|sflzt Ps tYofÍ cg';f/ k]?, a|flhn
/ cf;kf;sf d'n'ssf dWod juL{o / ;DkGg kl/jf/sf sl/a *) k|ltzt
dlxnfx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg Knfl:6s ;h{/L ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t;y{
tL d'n'sx¿df cGoqsf ko{6sx¿ ;d]t o;} k|of]hgn] hfg] ub{5g\ . o;n]
ubf{ tL d'n'sx¿sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L cf}ifwf]krf/ ko{6gnfO{ a9fjf
lbOPsf] kfOG5 .
njfO v'jfOdf klg ko{6gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ c;/x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ko{6gsf
sf/0f g} Ps :yfgsf] Ps k|sf/sf] vfgf vfg] dflg;n] cGo :yfgdf vfOg]
vfgf agfpg / vfg l;s]sf] x'G5 . cfof]hs /fi6«n] v'jfPsf :yfgLo kl/sf/x¿
vfPkl5 ko{6sx¿n] cfˆgf] d'n'sdf klg To:t} vfgf vfg dg k/fpg] x'g
;Sb5 . To:t} ko{6ssf] ?lr cg';f/sf] vfgf agfpg] qmddf cfof]hsn]
ko{6saf6 ;d]]t gof“ gof“ kl/sf/sf vfgf ksfpg / vfg l;Sb5g\ . o;n]
k/Dk/fut kl/sf/df kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sb5 . hfkfgL vfgf, ef/tLo vfgf /
klZrdL vfgf ;+;f/sf s'gfs'gfdf ksfpg nfluPsf] 5 / ko{6ssf] rfxgf cg';f/
v'jfpg yflnPsf] 5 . o;af6 ko{6gn] ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgsf vfglkgdf
k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
dflg;n] s'g} klg :yfgdf cfˆg} hftLo k/Dk/fsf n'ufkmf6f nufpg]
ub{5g\ . ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgx¿df nufOg] klx/g cnu cnu k|sf/sf x'g]
ub{5g\ . ko{6gsf dfWodaf6 dflg;x¿n] cGoqsf n'ufx¿ nufpg l;Sb5g\ .
cfˆgf k/Dk/fut kf];fs nufpg 5f8]/ cfk"mnfO{ dg kg]{ cGoqsf n'ufkmf6f
/ u/uxgfx¿ nufpg] ub{5g\ . g]kfndf k]G6, ;6{, sf]6 / 6fO nufotsf n'uf
nufpg] rng ko{6gsf sf/0f g} km:6fPsf] xf] . klZrdf d'n'sx¿df o:tf
e]ife"iff nufpg] k|rng /x]sf]df ko{6gsf sf/0f klZrdf k|efjn] ubf{ g} tL
e]ife"iff nufpg nfluPsf] xf] .
;fª\uLlts If]qdf klg ko{6gn] ulx/f] c;/ / k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .
ko{6gsf sf/0fn] g} dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf k/Dk/fut jfBjfbgsf 7fp“df klZrdf
z}nLsf jfBjfbg k|of]u ug{ nfu]sf] kfOG5 . AofG8afhf, tanf, lutf/ /
xfdf]{lgod nufotsf afhf ahfpg] k|rng klZrdf d'n'sdf Hofbf dfqfdf
/x]sfdf xfn ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿df ;d]t o;sf] k|efj /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
k|foM ;fdflhs c;/sf] s'/f ubf{ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'snfO{ ljsl;t d'n'ssf]

16 ÷ bLklzvf
k/Dk/fn] Hofbf k|efj kf/]sf] kfOG5 . otf ufogsf If]qdf klg cfˆgf] :yfgLo,
k/Dk/fut / hftLo ufogsf] abnfdf klZrdL ufog k4ltn] k|efj kf/]sf]
b]lvG5 . nf]suLtsf 7fp“df klZrdL kk uLt ufpg' o;}sf] k|efj xf] . o;n]
ubf{ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf k/Dk/fut jfB jfbg / nf]suLtx¿ ;d]t nf]k x'g]
cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ .
ko{6gn] :yfgLo k|ljlw, s'6gLlts / /fhgLlt nufotsf If]qdf ;d]t
k|ToIf / ck|ToIo ¿kdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . :yfgLo k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t
pBf]uwGbfx¿ gof“ k|ljlwsf sf/0f aGb x'g] l:ylt o;}af6 l;h{gf ePsf] xf] .
o;} u/L ko{6sx¿n] :yfgLo k|ljlwaf6 lgld{t j:t'x¿ ¿rfPsf] v08df
To:tf] k|ljlw km:6fpg] klg x'g ;Sb5 . t;y{ ko{6gsf sf/0f :yfgLo k|ljlwdf
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} k|sf/sf] k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . otf ko{6ssf
sf/0f cfof]hs d'n'ssf dflg;x¿n] cg]s k|sf/sf s'6gLlt ;d]t l;Sg] u/]sf
5g\ . ko{6gsf sf/0f g} dflg;x¿n] ljleGg d'n'ssf] /fhgLlt ;d]t l;Sg] /
cGo d'n'ssf] /fhgLltnfO{ dxŒj lbg] ul/Psf] ;d]t kfOG5 .
dflg;x¿n] Ps csf{df ;b\efj /fVg] / c;xfonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ h:tf
;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf ko{6gsf dfWodaf6 g} sltko ;dfhn] l;Sb5 eg]
lx+;f, rf]/L, 8s}tL, of}g Jofkf/, nfu'cf}ifw k|of]u, cf];f/ k;f/ / pTkfbg ug]{
s'/f klg ko{6saf6 g} dflg;x¿n] l;Sb5g\ . o;/L ko{6gsf sf/0f ;dfhdf
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} k|sf/sf k|efjx¿ k/]sf b]lvG5g\ . ljs[t kf];fs
/ 8/nfUbf u/uxgf nufpg], cw{gUg eP/ lxF8\g] / :jfyL{ / Psnkg a9fpg]
;Ddsf sfo{x¿ ;d]t ko{6gsf sf/0f Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{ 7fp“;Dd k|;fl/t ePsf
x'G5g\ . o;/L ;dfhdf ;'wf/fTds / ljs[t b'a} k|sf/sf c;/x¿ 5f8\g] ko{6s
/ ko{6gn] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

-ª_ k/Dk/fdf x'g] kl/jt{g

ko{6gsf sf/0f s'g} klg ;dfhsf k/Dk/fdf 7'nf] kl/jt{g cfpg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ;fdfGotof ljsl;t d'n'ssf ko{6sx¿sf sf/0fn] ubf{ ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'ssf dflg; tyf pgLx¿sf] ;dfhn] ¿l9jfbL / k/Dk/f 5f8\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
;dfhdf ljBdfg cGwljZjf; x6fpg ;d]t ko{6gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf]
x'G5 . vfg x'g] / gx'g] s'/f, j0f{, lnª\u / ju{ e]b, 5'jf5't h:tf efjgfdf
kl/jt{g ug{ ko{6s / ko{6gs} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k/Dk/fut ;dfhdf
k|rlnt af]S;L / wfdL emf“qmL k|yf / cb[Zo zlQm, h:t} M e"t / k|]t ;DaGwL
wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ko{6gs} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 17
 ;ª\If]kdf eGg' kbf{ ko{6gsf] ;fdflhs c;/ clt k|efjzfnL /x]sf]
x'G5 . ko{6gsf sf/0f ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf / ;f]r tyf wf/0ffdf kl/jt{g
cfpg] ub{5 . ljz]if u/L ko{6gsf sf/0fn] ljsl;t d'n'ssf] k|efj ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'ssf] ;dfhdf Hofbf dfqfdf k/]sf] x'G5 . ljz]if u/L cGwljZjf;, ¿l9jflbtf
/ k/Dk/fdf o;n] 7'nf] kl/jt{g Nofpg] ub{5 . vfglkg, e]ife"iff, efiff, /xg;xg,
af]nLrfnL / k/Dk/fdf kl/jt{gn] c;/ ug]{ ub{5 . o;af6 logLx¿df 7'nf]
kl/jt{g cfp“5 . :jfutstf{ / ko{6s b'a}sf o:tf ultljlwdf ko{6gn] c;/
ug]{ ub{5 . t/ klg ljz]if u/L ljsl;t d'n'ssf k/Dk/fn] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf]
ultljlwnfO{ Hofbf c;/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;fdflhs If]qdf ko{6gsf] c;/
lgs} 7'nf] 5 .

!=@ ;f+:s[lts ultljlwdf c;/

ko{6gnfO{ ;f+:s[tLs/0fsf] l;4fGt k/LIf0f ug]{ k|of]uzfnf dflgG5 . t;y{
ko{6s g} ;f+:s[lts ultljlw / Jofkstfsf] afxs dflgG5 . ko{6gsf sf/0fn]
g} s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f x'g] ub{5 . of] s'/f ;f+:s[lts ko{6gsf]
k|j4{gaf6 ;Dej 5 . ;f+:s[lts ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu ;f+:s[lts ljifoj:t'sf]
cfsif{0fdf j[l4 x'g' kb{5 . k'm;{bsf] lqmofsnfk, klx/g, lzIff k|0ffnL,
jf:t'snf, rf8jf8, wd{, pT;j, Oltxf;, ;ª\uLt, snf, jfBjfbg, k/Dk/f,
efiff / x:tlzNkL ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu cfjZos ;f+:s[lts ljifoj:t'x¿
x'g\ . o:tf j:t'x¿ cfsif{s ePdf logLx¿nfO{ x]g{ / /Dg tyf logLx¿sf af/]df
hfgsf/L lng ko{6sx¿ To:tf ljifoj:t' /x]sf 7fp“x¿sf] e|d0f ug]{ ub{5g\ .
t;y{ To:tf ljifoj:t'sf] ;+/If0f ug{ / cfsif{0f a9fpg cfjZos x'g] ub{5 .
s'g} klg d'n'sdf dfly jl0f{t ;f+:s[lts j:t'sf] hu]gf{ ko{6gsf sf/0fn] g} ;Dej
5 . ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f lbgsf nflu s'g} klg /fi6«n] To:tf ljifoj:t'sf]
vf]hL, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ ub{5 . o;af6 s'g} klg /fi6«sf] uf}/jdf ;d]t
clej[l4 ug]{ ub{5 .
ko{6gsf] Pp6f ;f+:s[lts k|efj ;f+:s[tLs/0fdf x'g] clej[l4 klg
xf] . ko{6gsf sf/0fn] ko{6ssf s]xL ;f+:s[lts ultljlw :jfutstf{n] /
:jfutstf{sf] ko{6sn] l;Sg] ub{5g\ . jf:tjdf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf ljsl;t
d'n'ssf ko{6sx¿ cfpg] qmd Hofbf dfqfdf rn]sf] 5 ;fy} ;f+:s[tLs/0f klg
Hofbf dfqfdf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf g} ePsf] kfOG5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf
dflg;x¿n] ljsl;t d'n'ssf ko{6saf6 l;s]sf s'/fx¿ cjnDag ug]{ ub{5g\ .
of] ;f+:s[tLs/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] .

18 ÷ bLklzvf
 ;zQm ;+:s[lt ePsf / sdhf]/ ;+:s[lt ePsf d'n'sx¿sf larsf]
;f+:s[lts ;Dks{ / cGtlqm{ofaf6 sdhf]/ ;+:s[ltdfly ;zQm ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj
kb{5 . ;fy} cflbaf;L ePsf 7fp“df alnof] ;+:s[ltn] Hofbf k|e'Tj hdfpg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf klZrdL ;+:s[ltsf]
k|efj / O;fO{ wd{sf] k|rf/n] oxL s'/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . ;f+:s[tLs/0fsf]
;'?jft csf]{ ;+:s[ltsf] gSsn ug]{ k|j[lQaf6 x'G5 / pQm gSsnn] lbuf] ¿k
lnPkl5 7'nf] ;+:s[ltsf] k|efjn] :yfgLo tyf sdhf]/ ;+:s[lt nf]k eP/ hfg]
ub{5 . t/ hxf“ s7f]/ / cGw ;+:s[lt tyf wd{ 5, To:tf :yfgdf eg] k|an
;+:s[ltn] vf;} k|efj hdfpg ;s]sf] x'“b}g . h:tf] c/aL d'n'sx¿df s§/
O:nfd wd{ hgdfg;df k|rlnt ePsfn] tL d'n'sx¿df klZrdf ;+:s[ltsf]
vf;} k|efj /x]sf] kfO“b}g .
ko{6gsf sf/0fn] ;f+:s[lts kl/j{tg x'g] qmddf ;f+:s[lts ;~rosf] k|Zg
klg k|an /x]sf] kfOG5 . jf:tjdf :jfutstf{ / ko{6ssf larsf ;f+:s[lts
ultljlw lans'n} cnu k|sf/sf klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf :jfutstf{
/ ko{6sn] cfcfˆgf ;+:s[lt Psftkm{ yGSofP/ s]xL ;dosf nflu :jfutstf{
/ ko{6sn] cnUu} k|sf/sf] ;f+:s[lts ultljlw ;DkGg ub{5g\ . sfnfGt/df
ko{6s To; :yfgaf6 lkm/]kl5 k'gM ko{6s / :jfutstf{n] cfcfˆg} k|sf/sf
ultljlw k'gM:yflkt ub{5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;~rosf] cj:yf
elgG5 . ;f+:s[lts ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf klg Ifl0fs ;dosf] ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g
xf] . t/ of] kl/jt{g lbuf] dflgFb}g .
cGt/;f+:s[lts cfbfg k|bfgn] s'g} klg :yfgsf] :yfgLo ;+:s[lt
dha't x'g] ub{5 ;fy} o;af6 ko{6s / :jfutstf{sf lardf cfk;L ;DaGw
/ ;Dks{ klg dha't x'G5 . JolQmut ko{6seGbf klg ;+:yfut ko{6ssf
sf/0fn] cGt/;f+:s[lts cfbfg k|bfg dha't x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'a}n]
b'a}sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{5g\ / Psn] csf{sf] ;+:s[lt a'‰g] k|of; ub{5 .
cGt/;f+:s[lts cfbfg k|bfgdf bf]ef;] tyf ko{6ssf] dfu{ lgb]{zs (Guide)
sf] 7'nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/af6 g} ko{6s / :jfutstf{n]
Ps csf{sf] ;+:s[lt a'‰g] ub{5g\ . ltgLx¿n] Pscsf{sf ;+:s[lt ;xL 9ª\udf
a'emfpg g;s]df ;f+:s[lts a'emfO km/s kg{ ;Sb5 . o:tf] cj:yf JolQmut
ofqfdf dfq x'G5 . t/ ;+:yfut ofqfdf eg] ko{6snfO{ olt w]/} ;Dej x'b“ }g . ;fy}
Ps csf{sf] ;+:s[lt a'‰g] sfo{ eP klg Pssf] ;+:s[ltn] csf{sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{
k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf sd /xG5 . t;y{ JolQmut ko{6s dfq cGt/;f+:s[lts
cfbfg k|bfgsf afxs dflgG5g\ .

bLklzvf ÷ 19
 ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f cflbaf;L hghflt / ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf
dflg;x¿sf] ;+:s[lt g} Hofbf k|efljt x'g] ub{5 . ljsl;t d'n'ssf ;f+:s[lts
ko{6sx¿ klg To:t} :yfgsf] e|d0f ug{ ?rfp“5g\ / e|d0f ul/Psf] 7fp“df
cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj 5f8\b5g\ . t;y{ ko{6gsf sf/0fn] cflbaf;L hghflt
a;f]af; u/]sf tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf dflg;x¿sf] ;+:s[lt k|efljt /
kl/jt{g x'g] dfq geP/ nf]k x'g] g} klg ;Defjgf /xG5 . :yfgLo k/Dk/fut
g[To, ;ª\uLt, k/Dk/f / l;kx¿ klg nf]k eP/ hfg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . o:tf]
;d'bfodf x:tsnfsf j:t'x¿ k|foM wfld{s k|of]hgaf6 lgdf{0f ug]{ rng x'G5 .
t/ ko{6gsf] k|efjsf sf/0f ltgLx¿ Jofkfl/s k|of]hgn] lgdf{0f ug{ nfluG5 /
ltgLx¿sf] dxŒj 36]/ hfg] ub{5 . h:tf] g]kfndf yfª\sf lrq wfld{s k|of]hgn]
lgdf{0f ug]{ k'/fgf] k/Dk/f lyof] . t/ ko{6gsf] k|efjsf sf/0f ltgLx¿ Jofkfl/s
k|of]hgaf6 ;d]t lgdf{0f ug{ nfluP / ltgLx¿sf] :t/ / dxŒjdf ;d]t sdL
cfpg k'Uof] . of] ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf] Pp6f HjnGt gd'gf xf] .
ko{6gsf sf/0f sltko nf]kf]Gd'v ;f+:s[lts j:t'x¿sf] / l;kx¿sf]
;+/If0f klg x'g] ub{5 . h:tf] s'g} ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts l;khGo j:t'
nf]k x'g nfu]sf] cj:yfdf klg ko{6sx¿n] To:tf j:t'x¿ ?rfPdf ltgLx¿sf]
k'glgdf{0f ul/G5 . o;/L ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f :yfgLo l;k k|j4{g x'g]
klg ub{5 . t/ o;/L ul/Psf] k|j4{gdf Jofkfl/s k|of]hg x'gf;fy o;sf] oyfy{
d"No / :t/df eg] km/s kg{ cfp“5 . Hofbf d]xgtsf ;fy pTkfbg ul/g] tL
j:t'x¿ laqmL ug]{ p2]Zon] sd;n / Hofbf dfqfdf pTkfbg x'g] ub{5g\ . o;/L
ko{6gsf sf/0f :yfgLo l;ksf] hu]gf{ eP klg o;df lj:tf/} kl/jt{g eg] eO
g} /xG5 .
a;fOF ;/fOsf] p2]Zo /fvL ljleGg :yfgsf] e|d0f ug]{ ko{6sx¿ cfk"mn]
?rfPsf] 7fp“sf] ;+:s[lt ;xh ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ ub{5g\ . o;/L ;f+:s[lts
cfTd;ft (Cultural Assimilation) n] s'g} klg :yfgsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ cem
dha't agfp“5 . o;df ko{6sn] cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt k"0f{ ¿kdf 5f8]/ gof“ :yfgsf]
;+:s[ltnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf cª\uLsf/ ub{5 . o;af6 Pp6f ;+:s[lt nf]k x'b“ } hfG5 eg]
csf]{ rflxF dha't aGb5 . ljz]if u/L ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / ef/tdf ;f+:s[lts
cfTd;ftsf] k|efj Hofbf kfOG5 . h:tf] ef/tdf b|lj8, cfo{ / dª\uf]nn] :yfgLo
;+:s[lt cfTd;ft u/]sf] tyf cd]l/sfdf a;fOF hfg] cGo d'n'ssf gful/sn]
klg Toxf“sf] ;+:s[lt cfTd;ft ug]{ u/]sf pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ .
jf:tjdf ko{6gsf sf/0fn] s'g} klg :yfgsf] ;+:s[ltdf 7'nf] kl/jt{g
cfpg], ;+:s[lt g} ljnfP/ hfg] tyf cem dha't x'g] klg ub{5 . ;fdfGotof

20 ÷ bLklzvf
7'nf] / kl/:s[t ;+:s[ltn] ;fgf] / ;fdfGo ;+:s[ltnfO{ Hofbf k|efj kfg]{ ub{5 .
ljsl;t d'n'ssf ko{6sx¿ Hofbf dfqfdf sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] e|d0fdf hfg]
x'gfn] ljsl;t d'n'ssf] ;+:s[ltn] sd ljsl;t d'n'sf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ Hofbf k|efj
kfg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

!=# kof{j/0fLo / jftfj/0fLo c;/

jftfj/0f / kof{j/0f k[YjLsf] ;txsf jftfj/0fx¿ x'g\ . jftfj/0f /
kof{j/0f klg dfgj lgld{t / k|fs[lts u/L hDdf b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . dfgj lgld{t
kof{j/0fdf dfgjn] agfPsf 3/, ;x/, jf6f3f6f, gx/, xjfO{ d}bfg cflb kb{5g\
eg] k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fdf k|s[ltk|bQ hLjhGt', jghª\un, kxf8 /
gbL nufotsf ljifoj:t' kb{5g\ . t;y{ k|s[lt k|bQ jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fnfO{
klg h}ljs / ch}ljs u/L hDdf b'O{ efudf af“8\g ;lsG5 . h}ljs jftfj/0f /
kof{j/0fdf jghª\un, hLjhGt' / dflg;x¿ kb{5g\ . o;df 7'n7'nf hLjb]lv
lnP/ clt ;"Id hLjx¿ klg kb{5g\ . ch}ljs jftfj/0f cGtu{t eg] tfkqmd,
jiff{, cfb|{tf, df6f], ;f}o{zlQm, vlgh / gbLgfnf cflb kb{5g\ .
ko{6gsf ;fydf jftfj/0f klg uf“l;g] ub{5 lsgls ko{6gdf jftfj/0fLo
;|f]tnfO{ k|of]udf NofOG5 . t/ o:tf] k|of]un] ubf{ jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fdf x|f;
cfpg] ub{5, h'g s'/f ko{6s / cfof]hs b'a}sf nflu clxts/ x'G5 . ko{6gsf]
;a}eGbf 7'nf] c;/ g} jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fdf kg]{ x'gfn] ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf
;fy;fy} jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fsf] ;+/If0f klg cfjZos x'g] ub{5 . /fli6«o
lgs'~hsf] lgdf{0f ug]{, b[Zofjnf]sg ug]{ :yfgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, l/;f]6{x¿sf]
Joj:yf / kj{tf/f]x0fnfO{ Jojl:yt kfg]{ s'/fx¿ klg jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fsf]
ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt 5g\ . o;} u/L ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf
klg ko{6g / kof{j/0f;“u ;DalGwt 5 . ljleGg hfthflt / ;d'bfosf k/Dk/fut
l;k, snf tyf cfsif{0fsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ Jojl:yt / ;+/lIft ug'{ ;f+:s[lts
jftfj/0f;“u ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' xf] .
ko{6ssf] ;'ljwfsf nflu af6f3f6f, Po/kf]6{, xf]6n / l/;f]6{sf] Joj:yf
ug'{, ko{6snfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug'{, zflGt ;'/Iff dha't agfpg',
k/Dk/fut snf ;fdu|L kfOg] k;nsf] Joj:yf, So'l/of]sf] Joj:yf tyf kqklqsf
/ ;"rgf ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f dfgj lgld{t kof{j/0fsf ljifoj:t' dflgG5g\ .
kof{j/0fsf] ;'/Iff ub}{ ko{6gsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ phf8 7fp“x¿df ;d]t a:tL
a:g] / ;x/Ls/0f x'g] ub{5 . To:tf ko{6sLo If]qdf ko{6g pBf]usf] ljsf; x'g]
/ :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf x'g] klg ub{5 . kfx'gfx¿sf nflu ;+:s[lts

bLklzvf ÷ 21
j:t'sf] k|bz{gLn] ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f x'g] / jftfj/0fdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj
kfg]{ ub{5 .
ko{6gsf sf/0f s'g} klg :yfgdf ;x/Ls/0f x'G5 eg] k'/fgf ;x/ gof“
gof“ x'g], k'glgdf{0f x'g] / ;fgf ;x/ 7'nf ;x/df kl/0ft x'g] ub{5g\ . ko{6snfO{
a:g lgjf; :yn tyf xf]6nsf] Joj:yf, oftfoft / ;~rf/sf ;fy} s'g} klg
:ynsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; x'g] u5{ lsgls s'g} klg /fi6«n] ko{6gaf6 kmfObf lngsf
nflu ko{6sLo If]qx¿df k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df sfdx¿ tLj|tfsf ;fy ug]{ ub{5 .
;ª\u|xfnox¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, k/Dk/fut g[To / snfsf}zn k|bz{gL ug]{ tyf
:yfgLo snf ;fdu|L pTkfbg / laqmL ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L ko{6gsf sf/0fn] dfgj
lgld{t kof{j/0fdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5 .
clk|msfdf jGohGt'sf] l;sf/nfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf lbg] qmddf kof{j/0fLo
ko{6gsf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] . Toxf“ jGohGt'sf] l;sf/nfO{ cg'dlt lbFbf /fli6«o
lgs'~h / jGohGt' cf/If lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos ePsf] dx;'; ul/of] . jf:tjdf
:yfgLo ;d'bfo / :jfutstf{af6 jftfj/0fdf sdeGbf sd k|:tfj kg]{ u/L ko{6g
k|j4{g ug'{nfO{ kof{j/0fLo ko{6g elgPsf] 5 . ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug]{ qmddf
jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fdf Iflt x'g gx'g] ;DaGwL cg]s k|sf/sf gLlt lgodx¿
;+;f/sf ljleGg /fi6«x¿n] agfPsf eP klg o;sf] sfof{Gjog eg] k|efjsf/L
9ª\udf x'g ;s]sf] kfO“b}g .
hldgsf] k|fs[lts :j¿ksf] ljgf; / ko{6gsf] kmfObf ljt/0fsf ;DaGwdf
x'g] ;ª\3if{ kof{j/0fLo ko{6gsf] Pp6f kf6f] xf] . t;y{ ko{6sx¿nfO{ ;d]t
ko{6gaf6 x'g] jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs Ifltsf af/]df hfgsf/L x'g cfjZos 5 .
o;f] ePdf ko{6s / :jfutstf{ b'a}n] jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fdf kg]{ gsf/fTds
k|efjnfO{ sd ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
jftfj/0fLo / kof{j/0fLo ko{6g :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]udf
cfwfl/t 5 . t;y{ jftfj/0fLo ko{6gsf ;fydf jftfj/0f / kof{j/0f
;+/If0fsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ klg dxŒj lbOg' kb{5 . ko{6gsf] ljsf; x'“bf s'g}
klg :yfgdf xf]6n nufotsf ejg, ;8s cflb lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6
k|fs[lts hldgnfO{ ;b'kof]u ul/G5 . h;n] jg ljgfz / af9L tyf klx/f]nfO{
lgDTofpg ;Sb5 . o:tf] sfo{n] ubf{ d]lS;sf]df k'tnL / sf]:6fl/sfdf dn;f“k|]
af“b/ hf]lvddf kg{ k'u]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L k"jL{ clk|msfsf kfs{x¿df ko{6gsf]
ljsf;sf ;fydf pko'Qm rkL{x¿ agfpg g;lsPsfn] Toxf“sf zf}rfnosf]
lgsf;f dflg;x¿n] kfgL vfg] gbL / vf]nfdf ld;fOPsf] 5 . o;af6 Toxf“sf]
kfgL vfg] xhf/f}F dflg;x¿sf] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

22 ÷ bLklzvf
ko{6sLo If]qx¿df a:tL a9\b} hf“bf dflg;x¿n] k|of]u u/]sf ;fdfgsf
vf]nx¿sf] y'k|f] nfUg] ub{5 . sfuh, Knfl:6s, l6gsf a§f, yf]qf sk8f /
cGo To:tf j:t'x¿af6 jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'g] ub{5 . o;n] jfo' / hldg b'a}df
k|b"if0f km}nfp“5 . kbofqfsf nflu lxF8\bf dfq klg sltko ;"Id jg:kltx¿
gfl;g] / df6f] lvOg] ub{5 . g]kfnsf] cGgk"0ff{ If]qdf kbofqfsf nflu 3f]lift
dfu{eGbf 5f]6f] dfu{ kQf nufp“b} ko{6sx¿ lxF8\g] ubf{ To:tf] ;d:of cfPsf] s'/f
ljb]zLx¿n] ;d]t l:jsf/]sf 5g\ . hgfj/sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ hf“bf hª\unL
hgfj/ t;{g] tyf 8/fpg] / lj:yflkt x'g] x'g ;St5g\ .
kof{j/0fLo ko{6gsf If]qdf ljz]if u/L ko{6gaf6 x'g] Hofbf kmfObf
aflx/af6 cfPsf 7'nf xf]6njfnf / cGo ko{6g Joj;foLn] lng] ub{5g\ . o;af6
:yfgLo dflg;x¿n] 7'nf] kmfObf lng g;s]kl5 kof{j/0f hf]ufpg] lhDdf klg tL
Joj;foLs} xf] eGg] ;f]Rt5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf kof{j/0fLo / jftfj/0fLo ljsf;
x'g] ;Defjgf Hofbf dfqfdf /xG5 . o;} u/L ko{6sx¿nfO{ pkxf/ lbg u}F8fsf]
vfu k|of]u ug]{ k|rngaf6 g]kfndf u}F8f dfg]{ qmd a9]sf] 5 . o;} u/L o:tf
ko{6gsf] ljsf;af6 kof{j/0fdf x'g] Iflt / ljgfz w]/} 5g\, h;sf] n]vfhf]vf
ug{ sl7g 5 .
jftfj/0fLo / kof{j/0fLo b[li6n] s'g} klg :yfgsf nflu ko{6g pko'Qm
dflgFb}g lsgls :yfgLo ;+|f]tsf] cTolws ;b'kof]u kof{j/0fLo ko{6gdf ug]{
ul/G5 . ko{6gsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ s'g} klg :yfgsf] jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fdf
;sf/fTdssf] t'ngfdf gsf/fTds k|efj g} Hofbf dfqfdf k/]sf] x'G5 . t/ klg
s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t ko{6g x'g] / o;sf] ljsf;sf
sf/0fn] cNkljsl;t d'n'sn] ;d]t ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn]
s'g} klg /fi6«nfO{ ko{6gsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ ljifoj:t' ag]sf] 5 . t;y{ jftfj/0f
/ kof{j/0fdf sdeGbf sd c;/ kg{] u/L of jftfj/0f / kof{j/0fsf] hu]gf{ ub}{
s'g} klg :yfgdf ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos x'g] ub{5 .

!=$ cy{tGq / Jofkf/ Joj;fodf c;/

ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cy{tGq dha't ePsf]
x'G5 . sltko d'n'ssf] cy{tGqsf] d"n cfwf/ g} ko{6g ag]sf] 5 . t;y{
ko{6gsf] k|ToIf c;/ cy{tGq / Jofkf/df k/]sf] x'G5 . ko{6gnfO{ ;]jfd"ns
pBf]u dflgG5 . o;af6 Jofkf/ k|j4{g x'g] ub{5 . /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ dfWodsf
¿kdf klg ko{6g g} /x]sf] 5 . ko{6gdf ky k|bz{s, efG;], bf]ef;] nufotsf
JolQmx¿n] /f]huf/L kfPsf x'G5g\ eg] cbIf JolQmx¿n] ;d]t el/of nufotsf

bLklzvf ÷ 23
sfo{df /f]huf/L kfpg] ub{5g\ . t;y{ ko{6gnfO{ Pp6f Joj;fo, cfly{s cj:yfsf]
cfwf/ / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{ dfWod dflgG5 .
ko{6gsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] c;/ cfly{s c;/ g} xf] . ko{6g eGgf;fy k};f
lng] lbg] sfo{;“u ;DalGwt 5 . :yfgLon] ofq'nfO{ cg]s k|sf/sf ;]jfx¿
k|bfg u/]/ Joj;fo b:t'/ lng] ub{5 eg] ko{6sn] klg :yfgLoaf6 ;]jf lnP
jfkt ;]jf b:t'/ ltg]{ ub{5 . o;af6 cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] l;h{gf x'G5 . hxf“
cfly{s sf/f]af/ x'“b}g, To;nfO{ ko{6g eGg ;lsFb}g . ;fy} ko{6g Joj;fo
;]jfd'vL Joj;fo xf] . ;]jf lng] lbg] sfo{nfO{ g} b:t'/ lng] / lbg] sfo{;“u
hf]8\g] ul/G5 .
s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cy{JoJoj:yfsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf ko{6g g} /x]sf]
x'G5 . o;sf nflu a]Un} sRrf kbfy{ cfjZos kb}{g . ;fdfgx¿ a]Rg 7'nf]
ahf/sf] cfjZostf klg kb}{g . ko{6s g} ko{6gsf ahf/ x'g\ . ko{6snfO{
cfslif{t ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df ahf/ lj:tf/ x'G5 / /fi6«n] ckf/ ;DklQ ko{6g
k|j4{gaf6 sdfpg ;Sb5 . t;y{ g]kfnh:tf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{tfn] e/k"/ /
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfn] ;DkGg d'n'sn] cfly{s pGgltsf] d"n dfWod ko{6gnfO{ g}
agfpg cfjZos 5 . lglZrt gLlt lgod th'{df ug]{, of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf
lghL If]qsf ko{6g Joj;foL;“u xft]dfnf] u/L ko{6gsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{
u/]df cGo tl/sfn] ul/g] cfly{s ljsf;eGbf sd nufgLdf rf“8f] b]zn] 7'nf]
wg/flz k|fKt ug]{ / cfly{s pGglt ug{ ;Sg] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . t;y{ xfdLn]
rf“8f]eGbf rf“8f] ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{df k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 . o;sf nflu
;/sf/sf] Psn k|of;sf] dfq cfjZos 5}g . lghL If]q klg o;tkm{ hfu?s
OR5's ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
s'g} klg :yfgdf ko{6gsf sf/0f k|ToIf / ck|ToIf u/L hDdf b'O{
k|sf/sf] /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . k|ToIf /f]huf/L kfpg] sfo{ klg kyk|bz{s,
xf]6n Joj;fo ;~rfns / Jofkfl/s ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;}
u/L ko{6sx¿n] vl/b ug]{ j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ug]{ dflg;x¿n] ck|ToIf /f]huf/L
kfPsf x'G5g\ . otf ko{6ssf nflu cfjZos cGo j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ h:tf]
;fu;AhL / kmnk"mn nufotsf j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ug]{ JolQmn] klg ck|ToIf
/f]huf/L kfPsf x'G5g\ . t/ logLx¿sf] k|ToIf ;Dks{ ko{6s;“u /x]sf] x'“b}g .
ko{6g;“u ;DalGwt /f]huf/L klg :yfoL / c:yfoL u/L hDdf b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'g]
ub{5 . /f]huf/L l;h{gfn] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cy{Joj:yfdf ;sf/fTds k|efj
kf/]sf] x'G5 . /f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of gx'“bf /fi6«n] To;tkm{sf] ef/ ljsf;sf] cGo
kIftkm{ nufpg ;Sb5 .

24 ÷ bLklzvf
 ko{6gn] s'g} klg /fi6«sf] k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL / s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf
;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] x''G5 . ko{6gaf6 /fi6«n] k|z:t dfqfdf j}b]lzs d'b|f
cfh{g ug{ ;Sb5 . :yfgLo dflg;x¿n] ;]jf lbP afkt ko{6saf6 b:t'/ lng]
ub{5g\ / cfˆgf] cfly{s kIf ;an agfp“5g\ eg] To;af6 /fi6«n] s/ k|fKt
ug{] ub{5 . ko{6gaf6 k|fKt x'g] ljb]zL d'b|fnfO{ e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngdf k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . g]kfn h:tf] cfoft Jofkf/df lge{/ /fi6«sf nflu Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug]{,
k|ltJolQm cfo a9fpg] tyf e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ d"n dfWod ko{6g g} x'g
;Sb5 . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] cfoft a9L / lgof{t sd x'“bf e'QmfgL c;Gt'ng x'g]
ub{5 lsgls Hofbf cfoft x'“bf ljb]zaf6 ;fdfg lsg]sf] /sd ljb]zL d'b|fdf
g} e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu /fi6«nfO{ ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ cGo
dfWodsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ko{6gsf] ljsf; ePsf] v08df o;af6 k|z:t
dfqfdf j}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{g ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] cGo /fi6«nfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{
ljb]zL d'b|f ko{6gaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;Dej 5 . o;af6 /fi6«sf] e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng sfod
/fVg ;lsG5 .
ljZj ko{6g ;+u7g (WTO) n] lbPsf] Ps l/kf]6{ cg';f/ ;g\ @))*
df ;a}eGbf a9L ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ ofqf u/]sf k|d'v d'n'sx¿ qmdzM k|mfG;,
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, :k]g, rfOgf, O6fnL, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, o'qm]g, 6sL{, hd{gL
/ d]lS;sf] 5g\ . oL /fi6«x¿df pQm jif{ qmdzM &(=#, %*, %&,@, %#, $@=&,
#)=@, @%=$, @%, @$=( / @@=^ ldlnog ljb]zL ko{6sx¿n] e|d0f u/]sf]
ljj/0f ljZj ko{6g ;ª\u7gn] lbPsf] 5 . t/ ;g\ @))* df ko{6gaf6 ;a}eGbf
a9L ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ k|d'v bz j6f /fHox¿ eg] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf,
:k]g, k|mfG;, O6fnL, rfOgf, hd{gL, a]nfot, c:6«]lnof, 6sL{ / cl:6«of x'g\ .
ljZj ko{6g ;ª\u7gn] lbPsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ pQm jif{ oL /fi6«x¿n] qmdzM
!!)=!, ^!=^, %%=^, $%=&, $)=*, $)=), #^=), @$=&, @@ / @!=* lalnog
8n/ j}b]lzs d'b|f ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf dfWodaf6 cfh{g u/]sf lyP . oxf“
lbOPsf] tYofÍdf k|mfG; ;a}eGbf Hofbf ljb]zL ko{6sn] ofqf u/]sf] /fi6« eP klg
Hofbf ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ /fi6« rflxF ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf /x]sf] 5 . ko{6g
jfktsf] ;]jf z'Nssf] b/ tyf ko{6ssf] :jfutstf{ /fi6«df a:g] ;dofjlwn]
ko{6gaf6 x'g] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{gsf] cj:yfnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . olb s'g}
/fi6«df ko{6ssf nflu ;]jf z'Ns dx“uf] 5 eg] sd ko{6ssf] cfudgdf x'g]
d'n'sdf a9L ko{6s cfudg x'g] csf]{ /fHosf] eGbf ljb]zL d'b|f Hofbf cfh{g
x'g ;Sb5 . To:t} s'g} klg /fi6«df e|d0f ug{ uPsf] ko{6sn] hlt nfdf] ;do
pQm :yfgdf a:b5, Tolt g} ;do lbgx'“ vr{ ul//xg] x'gfn] ko{6ssf] a;fO

bLklzvf ÷ 25
nfdf] x'g] d'n'sdf ljb]zL d'b|f ko{6ssf dfWodaf6 Hofbf dfqfdf k|fKt x'g]
ub{5 .
h'g /fi6«sf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yf dha't /xG5, ltgLx¿sf] vr{
ug]{ Ifdtf klg Hofbf g} x'G5 . o;} u/L ko{6sn] s'g} klg :yfgsf] e|d0fdf slt
vr{ ub{5 eGg] s'/f p;sf] :jefj tyf vr{ ug]{ OR5fdf klg e/ kb{5 . ljZj
ko{6g ;ª\3n] lbPsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ;g\ @))* df ofqfsf qmddf ;a}eGbf
w]/} vr{ ug]{ dflg;x¿ hd{g gful/s x'g\ . hd{g ko{6sx¿n] ;g\ @))* df
ofqfsf qmddf ljb]zdf (! lalnog cd]l/sL 8n/ vr{ u/]sf lyP . o;} u/L
hd{gLkl5 Hofbf vr{ ug]{ ko{6sx¿ qmdzM ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot,
k|mfG;, lrg, O6fnL, hfkfg, Sofgf8f, /l;of / g]b/n}G8sf gful/s x'g\ . o;/L
ljz]if u/L ljsl;t d'n'ssf dflg;x¿ Hofbf dfqfdf ko{6s ag]/ 3'Dg] ub{5g\
/ ltgLx¿sf] Hofbf dfqfdf 3'dfO klg ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df g} x'g] ub{5 . ;fy}
ko{6gsf dfWodaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ /fi6«x¿ klg ljsl;t
d'n's g} b]lvG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sn] ljb]zL
ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f lbP/ ko{6g k|j4{g u/]df oxf“ cfly{s pGglt x'gsf
nflu slQ klg ;do gnfUg] b]lvG5 . t/ o;sf nflu ;a}eGbf Hofbf ;/sf/n]
rf;f] /fvL ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos 5 . xfd|f nflu ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ lgs}
l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . cem klg o;tkm{ sbd grflnPdf /fi6«sf] cfly{s pGglt
tLj| ultdf x'g g;Sg] b]lvG5 .
ko{6gsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] c;/ cfly{s If]qdf /x]sf] x'G5, h;n] s'g} klg
/fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf; / Jofkf/df k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . ko{6gsf
sf/0f s'g} klg /fi6«n] ljb]zL d'b|f k|z:t dfqfdf cfh{g ug{ ;Sb5 . o;n]
/f]huf/Lsf cj;/df lj:tf/ ub{5 eg] ko{6gs} sf/0f ko{6ghGo Joj;fox¿
km:6fPsf x'G5g\ . ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ePdf e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;/n x'g]
ub{5 . cfly{s pGgltsf nflu, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{, :yfgLo
ljsf;sf nflu / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf nflu ;d]t ko{6gsf] 7'nf] dxŒj /x]sf] 5 .
k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ug{ tyf s'n u|fx:y pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ ;d]t ko{6gn]
dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u ug]{ x'gfn] ko{6gnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ dflgG5 .
ljZjsf sltko d'n'sn] ko{6g k|j4{gaf6 g} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; u/]sf
5g\ / cfk"mnfO{ ljZjsf ;DkGg /fi6«x¿sf] ;"rLdf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . t/ sltko
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿n] eg] ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ g;sL o;af6 kfpg ;lsg] kmfObf
lng ;s]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«n] cfly{s ljsf; ug{sf nflu
ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 .

26 ÷ bLklzvf
@ ko{6gsf gsf/fTds c;/x¿
ko{6gn] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / kof{j/0fLo If]qdf cg]s
k|sf/sf ;sf/fTds c;/x¿ u/] ;/x o;sf s}of}+ gsf/fTds c;/x¿ klg
/x]sf 5g\ . xTof, lx+;f, rf]/L, ;fdflhs ck/fw, nfu' cf}ifw cf];f/ k;f/,
of}g Jofkf/ / cGo k|sf/sf ljs[ltx¿ ko{6ssf dfWodaf6 g} Ps :yfgaf6
csf]{ :yfgdf k'Ug] ub{5g\ . ko{6ssf dfWodaf6 :jfutstf{n] o:tf ljs[tk"0f{
ljifoj:t' l;Sg] / ltgLx¿nfO{ gSsn ug]{ ugf{n] To:tf lqmofsnfkx¿df j[l4
x'g] ub{5 . ko{6gsf dfWodaf6 pTkGg x'g] To:tf k|d'v gsf/fTds c;/x¿
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

-s_ ;fdflhs hLjgdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/x¿

ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f s'g} klg /fi6«df ko{6sx¿sf] le8ef8 nfUb5 .
pgLx¿n] cg]s k|sf/sf ljs[ltk"0f{ ;fdflhs ultljlwx¿ tL :yfg;Dd
k'¥ofp“5g\ . uf“hf, clkmd, r/]; / lx/f]Og nufotsf nfu' cf}ifw ko{6ssf ¿kdf
lxF8\g] dflg;x¿n] cf];f/\k;f/ ug]{, tL kbfy{ :yfgLo o'jfx¿nfO{ rvfpg] /
o;sf] Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ / o:tf nfu' cf}ifw cf];f/k;f/df :yfgLo o'jfx¿nfO{
;+nUg u/fpg] cflb sfo{x¿ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf /S;Lsf] ;]jg,
h'jftf; / cGo v]nx¿ v]Ng], j]Zofj[lQ ug]{ / u/fpg] tyf To;tk{m :yfgLo
dflg;x¿nfO{ pGd'v u/fpg] sfo{ klg ko{6gsf sf/0f g} a9\g] ub{5g\ .
ko{6gsf sf/0f ljs[t e]ife"iff / u/uxgf ljZjsf Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{
7fp“df ;lhn} k'Ub5g\ . lxKkL h:tf] lgj{:q ¿kdf lxF8\g] k|j[lQ ko{6sx¿af6 g}
;+;f/df k}mlnPsf x'g\ . ko{6ssf sf/0f dflg;x¿n] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut e]ife"iff
/ u/uxgf e'n]sf 5g\ / klZrdLx¿n] nufpg] e]ife"iff nufpg cNkljsl;t
d'n'ssf dflg;x¿ pT;flxt x'“b} uPsf 5g\ . ax'd"No ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf rf]/L
lgsf;L ug]{ s'/f ko{6gn] a9fpg ;Sb5 . h:tf] ;g\ !(^) / *) sf lardf
g]kfnsf y'k|} k|frLg d"lt{x¿ rf]/L lgsf;L ul/of] . ko{6sx¿ y'k|g] :yfgdf
k};f dfUg]] k|j[lQ klg ko{6gsf] ljs;sf sf/0fn] a9\b}5 . o:tf] sfo{ /fi6«s}
k|lti7f;“u uf“l;Psf] x'G5 .
ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f Psftkm{ ko{6sLo If]qdf clgolGqt ¿kdf
a:tL a9]/ hfG5 eg] csf{tkm{ cGoqsf dflg;x¿ ko{6sLo If]qtkm{ a;fOF
;/]/ hfg] x'“bf phf8 x'“b} hfG5 . o;n] k|fs[lts / ljsf;sf] ;Gt'ngdf vnn
k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . o;} u/L ko{6gn] s'g} klg :yfgsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf g} vnn
k'Ug] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] ;f]n' If]qsf s}of}F o'jf ;]kf{x¿nfO{ klZrdf dlxnfn]

bLklzvf ÷ 27
ljjfx u/L o'/f]k / cd]l/sflt/ nfgfn] Toxf“sf s}of} dlxnfx¿ kltljxLg ePsf
5g\ . To:t} o'jfx¿ ;fn}e/ ko{6g k];fdf aflx/ lxF8]kl5 :yfgLo sGofx¿sf]
lax]af/Lsf nflu plrt s]6fsf] sdL x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
ko{6gsf] csf]{ ;fdflhs gsf/fTds c;/ ;dfhdf j]Zofj[lQsf] j[l4 x'g'
klg xf] . ljz]if u/L ljsl;t d'n'sdf ;DkGg ko{6sx¿ of}g t[i0ff d]6fpgsf
nflu ;d]t ljleGg :yfgsf] e|d0fdf lxF8\g] ub{5g\ . pgLx¿ j]Zofj[lQdf 7'nf]
wg/flz vr{g ;Sg] x'gfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf j]Zofj[lQdf o;n] j[l4 u/fpg
;St5 . o;af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf of}g /f]ux¿ h:tf] (STD) / (HIV/AIDs) h:tf
3fts /f]ux¿ km}ng ;St5g\ . ;g\ @))& df UN AIDs n] lbPsf] Ps k|ltj]bg
c'g;f/ g]kfndf HIV/AIDs sf] ;ª\qmd0f sl/a &),))) eGbf a9L dflg;x¿nfO{
eO;s]sf] 5 eg] of}ghGo ljs[ltx¿ ;d]t ko{6gsf sf/0fn] a9\g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

-v_ ;f+:s[lts ultljlwdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/x¿

ko{6sx¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts ljifoj:t'sf vl/bstf{ dflgG5 . pgLx¿
ljZjsf s'gfsfKrf;Dd k'u]/ ;+:s[lt / ;f+:s[lts ljifoj:t'sf af/] vf]hL
ub{5g\ / kmf]6f]x¿ lvRt5g\ . ;fy} pgLx¿n] Hofbf dfqfdf ;f+:s[lts j:t'x¿
g} ?rfpg] x'gfn] To:tf j:t'x¿ vl/b ug]{ ub{5g\ . ltgLx¿ laqmL ug{] sfo{
sfg'g ;Ddt gePsf x'gfn] n'sLl5kL Jofkf/ ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ul/G5 . o;/L
ko{6gnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ljifoj:t'sf] qmdeª\u ug]{ dfWod dflgPsf] 5 . ko{6gsf]
ljsf;sf sf/0f s'g} klg :yfgsf] ef}lts ;+:s[ltsf] u'0fdf x|f; cfpg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . h:tf] s'g} :yfgdf x:tlzNkLsf j:t' ;f+:s[lts k|of]hgn] lgdf{0f ug]{
k/Dk/f /x]sfdf To:tf j:t'x¿ ko{6gsf] b[li6n] Jofkf/ ug{ lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]kl5
ltgLx¿sf] u'0f:t/df qmlds ¿kdf sdL cfpg] ub{5 . h:tf] g]kfnsf yfª\sf
lrqx¿ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k"hf ug{ tyf u'Daf / ljxf/df ;hfpg lgdf{0f ug]{
rng w]/} klxn] b]lv g} rlncfPsf] lyof] . t;y{ k|f/Dedf o:tf yfª\sfx¿
a8f d]xgtsf ;fy agfOGy] . t/ kl5 uP/ dflg;x¿n] logLx¿nfO{ laqmL
ug]{ p2]Zon] lgdf{0f ug{ nfu] / g]kfnL yfª\sfsf] u'0f:t/ Ps} k6s 36]/ uof] .
Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu 5f]6f] ;dodf w]/}eGbf w]/} yfª\sfx¿ pTkfbg ug'{ kg]{
x'“bf klg To;sf] :t/Lotfdf x|f; cfpg k'u]sf] xf] .
ko{6gsf] csf]{ ;f+:s[lts gsf/fTds c;/ ;f+:s[lts / k'/fgf] tyf
k/Dk/fut / :yfgLo ;+:s[ltsf] nf]k x'g' xf] . ko{6gsf] ;f+:s[lts gsf/fTds
c;/ Hofbf dfqfdf cflbaf;L / hghflt a;f]af; ug{] If]qdf k/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:tf :yfgsf dflg;n] cfˆgf] efiff wd{, rfnrng / k/Dk/f 5f]8L klZrdf

28 ÷ bLklzvf
z}nLsf k/Dk/f, efiff / wd{ cª\uLsf/ ug{ nfu]sf 5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿n]
cFufn]sf] k'/fgf] ;+:s[lt g} nf]k eP/ hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf dflysf] 7'nf] Iflt dfGg ;lsG5 .

-u_ jftfj/0fLo gsf/fTds c;/

ko{6gsf] ljsf;n] ;a}eGbf w]/} dfqfdf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ If]q g}
jftfj/0f xf] . jf:tjdf jftfj/0fdf ePsf ljifoj:t'sf] cTolws ;b'kof]uaf6
ko{6gsf] cEo'bo x'g] ub{5 . t;y{ ko{6gn] ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt klg jftfj/0f
/ kof{j/0fdf g} kf/]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fnfO{ sdeGbf sd Iflt x'g]
u/L :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] k|of]u ug{ tyf ko{6g Joj;foaf6 :yfgLo dflg;x¿nfO{
cTolws dfqfdf kmfObf lbnfpg] sfo{df ljZjsf y'k|} /fi6«x¿ tNnLg 5g\ .
s'g} klg :yfgdf ko{6gsf] ljsf; x'b“ f tL :yfgx¿df ;x/Ls/0fsf] lj:tf/
x'g] ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ k|fs[lts cj:yfdf /x]sf] hldgnfO{ df;]/ 3/ agfpg'
kg]{ x'gfn] o;af6 k|s[ltdf c;Gt'ng k}bf x'G5 . af9L, e"Ifo / jghª\unsf]
ljgfz klg o;n] u/fp“5 . ;x/Ls/0f tyf jghª\unsf] ljgfz dfq geP/
To:tf :yfgsf jg:klt / hLjhGt'sf] ljgfz klg x'g ;Sb5 . ;x/Ls/0fn] ubf{
bfp/f / sf7 jghª\unaf6 NofOG5 h;n] jg ljgf; lgDTofp“5 . jg km8fgL
x'gfsf ;fy} s}of} k|sf/sf jg:klt dfl;g] tyf hª\unL hgfj/ / r/fr'?ËLx¿sf]
af;:yfg hf]lvddf kg]{ x'G5 .
ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f kof{j/0f / jftfj/0fdf kg]{ csf]{ gsf/fTds
c;/ hn, jfo', Wjlg / hldgsf] k|b"if0f klg xf] . ko{6sLo If]qdf a:tL lj:tf/
x'b“ } hf“bf kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPdf hn k|b"if0f a9\g] ub{5 . h:tf] k"jL{
clk|msfdf /fli6«o lgs'~hsf sf/0fn] ko{6gsf] ljsf; ePsfn] y'k|} k|sf/sf l/;f]6{
/ xf]6nx¿ ag]sf 5g\ . t/ Toxf“sf xf]6nx¿n] rkL{nfO{ Jojl:yt kfg{ g;s]sf] x'gfn]
rkL{sf] lgsf;f eg] :yfgLo vf]nfx¿df ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . tL vf]nfsf] kfgL To;
e]usf y'k}| dflg;x¿n] vfg] x'gfn] o;n] hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ ug]{ b]lvG5 .
ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f ;x/Ls/0f x'“bf dflg;n] sfd gnfUg] j:t'x¿
hyfefjL kmfNg] of a:tL 5]p5fpdf y'kfg]{ ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ Toxf“sf] kof{j/0f
/ jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'g] ub{5 . o:tf] kmf]x/af6 hldg, kfgL / jfo' klg k|b"lift
x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ko{6gsf sf/0f af6f]3f6f], xjfO{ d}bfg, /]nsf] lnu, kf]v/L
/ k'nk'n];f cflb agfp“bf :yfgLo kof{j/0fdf 7'nf] c;/ kg]{ ub{5 . jf:tjdf
To:tf kof{j/0fLo c;/x¿nfO{ sd u/]/ dfq ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug'{ cfhsf] k|d'v
r'gf}tL dflgG5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 29
 cfh cfP/ ljZjsf k|fo ;a} d'n'sx¿n] ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy}
jftfj/0f / kof{j/0f hf]ufpg] sfo{df dxŒj lbg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ljZj ko{6g
;ª\u7g, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmd / cGt/f{li6«o ko{6g Joj:yfkg
o'lgog (IUOTO) cflb ;a}n] ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf ;fydf kof{j/0f ;+/If0fsf] d'2f cl3
;f/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 jftfj/0f hf]ufpg] s'/fdf klg yk ;xof]u k'Ug] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

-3_ cfly{s If]qdf kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/

ko{6gsf] ljsf;af6 s'g} klg d'n'sdf kg]{ Pp6f gsf/fTds cfly{s
c;/df a;fOF ;/fO / To;af6 l;h{gf x'g] ;d:ofx¿ x'g\ . ljz]if u/L ko{6sLo
If]qdf dflg;x¿ cGoqaf6 a;fOF ;/]/ 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf cfp“bf tL If]qsf ;]jf
;'ljwfsf k"jf{wf/x¿ cfjZostfcg';f/ k'¥ofpg c;Dej x'G5 . To:tf] :yfgdf
:jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff / ;~rf/df t'?Gt ;]jf lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 eg] vfg]kfgL
/ OGwgsf] cfk"lt{df klg lgs} nufgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{ 5f]6f]
cjlwdf ;DkGg ug{ lgs} sl7g x'G5 . csf{tkm{ dflg;x¿ h'g :yfgaf6 a;fOF
;/]/ cfp“5g\, tL :yfgdf tof/ kfl/Psf To:tf k"jf{wf/ k|of]uljxLg x'g k'Ub5g\ .
ko{6gsf] sf/0f pTkGg x'g] csf]{ cfly{s gsf/fTds k|efj c;Gt'lnt ljsf;
k|lqmof klg xf] . s'g} klg /fi6«n] ko{6sLo :ynx¿df k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf
;fy;fy} oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] If]qdf 7'nf] nufgL u/L ljsf;
sfo{x¿ ug]{ ub{5 . t/ ko{6sLo If]q afx]s cGo :ynx¿df eg] ;dfg ¿kdf
ljsf;sf nflu nufgL gx'g] x'“bf c;dfg of c;Gt'lnt ljsf; k|lqmof rNg]
ub{5 . o;af6 sltko :yfgsf] lgs} w]/} ljsf; x'g k'Ub5 eg] cGo sltko
:yfgx¿df ljsf;sf k|of;x¿ k'u]sf x'“b}gg\ .
ko{6gsf sf/0fn] s'g} klg :yfgdf dx“uL a9\g] ub{5 . ko{6sx¿nfO{
:yfgLo dflg;x¿n] dx“uf]df ;fdg a]rlavg ug]{ x'“bf To;sf] ef/ cGo
dflg;x¿nfO{ klg kb{5 / dflg;x¿n] dx“uLsf] df/ v]Kg' kb{5 . g]kfnsf cGo
ko{6sLo If]qx¿ nufot kf]v/f, x]nDa' / ;f]n' cflb If]qdf dx“uL a9\g'sf] d'Vo
sf/0f ko{6gsf] ljsf; x'g' g} xf] . s[lif If]qdf x|f; cfpg', t:s/L Jofkf/df
j[l4 x'g' nufotsf ljifoj:t' klg ko{6gsf sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] cfly{s gsf/fTds
c;/x¿ dflgG5g\ .

lgisif{
dfly ko{6gsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'a} kIfsf] ;dLIff ul/of] .
ko{6gsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f :jfutstf{ ;dfhdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts

30 ÷ bLklzvf
/ kof{j/0fLo c;/x¿ kg]{ ub{5g\ . logLx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf hf]lvd kof{j/0fLo
;Gt'ng lau|g]df /xG5 . t;y{ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ko{6g k|j4{gsf qmddf kof{j/0fLo
;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf dxŒj lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L ko{6g
k|j4{gaf6 h]h:tf c;/x¿ kg]{ eP klg o;nfO{ cy{ Joj:yfsf] d"n cfwf/sf
¿kdf rflxF lng ;lsG5 .
ko{6gsf sf/0fn] s'g} klg :yfgdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;sf/fTds /
gsf/fTds c;/x¿ b]vf kg]{ ub{5g\ . :yfgLo ljsf;sf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ko{6g
Joj;fo dflgG5 eg] o;n] /f]huf/L clej[l4df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 .
ko{6gsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf cfly{s kIf xf] . ;a}eGbf sd nufgLdf rf“8f]
/ hf]lvdlagf ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ d'Vo dfWod s'g} klg d'n'ssf nflu
ko{6g g} aGg ;Sb5 . g]kfnh:tf] cfoftd'vL /fi6«df ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{
cGo pkfox¿ gePsf] cj:yfdf ko{6g dfq Pp6f ljsNk xf], h;n] /fi6«sf]
e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngdf ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . xfn j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf
sf/0f e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngdf s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf] eP klg of] cj:yf ;w}F g/xg
;Sb5 . t;y{ g]kfnn] ko{6g k|j4{gdf cTolws hf]8 lbg cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

Bhatiya, AK. 1997. Toursim Development Principles and Practices, Delhi: Sterling
Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
Bista Dor Bahadur. 2039 B.S. The People of Nepal, Kathmandu, Ratna Pustak
Bhandar.
Fisher, JF. 1986. "Tourism and Sherpas", Contribution to Nepalese Studies Vol 4,
Kathmandu : CNAS.
J.C. Issac. 2000. The limited potential of econtourism to contribute to wildlife
conservation. USA: The ecologist.
Kunwar, RR. 1997. Tourism and Development, Kathmandu: Laxmi Kunwar.
Mathison and Ball. 1982. Tourism Economics Physical and Social Impact, London
: Longman and Co.
O, Kamauro. 1996. 'Ecotourism, suside or development'/, Voices From Africa No.
6, UN News Service.
Satyal, Y. Raj. 1999. Tourism in Nepal. New Delhi : Adroit Publishers.
Thapa, M. 1992. Mustang Bhot in Fragment. Kathmandu : Himalayan Book.
World Tourism Organization. 2000. "International Tourism Expenditure". WTP
bulletine No. 11, (2009 January). Trekking in Nepal, Kathmandu : Nepal
Tourism Board.
www.nepalmountaineering.org.np

bLklzvf ÷ 31
 ;fdflhs JolQmTjsf]
pTs[i6 gd'gf M rf0fSo
s'n/fh kf}8]n*

!=   k[i7e"ld
dfgj ;Eotf jt{dfg ;dodf kl/jt{g ;lxt k|:t't x'g] cd"t{ hLj h:t}
xf] . x/]s kl/jt{g s]df x'G5 < cjZo x/]s kl/jt{g sf/0f / k|efjdf x'G5 .
tL sf/0f s] x'g\ < tL sf/0f / k|efj b'j} dfgjLo k"j{sfo{ / of]ubfgx¿ x'g\ .
dfgj Oltxf;sf] nfdf] n]lvPsf kfgf kN6fpFbf Pp6f ljnIf0f gfd / of]ubfgsf]
hLjg kfOG5 . Tof] k"jL{o ;dfhsf] Pp6f 1fgd"lt{ cfrfo{ rf0fSo x'g\ . jf:tjdf
s;n] slt of]ubfg u¥of] / p;sf] JolQmTj s] s:tf] < cWoog ug'{eGbf s;n]
cfkm"nfO{ eujfg eGof] p;sf] Voflt, k|z+;f / k|rf/ k[YjLdf ePsf] 5 . dfgj
:jefj nf]eL / lg/Lx eP/ g} p;n] v'Nnf 1fg / 1fgLnfO{ k'Hg / pgLx¿sf]
cfwf/nfO{ kfngf ug{ lxrlsrfpF5 h;n] cfk"m lbJo / cfˆgf] :j¿k eujfgsf]
eG5 jf egfpF5 ;a} ;dfh p;}df s]lGb|t x'G5 . cfrfo{ lji0f'u'Kt rf0fSon]
cfk"mnfO{ O{Zj/Lo ¿k, cjt/0f, b"t eGg' ePg . o;} sf/0f pxfFsf] 1fg, lj1fg
/ ;fdflhs of]ubfgsf] Voflt, d"No s]xL k5fl8 k/]sf] dx;'; x/ sf]xL 1fgsf]
;femf r]tgf ePsf] dfgjn] ug{ ;S5g\ . tkfO{F ;dsfnLg bfz{lgs, ljleGg wd{
ufFl;Psf 1fgLx¿, wd{ g]tfx¿;Fu cfrfo{ rf0fSosf] s]xL ;dosf nflu t'ngf
ug'{xf];\ cfk}m :ki6 x'g' x'g]5 h;n] cfˆgf] JolQmTj / 1fgnfO{ O{Zj/Lo eGb}g
pm k5fl8 kg]{, h;n] cfˆgf] JolQmTj / 1fgnfO{ O{Zj/Lo eG5 pm cufl8 a9\g]
unt k/Dk/f xf] . jf:tjdf 1fg h] / h;sf] eP klg a/fa/ nfe lbG5 / 1fg
k|of]u lagf nfe x'g] ljifo klg xf]Og . cfrfo{ rf0fSosf] JolQmTj pxfFsf] 1fg,
* :jtGq cg';Gwftf .
32 ÷ bLklzvf
sd{ / bfgaf6 ag]sf] 5 . cfrfo{sf] JolQmTjnfO{ phfu/, k|rf/ / d"NofÍg ug'{
cfw'lgs k[YjLaf;Lsf] st{Jo 7fgL ;a}sf tk{maf6 of] snd rnfOPsf] xf] .

@= hGd
cfrfo{ rf0fSosf] hGd :yfg / hGd ;dosf af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L jf
tYout k|df0f k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . ljleGg n]vs / vf]hstf{x¿n] cg'dfg /
;fgf cfwf/df cl8P/ :yfg / ;do lbPsf] kfOG5 . hGd ldlt :ki6 gePkl5
;dsfnLg JolQmTjsf cfwf/df nueu ldlt to ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . rGb|u'Kt
lji0f'u'Ktsf r]nf / /fhf klg eP pgsf] ;do O{=k"= #@% lyof] . To:t} klZrdsf
cn]sh]G8/ -l;sGb/ dxfg\_ / Pl/:6f]6nsf] ;DaGw ;fy} ef/tdf l;sGb/sf]
xdnf klg pxL ;dosf] lyof] . log}} cfwf/x¿af6 rf0fSosf] hGd O{=k"= t];|f]
ztfAbLnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . rf0fSosf] hGd :yfgsf af/]df klg :ki6 cfwf/ /
k|df0f e]l6Fb}g . ljleGg n]vsx¿n] ljleGg :yfg lbPsf 5g\, h:t} M
-s_ kfls:tfgdf kg]{ ufGwf/,
-v_ h}g ;flxTo cg';f/ d};'/sf JolQm elgPsf] 5,
-u_ To; a]nfsf] duwsf] l;df If]q k6gfaf6 s]xL b"/Ldf /x]sf] ldlynf
If]qdf hlGdPsf] k|df0f ;a}eGbf alnof] kfOG5 .

#= lzIff
cfrfo{ rf0fSo cfˆgf] s'nwd{ dfGg], a|fXd0fsf] kl/ro dfq geP/
u'0f / tŒj1fgnfO{ wf/0f ug]{ cf}xfb| JolQm lyP . pgsf] lzIff k"jL{o tl/sf,
zf:qLo 9ª\uaf6 u'?s'n x'Fb} ljBfno / ljZjljBfnodf ePsf] lyof] . Tof]
;dodf ul/a a|fXd0f eP/ pRr lzIff u|x0f ug{ kfpg] efUodfgL JolQmTjsf
¿kdf rf0fSonfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
cfrfo{ rf0fSosf] ;fwf/0f lzIff cfˆg} lktf r0fsaf6 k|fKt eof] .
To;kl5sf] ;Dk"0f{ 1fg tIflznf ljZjljBfno -xfn kfls:tfgsf] 6sl;nf
eGg] 7fpFdf_ ePsf] lyof] . Tof] a]nf pQm efu ufGwf/ b]zdf kb{Yof] . s]xL
n]vsx¿n] rf0fSosf] lzIff kf6nLk'q glhs gfnGb ljZjljBfnodf ePsf]
/ kl5 kf6nLk'qsf] /fhf;Fu åGå ePkl5 ufGwf/sf] tIflznf ljZjljBfnodf
cfrfo{ eO{ sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] klg /x]sf] 5 . ljljw k|df0f / cWoog cg';f/
tIflznf ljZjljBfnodf cWoog u/L ToxL ljZjljBfnodf cWofkg u/fPsf]
cfwf/ alnof] b]lvG5 . cfrfo{ rf0fSo pQm ljZjljBfnosf] s'nklt ;d]t
ag]sf lyP . cfrfo{n] ljleGg ljifox¿df cfk"mnfO{ lgk'0f agfPsf lyP, h:t} M

bLklzvf ÷ 33
/fhgLlt zf:q, cy{zf:q, Jofs/0f, efiff, ;flxTo, Oltxf;, cWofTd, Joj:yfkg
cflb . jf:tjdf To; a]nf pkrf/sf If]qdf tIflznfn] 7'nf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf]
lyof] . cfrfo{n] k|j]z gu/]sf] If]q j}B / pkrf/ If]q dfq xf] .

$= gfd
Pp6f JolQmsf] ;fwf/0ftof Pp6f gfd x'G5 . jf:tjdf ;fwf/0f k|ltef,
;fwf/0f JolQmsf] Pp6f gfd g} sfkmL x'G5 . hf] JolQm ax'cfoflds x'G5, h;sf]
of]ubfg ljleGg If]qdf 5 p;sf] ljleGg gfd /fVg] jf of]ubfg cg';f/ km/s
gfd /fVg] k"jL{o ;+:sf/ xf] . eujfgsf ¿ksf] klg w]/} gfd /x]sf 5g\ . x/]s
gfddf To;sf] u'0f / of]ubfg klg hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . cfrfo{ rf0fSosf klg
u'0f, of]ubfg, hLjgsf 5b\de]ifx¿sf sf/0f gf} j6f gfd lyP .
rf0fSo M rf0fSosf lktfsf] gfd lzju'Kt r0fs lyof] . lktfsf] gfdaf6
5f]/fsf] gfd rf0fSo ePsf] kfOG5 .
lji0f'u'Kt M pgsf] Gjf/gsf] gfd lji0f'u'Kt r0fs lyof] .
sf}l6No M pgsf] hLjg s'l6n /fhgLltn] el/Psfn] /fhgLlt / cy{zf:qdf
pgnfO{ sf}l6No egL lrlgG5 .
jfT;fog M /fhgLlts hfu/0fsf cj:yfdf efif0f lbO{ hghfu/0f sfo{df
pgnfO{ jfT;fog gfdn] lrlgGYof] .
jf/f0fs M jf/f0f;Lsf] a;fOdf pgnfO{ jf/f0fs elgof] .
klIfn:jfdL M cWofTd hfu/0f / 5b\d:jfdL e]if wf/0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf
klIfn:jfdL gfd k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
lji0f' zdf{ M pkb]zfTds k~rtGq syf n]vgdf lji0f' zdf{ gfd ePsf]
kfOG5 .
cGo gfdx¿ M dNn gfu, b|ldn, u'n cflb .
o;/L sfo{, of]ubfg, e]if, hGd, k/Dk/f cflb cfwf/df rf0fSosf gf}
j6f gfd ePsf] s'/f Oltxf;df kfOG5 .

% ¿k
dfgj Oltxf;df cg'xf/ g/fd|f], u'0f c;fWo} /fd|f] / 1fg Pj+ of]ubfg
emg\ /fd|f] ePsf dfgj ltg hgf kfOG5g\ . klxnf] o'gfgL bfz{lgs ;'s/ft x'g\ .
pgL klg c;fWo} g/fd|f] cg'xf/sf lyP . bf];|f] /fhf hgssf u'? ci6fjqm x'g\ .
pgn] /fhf hgsnfO{ lbPsf] 1fg e08f/nfO{ xfdL ci6fjqm uLtf egL lrGb5f}F .
To;} u/L cg'xf/ sfn], b'Anf] z/L/, cufl8sf b'O{ bfFt efFlrP/ em/]sf] x]bf{ ljs[t

34 ÷ bLklzvf
b]lvg] ¿k rf0fSosf] lyof] . ToxL ¿kdf uDeL/tf, cfFvfdf HjfhNodfg t]h,
enfb\dLkgf, ;fxl;s cg'xf/, x/]s ;do kl/>d ug]{, yfSb} gyfSg] sd{sf
pbfx/0f rf0fSonfO{ ¿keGbf u'0f / 1fgdf k|z+;gLo / AofVof ug{ nfos dfGg'
kb{5 . k[YjLdf /fd|f cg'xf/ slt a'9f eO{ g/fd|f eP To;sf] lx;fa g} 5}g .
cGtdf ;a} g/fd|} cg'xf/ aGb5g\ . To;} cy{df O{Zj/n] clGtd ;TonfO{ ;'?b]lv
rf0fSodf k|of]u u/fPsf] x'g ;Sb5 .

^= wd{
rf0fSo ;gftg wd{ k/Dk/fnfO{ dfGg] uy]{ . To; cGtu{t j0ff{>d wd{nfO{
pgn] Jojxf/df ptf/] . cfk"m a|fXd0f ePsfn] pgn] a|fXd0fsf] 1fgsf] bfg lbg]
sfo{ u/] . x/ lbg / b}lgsLdf :yfg, k"hf, Wofg, of]u ;a} lgTo sd{ u/] . ;gftg
wd{ jf:tjdf Pp6f k|s[lt h:t} xf] . ;gftg wd{ jf:tjdf dfgjsf] ;femf, :ki6
1fgsf] k|of]u / kl/jlt{t dfgj ;dfhsf] 1fgdo cj:yf xf] . kl5sf] ;dodf
of] v'Nnf ;fj{ef}d l;nl;nfnfO{ k[YjLdf ljleGg wd{, ;Dk|bfo egL v'DrfOPsf]
kfOG5 . rf0fSon] Tof] wd{ dfGy] hxfF gLlt, 1fg / u'0f k|bfg lyof] g s'g} å]if,
åGå, k|lt:kwf{, g of] wd{ g Tof] wd{ . jf:tjdf ;femf 1fg / hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt
cflb cgflbb]lv cfPsf] ;gftg, zf:jt wd{ rf0fSon] kfngf ug]{ wd{ lyof] .

&= of]ubfgsf] k|of]u

;+;f/df k|foM b'O{ k|sf/sf 1fgL, bfz{lgsx¿ kfOG5g\ . Ps k|sf/sf
1fgLx¿ gLlt agfpF5g\, 1fg / Joj:yfkgsf] dfgjLo JofVof ub{5g\ . tL
1fgLx¿n] cfˆgf] 1fgnfO{ cfk}Fmn] k|of]u ub}{gg\ . JolQmut k|of]u afx]s 1fgsf]
;fdflhs k|of]u ug{sf nflu ;femf / v'Nnf ¿kdf 5f]l8lbG5g\ . o:tf pbfx/0f
x]bf{ k"j{df dg', ljb'/, klZrddf ;'s/ft, Kn]6f], Pl/:6f]6n ;fy} sfn{ dfS;{ cflb
bfz{lgssf] gfd cfpF5 . csf]{ k|sf/sf 1fgL la/n} Oltxf;df kfOG5g\ h;n]
cfˆgf] 1fg, gLltnfO{ cfk}Fmn] ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjsf nflu k|of]u u/L k|dfl0ft
ub{5g\ . o:tf 1fgLsf] klxnf] gfd rf0fSo xf] h;n] cfˆgf] nIo cfk}Fm agfP,
cfk}Fm k"j{ Oltxf; / jt{dfg cfjZostfsf] cWoog u/L To; a]nfsf] ;dfh
;fk]If gLlt agfO{ cfk}Fm cfˆgf] gLltdf rNb} gLlt nfu' u/]/ Tof] ;dfhnfO{ 7'nf]
of]ubfg lbP . 1fg / gLltsf] of]ubfg eljio;Dd r'lnP/ uPs} 5 . pkb]z
eGg ;xh, kfngf ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 . x/ pbf/tf, x/ nIo eGg ;xh 5, ug{
ufx|f] 5 . rf0fSo x/]s b'n{enfO{ cfk"maf6} ;dfwfg b]Vg] / u/]/ b]vfpg] cf}xfb|
1fgL, ;fx;L JolQmTj lyP .

bLklzvf ÷ 35
*= rf0fSo / nIo
cfrfo{ rf0fSosf] nIo b'O{ k|sf/sf] lyof] . Pp6f nIo To; ;dodf
duw b]zdf zf;g ug]{ b'/frf/L /fhf wgfgGbsf] cTofrf/, zf]if0f / bdgaf6 /fHo
/ /fHoaf;LnfO{ d'lQm k|bfg ug'{ lyof] . csf]{ nIo To; ;do / eljio;Ddsf
nflu nfebfos gLlt, sfg'g, 1fg, pkb]zx¿ ;dfh / /fi6«df k|of]u ug'{ lyof] .
cem lj:tf/df nIosf] JofVof ubf{ ljleGg x'G5g\ .
-s_ /fhf wgfgGbaf6 kLl8t, zf]lift hGde"ldsf] p4f/ u/L gGb j+zsf] h/f]
pv]nL gofF /fHo;Qf :yfkgf ug'{,
-v_ /fhfsf] dgf]dfgL df}lvs÷clnlvt sfg'gaf6 lnlvt agfpg' / lbuf]
agfpg',
-u_ If]qLo /fHonfO{ s]Gb| /fHo;Fu ;Dks{, ;xsfo{ ug]{ / Pslqt ;fy} pbf/
gLlt cjnDag ug'{,
-3_ ;+e|fGt, wgL / b/afl/of ju{af6 hgtfdf x'g] zf]if0fsf] cGTo ug'{,
-ª_ cJojl:yt dgf]dfgL s/ c;'nLsf ljk/Lt Jojl:yt s/ k|0ffnLdf
cy{tGqnfO{ nufpg',
-r_ /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ ;"Id 9ª\un] cWoog u/L ljsl;t /fHo Joj:yf
sfod ug'{,
-5_ ;q' / ldq/fi6«;Fusf] lnlvt gLlt jf s'6gLltsf] dfgjLo ;sf/fTds
JofVof ug'{,
-h_ ;gftg wd{sf cfwf/df /fhgLlt, sfg'g, 1fg, k];f, ju{sf] AofVof /
k|of]u ug'{,
-em_ j0ff{>d wd{ / v'Nnf JolQmTjsf] ldl>t k|of]u ug'{,
-`_ JolQmsf] JolQmut 1fg, r]tgfsf] ljsf; ug'{,
-6_ ;dfhdf cWofTd / O{Zj/ elQmsf] pkb]zhgs lnlvt 1fgsf] JofVof ug'{,
-7_ Oltxf;sf] 1fg ;ª\sng u/L yk ljsf; ug'{,
-8_ /fi6«sf] lnlvt ljwfg agfpg' / cfw'lgsLs/0f ug'{,
-9_ lghL hLjgnfO{ u'0f, 1fg, of]u, elQm / Wofgdf nufpg' / df]If k|flKtsf
nflu tTk/ /xg' .
ljz]if u/L cfrfo{ rf0fSon] lnPsf ljljw nIodWo] ljz]if log} !$
k|sf/sf nIox¿nfO{ xfdL cWoog ug{ ;Sb5f}F . nIo h;n] klg lnG5 ha
nIo k'/f x'G5 lnPsf] nIosf] u0fgf / ;Ddfg x'G5 . nIo ;fgf] eP klg
k|flKt 7'nf] s'/f xf] . cfrfo{sf] nIo 7'nf lyP k|flKt klg 7'nf] lyof] lsgls
pgsf] JolQmTj / 1fgsf] e08f/ klg 7'nf] lyof] . JolQmsf] u'0f / sd{ cg';f/

36 ÷ bLklzvf
nIo aGb5 . nIo cg';f/ eljio aGb5 . olb efUosf] cWoog ug]{ xf] eg]
Tof] JolQmsf] u'0fdf x'G5 h;n] nIo agfpg d2t dfq ub{5 .

(= nIo / JolQmTjsf] cfwf/x¿

cWofTdsf cg';f/ k"j{hGdsf sfo{x¿sf] cfwf/af6 jt{dfg hLjgsf]
cfwf/ aGb5 . jt{dfg hLjgsf] nIodf klg jt{dfg hLjgleq} ljleGg cfwf/x¿
x'G5g\ o;af6 s] a'‰g' k5{ eg] k"j{sfo{x¿ of] hLjgsf cfwf/ x'g\ h;af6 gofF
hLjgsf] nIo aGb5g\ . rf0fSosf] k"j{ hLjgsf] cWofTddf AofVof ePsf] 5}g .
rf0fSosf] hLjgdf nIo k5fl8sf] cfwf/ jf nIo aGg' kg]{ sf/0fx¿sf] vf]hL
klg dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . jf:tjdf x/]s JolQmsf] cfwf/ / hLjgsf vf]hx¿
sf]xL cfk}Fmn] ug'{ kb{5 .
dfgjsf] JolQmTj h}ljs / ;+:sf/af6 JolQmut u'0f aGb5 . JolQmut
u'0f / hLjg ef]ufOsf] df]8, d"NofÍg / ;'vb'Mvaf6 JolQmTj aGb5 . JolQmTj
g} nIo agfpg] af}l4s cj:yf xf] h;df x/ u'0f, x/ hLjgsf ef]ufO / df]8x¿
;xfos eP/ a:b5g\ . cfrfo{ rf0fSosf] hLjgdf klxnf cfwf/ut u'0faf6
JolQmTjsf] k|f¿k v8f ePsf] / JolQmTj ;fy} nIosf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .
Ps JolQm Ps nIodf JolQmTj k|foM lgdf{0f eO;S5, afFsL nIo dfq /xG5 .
ax'cfoflds JolQmTjdf nIo klg ax' x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf JolQmTj klg
aGb} hfG5 / nIo klg ljsl;t x'Fb} hfG5 dfGg' xf];\ ;do / k|s[ltsf] kl/jt{g
h:t} dxfg\ JolQmx¿sf] nIo / JolQmTj klg ljsl;t / k"0f{ aGb} hfG5 .
JolQmTj wg, lzIff, s'nsf cfwf/df dfq k|fKt x'g] k'/:sf/ xf]Og . wg,
lzIff, s'n, ;+:sf/ JolQmTjsf cfwf/ dfq x'g\ . k|foM Oltxf; x]bf{ hxfF ltvf{
x'G5, ToxLF kfgLsf] vf]hL ePsf] kfOG5 jf hxfF ul/aL, b'Mv, ;d:of x'G5 x/]s
lbuf] ;dfwfg klg ToxLFaf6 pTkGg x'G5 . O{Zj/ b'Mvdf a:g] ePsfn] x/ b'Mv,
kL8f / zf]if0f laraf6} kL8f df]rg, b'Mvx/0f / 1fgsf] k|:km'6g u/fpg] pkfo
/ of]Uotf klg ToxL ;dfh / ;donfO{ O{Zj/n] lbg' x'G5 .

!)= rf0fSosf] JolQmTjsf] cfwf/

-s_ ;gftg wd{ ;+:sf/df hGd x'g', lktfsf] 1fg aLh :j¿k k'qdf cfpg',
a|fXd0f ;+:sf/ cg';f/ lzIff, gLlt, pkb]z cflb sfo{ a|fXd0fn] ug'{,
a|fXd0fn] ljz]if gLltdf a:g', unt / gLr ljrf/ ug'{ xF'b}g eGg] ;+:sf/
lbg' rf0fSosf] JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f cfwf/ xf] .
-v_ lktfhL lzlIft x'g', lzIff, 1fg / gLltaf/] lktfhLaf6 k|f/lDes 1fg
k|fKt ug'{ csf]{ cfwf/ xf] .

bLklzvf ÷ 37
-u_ To; a]nfsf q"m/ /fhf wgfgGbaf6 lktfhLsf] lgd{d lz/ 5]bg u/L
xTof x'g', Tof] xTofsf] bz{s :jo+ eP/ lktfhLsf] lz/ bfx;+:sf/ u/L
wgfgGb /fhfsf] s'n gfz ug]{ jfrf ug'{, lktfhLsf] xTof pQm /fhf /
/fHo Joj:yfk|ltsf] qmf]w abnfsf ¿kdf kl/0ft x'g', qmdzM Tof] abnf,
qmf]w ablnFb} ;fx; / s'l6n of]hgfdf kl/jt{g xF'b} hfg' klg rf0fSosf]
JolStTj ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] .
-3_ ;dfhdf ePsf] zf]if0f, df}lvs sfg'gsf cfwf/df ePsf] b/afl/of /
;DalGwt ju{sf] cTofrf/sf] ef]uaf6 rf0fSonfO{ e"ld jf b]zk|ltsf]
dfof / cfk"mn] ug'{ kg]{ of]ubfgsf] dfu{lrq k|fKt ePsf] xf] . rf0fSo
o:tf JolQm x'g\ h;n] d'vn] af]n]/ b]vfpg] xf]Og u/]/ b]vfpFy] .
-ª_ PSnf]kgf klg chf]8 JolQmTjsf] cfwf/ xf] . cfdf ;fg}df laTg', lktfhLsf]
xTof x'g' / j}jflxs hLjgdf cfk"m gkg'{ PSnf]kgfsf cfwf/ x'g\ . rf0fSo
JolQmut ¿kdf PSnf] hLjg Joltt ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ b]zaf;LnfO{ dgdf wf/0f ug]{
;d'b| h:t} cyfx :jefjsf JolQm lyP . rf0fSosf] hLjg cfwf/ / nIo o:tf]
lyof] h;n] j}jflxs ;'v / zf/Ll/s ef]unfO{ t'It / bf];f| ] bhf{df /flvlbof] .
-r_ JolQmTjsf] d"n cfwf/ lzIff xf] . rf0fSon] ljljw ljifo, zf:qx¿df
cfk"mnfO{ lgk'0f agfP h;n] cfˆgf] b]zsf] / eljiosf] lxt / dfu{k|z:t
ug{ ;sf];\ . rf0fSodf nIo, ;fx; dfq eP/ lzIff gePsf] eP ;a}
a]sf/ x'g] lyof] . t;y{ lzIff Tof] cfwf/ xf] h;n] yk csf]{ cfwf/
lgdf{0f ug{ cfkm'nfO{ clk{t ub{5 .

!!= nIosf] cfwf/

rf0fSosf ljleGg nIox¿ cufl8 j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . nIo JolQmTjkl5
lgdf{0f x'g] s'/f xf] . rf0fSosf] uxg, 1fgL, ;fx;L JolQmTj cfk}mdf nIosf]
klxnf] cfwf/ xf] . rf0fSosf] nIosf] csf]{ cfwf/ JolQmut u'0f xf] h;sf]
AofVof k5fl8 ul/g] 5 . nIosf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf nIo k|flKtsf nflu rf0fSon]
rGb|u'KtnfO{ 1fg, gLlt, o'4snf cflb l;sfO bIf agfP h;n] ubf{ cfGbf]ng
;'?b]lv cGt;Dd qmlds / ;kmn aGb} uof] . rf0fSon] lnPsf] nIosf] cfwf/
To; a]nfsf] zf]ifs /fhf, clnlvt gLlt, ul/aL, b'Mv / c1fgL ;dfh g} xf] .

!@= rf0fSosf JolQmut u'0fx¿

rf0fSon] c;Lldt 1fg n]vg u/]/, ax'k|ltefsf] k|of]u u/]/ klg cfk"mnfO{
O{Zj/sf] :j¿k geg]/ dfgj g} eg] . olb rf0fSon] cfk"mnfO{ O{Zj/sf] b"t dfq
38 ÷ bLklzvf
eg]sf] eP rGb|u'Kt, df}o{ / pgsf ;Gtfgn] slt dlGb/ lgdf{0f ug]{ lyP To;sf]
u0fgf ug{ sl7g kb{5 . rf0fSosf u'0fx¿ a'Fbfdf JofVof u/f}F .
-s_ O{Zj/Lo sfo{ u/]/ dfgj kl/ro M ;d"n /fi6«sf] pTyfg ug'{, O{Zj/Lo :t/sf]
1fg, gLlt pkb]z lbg', cfk"m of]uLsf] :j¿kdf hLjg latfpg' ltg j6}
sfo{ O{Zj/sf sfo{ x'g\ . O{Zj/Lo sfo{ u/]/ ;fwf/0f dfgj kl/rodf
hLjgdf latfpg' rf0fSosf] dxfgtf / u'0f lyof] .
-v_ bfgjL/ M ;f/f duw hLjge/ nufP/ cfk}mFn] lht]/ ;Dk"0f{ xs, clwsf/
/ /fi6« cfˆgf lzio tyf ;xof]uL rGb|u'KtnfO{ bfg lbg' csNkgLo bfg
xf] . rf0fSonfO{ wg, kb, k'/:sf/, :qLsf] nf]e lyPg . olb ePsf] eP
cfk}Fm /fhf aGg] lyP .
-u_ Psn ;fx;L M dfgjdf c¿sf] ;xof]u, ;fyLefO, wg gb]lvg] ;dy{g
ePdf ;fwf/0ftof ;fx; cfpF5 . rf0fSo o:tf pbfx/0fLo JolQm x'g\
h;n] ;fwf/0f dfgj u'0f wf/0f u/L sf]xL eP gePsf], s;}n] d2t u/]
gu/]sf] dtna gu/L Psn ;fx;df ;f/f ljzfn duwnfO{ :jtGq u/L
1fgsf] ;fu/;Dd hdfpg EofP .
-3_ Psfu| M rf0fSo nIok|lt Psfu| lyP, cfˆgf] hLjg j[lQdf klg Psfu|
lyP . cª\u cfjZostfnfO{ ;+od ug{ ;Sg] cª\u ljhoL of]uL lyP .
-ª_ ldlxg]tL M PSnf] hLjg afFr]/, ljljw ljifodf lgk'0f eP/, /fHo lht]/,
1fgsf] n]vg u/]/ cfˆgf] elQm sfo{ lg/Gt/ ug]{ rf0fSosf] JolQmut
hLjg / ldlxg]tsf] JofVof w]/} aGb5 .
-r_ of]uL M rf0fSo a|Xdof]uL lyP . pgsf] cª\u dgsf] jzdf lyof] . a|Xdro{
j|t wf/0f ub{y] . Wofg, of]u b}lgsL lyof] . c;n pRr Clifd'lgsf]
JolQmut u'0f / gLlt kfngf lyof] .
-5_ sd{of]uL M rf0fSo JolQmut of]u;Fu} sd{of]uL lyP . cfˆgf] nIok|lt
;bf lrGtg, of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf nflu/xGy] .
-h_ /fhg]tf M rf0fSosf] af]nL wf]qf] lyof], :j/ pRr lyof], jf0fL s8f
kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{ eGbf ts{df ljho lyof] . rf0fSonfO{ jfs\l;l4
lyof] eGbf km/s kb}{g . rf0fSosf] efif0f o:tf] x'GYof] h;n] c;ª\Vo
hgdfg; ;a}yf]s 5f]8]/ b]zsf nflu v8f x'Gy] . rf0fSo cfˆgf] efu
g/fvL efu nufOlbg] g]tf lyP .
-em_ wdf{rfo{ M rf0fSo wdf{rfo{ klg lyP . cGo wd{zf:qL, wd{u'?x¿n]
1fg / ts{df pgnfO{ e]6\g / k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gy] . rf0fSosf] 1fg
Jofjxfl/s, gLlt;ª\ut lyP / k|jrgx¿ klg .

bLklzvf ÷ 39
-`_ k|s[lt k|]dL M lji0f' zdf{sf gfdaf6 rf0fSon] k~rtGq eGg] k':ts n]v] .
o; k':tssf ;a} syfx¿ r/f, hgfj/ ;lxtsf] pbfx/0fdf n]lvPsf
5g\ . o;af6 pgsf] k|s[lt k|]dnfO{ glhsaf6 a'‰g ;lsG5 .
-6_ s'l6n M ;j{hg lxtsf] nIo k|flKtsf] nflu rf0fSon] k|]d, gLlt, b08,
5nsf] gLlt cjnDag ub{y] . cfˆgf] hLjgdf, cfˆgf] kb, wg, :qL,
;'vsf nflu pgn] slxn] s'l6ntfsf] k|of]u u/]gg\ . kfksf lj?4df x/
s'l6ntfsf] cEof; hfx]h xf] / x'G5 eGg] pgsf] dfGotf lyof] . s'l6ntf
pRr:t/sf] O{Zj/Lo u'0f xf] h;sf] k|of]u dxfg\ JolQm / O{Zj/n] dfq
ub{5g\ h;sf] nIo cfk"m geO{ ;+;f/ / ;dfhsf] lxt dfq x'G5 . ;;fgf
JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf nflu ug]{ s'l6n k|of]u kfk xf] h;sf] b08 ;/sf/ /
O{Zj/n] kfn}kfnf] lbg] /fHo / O{Zj/sf] lgod 5 .
-7_ ;demeGbf k/sf] u'0f M rf0fSosf] :jefj ;demeGbf k/sf] lyof] . Tof]
cj:yfsf] ¿l9jfbL ;dfhdf rGb|uK' t df}os { L /fgLsf ¿kdf cn]sh]G8/sf]
lgs6 ;]ns'n;sL 5f]/L ljjfx u/L k"j{ / klZrdsf] ldqtf sfod u/L
o'4, cftª\saf6 /fHonfO{ hf]ufPsf] pbfx/0f kfOG5 . csf{tk{m wgfgGb
/fhfnfO{ d[To'b08 lbO;s]kl5 k|wfgdGqL jf cdfTo /fIf; jgdf n'Sg
uof] . To;kl5 p;nfO{ ;dftL b/af/df NofO{ b08 lbg /flvof] . ;a}n]
b08 lbg] 7fg]sf a]nf cdfTo /fIf; l7s ePsfn] k'gM cdfTodf sfo{ef/
lbPsf] crDdsf] pbfx/0f 5 . Ps k6s gofF b/af/ e|d0fdf hfFbf ;Dk"0f{
e|d0f ;lsPkl5 sldnfsf] tfFtL cGg af]sL tnaf6 cfPsf] b]v] . To;sf]
t'?Gt pgn] b/af/ eTsfpg] lg0f{o u/] b/af/ eTsfpFb} hfFbf b/af/sf]
e"ldut :yfgdf ;q'sf ;}lgs / cGg e08f/ e]l6of] . o;/L g;f]r]sf
b"/bzL{ lg0f{osf nflu pgsf] 1fg / b]zk|]dn] ;fy lbPsf] kfOG5 .
-8_ bQlrQ M rf0fSo cToGt ;fgf cWoog / sfo{x¿nfO{ dfGotf / k|fyldstf
lbg] JolQm lyP . x/]s ;fgf cWoog / of]hgfsf] sfo{ ;kmntfkl5 dfq
dxfg\ sfo{ ;kmn / k"0f{ u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f rf0fSon] k|dfl0ft ul/lbP .
-9_ gLltut hLjg M 1fg / lzIffnfO{ 3f]s]/, cf8Da/sf ¿kdf dfq xf]Og
gLltsf ¿kdf cfˆgf] hLjgdf, cfˆgf] lqmofdf / cfˆgf] x/ ;fgf 7'nf
nIox¿df k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . gLlt kfngf s]xL sl7g x'G5 t/ gLlt
kfngf kl5sf] kmn bL3{sfnLg x'G5 eGg] tYo rf0fSon] k|dfl0ft u/] .
-0f_ Jojl:yt j}/fUo M rf0fSosf] cfˆgf] hLjg / cfˆgf] ef]udf j}/fUo lyof] .
j}/fUo Tof] cWofTdsf] pRrtf xf] h;df cfk"m la;]{/ cfk}Fm ;DemL ;+;f/sf]
sNof0f ul/G5 . rf0fSo cfˆgf] j}/fUonfO{ b]z kl/jt{gsf] zlQm agfpg]
dxfg\ of]uL x'g\ .

40 ÷ bLklzvf
!#= lgisif{
rf0fSo ljljw gfd, ljljw of]ubfg, ljljw u'0fx¿n] k"0f{ JolQm lyP .
Pp6f JolQm;Fu cWofTd, O{Zj/ 1fg, cy{zf:q, /fhgLlt zf:q, efiff, ;flxTo,
Oltxf;, bz{g, ul0ft, lj1fg ;a}sf] ljifodf k"0f{ / ;do ;fk]If kf]Vt x'g'
;fgf] kIf xf]Og . k"jL{o ;dfhsf] Oltxf;nfO{ cfˆgf k"j{hsf] Oltxf; ;De]m/
x/ JolQmn] s]nfpg] k|of; u/f}F . ;'gnfO{ lxnf]df, 8:gfd'lg g/fvf}F . xfd|f dxfg\
Oltxf;sf k|]/0ff k'?ifx¿nfO{ jt{dfg ;+;f/df j}1flgs 9ª\uaf6 cg';Gwfg u/L
lrgfpg' kb{5 . tL dxfk'?ifx¿sf 1fgnfO{ ;fDk|bflos 9ª\uaf6 geP/ ;femf
¿kdf k|rf/ / JofVof ug'{ kb{5 h;n] ubf{ c1fgsf] cGwsf/ s]xL kmf6f];\ .
dxfk'?ifsf JolQmTj, 1fg, pkb]zx¿nfO{ k7gkf7gdf ;dfj]z ug'{ kb{5 . qmdzM
k"j{ / klZrdsf gegL cfcfˆgf] tk{maf6 cfcfˆgf k"j{hsf] Oltxf;nfO{ df6f]
;DemL jt{dfg k':tfn] 1fg / k|of]usf] vghf]t u/f];\ h;af6 ;kmn, ;an /
;Ifd eljio pd|g] / a9\g] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

cu|jfn, sdn]z= ;g\ !((&= sf}l6No cy{zf:q Pj+ z'qmgLlt sL /fHo Joj:yfPF= gO{
lbNnL M /fwf klAns];g .
cof{n, dbg k|;fb= rf0fSo= Pe/]:6 uLtf lgs]tg .
sfª\un], cf/=lk=-cg'=_= ;g\ @))^= b sf}l6nLo cy{zf:q ef]=#=, jgf/; M df]ltnfn
agf/;L bf; .
sf]xnL, Ct'= ;g\ !((%= sf}l6Nofh cy{zf:q M of]uIf]d b sG;]K6 ckm b j]nk]mo/ :6]6
Go' lbNnL M bLk PG8 bLk .
rf0fSo l;4fGt, af}l4s bk{0f k|sfzg k|f=ln= .
1jfnL, afa'/fd= @)^*= æsf}l6nLo cy{zf:q Pj+ k}tfdx tGqsf] ;+lIfKt kl/roÆ=
ldld{/], jif{ $) cª\s #, k"0ff{Í #!), sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\s .
=========== = @)^&= æsf}l6nLo cy{zf:qsf] jt{dfg ;fGble{stfÆ= CtDe/f cª\s !$=
sf7df8f}F M cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno .
lwtfn, ljgf]b k|;fb= cfrfo{ lji0f'u'Kt rf0fSo M ;femf k|sfzg .
zdf{, ljZj= k~rtGqM jf/f0f;L ! .
zdf{, k+=;f]dgfy -;Dkf=_= @)@$= sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q -cg'=_ s]zj/fh cof{n=
sf7df8f}F M g]=/f=k|=k|= .
lzjfsf]6L, uf]kfn -k|f=8f=_= /fhgLlts ljrf/wf/f / ljZn]if0f M k}/jL k|sfzg .

bLklzvf ÷ 41
 …kl/eflift cfFvfx¿Ú pkGof;df ;LdfGt
ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg
s]zj/fh clwsf/L*

!= ljifo k|j]z
kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;df ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfn] l;h{gf u/]sf]
ljleGg lsl;dsf kfqx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fOPsf] 5 . ltgLx¿sf ;fdflhs
;f+:s[lts e"ldsf cg'';f/ cfˆg} ljlzi6 klxrfgx¿ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . kl/l:ylt
cg';f/ pkGof;df pkl:yt kfqx¿n] cfTd/Iffsf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k k|lt/f]w u/]sf]
l:ylt klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . pkGof;sf] d"n kLl7sf u|fdL0f / ;xl/of b'a} /x]sfn]
klg o;df ufpFb]lv ;x/;Ddsf >lds ;De|fGt ju{sf hLjgz}nL, ;+:sf/,
cfly{s cj:yf, hftLotf, If]qLotf nufot ljljw k|s[ltsf] ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs
kl/j]zsf] pkl:ylt pkGof;df b]lvG5 . k|:t't pkGof;df hftLo, n}ª\lus,
If]qLo, juL{o, j}rfl/s / ;f+:s[ltstfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg x]g]{ k|d'v
cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yf / To;n] lgdf{0f
u/]sf] zlQms]Gb| / To;af6 kl/lwdf k'¥ofOPsf ju{ / ;d'bfox¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsf]
cj:yfnfO{ b]Vg ;lsG5 . n}ª\lustf, k|e'Tjsf] l:yltdf kfqx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj,
klxrfg / k|lt/f]wsf] l:ylt klg pkGof;df 5 . k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygsf] zf;g
Joj:yfn] n}ª\lus lx+;f / n}ª\lus pTkL8gsf] l;sf/ aGg dlxnfx¿ ljjz
5g\ . pgLx¿ cwLg:y ;+:s[ltaf6 k|lt/f]w ub}{ k|e'Tjdf cfpg lqmofzLn
b]lvG5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ To;df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;df ljz]iftM juL{o
lx;fadf k|e'TjzfnL ;De|fGt ju{ hf] pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, hldgbf/, dflns, /fli6«o
/fhgLltsf] zlQm s]Gb|df /x]sf zf;sx¿sf] ;d"xsf] klxrfg / k|ltlglwTjsf]
* lzIf0f ;xfos, ;fgf]l7dL SofDk;, eStk'/ .

42 ÷ bLklzvf
cj:yfnfO{ klg pkGof;df b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;/L k|:t't pkGof;df ;LdfGt ju{
/ ;De|fGt ju{sf] klxrfg, k|ltlglwTjsf] l:ylt k|:6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . t/ o;
n]vdf juL{o / ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yfdf ;LdfGtLs[t kfqx¿sf]] k|ltlglwTj
/ klxrfgsf] vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] l:ylt pkGof;df
/x]sf kfqx¿n] s;/L ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] ;Gbe{sf] vf]hL ug{ ljz]iftM ;LdfGt
ju{sf] k|d'v cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

@= ;LdfGt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] cjwf/0ff

…;LdfGts[tÚ zAb klZrdL ;jfN6g{ zAbsf] g]kfnLs[t ¿k xf] . ;LdfGts[t
zAbn] d"ntM /fHoleqsf lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ a'emfpF5 . /fHosf] zlQm;Dd kx'Fr
gx'g], lj:yflkt, cfjfhljxLg ju{x¿ o;df kb{5g\ . ;LdfGts[t lrGtgsf
lrGtsx¿ x}sdjfbL, cf}klgj]lzs tyf ;fdGtL zf;ssf] nfdf] ;dob]lvsf]
lyrf]ldrf], e]befjaf6 pTkLl8t zfl;t JolQm jf lgd'vf ju{nfO{ a'emfpF5 .
hf] zlQmzfnL eP/ klg zlQmljxLg agfOPsf x'G5g\ . u|fD;Ln] ;LdfGts[t
zAbnfO{ zfl;t ju{sf] jsfnt ug]{ qmddf x}sd jf k|e'Tjsf] gjLg cy{;Fu
klg hf]8]/ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . u|fD;Lsf zAbdf ;LdfGts[t zAbn] u}/zf;sLo,
cx}sdjfbL ju{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ hgfpF5 hf] ;w}F cwLg:y, k/fwLg x'G5g\ .
pgLx¿ zf;ssf] k|of]usf] j:t';d]t aGg k'U5g\ ->]i7, @)^* M !^_ . u|fD;Ls}
b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd l:kefsn] u/]sL 5g\ . pgn] cfly{s ;Gbe{df dfq
geP/ ;f+:s[lts sf]0faf6 ;LdfGts[t lrGtg cufl8 ;f/]sL 5g\ . ;LdfGts[t
Pp6f l:y/ ljifo xf]Og . s'g} Ps JolQm s'g} kl/j]zdf ;LdfGts[tsf ¿kn]
Jojx[t x'G5 eg] csf]{ kl/j]zdf pm ;fdfGo jf cem st} dflyNnf] bhf{sf] klg
dflgG5 eGb} pgn] ;f+:s[lts clek|fonfO{ w]/} JofVof u/]sL 5g\ . o; cy{df
;LdfGts[ttfn] hfthflt ju{, wd{ ;+:s[lt, lnª\u, k];f, If]q cflb x/]s lx;fan]
bldt, zf]lift, pTkLl8t ju{nfO{ dfq hgfpFb}g . cwLg:ytfsf cfwf/df cfd
;dfh, hgtf jf s'g} /fi6«;d]t zlQmzfnL csf]{ kIfaf6 ;LdfGts[t cj:yfdf
afFRg afWo kfl/Psf] cj:yfnfO{ klg hgfpF5 . ;LdfGts[t lrGtgsf cu'jf
/l~ht u'xfn] ju{, lnª\u, hflt, pd]/, sfo{ut bhf{ nufot cGo x/]s lx;fan]
lje]b ul/Psf zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf l;sf/ ePsf JolQm jf ;d'bfo / ;LdfGt
ju{df k5{g\ g} To;sf cltl/Qm u|fdL0f / ;fgf ls;fg dfq xf]Og ;DkGg ls;fg
/ hldGbf/ dWod pRr ju{sf ;DkGgnfO{ klg ;LdfGts[t ju{d} /fv]sf 5g\ .
oBlk ltgn] ;De|fGt ju{ jf zf;ss} k[i7kf]ifssf ¿kdf sfd u5{g\ . o;/L
;LdfGts[ttf P]ltxfl;s, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts kl/k|]Iodf lgwf{l/t

bLklzvf ÷ 43
x'g] ljifo ePsfn] ;do :yfg / kl/l:ylt cg'¿k ;LdfGttfsf] cj:yf lgdf{0f
x'g] b]lvG5 . sf]xL hftsf cfwf/df pkNnf] ju{df k/] klg cfly{s tyf cGo
lx;fan] ;LdfGt aGg ;S5 . sf]xL n}ª\lus lx;fan] ;LdfGt ju{df k/] klg
cGo lx;fan] ;De|fGt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5 . pkGof;df g]kfnL ;fdflhs
;f+:s[lts kl/j]zdf ljleGg hfthflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt, ju{, efiff, ef}uf]lnstfsf
cfwf/df ;LdfGt ju{sf] klxrfg k|ltlglwTjsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
->]i7, @)^* M !$–!%_ .
k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf ;Gbe{nfO{ cg]s 9ª\un] x]g{ ;lsg] eP klg
ljz]iftM n}ª\lustf, hftLotf, If]qLotf / juL{o lx;fan] ljZn]if0f u/]/ x]l/G5 .
;LdfGt ju{ zf;ssf] x}sdsf ;fd' ;w}F cwLg:y eP/ afFRg' kg]{ ePsfn] p;n]
cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5 ;Sb}g, p;sf ;LdfGt cfjfh c¿sf] ;'g'jfO x'G5
x'Fb}g, pgLx¿sf cfjfh jf:tljs zlQm s]Gb|;Dd k'U5g\ k'Ub}gg\ / pgLx¿n]
af]n]sf ljifo ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yfn] ;To dfG5 ls dfGb}g < cflb hl6n
k|Zgx¿;Fu klxrfg / k|ltlglwTjsf] ;jfn ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] pgLx¿
kl/lwdf ePsfn] pgLx¿sf cfjfh s;n] af]lnlbg] c¿n] af]n]/ pgLx¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sg] ls g;Sg], To;f] eP s;/L d"nwf/;Dd cfpg ;S5g\
ls ;w}F pTkL8gsf] df/df /xg' k5{ t eGg] ofjt\ k|Zgx¿df k|ltlglwTj /
klxrfgsf] vf]hL ul/G5 . ;LdfGt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf ;Gbe{df
k|:t't pkGof;df d'VotM juL{o, If]qLo, n}ª\lustf / kfqx¿sf] ;fdflhs,
/fhgLlts ;+:sf/ut e"ldsfnfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . k|:t't pkGof;df
k'?if jf dlxnf hf];'s} klg ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yf, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts ¿kn]
pTkLl8t ePsf b]lvG5g\ . pTkL8gsf] d'Vo sf/0f k|e'Tj, k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygsf]
zf;g, n}ª\lustf, ef}uf]lnstf, cflb ljljw sf/0f /x]sf 5g\ . pkGof;df
k|d'v e"ldsfdf laHhL / j;lGtof Pjd\ cGo ;LdfGts[t kfqx¿n] k|ltlglwTj
/ klxrfgsf] l:yltnfO{ qmdzM ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

#= pkGof;df ;LdfGt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg

#=! d'Vo kfq -laHhL_ sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg
k|ltlglwTjsf b[li6n] x]bf{ o; pkGof;df d'VotM laHhL ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5] . To;df klg d'Vo ¿kdf n}ª\lus lx;fan]
dlxnf / k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygfTds zf;g Pjd\ lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf] k'?if
ef]ujfbL k|j[lQsf] l;sf/sf] ¿kdf n}ª\lus lx+;faf6 lszf]/jf:yfd} d'To'j/0f
u/]sL d'Vo ;LdfGts[t gf/L kfqsf ¿kdf laHhLsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 .

44 ÷ bLklzvf
hGdk"j{ a'af / hGdg] lalQs} cfdfsf] d[To';Fu} a];xf/f / 6'x'/L ag]sL laHhLsf]
jf:tljs kl/ro c:ki6 g} 5 . pkGof;df JoQm o; egfOaf6 klg o;/L
k|:6 x'g ;lsG5—æhGdhft pm dfG5] xf] . t/ klg p;sf] 5fltdf cfdf afa'sf]
gfd n]lvPsf] 5}g, p;sf] 9f8df j+zfjnL klxNofpg] Pp6f kblrGx;Dd klg
5f]l8Psf] 5}g, ¿k /ª\u 5, dfG5] x'g'sf] kl/ro, >d 5 dfG5] x'g'sf] kl/ro,
5fg' 5 3/ 5}g, lgb|f 5 ljR5\of}gf 5}gÆ -kfl/hft, @)$^ M !_ .
pko'{Qm ;fIon] klg laHhL k"0f{tM ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosL 6'x'/L afn
>lds gf/L kfqsf ¿kdf pkGof;df b]lvPsL 5] . hftLo b[li6n] x]bf{ pm tfdfª
hghftLo ;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kfq xf] . laHhL ;fdflhs
zf;g Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Iodf x]g]{ xf] eg] klg k"0f{tM ;Qf / zlQmsf] ;fdGtL
;+/rgfaf6 ;LdfGts[t agfOPsL jf To; cj:yfdf k'¥ofOPsL hflt xf], hf]
;LdfGts[t ju{df kb{5 . 1fg g} zlQmsf] ;|f]t xf] eGg] km'sf]sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/
laHhL cgk9, clzlIft ePs}n] klg 1fgsf cefjdf pm zlQmxLg ag]sL 5] .
z}lIfs r]tgfsf b[li6n] d"nwf/eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Ps}n] of] ;fx' lblUjhosL bf;L,
gf]sgL{ 3/]n' >ldssf ¿kdf sfd ug{ afWo kfl/PsL 5] . lzIff / 1fgaf6
al~rt laHhL afNofj:yfd} ;fx' lblUjhosf 3/df afn>lds 3/]n' sfdbf/sf
¿kdf dhb'/L u/]/ k]6 kfNg ljjz 5] . ;w}Fh;f] laxfg} p7\g', cfkm"eGbf 7"nf]
3Nrfdf kfgL eg'{, h'7f] efF8f df‰g', af;L dfd/L nfu]sf] eft vfP/ leh]sf]
cfwf 3fF3/ nufP/} jg hfg', k}tfnfel/ sfF9f laemfP/ 3fF; bfp/f ug'{, uf]7sf]
wGbf ug'{ clg a]n'sf lblUjhosf h'7]Ngfsf efF8f dfem]/ uf]7d} uP/ PSn}
;'Tg' p;sf] b}lgsL g} xf] . o;af6 p;nfO{ cfˆgf] skfn sf]g]{, g'xfpg], sk8f
w'g];Dd klg cj;/ 5}g . pm cfkm}F dlxgf}F gdflemPsf] efF8fh:t} sfnL, kmf]xf]/L
/ h'd|L eP/ a:g ljjz 5] . pm hqf pd]/sf c¿sf 5f]/f5f]/L v]Ng] / vfg]
pd]/df pm eg] ;fx' lblUjhosf] kl/jf/df zf]lift, kLl8t / pk]lIft hLjg lhpg
afWo 5] . vfg] / v]Ng] pd]/sL laHhL pkGof;df afn>lds k|ltlglw kfq xf]
h;n] cfˆgf] >dhLjL klxrfg agfPsL 5] . pm ;fx' lblUjhosf] 3/df /ftlbg
kl;gf aufpFbf klg Pp6f s's'/n] kfpg] hlQs} x]/rfx / dfof kfpg ;s]sL
5}g . k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygsf] zf;g Joj:yfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] n}ª\lus e"ldsfs}
sf/0fn] klg p;n] 3/]n' sfdbf/ dfq} geP/ h'7f] efF8f], ufO{j:t', jgkft, 3fF;
bfp/fn] p;sf] u|fdL0f dlxnfsf] >lds gf/Lsf] k|ltlglwTj Pjd\ klxrfg lgdf{0f
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;f+:s[lts cWoogdf dflg;sf] JolQmut, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts
kl/rosf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . JolQm ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;Gb{edf Pp6} e"uf]n,

bLklzvf ÷ 45
wd{, ;+:s[lt / ;d'bfodf g/x]/ /fi6«sf e"uf]nsf ;LdfnfO{ gf3]/ cGo If]qlt/
klg hfG5g\ . hxfF gofF ;f+:s[lts kl/lwx¿, cf:yfx¿af6 JolQmx¿ k|efljt
xF'b} km]l/Psf ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/k|]Iodf ¿kfGtl/t eO/xg] x'Fbf dflg;sf
kl/rosf cfwf/x¿ klg kl/jlt{t eO/xG5g\ . ;d;fdlos ljZjdf dflg;sf
kl/ro l:y/ jf ckl/jt{gzLn 5}gg\ . a? lg/Gt/ ¿kfGtl/t x'Fb} uPsf ;f+:s[lts
w/ftnx¿;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ -pk|]tL, @)^* M @&^_ . o;/L kl/ro k|s[lt
k|bQ geP/ P]ltxfl;s / /fhgLlts kl/k|]Ioleq lgld{t ePsf x'G5g\ . o;
cjwf/0ff cg';f/ o; pkGof;sL k|d'v kfq lah'nL cyf{t\ laHhLsf] kl/ro
klg ¿kfGtl/t xF'b} cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
laHhL lxhf]sf] lblUjhosf] 3/sf] h'7]Ngf]df ePsL eGbf lgs} km/s
e"ldsf, hLjgz}nL, ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L kfPsL 5] . o;af6 p;sf]
kl/ro sf7df8f}Fsf] kl/j]zdf gofF 9ª\un] lgld{t ePsf] 5 . pm km/s kl/ro
lnP/ sf7df8f}Fdf plePsL 5] . Pp6f gofF / pdª\usf] jftfj/0fdf 5] . lxhf]
/fd]5fksf] lblUjhosf] 3/df vfg] / v]Ng] pd]/df ;LdfGts[t aGg ljjz laHhL
oxfF vfg] / v]Ng] cj;/ kfPsL 5] h;n] ubf{ p;sf] kl/ro ;De|fGt ju{sL 5f]/L
r]nLsf] hlQs} x}l;otsf ¿kdf pkGof;df b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6 p;sf] klxrfg
ca k'FhLjfbL ;+:s[ltdf vfP x's]{sf] ofbjsL k'FhLjfbL ;+:s[lts} pkef]Uo j:t'
;/x pkef]u eO/xg] j:t'sf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . o;af6 k'FhLjfbL ;+:s[ltn]
h;/L dlxnfnfO{ pkef]Qmfs/0f u5{ To;sf] k|ltlglw kfqsf ¿kdf laHhL
¿kfGtl/t ePsL 5] . pm g} k'FhLjfbL ahf/ ;+:s[ltsL ;+jfxssf ¿kdf ljgf]b
ofbjsf] ;]jf :ofxf/df pkl:yt 5] . pkGof;sf/sf] o; k|sf/sf] cleJolQmn]
klg p;sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgnfO{ gjLg P]ltxfl;s ;fdflhs kl/k|]Iodf
lgld{t ePsf] s'/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5— ælaHhLsf] cln cln sfd x'G5 ca
lunf;, af]tn, kfgL, /S;L, a/km, lk|mhaf6 lemSg', ldnfpg'', l;Qg cf];fl/lbg',
kfx'gfx¿sf] cufl8 ;lqmo eP/ b]vfOlbg'Æ -kfl/hft, @)^$ M !(_ . o;n]
laHhLsf] ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs kl/j]z km]l/P;Fu} k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] l:ylt
klg km/s ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ klg k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg eg] ;jfN6g{
dlxnf kfqs} ¿kdf oyfjt\ h:t} 5 . p;sf] ;LdfGts[t juL{o k|ltlglwTj eg]
km]l/Psf] cj:yf 5}g . s]jn sfd / e"ldsf ;]jf / ;'ljwf dfgjLo Jojxf/ /
cEof;df dfq s]xL ef}lts cGt/ ¿kdf b]lvG5 t/ ;f/df vf;} cGt/ 5}g .
pm n}ª\lus lx;fan] lxhf] klg dlxnf g} lyO{ / cfh klg dlxnf g} xf] . p;n]
ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ k|s[lt dfq km]l/Psf] 5 h;n] ubf{ p;sf] km/s kl/ro lgdf{0f x'Fb}
uPsf] b]lvG5 . laHhLsf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;;Fu} p;sf] z/L/sf] sdf]l8lkms];g

46 ÷ bLklzvf
ePsf] 5 . k'FhLjfbL pkef]QmfjfbL ;+:s[ltdf ofbjn] laHhLsf] z/L/nfO{ pkef]Uo
j:t'sf ¿kdf pkef]u u/]sf] 5 . lxhf] ;fx' lblUjhosf] 3/df bf;L laHhLnfO{
cfh lglZrt df]ndf]nfOdf ofbjn] vl/b u/]/ NofPsf] 5 / lblUjhosf] k|e'Tjaf6
ofbjsf] cwLg:y ;+:s[ltsf] pkhsf] ¿kdf laHhL pkGof;df pkl:yt ePsL
5] . laHhL c3f]lift ¿kdf ;fx' lblUjhoaf6 a]lrPsL 5] / ljgf]b ofbjn]
u|fD;Ls} cg';f/ laHhLdfly ;xdtLo k4ltdf k|e'Tj sfod u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;dfhdf JolQmsf] kl/ro jf JolQmTj cfkm}F lgdf{0f x'Fb}g . JolQmTj :jlgld{t geO{
;fdflhs Joj:yfaf6 cflh{t x'g] s'/f xf] . JolQm ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof h'g
;fdflhs kl/j]zdf /xG5 ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] p;sf] JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf cEof;x¿
klg rNb} hfG5g\ . JolQmsf] ;fdflhs ;+f:s[lts Jojxf/ lgdf{0fdf ;f+:s[lts
;+/rgfx¿ 3/ kl/jf/ l5d]s ;~rf/, ljleGg ;fyLefOsf] k|efjo'Qm e"ldsf
/x]sf] x'G5 . pkGof;df laHhLsf] k'FhLjfbL ;+:s[ltut JolQmTj lgdf{0f x'g'sf
k5fl8 ljgf]b ofbjsf] kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfut e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{
/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 laHhLsf] gofF klxrfg lgdf{0fdf ljgf]b ofbj / ;fdflhs
kl/j]z k|d'v sf/s ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ . ljgf]b ofbjn] laHhLnfO{ sf7df8f}F
NofO;s]kl5 p;sf] rl/q km/s 9ª\un] ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . ljgf]b ofbjåf/f g}
;~rflnt ;d"x hf] ;w}F ;x/ ahf/ 3'Dg], lkmNd x]g,]{ l6s6 ANoflsª ug]{h:tf
sfddf p;}n] cwLg:y agfPsf ldg', /fw] / b]ljsfs} ;d"xdf ofbjn] laHhLnfO{
;d]6]sf] 5 . o;af6 laHhL ca pkGof;df cfw'lgs ;xl/of ;+:s[ltaf6 k|efljt
b]lvG5] . o;af6 p;df ;xl/of cfw'lgs s]6Lsf] klxrfg lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . .
pm lxhf] /fd]5fkdf 3fF; bfp/, jgkfvf, h'7f]efF8f]h:tf k/Dk/fdf cEo:t laHhL
cfh gofF 7fpF gofF ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf lkmNd xn hfg', l6s6
ANofsdf a]Rg', kfs]6 dfg'{, 8s}tL ug'{ / ljgf]b ofbjnfO{ k};f a'emfpg' p;sf]
k];f ag]sf] 5 . lxhf]sL >lds laHhLsf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf] ¿k km]l/Psf]
5 . x'g t p;n] cfkm"n] cFufn]sf] k];fk|lt ;zª\lst gePsL xf]Og . p;df
;+:sf/ut lx;fan] cGtMr]tgfdf ;x/df h'g lsl;dsf] klxrfg p;sf] aGb}
5 To;k|lt k|Zg gp7]sf] xf]Og . t}klg pm To;df cEo:t h:t} egf}F, p;dfly
ghflgbf] 9ª\un] To;sf] ;+:s[lt al;;s]sf] 5 lsgls p;n] To;f] gu/L ;'v}
5}g . p;sf ;fyLx¿, p;sf] a'af, p;sf] kl/j]z tTsfnLg g]kfnL ;xl/of o'jf
;+:s[lt oL ;a} kl/j]zn] p;nfO{ lgb]{lzt ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . ToxL g} ;To xf]
h:tf] laHhLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ zlQm g} ;To xf] eGg] cjwf/0ff cg';f/
p;sf] zf;s ofbj p;dfly cwLg /fVb5 . laHhL cwLg:y ePsL 5] . km/s
olt xf] lxhf]sf] u|fdL0f ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/j]z / To;} cg's"nsf] k];f,

bLklzvf ÷ 47
>d / cfhsf] ;xl/of ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/j]z Pjd\ k'FhLjfbL ;f+:s[lts
k/Dk/f cg's"nsf] k];f / Joj;fo . o;/L ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgf cg's"n
laHhLsf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg pkGof;df b]lvG5 .
1fgfTds ;ª\sygsf] zf;g h;/L l:y/ /xg ;Sb}g . To;} u/L lgd'vL
laHhLsf] klxrfg / k|ltlglwTj klg l:y/ /x]g . 1fgfTds ;ª\sygsf] zf;g
cyf{t\ P]ltxfl;s ljdzf{Tds ;+/rgfn] JolQmnfO{ h;/L bLlIft u/fpF5, ToxL
cg's"ntfdf JolQmsf] klxrfg lgdf{0f x'G5 . o;sf] kmn:j¿k cfh laHhLsf]
klxrfg Pp6f ;xl/of, u'08L s]6Lsf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 h'g p;sf] ljb|"k
klxrfg xf] . ;xl/of, u'08L s]6Lx¿ hf] lkmNd x]g]{, l6s6 a]Rg] / kfs]6 dfg]{x¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj u/]sL laHhLsf] o; k|sf/sf] lj|b|"k klxrfgleq klg p;n] cfh;Dd
ldg' / /fw]n] h:tf] lhp df:g] a]Rg] ck/fw u/]sL 5}g . p;n] gf/L cl:tTj
/ OHhtsf] Vofn /fv]sL 5] . of] p;sf] cfTdklxrfg xf] / :jMklxrfg klg
xf] . h'g s'/f ljgf]b ofbjsf] anfTsf/k"j{;Dd Ps 9ª\un] ;'/lIft g} b]lvG5 .
cfly{s lx;fan] laHhLnfO{ k};fsf] vfFrf] 5}g lsgls pm cfkm} k};f sdfpg]
s's[Todf ;+nUg 5] . ;+:s[ltut lx;fan] p;dfly ofbj;Fu /xFbf;Dd k'FhLjfbL
;+:s[ltsf] k|efj k|z:t k/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . laHhL cfkm}F klg To; vfnsf
;xl/of k'FhLjfbL ;+:s[ltn] leœofPsf ljleGg ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultsL l;sf/
ag]sL 5] . p;nfO{ ;+:sf/ut k|efjn] 5kSs} 5f]k]sf] 5 . pm ;xl/of ljs[lt
/ lj;ª\ultk"0f{ sfdx¿ ug{ k|]l/t 5] . pm 3l/3l/ cfˆg} sfo{x¿af6 crlDdt
gePsL xf]Og t}klg cwLg:y ;+:s[ltsL ef]Qmf kfq laHhL o;df cEo:t
eO;s]sL 5] . of] p;sf] ;fdfGo b}lgsL ag]sf] 5 . k};f;Fu v]Ng' / nfu'
kbfy{sf] gzfdf em'ldg' p;nfO{ ;fdfGo 5 . ljgf]b ofbjsf] rfxgfg's"n aGgsf
vflt/ laHhL o:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] stJo{ g} ;lDemPsL 5] . o; vfnsf]
JolQmTj lgdf{0fdf ljgf]b ofbjsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf b]lvG5 . laHhL k'FhLjfbL
;+:s[ltsf] r]k'jfdf s;/L k/]sL 5] / ofbjsf] bnfnL / t:s/Lsf] zf;sLo
;+:s[ltsf] cwLg:y s;/L aGg k'u]sL 5] eGg] ljifonfO{ :jod\ laHhLsf] o;
k|sf/sf] wf/0ffn] k|:6 kfb{5—
d]/f] sdfO slt xf] / < a'afn] dnfO{ w]/} ;fyL gagfpg eGg' x'G5 .
lsg xf]nf < sfd g} o:tf] 5 . cfkm"n] eg] h:tf] vfg, eg] h:tf]
nufpg kfPkl5 s] 5 / < a'afnfO{ v';L kf/]kl5 h] klg kfOG5, lg
PskN6 d}n] ;fx|} lrQ b'vfPsf] 5' pxfFnfO{ pxfFnfO{ yfxf ePkl5
pxfFn] dnfO{ s] cf}iflwsf] ;'O{ kfv'/fdf lrl;Ss 3f]lrlbg' eof] s:tf]
/dfOnf] eP/ lgbfPsf] d t hfF8 /S;L vfFbf klg Tolt /dfOnf] t
x'Fb} x'Fb}g -kfl/hft, @)$^ M ^)_ .

48 ÷ bLklzvf
 o; k|sf/sf] egfOn] laHhLn] h'g hLjg z}nLnfO{ ckgfPsL 5] Tof]
k"0f{tM k'FhLjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] ;fdflhs oyf{y xf] / o;sf] k5fl8 ljgf]b ofbjsf] /
tTsfnLg ;xl/of ;+:s[ltsf] a9L g} e"ldsf b]lvG5 . o;af6 laHhLsf] k'FhLjfbL
;+:s[ltut ef]ujfbL klxrfg lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . k|e'Tjut l:yltn] x]bf{ klg zlQms}
s]Gb| efudf ePklg clwsf/ k|flKtsf b[li6n] / zlQm ;~rfngsf ;Gbe{df eg]
pm kl/lwdf g} 5] . ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yfdf k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygsf] zf;gsf]
k|efj laHhLdf k/]sf] 5 / klg vf;} To;sf] c;/nfO{ laHhLn] d"Nofª\sg ug{
;s]sL 5}g . o;df ofbjn] ;xdtLo ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfg's"n agfP/
laHhLdly k|e'Tj nflbPsf] s'/fnfO{ laHhL cfˆgf] sd{ / efUo g} 7fGb5] .
o;df p;sf] ;xdtLo :jLsf/f]lQm b]lvG5 . o;/L lxhf]sL lah'nL hf] cfh
ef}uf]lnstf, P]ltxfl;stf / ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts kl/k|]Iosf] ¿kfGtl/t ;Gbe{df
laHhL ePsL 5] t/ klg ;f/df pm ;LdfGts[t ju{s} k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg
ePsL ;LdfGts[t kfqdf ¿kdf pkGof;df pkl:yt 5] .
dfgj ;Eotf / ;dfhsf Oltxf;df lkt[;Qfsf] :yfkgf / ljsf;kl5
gf/Lx¿ ;LdfGts[t t agfOFb} cfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] klxrfgnfO{ k'?if
cfwfl/t agfOPsf] 5 / k'?ifsf of}g ;'vsf] kl/t[lKtsf] ;fwg agfOPsf]
l:yltn] pgLx¿nfO{ zlQmxLg / ;LdfGt cj:yfdf k'¥ofof] . 1fg / zlQmb]lv
al~rt ul/Psf dlxnfx¿ cGo pkef]Uo j:t' emF} pkef]Uo aGg k'u] / ltgsf]
k0oLs/0f eof] . k'FhLjfbL / cem pQ/k'FhLjfbL pkef]QmfjfbL ;dfhdf klg
dlxnfsf] z/L/ sdf]l8l6lkms];g ePsf] 5 . clxn] dlxnf z/L/ / zf/Ll/s
;f}Gbo{nfO{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] kof{osf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 -kf8]0o, @)^* M
&–*_ . o; vfnsf] ;fdGtL ;f+:s[lts :j¿ksf] ljb|"ktf k|:t't pkGof;df
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . lxhf];Dd ljgf]b ofbjn] laHhLnfO{ 5f]/L agfP/ kfn]sf] s'/f
jf:tjdf tflTjs ;To lyPg /x]g . jf:tjdf Tof] tflTjs ;To k|s[lt k|bQ
geP/ P]ltxfl;s ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfx¿sf] hfnf]leq hGd]sf kl/jt{gzLn
;To dfq} x'g\ . s'g} klg JolQmsf] JolQmTj pm s:tf] ;dfh / dfGotf Pjd\
P]ltxfl;s / /fhgLlts kl/k|]Iodf x'G5 To;n] lgwf{/0f ub{5 -pk|]tL, @)^*
M #^(_ . kl/rosf] dfkb08 Oltxf; / ;dfh ;fk]If kl/j{tgzLn b]lvG5 .
laHhLsf] kl/ro klg ljb|"k aGg] qmdn] cem prfO lnFb} 5 . dlxnf z/L/sf]
pkef]ujfbL ;+:s[ltn] laHhLdf ljb|"ktf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . pm klxnf] s'/f t
ljgf]b ofbjsf] pTkL8gdf k/]sL 5] eg] lkt[;Qf / ;fdGtL ;dfhsf sf/0f pm
zlQmxLg / ;LdfGt agfOPsL 5] . To;dfly of}g zf]if0f / b]xJofkf/df klg
laHhLnfO{ nufOPsf] 5 . laHhLsf kl5Nnf b}lgsLx¿n] o;} s'/fsf] k'li6 u/]sf]

bLklzvf ÷ 49
5 . ddtf / jfT;No, pbf/tf / ljZjf; clg sd{zLn JolQmTjsf] h'g ;'Gb/
klxrfg 5 dlxnfsf] To;nfO{ ljgf]b ofbjn] ljb|"k agfPsf] 5 . ca pm ljgf]b
ofbjsL /vf}6L, ef]Uof / j]Zofsf] klxrfgdf ablnPsL 5] .
pkGof;df laHhLsf] e"ldsfnfO{ lgofNbf k|ltlglwTjsf] b[li6n] ljz]if
pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 . laHhL lzIff, cy{–/fhgLlt zf;sLo clwsf/, gful/s
clwsf/, Gofo, ;'/Iff, hflt, If]q / lnª\u cflb ;a} b[li6n] ;LdfGtdf k/]sL
k|ltlglw cfjfh xf] . of] k"0f{tM zlQm / 1fgaf6 al~rt / ;fdGtLx¿sf]
cwLg:y ;+:s[ltsL ef]Qmf xf] . p;sf] hLjg ef]ufOn] cfd pTkLl8t dlxnfx¿sf]
;fd"lxstfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

#=@ d'Vo ;xfos kfq -j;lGtof_ sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg

pkGof;df ;LdfGt ju{sf kfqx¿sf] ;LdfGtttfsf] cj:yf ;dfg k|s[ltsf]
5}g . To;}n] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg ;dfg lsl;dsf] b]lvFb}g .
;LdfGtLotf klg ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ ;fk]If lgld{t x'g] ePsfn] pkGof;sf
kfqx¿sf] sfof{Tds e"ldsfsf cfwf/df klg k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgnfO{ x]g'{ kg]{
b]lvG5 . o;} qmddf k|d'v ;LdfGtLo kfq laHhLkl5 csf]{ ;LdfGtLo kfq
j;lGtofnfO{ klg o;}df ;d]6\g ;lsG5 .
pkGof;df ;LdfGt kfqx¿df laHhLkl5 j;lGtof csL{ k|d'v ;LdfGt kfq
xf] . hf] n}ª\lus pTkLl8t gf/L ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgdf pkGof;df
pkl:yt 5] . ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yf / lkt[;QfTds k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygfTds
zf;g Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] kl/l:yltsL ef]Qmf kfq j;lGtof ;LdfGt aGg
afWo kfl/PsL 5] . hftLo b[li6n] pm yf¿ ;d'bfosL dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj
ug]{ kfq xf] . zf/Ll/s ¿kut ;f}Gbo{sf b[li6n] p;sf] ;fdfGo ¿k/ª\usf] klxrfg
b]lvG5 . p;sf] sfof{Tds e"ldsfsf cfwf/df j;lGtof d]xg]tL, >dhLjL,
cGtd'{vL dlxnfsf] klxrfg ePsL kfq xf] h;df p;sf] :jMklxrfg / cfTd
klxrfg b]Vg ;lsG5 . ef}uf]lnstfsf b[li6n] t/fOsf] s~rgk'/sL j;lGtof
zlQmsf] b[li6sf]0fn] kl/lwdf /x]sL b]lvG5] . pm t/fO{sf] lk5l8Psf] hghflt
yf¿ kl/jf/df hGd]sL / pgLx¿s} hftLo afnljjfxsf] s';+:sf/sL ef]Qmf kfq
xf] hf] ToxfFsf] ;+:s[lt cg';f/ uf}gf k|yfåf/f ;fg}df csf{sf] aGwsL ePsL 5] .
o;n] ;du|df t/fO{sf yf¿ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;af6
p;sf] JolQmut klxrfg ;d"xut / ;d'bfout klxrfglt/ pGd'v b]lvG5 .
ljBfno txdf /fd|f] k9\g], ldlxg]t ug]{, nugzLn / ;a} u'¿x¿nfO{ cfb/ ug]{
p;sf] JolQmut ;+:sf/sf sf/0f p;n] Pp6f c;n / k|ltefzfnL 5fqfsf]

50 ÷ bLklzvf
k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg agfPsL 5] . pm /fhg ;/;Fu lax] u/]kl5 /fd|f];Fu kl/jf/
rnfPsL 5] /fhg ;/sf] /fd|f] Vofn /fv]sL 5] . a]nf a]nfdf cfˆgf] s'zntf
k|bz{g u/]sL 5] . kfl/jfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] klg cfly{s ¿kdf hlt;'s} ;ª\s6
cfOk/] klg p;n] slxNo} klg kfl/jfl/s cfly{s ;d:ofx¿nfO{ s'zntfk"j{s
Joj:yfkg u/]/ Pp6f s'zn u[lx0fLsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5] . h;n] j;lGtof
s'zn u[lx0fL, cfTdljZjf;L / lxDdtL gf/Lsf] klxrfg p;df :yflkt ePsf] 5 .
pm cToGt bofn' / ;+j]bgzLn 5] eGg] s'/f laHhL p;sf] z/0fdf kl/;s]kl5
p;n] u/]sf] Jojxf/, ljj]s, p;k|ltsf] ;+od, p;nfO{ a'‰g] dgf]j}1flgs
Jojxf/, 8fS6/L pkrf/ nufotsf ofjt\ laHhLk|ltsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿n] jf:tjdf
j;lGtofsf] ddtf / jfT;No, pbf/tf / ljZjf; clg sd{zLn JolQmTjsf] ;'Gb/
klxrfgnfO{ k|ltlalDat u/]sf] b]lvG5 . p;n] /fhg ;/b]lvsf] k|]d ;DaGw /
laHhLsf] c;fdlos xTofsf] z[ª\vnf;Dd klg cfkm"nfO{ slQ klg ljrlnt
gu/fO{sg cToGt ;r]t 9ª\un] ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yf;Fu ;ª\3if{ u/]sL
5] . o;n] p;sf] wL/, uDeL/ / ;r]t lqmofzLn gf/L klxrfg pkGof;df b]Vg
;lsG5 . j;lGtofsf] o; k|sf/sf] cleJolQmn] o;sf] k'li6 ub{5— æd o;sf]
kf]i6df6{d u/fpg rfxG5' . k'ln;df o;sf] x'lnof n]vfO;s]sf] x'gfn] sfg'gL
¿kdf tkfO+{x¿ klg d;Fu c:ktfn hfg' kg]{ xf] . ck/fwLx¿ vf]Hgsf] lglDt
tkfO+{x¿ klg t lhDd]jf/ x'g'x'G5Æ -kfl/hft, @)$^ M !^)_ .
p;n] laHhLsf] cfudg / ckx/0f ;Ddsf 36gfx¿df lgs} ljj]s /
a'l4dtfk"0f{ 9ª\un] ;sf/fTds kfOnfx¿ rfn]sL 5] h;af6 p;sf] sfo{z}nLn]
p;sf] klxrfgnfO{ ;an Pjd\ cfb{z agfPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] afNosfnd} ePsf]
uf}gfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ cfkm}Fn] /f]h]sf] k|]dL cyf{t\ /fhg ;/;Fu cGt/ hftLo
ljjfx ug]{ j;lGtofsf] h'g lg0f{o 5 To;n] j;lGtof k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt /
;+:sf/sf] lj/f]w ub}{ ;fdflhs gjLg o'jf ;+:s[ltsf] kIfkf]ifssf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{
pEofPsL 5] . o;af6 p;sf] cfw'lgs gf/Lsf] klxrfg lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . p;n]
cfkm}n] 5fGg] / cfkm} j/0f ug]{ :jtGqtfn] ubf{ p;sf] cl:tTj af]wsf] klxrfg
pkGof;df pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
s'g} klg ;dfhdf af}l4s ju{ lglZrt ;ª\Vofdf /xG5g\ . t/ ToxL
;d"x g} af]Ng ;Sg] x'gfn] af]Ng g;Sg]x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj af}l4s ju{n] ug{ ;S5
elgPsf] xf] . pgLx¿n] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf
dfu{x¿ klg klxNofpg ;Sg] x'gfn] g} pgLx¿df ;dfh lge{/ /xG5 . To;}n]
af}l4s ju{n] cToGt ;r]t eP/ cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ k5{ . p;n] zlQmsf]
k|efjaf6 klg aRg' k5{ / ;LdfGtx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ af]Ng ;Sg' k5{ . o;

bLklzvf ÷ 51
pkGof;df j;lGtofn] sf7df8f}F ;x/sf ljs[lt, lj;ª\ult lj?4 af]Ng]x¿
nufot n}ª\lus pTkLl8t laHhLh:tfx¿sf] cfjfhsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5] .
cfd ;r]t gful/ssf] x}l;otdf pm ;dfhdf pkl:yt 5] . ;f+:s[lts cWoogn]
d'Vo ¿kdf k|ltlglwTj ;Gbe{nfO{ x]bf{ ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] s;sf] s;/L k|ltlglwTj
ePsf] 5 eGg] ljifonfO{ klg dxŒjsf ;fy p7fpF5 . o; qmddf n]vssf]
/fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts ljrf/wf/f / e"uf]nnfO{ klg k|ltlglwTjsf] ;Gbe{df
dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ dflgG5 . o; pkGof;df klg kfl/hft :jod\ tfdfª\ ;d'bfosL
dlxnf ePsLn] n}ª\lus / cfly{s lx;fan] d"nwf/df /xg ;lsgg\ g} . To;dfly
hftLo ;fldKo / cem cfkm} dlxnf x'g'sf] gftfn] klg laHhLsf] ;LdfGtLotfsf]
k|ltlglwTj pgn] pkGof;df u/fpFb} ;LdfGts[tsf] cfjfh j;lGtofsf] dfWodaf6
k|ltlglwTj u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . o; qmddf :jod\ n]vsn] pkGof;sf ;DaGwdf
æ;dk{0f pTkLl8tx¿nfO{ ;dk{0f ;Dj]bgzLn hfu¿sx¿nfO{Æ -kfl/hft, @)$^
M e"ldsf_ eGg] cfO8f]nf]lhsn cleJolQmaf6 klg j;lGtof g} n]vssf] ljrf/
wf/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;dfVoftfsf] ¿kdf pkGof;df k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 .
n}ª\lus pTkL8gsf lj?4 cfˆgf] j}rfl/s ljifonfO{ yftL /fVb} ;du| cfd
pTkLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] g]t[Tj j;lGtofn] u/]sL 5] / o;af6 pm hfu/0f cleofgsf]
g]t[Tjsf ¿kdf cfˆgf] klxrfg agfPsL b]lvG5] . o;af6 j;lGtof pTkLl8t
dlxnfx¿sf] cfjfh xf] . h;n] ;du| pTkLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL
5] .
o;/L pkGof;df lkt[;QfTds ;fdGtL ;dfh Joj:yfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
n}ª\lus lje]b / To;af6 pTkLl8t cfd dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfgsf]
¿kdf j;lGtofsf] e"ldsf pkGof;df b]lvPsf] 5 .

#=# cGo ;LdfGt kfqx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg

kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;df cGo ;LdfGt kfqx¿df /fd;'v, /flwsf,
ldg', b]ljsf cflb kb{5g\ . /fh]Gb| ;/ / x]8 ;/ klg k'?if eP klg n}ª\lustf
afx]s cGo b[li6sf]0fn] logLx¿ ;LdfGt ju{leq g} kb{5g\ . sf]xL hftsf] cfwf/df
pkNnf] ju{df k/] klg cfly{s tyf cGo lx;fan] ;LdfGts[t x'g ;S5 ->]i7,
@)^* M !%_ . ;LdfGttfsf] lrGtg ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;fk]Iftfdf lgwf{/0f
x'g] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ /fh]Gb| cyf{t\ /fh]Gb| clwsf/L / ljBfnosf x]8;/
zlQmsf] kl/lwdf /x]sf / /fHosf] k|e'Tjaf6 cwLg:y agL To;af6 cfˆgf] xs
clwsf/ gkfPsf] cj:yf pkGof;df b]Vg ;lsG5 . To;}n] oxfF cGo kfqx¿
dWo] /fd;'v nufotsf ;a} ;LdfGt kfqx¿nfO{ Pp6}df ;d]6]/ pgLx¿sf]

52 ÷ bLklzvf
k|ltlglwTjnfO{ x]g{ ;lsG5 . ljz]iftM pkGof;df k|ltlalDat ;dfh / To;df
ef]Qmf kfqn] ;fdflhs hLjgnfO{ s] s;/L k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 eGg] ljifosf]
vf]hL ul/G5 .
/fd;'v Pp6f ;LdfGts[t kfq xf] . pm ljgf]b ofbjsf] k'Vof}nL 3/df
gf]s/ / bf;sf] ¿kdf cfˆgf] hLjg JotLt u/]sf] 5 . pm :jfledfg 5 . cfd
>dhLjLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns lx;fan] pm /fhlj/fhsf] xf] .
ljgf]b ofbjn] p;nfO{ p7fP/ sf7df8f}F NofPsf] 5 . p;n] ;De|fGt ju{sf 3/
kl/jf/sf] r'nf]rDsf]df sfd u/]/ cfˆgf] 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] klxrfg agfPsf] 5 .
pm >d u/]/ afFRg] ePsf]n] pm cwLg:y ;+:s[ltsf] ef]Qmf kfq xf] . n}ª\lus
lx;fan] ;LdfGt k'?if kfq xf] eg] hftLo / ef}uf]lns lx;fan] pm lk5l8Psf]
hflt / If]qsf] xf] . juL{o b[li6n] cToGt sdhf]/ ;LdfGt ju{df k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{
p;sf] >dhLjL k];fn] g} k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . pm ;fdGtL ;dfh Joj:yf / To;n]
l;h{gf u/]sf] juL{o pTkL8gsf] k|ltlglw kfq xf] . 1fg / z}lIfs r]tgfsf b[li6n]
klg /fd;'v d"nwf/eGbf aflx/ / cj;/af6 jl~rt lyof] eGg] s'/f p;sf]
x}l;otn] g} b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . lkt[;QfTds ;dfh Joj:yf / k'?if zlQmsf]
s]Gb|df /xg] eP klg /fd;'vdf eg] of] s'/f nfu' ePsf] 5}g . lkt[;QfTds
;dfh Joj:yfsf] s]Gb|df eP/ klg pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / zlQmsf] s]Gb|df eGbf
k/ kl/lwdf k'¥ofOPsf] ;LdfGt ju{sf] kfq xf] . pm ;De|fGt ju{af6 zf]lift kLl8t
5 . pm ;wF} lagf d"No cfˆgf] >dsf] vf]nf] aufO/x]sf] 5 . pkGof;df cleJoQm
o; k|sf/sf] egfOn] klg /fd;'vsf] ;LdfGtLo cj:yfnfO{ k|:6 kfb{5—
/fd;'vnfO{ ofbjn] 3/af6 NofPsf], cfPsf] xf], Odfgbf/ 5,
ofbjk|lt s]xL af]Nb}g, s]xL lj/f]w ub}{g . To;}n] ofbj p;nfO{
dfof u5{ . h;/L ufpFdf pm lgtfGt PSnf] lyof] oxfF klg PSnf]
5, km/s olt xf] ufpFdf pm /3'gGbgsf] bf; lyof] eg] oxfF ljgf]b
ofbjsf] gf]s/ . p;n] cfˆgf] ;a} kl/jf/ / cfˆg} klg /ut /
kl;gf ofbjsf vfgbfgnfO{ ljgf s'g} d"No al9 r9fof] -kfl/hft,
@)$^ M #(_ .
o;/L /fd;'v jf:tjdf ;LdfGt ju{sf] xf] . km'sf]sf] dfGotf cg';f/ pm
1fg / zlQmaf6 jl~rt 5 . To;}n] p;sf] cfjfhsf] k|ltlglwTj pm cfkm}n] ug{
;s]sf] 5}g . 1fg / zlQmb]lv al~rt /fd;'v dfG5] xf]Og Pp6f d]l;gs} ¿kdf
ofbjsf] 3/df p;sf] kl/ro ;Lldt 5 . pm ;fdGtL ;dfhsf] pk]lIft kfq eP
klg p;sf] :jMklxrfg / cfTd klxrfgdf eg] s'g} ljb|"ktf 5}g .
u|fD;Ls} dtdf /fd;'v k|e'TjzfnL ;+:s[ltaf6 x]h]df]gfOh8 ePsf] 5 .
pm ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfut :j¿kd} cfkm" / cfˆgf] l:yltnfO{ sd{sf]

bLklzvf ÷ 53
/ efUosf] v]nsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . o;af6 pm cwLg:y ;+:s[ltsf] pRr
;LdfGtLo k|ltlglw kfq xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ /fd;'vsf] o; k|sf/sf] cleJolQmn]
klg k|:6 kfb{5– æ/fd;'vnfO{ cfh cfTdUnflg x'G5, pm ;f]R5 d xtefuL afhsf]
lglDt k/]jfsf] rf}lsbf/ u/]/ a:g], hfpmF t sxfF hfpmF o; ej;fu/df sf] lbG5
dnfO{ cf>o <Æ -kfl/hft, @)$^ M &^_ . o;/L /fd;'vn] ;fdflhs zf;g
Joj:yfdf ;fdGtL ;+:sf/n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] juL{o ;+:s[ltsf] pTkLl8t ;LdfGt
ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . >dhLjL cwLg:y ;f+:s[lts klxrfgsf ¿kdf
pkl:yt 5 .
pkGof;df ldg', /flwsf / b]ljsfn] klg ;LdfGt ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf
5g\ . lgDg juL{o cfly{s ;+:s[ltsf cwLg:y pgLx¿nfO{ ;De|fGt ljgf]b ofbjn]
cfˆgf] k|e'Tjdf /fv]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ ;x/df lkmNd x]g{ hfg], l6s6 ANoflsª
ug]{h:tf sfo{x¿df ;+nUg b]lvG5g\ . k'FhLjfbL ;xl/of ;+:s[ltsf] k|efjaf6
pgLx¿ k|efljt 5g\ h;sf] gsf/fTds kf6f] s'nt, nfu'kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gLdf
;d]t pgLx¿ km;]sf 5g\ . ;fdGtL ;dfhdf cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f pgLx¿
;LdfGt ag]sf 5g\ . To;} ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj logLx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ eg] pgLx¿sf]
klxrfg ljb|"k ag]sf] 5 . lzIff / zlQmsf b[li6n] jl~rt oL ju{ cfˆgf] hLljsf
rnfpg cg]sg s's[To / lhp a]Rg] df:g];Ddsf sfd ug{ ljjz 5g\ . o;
s'/fnfO{ pkGof;df JoQm o; k|sf/sf] egfOn] k'li6 ub{5— ælxhf] /ftL klxnf]
kN6 p;n] Pshgf ef/tLonfO{ cfˆgf] z/L/ a]r]sL 5], tLg ;o ¿k}ofFdfÆ
-kfl/hft, @)$^ M $$_ . o;/L cfly{s / juL{o ;LdfGts[t ju{sf logLx¿
;fdGtL ;dfh Joj:yf / lkt[;QfTds ;dfh Joj:yfsf n}ª\lus lx+;fsf l;sf/
aGg ljjz 5g\ . lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf] k'?if ef]ujfbL k|j[lQsf] l;sf/sf ¿kdf
k|:t't pkGof;df pgLx¿sf] klxrfgdf ljb|"ktf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . b]ljsfn]
pkGof;df laHhLnfO{ eg]sf] æhLp df:g], a]Rg] ck/fw eGbf /x]5g\ lg ToxL s]
/08Llu/L u/]sf] nhdf g} km]nf k/]sL /]Æ -kfl/hft, @)$^ M &$_ eGg] egfOn]
klg o;nfO{ yk k'li6 ub{5 .
n}ª\lus b[l6sf]0fn] k'?if eP/ klg cGo b[li6sf]0fn] x]8;/ / /fh]Gb|
;/ klg To; pkGof;df ;LdfGt juL{o kfq x'g\ . ef}uf]lns b[li6sf]0fn] x]8;/
s~rgk'/sf lzlIft ljBfnosf sd{zLn lzIfs x'g\ eg] /fhg ;/ ul0ft
lj1fgsf df=lj= lzIfs x'g\ . x]8;/ / /fhg ;/ ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yfdf
lzlIft eP/ klg zlQmn] kl/lwdf /x]sf 5g\ hf] tTsfnLg zf;sx¿sf] cwLg:y
eP/ a:g ljjz 5g\ . ;dfhsf] cGofo / cTofrf/sf] lj?4df pgLx¿n] cfjfh
p7fPs} sf/0f pgLx¿ ;/sf/L ;oGqaf6 lgzfgfdf k/]sf 5g\ . x]8;/n] ;dfhsf

54 ÷ bLklzvf
;fdGtL zf;sx¿sf] ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultsf lj?4 af]n]s}n] pgsf] hflu/;Dd
u'd]sf] cj:yf 5 . x]8;/sf] o; k|sf/sf] e"ldsfn] qmflGtsf/L, :jledfgL,
lg8/ Pjd\ k|ultjfbL ;f]r / lrGtg /fVg] JolQmsf] klxrfg ag]sf] 5 . To;}n]
pgL cfw'lgs o'jf ;+:s[ltsf ;+jfxs Pjd\ qmflGtsf/L JolQmTj pgsf] :jM /
cfTd klxrfg xf] . x]8;/ / /fh]Gb| ;/n] pkGof;df h}ljs a'l4hLjLsf] e"ldsf
v]n]sf 5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿n] pkGof;df h}ljs a'l4hLjLsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf]
b]lvG5 eg] pgLx¿sf] klxrfg af}l4s ¿kdf pkl:yt ePsf] 5 .
;du|df kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;df lkt[;QfTds ;fdGtL ;dfh
Joj:yf / To;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] juL{o ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf cwLg:y ;+:s[ltsf
ef]Qmf kfqx¿ hf] ;LdfGt ju{df kb{5g\ ltg} ju{ / ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj / klxrfg
pkGof;df pkl:yt 5 . o;sf ;fy} n}ª\lus lx;fan] k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygfTds
zf;g Joj:yf / To;n] l;h{gf u/]sf] lx+;fhGo kl/l:yltsf] df/df dlxnfx¿
pTkLl8t aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . o;af6 ;LdfGt ju{sf gf/L kfqx¿sf] :jMklxrfg
/ cfTd klxrfgdf k/Dkl/t / ljs[t ;f+:s[lts :j¿kn] ljb|"ktf l;h{gf u/]sf]
cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yfdf k|e'TjzfnL ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj
/ cwLg:y ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts :j¿knfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

$= lgisif{
kl/eflift cfFvfx¿ pkGof;sf kfqx¿ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts Joj:yfåf/f
afFlwPsf 5g\ . pkGof;df zf;sLo k|e'Tj juL{o b[li6n] ;LdfGtju{ / k|e'TjzfnL
;De|fGt ju{ b'j}sf] k|ltlglwTj b]lvG5 . d'VotM laHhL / j;lGtofn] d"nwf/df
gePsf ef}uf]lns / /fhgLlts b[li6n] ;fdflhs zf;g Joj:yfdf s]Gb|åf/f
kfvfdf kfl/Psf / ;LdfGt agfOPsf u|fdL0f >lds aflnsf / dlxnfsf]
k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ . pkGof;df ;LdfGt ju{sf] klxrfg lkt[;tfTds ;fdGtL
;dfh Joj:yfsf] k/Dkl/t ;+:s[ltn] ljb|"k aGg uPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df
k'?ifjfbL ;ª\sygfTds zf;g Joj:yf / lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltsf
sf/0f gf/L cl:dtf / :jMklxrfgsf] cl:tTj ;ª\s6df k/]sf] 5 . pkGof;df
k|o'Qm kfqx¿sf] sfof{Tds e"ldsfsf cfwf/df klg pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /
klxrfgsf] l:ylt :ki6 ¿kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . kfqx¿sf] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts
Jojxf/, cEof; / ljrf/wf/fn] klg ;f+:s[lts cWoogsf] dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0faf6
;LdfGt / ;De|fGt clehfTo ju{sf] kfqx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . pkGof;sf
kfqx¿sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s x}l;ot / ltgsf] hLjgz}nL, cfrf/, Jojxf/n]
klg ltgLx¿n] leGg leGg juL{o kfqsf ¿kdf ljljw 9ª\un] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf

bLklzvf ÷ 55
5g\ . pkGof;sf d'Vo ;LdfGtLo kfq laHhL cwLg:y ;+:s[ltsL ef]Qmf kfq xf] .
p;n] ;fdGtjfbL k'FhLjfbL cfly{s ;+:s[ltn] pTkL8gsf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofOPsf
cfd afn>lds gf/Lx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5] . 1fg / zlQmljxLgtfn] zlQmsf]
kl/lwdf k'¥ofOPsL laHhL cfd pTkLl8t dlxnf k|ltlglw kfq xf] . pm l;ª\uf]
gf/L cl:dtf / cl:tTj klxrfg lgdf{0fdf ;r]t x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cfˆgf] :jMklxrfg
/ cfTd klxrfgnfO{ hf]ufpg g;s]sL tTsfnLg ljdzf{Tds ;+/rgfsf] zf;g
Joj:yfaf6 cToGt ;LdfGt / r"8fGt cj:yfdf k'¥ofOPsL pTkLl8t kfq xf] .
lkt[;QfTds ;fdGtjfbL ;f]r / k'?if ef]ujfbL dfgl;stfsf] l;sf/ aGg ljjz
laHhL cfˆgf] lghTjsf] ;ª\3if{s} qmddf ljgf]b ofbj h:tf bnfn, e|i6 /
t:s/x¿sf] ckx/0f kZrftsf] anfTsf/ / xTof ul/PsL kfq xf] . laHhLn] gf/L
;Tjsf] /Iffk|lt dfgl;s ¿kdf eg] ljgf]b ofbjk|lt 3[0ffefj /fv]sL 5] eg]
bdg, zf]if0f / anfTsf/Lsf lj?4 cGTodf zf/Ll/s 9ª\un] ;zQm k|ltsf/df
plqFbf klg cfˆgf] cl:dtf / gf/L klxrfg hf]ufpg ;kmn x'g g;sL ljb|"k
klxrfg agfOPsL kfq xf] .
pkGof;df csf]{ ;LdfGtLo kfq j;lGtof k/Dk/fut ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ /
¿9LjfbL lrGtgsf] ;+f:s[lt cEof; / k|of]usL ef]Qmf kfq xf] . p;n] pkGof;df
cfd pTkLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5] . pTkLl8t dlxnfx¿sf] cGofo,
cTofrf/, bdg, lyrf]ldrf] / zf]if0fsf lj?4df af]n]/ cfˆgf] qmflGtsf/L / h'emf¿
klxrfg agfPsL 5] t/ klg cGTodf ;ª\3if{s} bf}8fgdf Jolyt / ljrlnt klg
ePsLn] j;lGtofsf] k|lt/f]w ;kmn aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

clwsf/L, s[i0fk|;fb= @)^^= …kfl/hftsf] cWoog k/Dk/fÚ= ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/
zf]wkq, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sLlt{k'/ .
clwsf/L, s]zj/fh= @)^(= ærLTsf/ syfdf ;jfN6g{Æ= Ond= !)÷!), k[=@!^–@@! .
cof{n, ef]h]Gb|= @)^*= n}ª\lus tyf dlxnfjfbL cWoog= sf7df8f}F M 1fgs'~h k|sfzg .
pk|]tL, ;~hLj= @)^*= l;4fGtsf s'/f= sf7df8f}F M cIf/ lqmo;g .
lu/L, cd/= @)^&= ;do ;dfh / ;+:s[lt= sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg
k|f=ln= .
=============== =@)^(= …klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt / dfS;{jfbÚ= gjo'u= @@÷*, k[=@&—#^ .
1jfnL, lji0f'k|;fb= @)&)= …/d]z ljsnsf pkGof;sf] ;f+:s[lts cWoogÚ= ck|sflzt
bz{gfrfo{ tx zf]w k|aGw, g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno,
sLlt{k'/ .
9sfn, dgxl/= @)^&= zlQm / /fhgLlt= sf7df8f}F M bLIffGt k|sfzg .

56 ÷ bLklzvf
kfl/hft= @)$(= kl/eflift cfFvfx¿= sf7df8f}F M :of]–Dx]Gbf] k|sfzg .
afs{/, lqm;= ;g\ @)!@= sNr/n :6l8h lyo/L PG8 k|flS6;= nG8g M ;]h klAns];g .
e6\6/fO{, /d]zk|;fb= @)^*= æn}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfÆ= /Tg a[xt\ ;dfnf]rgf -;}4flGts
v08_ -;Dkf=_ /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL / nId0f uf}td= sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
=============== = @)^(= æ;f+:s[lts cWoogsf d"ne"t l;4fGtx¿Æ= e[s'6L= -!^ ;fpg,
ebf}, c;f]h_, k[=$*–&& .
df:s], dx]z= @)^*= æh}ljs a'l4hLjLÆ= d"Nofª\sg, #)÷@)) -df3_, k[=@^–@( .
>]i7, tf/fnfn= @)^*= zlQm, ;|i6f / ;afN6g{= sf7df8f}F M l8:sf];{ klAns];G; .
;'j]bL, cle= @)^*= æ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts ljsf;Æ= /Tg a[xt\ g]kfnL
;dfnf]rgf -;}4flGts v08_ -;Dkf=_ /fh]Gb| ;'j]bL / nId0fk|;fb uf}td=
sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/, k[=!@%–#( .
xn, :6'6= ;g\ !((&= l/lk|h]G6];g M sNr/n l/lk|h]G6];g PG8 l;lUgkmfOª k|flS6;=
nG8g PG8 Go' lbNnL M ;]h klAns];g .

bLklzvf ÷ 57
 …;ª\sNkÚ dxfsfJosf] j}rfl/s lrGtg
uf]ljGbk|;fb cfrfo{*

ljifo k|j]z
@)#( >fj0f !^ ut] /fKtL c~rn, ?s'd lhNnfsf] afFkmLsf]6 uf=lj=;=
j8f g+= ^ sfF8fdf hlGdPsf ;flxTosf/ /fdk|sfz k'/Lsf] ljleGg ljwfdf ;zQm
snd rn]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn] cfˆg} ufpFsf] tTsfnLg /Tg k|fylds ljBfnoaf6
k|fylds lzIff xfl;n u/L tTsfnLg jL/]Gb| dfWolds ljBfnoaf6 dfWolds
lzIff k'/f u/]sf] tyf k|jL0ftf tx / :gfts Ko'7fg :ju{åf/L SofDk;af6 k'/f
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . :gftsf]Q/ tx;Dd cWoog u/]sf k'/Ln] ;a}eGbf klxn] @)%)
;fndf xfFs klqsfdf …rGbg lrxfgÚsf] pkgfdaf6 …sfo{stf{df lgDg k'FhLjfbL
lrGtgsf] s;/L k|j]z x'G5 <Ú eGg] n]vaf6 cfˆgf] n]vg ofqf ;'? u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To;kl5 ;'v]{taf6 k|sflzt k|n];sf] /ftf] y'ª\uf ;flxlTos dfl;sdf
pgsf] …dfG5] x'g'sf] ljjztfÚ eGg] syf k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|sfzg kl5
eP klg pgn] cfˆgf] n]vgnfO{ afNosfnaf6 g} ltvf/ nufpFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
…jgdf/fsf a'6fÚ @)$& ;fnsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df n]lvPsf] s'/f o;sf] cfd'vdf pNn]v
5 . o;/L pgn] cfˆgf] n]vg sfo{nfO{ j}rfl/s, ;}4flGts / ;flxlTos k|sf/n]
cufl8 a9fPsf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df pgsf /fhgLlts, ;}4flGts,
;flxlTos / j}rfl/s k|sf/sf n]v /rgfx¿sf ;fy} sljtfx¿ k|sflzt x'Fb}
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . pgsf ltg cf]6f pkGof;, b'O{ cf]6f v08sfJo / ltg cf]6f
dxfsfJo k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf] kl5Nnf] dxfsfJo ;+sNk xf] eg] xfn} k|sflzt
kl5Nnf] v08sfJo s[lt :d[lt xf] .

* <<<

58 ÷ bLklzvf
 k|ultjfbL ;flxTosf] bfz{lgs cfwf/ dfS;{jfb xf] . dfS;{jfb hLjg
hut\sf] cWoog ug]{ åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL ljZj b[li6sf]0f xf] . ;dfhjfbL
oyfy{jfb of k|ultjfb dfS;{jfbL hLjg b[li6sf]0faf6 lgb]{lzt ;flxTo l;4fGt
xf] . ;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbn] dfgj ;dfh / l;h{gfn] j:t'k/s, tYok/s Pjd\
k|fdfl0fs JofVof ub{5 . o; bz{gdf r]tgfsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf j:t' jf kbfy{nfO{
d'Vo dflgG5 . dfS;{jfbL bz{gn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg cfly{s j}ifDosf] sf/ssf
¿kdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfknfO{ ;dfhsf] pTkfbg k|0ffnL;Fu hf]8]/ JofVof
ljZn]if0f ub{5 . k|ultjfbL ;flxTo lrGtgdf klg bz{gsf] oxL kIf d'Vo /x]sf]
x'G5 . k|ultjfb ;flxTo cWoogsf nflu j:t'lgi7 Pjd\ j}1flgs dfGotf xf] .
o; dfGotf cg';f/ ;flxTo klg ;dfh ¿kfGt/0f / kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs tŒj xf] .
g]kfnL ;flxTodf k|ultjfbL ;flxTo lrGtg @))^ ;fnkl5 g} ;+:yfut
¿kdf cl3 a9]sf] xf] . oBlk hfu/0fd"ns / ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf] n]vg
o;sf k[i7e"ldut sf/s ag]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL k|ultjfbL sljtfsf] :ki6
cf/De @))* ;fnaf6 ePsf] xf] . sljtfdf k|ultjfbL dfGotf e~Hofªg]/}
-@))*_ sljtf ;ª\u|xdf :ki6 pb\3f]if ePsf] dflgG5 . g]kfnL dxfsfJo
k/Dk/fdf nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fåf/f /lrt k|ldy; -@)!)–@)@*_ nfO{ k|ultjfbL
dxfsfJosf] e"ldsf jf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbsf] klxnf] dxfsfJo dflgG5 .
;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf] cleJolQmsf] dfWod dflg; xf] . ;dfhdf /xg]
dflg;x¿sf dfemdf cg]s lsl;dsf leGgtf /xG5g\ . hLljsfsf nflu ul/g]
k];f, k];faf6 x'g] cfDbfgL, ;dfhdf :yfg, af}l4s :t/ cflb cg]s b[li6af6
dflg; dflg;sf lardf cg]sf}F leGgtf /x]sf x'G5g\ . log} leGgtfsf sf/0fn]
g} ;dfhdf dflg;x¿ ljleGg ju{, tx / ;d"xdf ljeflht x'G5g\ . ju{ s] xf] /
o;sf] ljefhg s;/L x'G5 eGg]af/] n]lggn] cfˆgf] dxfg\ b[i6fGt gfds s[ltdf
ju{x¿nfO{ lrgfpg] ;Gbe{df eGb5g\, ædflg;x¿sf o:tf 7'nf 7'nf ;d"xnfO{
ju{ eGb5g\ hf] ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf] lglZrt P]ltxfl;s qmddf cfcfˆgf] :yfgsf
b[li6n], >dsf] ;fdflhs ;ª\u7gdf cfˆgf] e"ldsfsf b[li6n] / kmntM ;fdflhs
pTklQsf] h'g lx:;fsf] pgLx¿ dflns x'G5g\ o;sf] kl/0ffd tyf To;nfO{ k|fKt
ug]{ k4ltsf b[li6n] Ps csf{af6 leGg x'G5g\Æ -cfkmfgf:o]e, @)^@ M !*#_ .
o; egfOaf6 ;dfhdf juL{o leGgtf Nofpg] k|d'v tŒj pTkfbgsf ;fwgk|ltsf]
;DaGw g} d'Vo xf] eGg] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿sf ;DaGwaf6
g} ;fdflhs pTkfbgdf ju{sf] :yfg / e"ldsf lgwf{/0f x'G5 . pTkfbg ;fwgsf]
;DaGw cfly{s kIf;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ;dfhdf cfly{s kIfsf] lg0ff{os
:yfg x'G5 . cfly{s kIfn] pTkfbgdf c;/ kfg]{ x'gfn] Pp6f pTkfbg k|0ffnL
csf]{ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g x'Fbf ju{x¿ lar pTkfbg ;fwgsf] ljt/0fdf

bLklzvf ÷ 59
klg kl/jt{g cfpF5 -lblIft, @)%^ M #%_ . oxL kl/jt{g :j¿k Pp6f ju{sf]
:yfg csf]{ ju{n] lnG5 . ;dfhdf ju{x¿ k|f/De ePkl5 dflg;sf sfdx¿
cnluG5g\ . clg dflg; / sfo{ zf/Ll/s >daf6 5'l6G5 . >dsf] ljefhg
/ ljlgdon] pTkfbgsf ;fwgdfly lghL :jfldTj sfod x'G5 . >d ljefhg
ePkl5 dflg;x¿ ljleGg sfddf vl6G5g\ / pgLx¿ o; sfd cg';f/sf] cfDbfgL
k|fKt ub{5g\ . log} >ldsx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf j:t'x¿df k'FhLkltx¿sf] :jfldTj
sfod x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ ju{x¿sf] ;femf ;DaGw ;dfhsf] cfly{s kIf;Fu
/x]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 -e6\6, @)%% M ^!#_ . cfly{s cfwf/dfly g} ;dfhsf]
sfg'gL, /fhgLlts, g}lts, wfld{s, bfz{lgs cflbsf] clw/rgf cl8Psf] x'G5
-jdf{, @)$( M %*_ . pTkfbgsf] oxL cfly{s k4ltsf cfwf/df dfgj hfltsf]
ljsf;sf Oltxf;df dfS;{n] ju{ 5'§fpg] sfddf Hofnfbf/L dhb'/ ju{, k'FhLklt
ju{, hldgbf/ ju{ g} cfw'lgs ;dfhsf ltg 7'nf ju{ x'g\ -sfn{dfS;{, !(*&
M &&^_ egL pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{sf ljrf/df ju{x¿ 5'§fpg] k|d'v tŒj
cfDbfgL / cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tsf] ;dfgtf xf] eGg] :ki6 x'g cfpF5 . cfDbfgL / ;|f]t
km/s ePkl5 dflg; juL{o ;dfhdf ljeflht x'G5 . ;dfhsf] juL{o ;+/rgf
To;n] hGdfpg] ju{ ;ª\3if{ cfkm}Fdf pTkfbg zlQmx¿ / pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿sf]
ljsf;åf/f lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ -bLlIft, @)%^ M #&_ . dfgj ljsf;sf] Oltxf;nfO{
x]g]{ xf] eg] ;fdflhs hLjgdf h] hlt pynk'yn / kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\, tL
;a} ju{ ;ª\3if{l;t ufFl;Psf 5g\ . Pp6f ;fdflhs Joj:yf csf]{ ;fdflhs
Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g x'g ju{ r]tgfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhnfO{
juL{o ;dfhdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ju{ r]tgfsf cg]s ¿k k|of]u x'G5g\ . tL ¿k
slxn] k|ToIf, slxn] ck|ToIf, slxn] lx+;fTds, slxn] clx+;fTds, slxn]
zflGtk"0f{ / slxn] czflGtk"0f{ b]lvPsf x'G5g\ . o;sf] juL{o r]tgf ;fdflhs
hLjgsf cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cflb ;a} If]qdf ;zQm ¿kdf /x]sf]
kfOG5 ->]i7, @)^) M !$%_ . ;dfhdf hlt hlt juL{o leGgtfsf] vf8n
a9\b} hfG5, Tolt Tolt zf]if0f / ;fdGtLsf] cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]if0f / bdgn]
zf]lift / a9L cfqmf]l;t r]tgzLn / ;ª\ul7t x'g k'Ub5g\ -bLlIft, @)%^ M
#&_ . zf]liftx¿ hlt hlt ;ª\ul7t x'G5g\, Tolt Tolt ;ª\3if{ tLj| aGb} hfG5 .
;dfhdf ju{ /x];Dd ju{ ;ª\3if{ rlnx/G5 eGg] tYonfO{ dfS;{jfbn] cufl8
;f/]sf] 5 . h'g dfGotf ;dfhdf ljsf;sf] Oltxf;df k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 .
;dfhsf] ljsf; dflg;sf] r]tgfeGbf aflx/sf] j:t'ut lgod cg';f/ eO/xG5
/ To;sf] ljsf; eg]sf] lgDgaf6 pRr :t/Lo cj:yfdf km8\sf] dfg]{ qmflGtsf/L
kl/jt{gsf] cgGt z[ª\vnf xf] -ckmfgf:o]e, @)^@ M &$_ . dfS;{–Pª\u]N;n]
cfh;Ddsf] ;dfhsf] Oltxf;nfO{ ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] Oltxf; xf] egL pNn]v ug'{n]

60 ÷ bLklzvf
-dfS;{–P8\u]N;, !(&( M #)_ klg ;dfhsf] qmlds ljsf; ju{ ;ª\3if{df
cfwfl/t ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 . o;} cfwf/df :6flngn] P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbL
l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg / To; l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs hLjg / Oltxf;sf]
ljsf; k|lqmofsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ub}{ cfhsf] dfgj ;dfhsf] Oltxf;nfO{
qmdzM -s_ cflbd ;fDojfbL ;dfh -v_ bf;k|yfTds ;dfh -u_ ;fdGtL
;dfh -3_ k'FhLjfbL ;dfh -ª_ ;dfhjfbL ;dfh u/L kfFr r/0fdf ljefhg
u/]sf] kfOG5 -:6flng, @)#$ M ##_ . Oltxf;df b]lvPsf oL kfFr cf]6f
;fdflhs ;+/rgf ju{ r]tgfs} kl/0ffd x'g\ . logdf dfgj zf]if0fsf a]Unfa]Un}
¿k b]lvG5g\ . bf; ;dfhdf bf;sf] dflnsåf/f zf]if0f, ;fdGtL ;dfhdf
;fdGtåf/f ls;fgsf] zf]if0f, k'FhLjfbL ;dfhdf k'FhLkltåf/f dhb'/sf] zf]if0f /
;dfhjfbdf zf]ifs ju{dfly zf]lift ju{sf] cflwkTo /xG5 . o;/L x]bf{ oL kfFr
k|sf/sf ;fdflhs Joj:yfn] 5'§f5'§} pTkfbg ;DaGwnfO{ b]vfpF5g\ . logdf
qmdzM klxnf]eGbf kfFrf}F a9L k|ultzLn ePsf] kfOG5 -nf]xgL, @))* M &_ .
bf; ;dfhdf bf; dflnsåf/f bf; ju{sf] zf]if0f x'g] ePsfn] oL b'O{sf larsf]
cGtlj{/f]w ju{ r]tgfsf ¿kdf b]vf k5{ . juL{o ;dfhdf o:tf lsl;dsf
cGtlj{/f]wn] ljleGg lsl;dsf ¿k lng] ePsfn] -dfcf]T;]t'ª\u, @)%& M
@%&_ . bf;:jfdL / bf;sf larsf] ;ª\3if{ tLj| aGb} hfG5 . bf; dflnsn]
bf;x¿af6 pTkfbs zlQmsf] k'/f k|of]u ePsf] b]v]/ bf;x¿nfO{ hldgsf] ;fgf]
6'qmf lbP/ sfd u/fpg yfn]kl5 ;fdfGtL ;dfhsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 .
To;}n] ;fdGtL ;dfhdf klg ;fdGtL dflns ju{ / k/fwLg zf]lift ls;fgsf
b'O{ ju{ /xG5g\ . v]tLaf6 pAh]sf] cGg ;fdGtLnfO{ clwof jf 7]Ssf :j¿k
ls;fgx¿n] a'emfpg' kg]{ ePsfn] o; ;dfhdf ls;fgx¿ cw{bf;sf] ¿kdf
/xG5g\ . ls;fgx¿n] ;fdGtx¿sf hUufaf6 cGg pTkfbg u/]/ 7'nf] lx:;fsf]
¿kdf lt/f] a'emfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o; ;dfhdf ls;fgx¿ Psflt/ s[lif pTkfbgaf6
7luPsf x'G5g\ eg] csf{lt/ wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf gfddf klg 7luPsf x'G5g\ . oL b'j}
lsl;dsf zf]if0faf6 5'6sf/f kfpgsf nflu ls;fgx¿n] ;fdGtL ju{;Fu} ;ª\3if{
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . hd{gsf] ;g\ !(@# sf] ljb|f]x / k|mfG;sf] !&&( sf] /fHoqmflGt
;fdGtL Joj:yfsf lj?4 ul/Psf ;ª\3if{ lyP ->]i7, @)^) M !!*_ .
cf}Bf]lus qmflGtsf] kmn:j¿k ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf] cGTo eO{ k'FhLjfbL
Joj:yfsf] hGd ;Fu;Fu} 7'N7'nf pBf]u / snsf/vfgfx¿ vf]lnP . k|fs[lts
;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] pkof]u u/L vf]lnPsf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿ k'FhLkltsf
xftdf ;Lldt x'g yfn] . k'FhLkltx¿n] pTkflbt ePsf j:t'x¿ ;+;f/sf x/]s
s'gfsfKrfdf k'¥ofpg yfn] . k'FhLjfbL Joj:yfdf ePsf ljsf;sf s'/fx¿
dfS;{–Pª\u]N;n] d"Nofª\sg ub}{ eg]sf 5g\–

bLklzvf ÷ 61
 cfˆgf] juL{o zf;g sfndf k'FhLklt ju{n] cl3sf ;a} k':tfx¿n] ldn]/
l;h{gf u/]sf] eGbf a9L zlQmzfnL / ckf/ pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
5 . k|fs[lts zlQmx¿dfly ljho k|flKt, pTkfbgdf oGqx¿sf] pkof]u, pBf]u
/ s[lif sfo{df /;fog lj1fgsf] k|of]u, jf:krflnt kl/jxg /]ndfu{, ljB't\,
6]lnu|fd, v]tLsf lglDt k'/fsf k'/f pTkfbs zlQmx¿, ;fdflhs >dsf] ue{df
n'ls/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f lat]sf ztfAbLx¿df s;n] kf] ;f]Rg ;s]sf] lyof] /
-dfS;{–Pª\u]n, !(&( M #&_ <
dflysf] egfOaf6 s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 eg] k'FhLklt ju{n] >lds hgtf
/ sflnu9x¿nfO{ ef]sef]s} kf/]/ Hofnfbf/L dhb'/ aGg afWo kf/]sf] kfOG5 .
cf}klgj]lzs n'6, bf; Jofkf/, 3';vf]/L, ck/fw, anfTsf/L, lx+;f cflbaf6
d'6\7Le/ dflg;sf] xftdf ljzfn wg PsLs/0f u/]/ s/f]8f}F s/f]8 dhb'/nfO{
ef]s, /f]u / ul/aLsf] lzsf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . oxL zf]if0fsf] k/fsfi7fn]
k'FhfjfbL ;dfhdf klg ;j{xf/f / k'FhLklt ju{sf lar ;ª\3if{ rs{g yfN5 .
k'FhLjfbL ;dfhdf ;j{xf/f ju{n] cfˆgf] >d zlQm a]r]/ hLjg wfGg' kg]{
x'G5 . olta]nf >ldssf] >d >ddf dfq g/xL j:t'sf ¿kdf kl/0ft x'G5 .
k'FhLjfbdf >d zlQmsf] qmo ljqmosf cfwf/df g} k'FhLklt ju{n] dhb'/sf]
zf]if0f ub{5 . >ldsn] klxnf] lx:;fdf /x]/ sfd ub{5g\ . klxnf] lx:;fdf
dhb'/n] cfˆgf] >d a]r]/ kfpg] Hofnf a/fa/sf] d"No pTkfbg u5{g\ eg] bf];|f]
lx:;fdf pgLx¿n] k'FhLkltx¿sf] gfkmfsf nflu sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . dhb'/n]
u/]sf] cltl/Qm >dsf] d"No g} k'FhLkltsf] gfkmfsf] ;|f]t xf] . o;/L k'FhLkltn]
x/]s If]qdf dhb'/sf] zf]if0f ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ ljleGg If]qdf ePsf]
ljsf; s/f]8f}F hgtfsf] zf]if0f u/]/ ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . ljZjdf cfˆgf] Psflwsf/
hdfpg ;kmn k'FhLjfbsf] cf/Deb]lv jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf Psflwsf/
k'FhLjfb, k/hLjL k'FhLjfb / d/0fzLn k'FhLjfb u/L ltg r/0f /x]sf] n]lggn]
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -n]lgg, !(&* M #!)_ . k'FhLjfbsf] ue{leq ljsl;t ePsf
pTkfbs zlQmx¿n] k'FhLjfbL pTkfbg ;DaGwx¿nfO{ tf]8\g rfxG5g\ . k'FhLklt ju{
pTkfbs zlQmx¿nfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg cIfd / cof]Uo aGb} hfG5 . kmn:j¿k
k'FhLjfbLx¿ lar cGtlj{/f]w b]vf k5{ . To;sf] ;dfwfg k'FhLklt Joj:yfn]
ug{ ;Sb}g . To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu pTkfbgsf ;DaGwx¿ dflysf] lghL
dflnsTjx¿nfO{ vQd kf/]/ ;fdflhs dflnsTj :yfkgf x'g' eg]sf] ;fdflhs
qmflGtsf dfWodaf6 ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj :yfkgf x'g' xf], hxfF ju{ eGg] s'/f
g} /xFb}g . To;} u/L ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 dfgj hLjgaf6 g}
cGt/lj{/f]w ;dfKt x'G5 -zdf{, @))@ M !&*_ .

62 ÷ bLklzvf
 o;/L dfS;{jfbL b[li6df ju{ r]tgfsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/nfO{ s]nfpFbf >dsf]
cfwf/ cfly{s :t/ / ;DklQsf] dflns eO{ To;sf] pkof]u ug]{ tl/sfaf6 ju{
lgwf{/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . qmlds ljsf;sf r/0fx¿af6 juL{o r]tgfs} kl/0ffd
:j¿k Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . dfly plNnlvt x/]s r/0fdf ljBdfg
pTkfbg k|lqmofx¿ klg km/s km/s x'g' ;fy} oL cj:yfx¿ Pskl5 csf]{
k|ultzLn dflgPsf 5g\ . dflg;sf] ;d"xleq ls;fg, dhb'/, k'FhLklt, ;fdGt
h:tf d'Vo ju{ / tL ju{leq 7'nf / ;fgf u/L ljleGg pkju{ klg b]lvPsf 5g\ .
sf]xL cfln;fg ejgdf a;L df]hd:tL u5{g\ eg] sf]xL cfª 9fSg / k]6el/
vfg gkfO{ ef]sef]s} d5{g\ . oL ;a}sf] k|d'v cfwf/ ju{ ljefhgn] b]vfPsf]
cfly{s leGgtf xf] h;n] ljZj ;dfh nufot g]kfnL ;dfhdf klg ju{x¿
5g\ / ltgLx¿n] cfly{s, dfgl;s / ;fdflhs l:yltnfO{ pb\3f6g u/]sf 5g\
eGg] b]vfpF5 . o;/L ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; ju{ r]tgfdf cfwfl/t x'g'sf
;fy} ju{ r]tgf g} k|ultsf] ;|f]t xf] h;n] ;dfhsf] ljsf; qmdnfO{ j}1flgs
;dfhjfb;Dd k'¥ofpF5 eGg] lgisif{ P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbn] lgsfn]sf] 5 .

@= ;flxTodf k|ultjfbL r]tgfsf] k|of]u

ljZj /fhgLlt lrGtgaf6 ;'? eP ju{ r]tgfsf] :j¿kn] ;flxTodf
cleJoQm x'g] cj;/ kfof] . o;nfO{ ;f}Gbo{zf:qL hh{ n'sf;, cG;6{ lkm;/,
cAg]/lu; cflbn] o;sf] cfjZostfdf snd rnfP . ;|i6f, JolQmTjsf ¿kdf
lrlgg] DoflS;d uf]sL{, n' z'g, xfj8{ kmf:6 h:tfn] cfˆgf] s[ltdf cleJolQm lbP .
;flxTodf ju{ r]tgfsf] k|of]unfO{ u}/dfS;{jfbL ;dfnf]rsn] klg
l:jsf/]sf] kfOG5 . x]u]n, lqm:6f]km/ s8\a]n, /fNkm kmS;, hh{ cd;g cflb
;dfnf]rsn] ;flxTodf juL{o cfwf/nfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg eg]sf 5g\ . cG:6{
lkm;/sf] æ;flxlTos s[ltx¿ oyfy{af6 pTkfbg x'G5g\ / k'gM oyfy{nfO{ k|efljt
kf5{g\Æ -lkm;/, ;g\ !(() M @@@_ eGg] cfwf/n] klg ;r]t t'NofPsf] 5 .

#= ;ª\sNk dxfsfJosf] ljZn]if0f

g]kfnL ;flxTosf syf, sljtf, pkGof;, lgaGw, gf6s cflb w]/} If]qdf
;dfhjfbL ;h{sx¿sf] snd k|v/ ¿kdf rn]sf] kfOG5 . pgLx¿n] ;flxTosf]
ljzfn kmfF6df ju{ r]tgfsf] sndn] ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿sf] lr/kmf/ ub}{
zNolqmof ul//x]sf 5g\ h;n] eljiosf] :j:y ;dfhsf] ;'gf}nf] ofdsf] ;ª\s]t
lbO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf b]lvPsf] ju{ r]tgfsf] pNn]vn] g]kfnLx¿sf]
;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfTg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs zf]if0fsf] ;d:of
gf/L zf]if0f, a]rlavg / anTsf/sf] ;d:of lgDg tyf blnt ju{sf] ;d:of, hUuf

bLklzvf ÷ 63
;DaGwL ;d:of, ljBfyL{sf] ;d:of, ufpFn] lgDg juL{o ls;fgsf] ;d:of, e"ldklt
jf e"dflkmofsf] ;d:of -nfld5fg], @)%( M ^&_ cflb k|z:t ;d:ofx¿nfO{
;flxTosf/x¿n] p7fPsf 5g\ . logLx¿n] kof{Kt lrq0f u/L jf:tljstfnfO{
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . oL ju{ r]tgfsf ljljw :j¿knfO{ phfu/ ug{ cGo ljwfx¿
em}F sljtf sfJon] klg a9L ;lqmotf b]vfPsf] 5 . l;4fGtsf log} cfwf/df
;ª\sNk dxfsfJonfO{ x]l/g] 5 . df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf dxfsfJosf tŒjsf cfwf/df
l;4fGtsf] k|of]u s;/L ul/Psf] 5, To;nfO{ lgofNg' klg ckl/xfo{ 5 .

#=! syfj:t'
dxfsfJosf tŒjdWo] dxfg\ syf x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o; dxfsfJon]
cGo dxfsfJosf t'ngfdf k[ys\ ¿kaf6 k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; dxfsfJodf
k|of]u ePsf] syfj:t' ;u{sf b[li6n] x]bf{ lgs} nfdf] / eJo syfj:t' ePsf] eg]/
;f]Rg ;lsG5 t/ o; dxfsfJodf JolQm kfqåf/f k|:t't ul/g] cfVofgfTds ¿k
o;df 5}g . ;u{sf zLif{sn] cfVofgsf] emns k|:t't ub{5g\ t/ ;a} ;u{x¿
cfVofgsf] agf]6df /rgf ePsf 5g\ . cfVofg cd"t{ ¿kdf lrGtgsf 3'ng eP/
cfGtl/s agf]6df s]lGb|t syfj:t' x'g' g} o; dxfsfJosf] d"n ljz]iftf xf] . h:t} M
cyjf, eujfgx¿sf 3/x¿df
aGb ul/Psf] ljZjf;nfO{
l/xfO{ ug'{kb{5 ¿l9jfbsf] ;fª\nf sf6]/
df}g j|tx¿nfO{ tf]8]/
lj/f]w ug'{k5{ cGofosf],
cTofrf/Lsf] zf;g
d"s eujfgsf] cf;
xfdL cfkm}FnfO{ cFWof/f]df
af; a;fpg] xfd|f ljZjf;x¿
x6\g'k5{ xfd|f] ;+:sf/af6 .
kfg;sf] lwklwk
dgsf pHofnfx¿
;'vb\ eljiox¿
j;Gtsf axf/x¿
hLjgsf] ;dLkdf Nofpg
;xL b[li6sf]0fn]
hLjg / hutnfO{ lrofpg'kb{5 .
-;ª\sNk, !÷( M !!*–!!(_

64 ÷ bLklzvf
 lrGtgdf 3'ng eO{ k|s[ltnfO{ dfgjLs/0f ub}{ dfgjsf] s?0f syf o;/L
n]lvPsf] 5 M
jiff}{ ;fn uP k/Gt' Ct'n] ;f}uGw NofPg So}
s}of}+ qmflGt eP k/Gt' hgn] pGd'lQm kfPg So} .
;fFrf] d'lQm lng] ;d:t hgtf aGb}g s] qmflGt Tof]
df6f] km"n x'g] ljj]s kl;gf kmfNb}g s] e|flGt Tof] .
-;ª\sNk, @÷!÷# M !@)_
o; sfJosf] syfj:t' glnDaPsf] xf]Og, ljzfntf gePsf] xf]Og, eJo
k|s[ltdf cfa4 gePsf] xf]Og, ;dfhsf] ultnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f gu/]sf] xf]Og .
h;/L n]vgfyn] t?0f tk;Lsf] t¿ j[IfnfO{ dxfg\ syfsf] ¿kdf pEofO{ To;sf
h/fb]lv ljzfn ¿k kfpFbf;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ dfgjsf] cj:yf / ljZj lrGtg;Fu
hf]8]sf 5g\, l7s o; sfJodf klg dfgjsf] cj:yf / ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf]
lrq0f åGåfTds ¿kaf6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;QfO; cf]6f ;u{n] Ps ¿kaf6 cfVofgsf]
;zQmLs/0f ePsf] af]w u/fpF5g\ . dxfsfJosf] syfj:t' ju{åGådf cfwfl/t
5 . sfJodf elgPsf] 5 M
P ;fdfGt a8f Û dg'io kl;gf ;f];]/ vfg]x¿
xfd|f] kf}/vsf ct'No ;[hgf vf];]/ nfg]x¿ .
ltd|f] df]h v';L axf/ w/tL efl;G5 kSs} klg
ltd|f] ef]h /S;L ld7f; ;/;L gfl;G5 kSs} klg ..
-;ª\sNk, @÷!÷& M !@!_
o; dxfsfJosf] syfj:t' sljtfsf] k|jfxdf dxfg\ aGb} uPsf] 5,
syfj:t'n] åGådo ;dfhsf] k|:t'lt, sljTj zlQmsf] Hjf/, ;'v–b'Mv, lg/fzf,
s'07f, ;a} kl/l:yltsf] rrf{ kl/rrf{nfO{ pHHjn cfzfsf] kl/j]zdf s]lGb|t
u/]/ eljiosf] xftdf pHofnf] ;'lDkPsf] 5 . syfj:t'sf b[li6n] ;QfO; cf]6f
;u{ g} plQs} ;zQm 5g\, s'g} klg sd 5}gg\ . h] xf];\ olt 7'nf] dxfsfJon]
sljtfsf] cGt/df 3'ng u/fP/ syfnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . dxfsfJosf
tŒjdWo] dxfg\ syfj:t'sf] cfjZostfnfO{ sljtfdf cGt3'{ng u/]/ k|:t't ug'{
g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ofqfdf of] klxnf] gd'gf xf] eGg ;lsG5 . cfVofg gePsf]
xf]Og, cfVofg 5 t/ af}l4s kf7sn] dfq sljtfsf] d'6' 5fd]df dfq cfVofgsf]
9's9'sL sxfF 5 eg]/ kQf nufpg ;S5g\ . olt dxfg\ syfj:t'nfO{ sljtfsf]
ljzfn gbLsf] dfemaf6 glxF8fO{ ;lhnf] af6f]af6 lxF8fOPsf] / cfVofgnfO{ afx\o
¿kdf k|sl6t x'g lbOPsf] eP klg o; sfJonfO{ sdhf]/ ¿kdf x]g'{ kb}{GYof] .
…9'ªu\ fsf] sfk kmf]//] klg pld|G5 lkknÚ eg] em}F sljtf gbLsf] dfemaf6 cfVofg
lxF8fpg vf]h] klg, leqleq} lxF8fpg vf]h] klg cfVofgn] st} g st} 6fpsf] b]vfpF5 M

bLklzvf ÷ 65
 t'iff/fsf] slgsf l6kL
a/kmsf] ‰ofndfly a;L
;+;f/nfO{ x]g{ yfn]sf]
gofF lbgsf] k|ltIffdf
s}of}+ x]dGt / lzlz/x¿
u'h|]sf 5g\ xfdLnfO{ 6f]s]/ Û
o; sfJosf] syfj:t'n] ju{åGånfO{ l;/fgL xfn]sf] 5 . o; dxfsfJodf
k|of]u ePsf] syfj:t' klg lgDg juL{o lrGtgdf cfwfl/t /xL ltgLx¿sf] d'lQmsf
nflu pRr k|sf/sf] r]tgf juL{o lrGtgdf cGt3'{ng x'Fb} ljut / jt{dfg, eljio,
dfgj hfltsf] pRr k|sf/sf] ljsf; o; dxfsfJosf] syfj:t'sf] k|flKt xf] . h]
xf];\ dfgj hfltsf] cf/Deb]lv pRr k|sf/sf] ljsf;;Dd eP u/]sf 36gfx¿,
efjfljJolQmx¿, ju{ lrGtg, v08gd08g dxfsfJosf] dxfg\ syfsf] ljsf;
ofqf xf] .

#=@ kfq ljwfg

k"jL{o k/Dk/fn] dxfg\ kfqsf] dfu u5{ . h;df gfos gflosfsf] hLjg
ofqfsf] cfzf /fVb5 . o; dxfsfJodf klg hLjg ofqf ;zQm ¿kdf 5 .
k|efjzfnL gfos o'u gfds kfq v8f ul/Psf] 5 h;sf jl/kl/ cd"t{ k|sf/sf
kfq Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . kfq ljwfgsf] k|of]usf nflu g]kfnL dxfsfJo ofqfdf
k/Dk/fut dfGotfnfO{ tf]8\b} / yf]/} k5\ofpFb} h;/L t?0f tk;Ldf n]vgfyn]
a]Unfa]Un} ;u{df a]Unfa]Un} rl/q k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . h'g rl/q gfossf
ljz]iftfnfO{ d"s kfq eP/ k|s6 u5{g\ . h:t} M sxLF r/f, sxLF lzsf/L . l7s
o; dxfsfJodf ;'?b]lv clGtd;Dd Pp6f o'u gfdsf] kfq dfq pkl:ylt b]lvG5 .
o; dxfsfJodf kfqsf] 7DofO /ftf] nfnl6gsf] e"ldsfdf df]xgljqmd
l;+xsf] æ;flxTo /rgfx¿ / snfs[ltx¿df k|ltljlDat x'g] dfgj hLjg b}lgs
jf:tljs hLjgeGbf a9L pRr w/ftndf a9L tLj|, a9L s]lGb|t, a9L ljlzi6k"0f{,
cfbz{sf] a9L glhs tyf s}of}F u'0ff a9L k|efjzfnL x'G5 / x'g'k5{Æ eGg] dfGotf
cg'¿k lrGtgsf] pRr ljsf;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ¿kdf 5 . ;dfh g} o;sf]
kfq ag]sf] 5, h:t} M
dfG5] xf] o'u Tof] snf Ondn] afFRg} 5 ToNn] klg
cfˆgf] Tof] xssf] ljzfn ;kgf ;fFRg} 5 ToNn] klg .
Tof] km'Nb}g st} eO{ s';'d em}+ l;Q} ljgf kf}/v
Tof] em'Nb}g st{ eO{ ls/0f em}+ l;Q} ljgf j}ej ..
-;ª\sNk, @÷@÷( M !#*_

66 ÷ bLklzvf
 o; sfJodf k|of]u ePsf ;j{gflds zAbx¿ g} dfgjLo kfqsf ¿kdf
k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . sfJosf] cf/Deb]lv clGtd;Dd g} o'u kfqnfO{ hfu/0f jf
;zQm agfpg] sfddf lrGtg kIf ;zQm 5 . qmflGt, r]tgf o; dxfsfJosf cGo
rl/qsf ¿kdf b]vf k5{g\ . o;df dfgjsf] pkl:ylt 5, dfgjsf lqmofsnfk
5g\, JolQm dfgjsf] pkl:ylt 5}g . sfJo g} dfgjLo kfqsf ¿kdf b]vf k5{ .
3ft–k|lt3ft, åGå, k|ltåGå s'g} dfgj kfq k|of]u gu/L ljrf/nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f
u/]/ ul/Psf] 5 . sfJodf k|of]u ePsf] lrGtg lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu lxhf]sf]
k/Dk/fn] kfqsf] cfjZostf dx;'; uYof}{ t/ o; dxfsfJodf pQm k/Dk/fsf
yf]/} lgs6tfdf, yf]/} n]vgfy kf}8]nsf] t?0f tk;Lsf] k|of]u k5\ofpFb} ljrf/nfO{
g} dfgj kfqsf ¿kdf pEofOPsf] 5 . o; dxfsfJosf] kfq o'u ldof] ag]sf] 5,
h;sf jl/kl/ @& ;u{sf a]Unf a]Un} ljz]iftf 3'd]sf 5g\ . ltgn] ts{ljts{,
;+jfb, v08gd08g o'u kfqsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf ub{5g\ –
7'nf x'g\ hgtf x/]s o'udf lhTb}g sf]xL klg
;fFRr} x'g\ ;[hgf x/]s kydf 9fNb}g sf]xL klg .
d5{g\ tL alnof k/Gt' hgtf db}{g s}No} klg
em5{g\ tL slnnf k/Gt' ;kgf emb}{g s}No} klg ..
-;ª\sNk, @÷^÷@! M @)$_
o;/L ljrf/sf] s]Gb|Lotfdf sfJosf] d'6' rn]sf] 5, h'g d'6n ' ] sfJosf x/]s
cª\udf /Qm k|jfx u/]sf] 5, /Qm k|jfxdf r]tgfsf] ;zQmLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . dfgjsf
hLljt ;d:of, ljut / jt{dfg, ;'Gb/ eljiosf] cfzf, k|s[ltsf] lgs6 ;DaGw
/xg' g} dxfsfJosf] gjLg ljz]iftf xf] . sfJodf hLjg 5, 36gf 5g\, ltg} hLjg /
36gf g} o; sfJosf kfq ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ . 36gf / hLjg g} hNbf]aNbf] ¿kdf
pkl:yt 5g\ . dfgj kfq v8f gu/L lrGtg kfq v8f u/]/ dfgj kfqn] h] h:tf
sfd u5{g\, Tof] lrGtg / 36gfsf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug'{ g} g]kfnL dxfsfJosf]
ofqfdf kfq k|of]usf b[li6n] of] dxfsfJo gf}nf] k|of]u xf] . sfJon] k5\ofPsf] pRr
k|sf/sf] j}rfl/s wf/ h;n] ;d:t dfgj hfltsf] l:yltsf] af]w u/fpFb} ;'Gb/
hLjgsf] cfzfdf dfgj hfltnfO{ s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . JolQm kfqn] ;+jfb k|:t't
gu/] klg k|of]u ePsf] lrGtgsf] z[ª\vnf ju{åGådf s]lGb|t /xL pRr / lgDg
ju{sf larsf] cGtlj{/f]w lj:t[t ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . sfJodf n]lvPsf] 5 M
;De|fGt h:t} tdfzf ug]{ k|j[lQ df}lnof] .
cfgGb dfq tfs]/ lx8\g] ;+:s[lt km}lnof]
e}+;Lsf] k"hf ;xh eof] qmflGtsf] af6f]df
b'Zdgl;t ldnfk eof] d':sfg xfF;f]df ..
-;ª\sNk, #÷!÷$! M @&@_

bLklzvf ÷ 67
 o;/L o; sfJosf] cf/Deb]lv g} lrGtgsf] pkl:yltn] kfqsf] sfd
u/]sf] 5 . ljrf/ ljt/0fsf] sfo{ klg åGåsf] rrf{–kl/rrf{df cfwfl/t /x]/
ul/Psf] 5 . sfJodf Joª\Uo r]tgfsf] k|jfx klg z;Qm ¿kdf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL dxfsfJodf kfq k|of]usf b[li6n] df}lns ljz]iftf yk]/ dxfsfJosf]
ofqfnfO{ yk of]ubfg k'¥ofpg, k|of]usf b[li6n] gofF wf/ k|of]u ug{, kfqsf]
cfjZostf b]Vg]nfO{ gofF af6f] klxNofpg t?0f tk;Lsf] ;fdfGo :d/0f u/fpFb}
pQm k|of]unfO{ ;kmn / l;4 u/fpgdf of] dxfsfJo ;kmn 5 . kf7sx¿n] kfq
vf]h]sf] v08df ge]6\bf cgf}7f] dfGnfg\, of] s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og lsgls o;df
o'u kfq ;zQm ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . t/ To;nfO{ vf]Hg] k|oTg ul/g' kb{5 .
sfJodf o'u kfqsf] af]nL o:tf] /x]sf] 5 M
df6f]df pld|g] h'xf/ ;'g Tof] gª\u|f lvofP/ xf]
wtL{df ;lhg] u'nfkm klg Tof] pmhf{ aufP/ xf] .
h] h] p7\5 oxfF ljj]s >dsf] lsNnf p7fP/ xf]
h] h] h'6\5 oxfF ;d:thgsf] v'§f lx8fP/ xf] .
-;ª\sNk, @÷!÷!# M !@@_
o; dxfsfJodf k|of]u ePsf kfqx¿ k|ToIf b]lvGgg\ sljtfdf cGt/
3'ng eP/ cfpF5g\, laDasf ¿kdf pkl:yt 5g\ . ltgn] JolQmn] ug]{ sfo{
cd"t{ k|sf/n] ;zQm ¿kdf u/]sf 5g\ . o; sfJodf ljutdf h] h:tf sfo{x¿
qmflGtsf gfddf eP, tL s'g ¿kdf /x] < ltgn] s] pknAwL NofP < ltgLx¿
s] s:tf] ¿kdf cfh v8f 5g\ < of ltgLx¿sf] lrGtgsf] wf/ sxfF k'Uof] < s'g
lrGtg / p2]Zoaf6 ltgLx¿ p7]sf x'g\ < unt lrGtgsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;dfhnfO{
pHofnf] kIf lbg'sf abnf /5\ofgdf ldNsfOPsf] cj:yfk|lt nfIfl0fs ¿kdf
k|of]u ePsf cd"t{ kfqsf] ¿kn] k'li6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] M ;fdGt, o'jf,
o'jtL, v/fa kfqsf ¿kdf cfpg] ljsf;, o'usf ;fyLx¿ ljj]s, wtL{, cfsfz,
pmhf{, snf, To;} u/L rf]/, l;=cfO=8L=, jf:tljs kfqsf] ¿kdf /x]sf lrg]/f]sf,
tfdfªgL lbbL, ef]6]gL cfdf nufotsf kfqx¿ b]vf k5{g\ . t/ tL ;a} ljrf/sf]
e"ldsfdf dfq 5g\, kfqsf] sfo{df 5}gg\ . ;fdfGo pkl:ylt dfq b]lvG5 .
o;/L o; dxfsfJon] kfq lgdf{0f ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ klg ¿kfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 .

#=# dxfsfJosf] lrGtg

s'g} klg dxfsfJo n]Vg'sf] clek|foM yf]/} jf w]/} lrGtg JoQm ug'{df g}
x'G5 . h:t} M lrGtgsf b[li6n] x]bf{ df]bfgfy k|l>tsf] b]jf;"/ ;+u|fd, afns[i0f
;dsf] lr;f] r'Nxf]sf lar s]xL s'/f ;dfgtf xf]nfg\ t/ w]/} s'/fx¿df leGgtf
b]lvG5 . To:t} o; dxfsfJodf klg cGo dxfsfJosf] t'ngfdf lrGtg s'g

68 ÷ bLklzvf
k|sf/sf] 5 < To;sf] pknAwL s] < eGg] ljifodf rrf{ ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
o; sfJosf] lrGtgnfO{ k'li6 ug{ k]lsª ck]/fdf qmflGtaf/] lrofª lrªn] Pp6f
;f+:s[lts kmf]/ddf lbPsf] jQmJo af/] rrf{ ub}{ k]lsª l/Eo"df k|sflzt Pp6f
n]vdf elgPsf] 5, æTof] jQmJo Hjf/ef6fsf lj?4 hfg] dfS;{jfbL l:kl/6n]
el/Psf] lyof] / ;flxTo tyf snfdf ;+zf]wgjfbL nfOgsf lj?4 o'4sf] 3f]if0ff
ePsf] lyof]Æ -l;+x, @)$@ M ^_ .
o; dxfsfJon] klg Hjf/ef6fsf lj?4 hfg] ljrf/nfO{ k5\ofpFb} qmflGtsf
gfddf ul/g] ;a} k|sf/sf cj}rfl/s k|s[ltsf v]nsf] lj/f]w ub}{ ljrf/df
cfwfl/t qmflGt g} dfgj hfltsf] d'lQm u5{, ;dfh cfd"n ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'g' k5{
t/ s;}sf] /x/ / nx8df xf]Og, 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f u/]/ j:t'lgi7
lrGtgdf cfwfl/t qmflGtn] g} ;dfhsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{, zf]ifs ju{sf] cGTo
ug]{, dfgj hfltsf pHofnf kIfx¿sf] kf]if0f ug]{ >ldsx¿n] >dsf] jf:tljs
d"No k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zodf cfwfl/t lrGtgn] sfJonfO{ ljlzi6s/0f u/]sf] 5 .
h:t} M
qmflGtn],
;Eotfsf] e|'0fnfO{
Oltxf;sf] ue{af6 tfg]/
9'ª\ufx¿sf] au}+rfdf
tf/fsf km"nx¿ km'nfP/
pHofnf] 3fd 5g]{
Pp6f o'lug sfo{ ub{5 .
-;ª\sNk, !÷% M ^#_
o; k|sf/sf] pRr lrGtg sfJosf] ;'?b]lv clGtd;Dd åGådo ¿kaf6
ljut / jt{dfgsf ¿kx¿ sf]6\ofpFb} Oltxf;sf d"n / qmflGtn] ug'{ kg]{ cleef/fsf
ljifodf klg sfJodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . qmflGt s;}sf] /x/ / nx8df x'Fb}g, qmflGt
s;}sf] zf}vsf] ljifo xf]Og, olb ;don] dfu u5{ eg] qmflGt 5]Sg kxf8 pleP
klg To;nfO{ 9fn]/ af6f] agfpF5 eGg] ;zQm pb\3f]if g} sfJosf] ljlzi6 lrGtg
xf] . dfcf]sf] egfO cg';f/ …snf / ;flxTo, ;j{xf/f qmflGt¿kL d]l;gsf bfFtL
/ k]rx¿ x'g\ . ltgn] klg cfˆgf tkm{af6 /fhgLltnfO{ k|z:t dfqfdf k|efljt
ub{5g\ . tL qmflGtsf/L p2]Zosf ckl/xfo{ cª\u x'g\ .Ú eGg] b[li6sf]0fn] o;
sfJosf] j}rfl/s w/ftn k|efljt ePsf] 5 . log} ljrf/nfO{ k'li6 ub}{ sfJodf
n]lvPsf] 5 M
of] ;f/f w/tL ;d:t hgsf] xf] Pp6f kf}/v
of] ;f/f ;/;L ljj]s >dsf] xf] Pp6f uf}/j .

bLklzvf ÷ 69
 cUnf] uf}/j of] ljzfn /rgf p7\b}g l;Q} oxfF
;Unf] j}ej of] s8f >d ljgf h'6\b}g l;Q} oxfF ..
-;ª\sNk, @÷!÷%% M !#@_
cufl8 n]lvPsf] 5 M
cfpm efO ;a} p7f}+ ;d/df ;+;f/ km]g]{ eP
cfpm bfO ;a} r9f}+ lzv/df cfsfz e]6\g] eP .
cfdf afa' lbbL legfh' alxgL sfsf / dfdf klg
cfpm hª\u agL ;d:t w/tL 8fF8f / sfF8f klg ..
-;ª\sNk, @÷!÷^@ M !#@_
o;/L o; sfJosf] p7fg g} …bz{gsf] dem/LdfÚ af6 ul/Psf] 5 / cGTo
clGtd zLif{s …zfnLgtf tf]8\b} ;ª\slNkt dgx¿Ú /x]sf] 5 . h;n] s] ;ª\s]t
u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] dg / bz{gsf] åGå /fd|f jf g/fd|f kIfsf] åGådf cfwfl/t
x'G5 . dg / bz{gnfO{ /fd|f] kIfaf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] To;n] pHofnf] 8fSb5, cGoyf
kb, k|lti7f, nf]e nfnrdf ljrf/nfO{ km;fpg] xf] eg] To;sf] kl/0ffd /fd|f]
b]lvFb}g . o; sfJosf] lgisif{ :j¿k clGtd zLif{sdf n]lvPsf] 5 M
lk|o ldq,
/utsf] vf]nf] t]/]/ cfPsf],
d]/f] gofF laxfgsf] cg'xf/
nf]eL / kfkLsf] OR5feGbf km/s 5}g,
s'l6ntfn] el/Psf] xfF;f] xfF:g]
s'b[li6n] gh/ u5{ jt{dfgsf] l;gf]dfly,
xf/fn'5L u5{ s';L{sf] dgef]u vfg Û
oxL bfgjLo laxfg,
/utsf] s'jfdf g'xfP/,
dfjgtfsf] x8\8L rkfP/,
clwsf/ / d'lQmsf] jxfgdf r9]/
ha xfd|f] ;fd' cfOk'Uof],
ta d]/f] dgdl:tisdf Pp6f pT;j eof],
lsgeg] o'4 n8]/ cfPsf] l;kfxL d
gofF ;kgfn] 8f]¥ofOPsf] Pp6f cfzf d,
xs / Gofosf] ;kgf b]v]sf] :jKg b|i6f d Û
;j{;fwf/0fsf w]/} k|Zgx¿n] ;f]lwPsf] lyPF,
d}n] pgLx¿sf] of}6f /f]6L afF8]/ c+z vfPsf] lyPF,
sltk6s b]zsf gfddf pgLx¿sf] hLjg dfu]sf] lyPF,

70 ÷ bLklzvf
 sltk6s pgLx¿sf] cfF;'n] g'xfPsf] lyPF .
/utsf] kfOnf agfpFb},
Pp6f :tAw cfFugdf pleP/
5f]/f] d/]sf] va/ ;'gfPsf] lyPF
5f]/L d/]sf] lr7L a'emfPsf] lyPF .
pgLx¿sf] cfF;'n] ;f]w]sf k|Zgx¿sf]
vfnL of}6} hjfkm lbP/ kms]{sf] lyPF
b]z, hgtf / d'lQmsf nflu jlnbfg Û
-;ª\sNk, #÷( M #($–#($_
o; k|sf/ sfJo j}rfl/s w/ftnsf] HjnGt gd'gf xf], hxfF ;dfhdf
oyfy{ ljifoj:t'sf] rrf{ ub}{, ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Ddsf 36gfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
ub}{, dfgj hfltn] afFr]sf] ;dfhsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{, gofF ;dfhsf] ¿k /]vf
ljutsf oyfy{ 36gf;Fu ufF;]/ ul/Psf] 5, g ls s'g} sNkgfdf cfwfl/t xf];\
jf /f]dfl~rt cfbz{ xf];\ . oL s'g} klg k|efj o;df kfOGgg\ . dfgj hfltsf]
hLjgsf] oyfy{;Fu ufFl;Psf] lrGtgn] sflJos lrGtgnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf]
5 . s;}nfO{ of] lrGtg gkRnf, olb dfgj hfltsf] Oltxf;sf] cWoog ub{5
eg] ljut s] eof] / jt{dfgdf s] x'Fb}5 < jt{dfgn] eljiosf] ;ª\s]t s;/L
ul//x]sf] 5 < Tof] oyfy{ ;TonfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ o; sfJosf] j}rfl/s lrGtg
;3fpF5 . sfJodf n]lvPsf] 5 M
hLjg xfdL km]g]{ 5f}+ o'u
dfgjtfsf] xfNg] 5f}+ hu Û
lgwf{ hgsf] /Rg] 5f}+ xs
;Rrf af6f] lxF8\g] 5f}+ ca
x]b}{ gx]/ xfd|f] j:tL
-;ª\sNk, #÷*÷^& M #*(_
h] xf];\ sfJo snfTds 5, pRr k|sf/sf] ljrf/ 5, df}lnstf 5,
sfNklgs p8fgeGbf oyfy{dfly cfwfl/t 5 . syfj:t' 5}g, dfgj kfq k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5}g t/ lrGtgsf] k|jfx ;zQm 5 . zAbsf] hl6ntfn] o;df s]xL b"?xtf
NofPsf] 5 . olt uDeL/ k|sf/sf] dxfsfJo ;/n efiffdf cfOlbPsf] eP o;n]
klg ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf] pRr e"ldsf /lr dfgj d'lQmsf] qmflGtsf/L ljrf/
:yfkgf ug{df g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] k|yd dxfsfJo eOsg pRr cfzfjfb k|:t't
ug{ ;kmn x'g] lyof] . n]lggn] uf]sL{sf] pkGof;nfO{ b; jif{kl5sf] qmflGt b; jif{
cl3 NofPsf] 5 eGg'sf] clek|fo s] lyof] eg] dhb'/sf] oyfy{ lrq0f, ltgnfO{
;zQmLs/0f, lgDg :t/sf] JolQmdf pRrtd lrGtgsf] ljsf; ePs} sf/0fn]

bLklzvf ÷ 71
cfdf pkGof; uxlsnf] ag]sf] xf] . o; dxfsfJodf sljTj k|jfx a]hf]8sf] 5
t/ ;j{xf/fjfbL b[li6sf]0f zAb / laDasf] rfkdf k/]/ af}l4s kf7ssf nflu
dfq n]lvPsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . h;/L u'Gb|Lsf]] k/fnn] u'Gb|Lsf /;Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]
cGt/df n'sfP/ ltgnfO{ aflx/ b]lvg lbGg, xf] o; sfJosf] j}rfl/s lrGtg
klg ToxL ¿kdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . sljtfsf] ljsf; pRrtd ¿kdf 5 . o;f]
x'g' klg dxfsfJosf] ljz]iftf xf] . To;}n] g]kfnL dxfsfJo ofqfdf lrGtg /
sljTjsf b[li6n] o;n] ljlzi6 :yfg k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf] 5 .

#=$ efiffz}nL
sljtfsf] efiffsf ;DaGwdf lqm:6f]km/ s8\j]n n]V5g\– s'g} sljn]
sljtfsf] cljj]szLntfdfly / zAbx¿ / ltgsf] ;ª\s]tfy{ jf ;DaGwsf]
cts{;ª\uttfdfly h] hlt a9L hf]8 lbG5 plt g} pm b'?x eP/ hfG5, lsgeg]
To; cj:yfdf p;n] af]w¿kL ;fdflhs cg'e"ltnfO{ ldNsfpg] r]i6f u/]sf]
x'G5 . csf{lt/ ;':ki6 efjgfTds ;d¿ktfsf] cg'kl:yltn] klg sljnfO{
hl6n / b'?x agfpF5 . ;fy} sljsf] efjfTds cleJolQm hlt hlt cxd\
s]lGb|t x'Fb} hfG5, plt g} p;sf] s[lt klg sd af]wuDo x'Fb} hfG5 lsgeg] To:tf]
efjfTdstfdf c¿nfO{ lx:;]bf/Laf6 jl~rt ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; tYon] ljj]s
/ af]wsf] ;fdflhs cfwf/nfO{ ;d]t bzf{pF5 . dxfsfJosf] snfsf ;DaGwdf
s8\j]nn] yk cufl8 n]v]sf 5g\, æsljtf ;f]nf]8f]nf] / o; sf/0f d"t{ / 7f];
x'G5 . d"t{ cl:tTjx¿sf cGt;{DaGwx¿ s]nfpFb} ;fdfGo wf/0ffsf] ljsf;lt/
nlIft x'g' sljtfsf] sfd xf]Og . dgf]j]usf] cd"tL{s/0f sljtfsf] ;f/ x'g
;Sb}g . jf:tjdf sljtfsf] dgf]j]u oyfy{sf d"t{ cl:tTjx¿tkm{ lgb]{lzt /x]sf]
x'G5 .Æ o; dxfsfJodf klg slj k|ltef ;zQm ¿kdf a9\b} hfFbf ;;fgf l56km'6
sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ x'g ;S5g\ . zAbn] snfnfO{ b'af]{Wo agfpg ;S5g\, snf /
lrGtgsf] ;Gt'ngnfO{ u'Gb|L a'g] h:t} a'Gb} hfFbf b'a} ;zQm ag]sf 5g\ . qmdzM
;/n k|:t'ltn] snfsf] /;f:jfbg u/fpg slj ;r]t b]lvG5g\ . slj ;r]t o;
cy{df klg x'g' k5{ ls dfcf]n] o]gfg uf]i7Ldf eg]sf 5g\ – æh'g /rgfx¿df
snfTds k|ltefsf] cefj x'G5, tL zlQmxLg x'G5g\ . t/ o; ;Gbe{df cfwf/e"t
k|Zg xf]– ;flxTo / snf s;sf nflu < To; sf/0f juL{o c8fgsf] k|Zgn]
;jf]{kl/ dxŒj /fV5Æ -l;+x, @)$@ M %_ . of] dxfsfJo klg juL{o lrGtgdf
cfwfl/t xf], t;y{ dfcf]sf dflysf egfOaf6 sfJo 6f9f /xg ;Sb}g .
efiffsf ;DaGwdf dfcf]n] n]v]sf 5g\–
xfd|f n]vs / snfsdL{x¿n] cfˆgf /rgfx¿nfO{ nf]slk|o agfpg] k|of;
ug'{sf ;fy} hgtfsf] ljrf/wf/fTds / snfTds :t/ p7fpgtkm{ klg plQs}

72 ÷ bLklzvf
k|oTgzLn /xg' kb{5 . ;'? ;'?df :t/ p7fpg] cfu|x ug'{eGbf ;fdGo hgtfnfO{
dgkg]{ ;/n :jfefljs / k|]/0ffbfoL /rgfx¿s} k|rf/ ug'{ a9L dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5
/ Tof] s] x'G5 eg] nfdf] ;fdGtL zf]if0fn] ubf{ ;j{;fwf/0f g/gf/Lx¿ clzlIft
/ ckl/is[t g} x'G5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;fdfGo lzIff / Jofks 1fg, ;"rgf
cflbsf ;fy} cfˆgf] ;ª\3if{sf] ljhodf cfzfjfbL, cfZj:t / Psu9 t'Nofpg]
;flxTo tyf snfsf] vfFrf] k/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] pgLx¿sf] To; k|fylds
cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{sf nflu xfdLn] …sf/rf]kL–h/Lsf] 6'qmfdf cem} km"nx¿
hf]l8/xg'Ú eGbf …lxpF kl//x]sf] df};ddf bfp/f–sf7kftx¿ k'¥ofOlbg]Ú sfd ug'{
kb{5Æ -P]gfg k|jrg_ .
o; dxfsfJodf k|of]u ePsf] efiff, jfSox¿ hl6n 5g\, k|:t'lt vFlbnf]
5, tT;d zAbsf] af]lemnf]kg 5, t/ ljrf/ ;j{xf/f ju{sf] kIfaf6 n]lvPsf]
5 . k|:t'lt noa4 5 . ljrf/–lrGtg nodf cfa4 ul/Psf] 5 . hg:t/sf]
nf]sno klg o;df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . uLlt efsfdf cf7 cf]6f ;u{x¿ n]lvPsf
5g\ . o; sf/0f ;fdfGo kf7saf6 klg sfJo 6f9f hfg kfPsf] 5}g . t;y{ s]
eGg ;lsG5 eg] of] dxfsfJo zf:q, nf]s / d'Qm 5Gbsf] lqj]0fL xf] . h:t} M
ef]s nfUof] eg]df
cf6f] ey]{ k]6df .
cfh ef]s} /xFbf
sf]xL lbGg ddtf ..
-;ª\sNk, #÷#÷@ M @(^_
oxfF k|of]u ePsf] …cf6f]Ú k"j{lt/ RofFVnf elgg], ds}sf] df]6f] u/L lkl;Psf]
vfBkbfy{ xf] . o:tf zAbx¿ klg o; dxfsfJodf k|of]u gul/Psf] xf]Og . t;y{
o;nfO{ ;antf / b'a{ntfsf] dfemaf6 lxF8]sf] dxfsfJo eg]/ eGg ;lsG5 .
dxfsfJo ltg v08 / b'O{ ;u{df ;+/lrt 5 . klxnf] v08df d'Qm nodf
( ;u{ /x]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] v08df gf} ;u{ / gf} cf]6f zf:qLo 5Gbsf] k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . zfb"{nljqmLl8t, t"0fsf -rfd/_, bdgs, ;dfltsf, k|dfl0fsf,
¿kfdfnL, dl0fdWo, Tjl/tult cflb 5Gbx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . t];|f] v08df
/x]sf gf} ;u{x¿ dWo] kfFr cf]6f ;u{ nf]snodf /lrPsf 5g\ . ltgdf klg
c;f/] ‰ofp/], ;jfO{, ;]nf], df¿gL, 3fF;] / dflqs tyf j0f{dflqs u/L dbn]vf,
e'hª\uflzz'e[tf ;dflgsf, df0fjs, xnd'vL, dGbfqmfGtf, cg's"nf, df0fjs,
d[b'dfnf, kfbfs'ns /yf]4ftf, d'Qm, slNkt cflb 5Gbx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L o; dxfsfJodf d'Qm, zf:q, nf]s ;a} k|sf/sf no k|of]u ul/Psf]
5 . ljrf/ ;QfO; cf]6} ;u{x¿sf] pRr k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] yk ljz]iftf
s] xf] eg] ltg cf]6f v08nfO{ ltg cf]6f dxfsfJo agfpFbf klg k"jL{o dfGotf

bLklzvf ÷ 73
cg';f/ -!_ cf7 ;u{eGbf a9L x'g' kg]{ o;df ;a} v08x¿df gf}÷gf} ;u{ /x]sf
5g\ -@_ syfj:t' 7f]; ¿kdf ghf]l8P klg Pp6} v08n] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f
k'/f ug{ ;S5 . o;sf] cfVofg hf]8]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] lnof] 6fN;osf] o'4 / zflGt
pkGof;sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . nDafpg klg ;lsg], 5f]6\offpg klg ;lsg] ljz]iftf g}
g]kfnL dxfsfJosf] ofqfdf o;sf] a]Un} ljz]iftf xf] . yk s'/f s] ug'{ cfjZos
5 eg] ;QfO; cf]6f ;u{x¿df JolQm kfqsf] e"ldsf gb]lvPsfn] klg o;nfO{
ltg cf]6f dxfsfJodf 6'S¥ofpFbf km/s gknf{ ls eGg ;lsG5 .
hf]8\bf klg x'g] 36fpFbf klg x'g] cNk jf a[xb\ ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsg] o;
dxfsfJosf] yk ljz]iftf xf] . ;a} ;u{df sljtfsf] pRr Hjf/ 5 . sljtf ;r]t
cfof]hgdf n]lvPsf] 5 . qmflGtsf of]hgf, v08gd08g ub}{ juL{o lrGtgdf
cfwfl/t /x]/ P]ltxfl;s / åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] k|of]u ub}{ kl/is[t efiff,
vFlbnf] k|:t'lt, s]xL b'?xtf, j}rfl/s :ki6tf o;sf ljz]iftf /x]sf 5g\ .

#=% dxfsfJosf] kl/j]z

o; sfJosf] kl/j]z x]bf{ :yfgLo ¿kb]lv ljZj kl/j]zsf ¿kx¿ b]Vg
;lsG5 . Oltxf;, jt{dfgsf ljifoj:t' o;df Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .
of] Tof] kl/j]zdf n]lvPsf] 5, b]zdf qmflGt eof] jf 36gf 36] < ltgsf] k|efj
hgdfg;df s:tf] k¥of] < s'g p2]Zoaf6 cf/De ul/Psf] lyof] qmflGt < To;df
cfPsf] j}rfl/s ljrng, s'nLg tGq;Fu To;sf] ljno x'g'sf] kl/0ffd b]vf k/]sf]
lg/fzfjfb Pp6f kl/j]z 5 eg] ufpF a:tLsf] cfzf, b]zn] ef]u]sf 36gfsf] j0f{g
o;df Jofks ¿kdf b]vf kb{5 . t}klg unt k|j[lQx¿ lrb}{ j}rfl/s qmflGt ePsf]
5}g, Tof] cjZoDefjL 5 eGg] vfnsf ljrf/x¿ kl/j]zdf 3'ng eP/ cfPsf 5g\ .
o'u kfqn] ef]u]sf /fd|f g/fd|f s'/fx¿ o; sfJodf kl/j]zsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ .

#=^ dxfsfJosf] p2]Zo

o; dxfsfJosf] p2]Zo a[xt\ /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug'{,
dfgj hfltn] o'uf}Fb]lv ef]Ub} cfPsf kL8fo'Qm ;d:ofsf] rrf{ ug'{, ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg åGådo ¿kaf6 k|:t't ug'{, hfu/0fsf] zª\v3f]if ug'{, lg/fzfdf afFr]sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ ;zQmLs/0f u/L pHHjn cfzftkm{ ;r]t u/fpg' o;sf p2]Zox¿
/x]sf 5g\ . o; sfJosf p2]ZonfO{ k'li6 ug{ dfcf]sf] lgDg k|:t'ltnfO{ pko'Qm
dfGg ;lsG5– æ;flxTo /rgfx¿ / snfs[ltx¿df k|ltljlDat x'g] dfgj hLjg
b}lgs jf:tljs hLjgeGbf a9L pRr w/ftndf a9L tLj|, a9L s]lGb|t, a9L
ljlzi6tfk"0f{, cfbz{sf] a9L glhs tyf s}of}F u'gf a9L k|efjzfnL x'G5 / x'g'
k5{Æ (And Mao Makes Five: USA: Banner Press Publication) .

74 ÷ bLklzvf
 dxfsfJosf] p2]Zo klg o:t} k|sf/sf] ljrf/df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f
o'u kfqsf] pkl:yltdf jf gfosTjdf :yfgLob]lv lgDg :t/sf] lrGtg k|:t't ug{
;Sg', h;sf] p2]Zo 36gfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ j}rfl/s k|:6tfdf cfwfl/t /xg',
uf]nd6f]n efiff k|of]u gu/L snfTds k|:t'lt, k|:6 ljrf/ lbg ;Sg', j}rfl/s
wf/ v6\ls/x]sf] a]nf qmflGtsf] dxfg\ ¿k k|:t't ug'{, ;TotYosf cfwf/df
36gfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ljut / jt{dfgsf] oyfy{ ¿ksf] rrf{ ub}{ lg/fzfjfbn]
lynf]lynf] kf/]sf] qmflGtnfO{ hLljt agfpFb} hLjgd'vL agfpg' o; dxfsfJosf]
p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . csf{tkm{ …Pp6f qmflGtsf/Ln] Psflt/ JolQmut jf kfl/jfl/s
:jfy{, csf{lt/ kf6L{ / qmflGtsf lxtk|lt s'g k|sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg'
k5{ < o;af/] klg qmflGtsf/Lx¿ / k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] b[li6sf]0fdf df}lns
cGt/ x'G5 -/ftf] nfnl6g e"ldsf – df]xg ljqmd l;+x_ h:tf p2]Zox¿ o;
dxfsfJodf /x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L k|]dsf ;DaGwdf klg o; dxfsfJosf] lgDg
ljrf/nfO{ k5\ofPsf] kfOG5 . /ftf] nfnl6g ck]/fdf juL{o k|]dnfO{ kfl/jfl/s
k|]deGbf dfly /flvPsf] 5 . juL{o k|]d zf]lift ju{sf] k|]d xf] . To; k|sf/sf]
k|]d u'0ffTds ¿kn] g} k"hLklt ju{sf lardf kfOg] k|]d eGbf a]Un} x'G5 - l;+x,
@)$@ M @$_ .
h] xf];\ s]xL hl6ntf lglZrt 5g\, t}klg p2]Zo dxfg\ 5g\ . dxfg\
p2]Zodf o;sf] /rgf ePsf] 5 . Pp6} p2]Zo o;sf] s] xf] eg] qmflGtsf
gfddf ljutsf 36gfn] lgefPsf] jf NofPsf] ljrng k'gd"{Nofª\sg ub}{
ljutsf 36gfx¿df cfwfl/t /x]/ ;zQmLs/0f u/L hfu/0fsf] pHofnf] lbg'
o; dxfsfJosf] p2]Zo xf] . @)!) ;fnb]lv @)@* ;fn;Dd b]jsf]6fsf]
k|ldy;n] 3gLe"t ¿kdf cfnf]rgfTds :j/ p/fNof] . Tof] lu|;sf] kl/j]zsf]
ldysLo syf lyof] . b]jf;"/ ;ª\u|fdn] kf}/fl0fs syfj:t'nfO{ j}rfl/s wf/
lbof] . cf}+;Lsf km"nn] juL{o lrGtgsf] rrf{ u¥of] . sf]z/fh rfkfufO{+sf]
zxLb ufyf dxfsfJon] ljut / jt{dfgnfO{ sf]6\ofpFb} af}l4s / ;j{;fwf/0f
b'a}nfO{ x'g] u/L g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ ;zQmLs/0f u¥of] . To;/L g} of] dxfsfJo
klg dxfg\ p2]Zodf /rgf ePsf] 5 . /fdk|sfz k'/Ls} o;eGbf k"j{ b'O{
cf]6f dxfsfJo k|sflzt 5g\, lj=;+=@)^^ df ljr/0f / lj=;+=@)^* df
cIf'00f . oL dxfsfJox¿sf] ;kmn k|of; kZrft\ of] dxfsfJo cfPsf] 5 .
sljtfsf] lgVv/f]kgf k|:t't ug'{, ;j{;fwf/0f / af}l4s kf7s b'j}nfO{ ;d]6\g
;Sg', zf:qLo, nf]s, d'Qm ;a} k|sf/sf 5Gbx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ k/Dk/fx¿
tf]8\b}, gjLg dfGotfx¿ hf]8\b} pRrtd snfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg' o;
dxfsfJosf ljz]iftf x'g\ .

bLklzvf ÷ 75
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
cof{n, d'/f/L= @)$(= dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{ ljwf / cfnf]rgf= sf7df8f}F M ;[li6 k|sfzg .
u'Ktf, /fdz/0f bf;= !(()= ;flxTo zf:q= hok'/ M sn]ha's l8kf] .
uf}td, b]jL= @)%^= k|ultjfbL k/Dk/f / dfGotf= sf7df8f}F M >LdtL d'gf uf}td .
rfkfufO{F, lgg'= @)#!= oyfy{jfbL /rgf b[li6 / ljj]rgf= sf7df8f}F M dlxd rfkfufO{ .
9sfn, 3gZofd= @)^@= oyfy{jfbL g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf= kf]v/f M u08sL ;flxTo ;Ëd .
kGt, g/]Gb|= @)))= æ;fDojfb / ljZj kl/l:yltÆ= o'ujf0fL .
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt= @)%^= k|ultjfb / sljtf= sf7df8f}F M zLnf of]uL .
k'/L, /fdk|sfz= @)&)= ;ª\sNk= bfª M /fKtL ;flxTo kl/ifb\ .
a/fn, Clif/fh= @)%@= dfS;{jfb / pQ/cfw'lgsjfb= lj/f6gu/ M ;ljtf a/fn .
a/fn, O{Zj/= @)%%= g]kfnL ;flxTosf]z= sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
e§, cfgGb]j= @)@)= æk|ultjfbL ;flxTo xfd|f] cfjZostfÆ= l;+xgfy, jif{ ! cÍ ^ .
e§, uf]ljGb= @)%^= ædfS;{jfbÆ= g]kfnL ;flxTosf]z= sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f
k|lti7fg .
e08f/L, hubLz= @)%)= ;flxTo lrGtg / ljj]rg= sf7df8f}F M d'GgL e08f/L .
e08f/L, hubLz= @)%)= k|ultjfbL g]kfnL sljtf /]vfÍg / ljZn]if0f= sf7df8f}F M
d'GgL e08f/L .
dfS;{ Pª\u]N;= ;g\ !(*%= ;flxTo / snf= df:sf] M df:sf] k|sfzg .
dfS;{, sfn{= !(*&= æbf];|f] ;+:s/0fsf] e"ldsfÆ= k"FhL= df:sf] M df:sf] k|sfzg .
n]lng, le=cfO= ;g\ !(*^= wd{ / n]lgg= lbNnL M klAn;;{ .
l;+x, df]xgljqmd= @)$@= /ftf] nfnl6gsf] e"ldsf= uf]/vk'/ .

76 ÷ bLklzvf
 g]kfnL afn ;flxTo M k/Dk/f / k|j[lQ
5fofbQ Gof}kfg] …au/Ú

!= ljifo k|j]z
;flxTo hLjg bz{gnfO{ ;/n k|:t'lt lbg] ljwf xf] . o;df ;fdflhs
dfGotf ;d]l6G5 . g/d z}nLsf] hLjg Bf]ts snf o;}df kmqmG5 . ;flxTon]
hLjgsf cg'ej / cg'e"lthGo efjgfTds ljrf/ ljdz{ u5{ . dfgj dgsf
9's9'sL k|Tof/f]k0f klg u5{ . ;flxTosf/x¿;dfhaf6 ljifoj:t' lnP/
lghL cg'e"ltsf ;fy nf]s sNof0fsf/L efjgf ;Dk|]if0fdf /dfpF5g\ . o;n]
1fglj1fg;Fu gftf] hfl8lbG5 . oxLFaf6 hLjg bz{gn] efsf xfN5 . o;df
dfG5]nfO{ dfG5]sf] kl/efiff atfOG5, dgf]efjnfO{ cfk:tdf ;Dk|]if0fsf lglDt
t/ª\lut ug]{ ;fdYo{ /fV5, Jofjxfl/s ;';]nLx¿df l;ª\u} hLjg bz{g
c6fOlbG5 . cem egf}F ljb'/sf] /fhgLlt, rf0fSosf] s"6gLlt, a'4sf] zflGt ;Gb]z,
sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q / dfS;{sf] ;dfhjfbL ;f}Gbo{ zf:q hg;dIf k'¥ofpg]
dfWod eg]sf] ;flxTo g} xf] eGg] ljZjf; afFl8OG5 . To;}n] t ;fFRr} dfG5]x¿
dg lbP/ ;flxlTos lrGtg ub}{ lglZrt lgisif{df k'U5g\ . hLjgsf] ;f/ lvRg
/ cy{ a'‰g sl:;P/ nfU5g\ . gjk':tfsf k|]/s JolQm JolQmTj o;sf pbfx/0f
x'g\ . ;flxTo ;dfhsf] P]gf xf] . dfG5]nfO{ ;dfh k9\g, a'‰g / ;dfhd} v]Ng
l;sfpg] ljifo ;flxTo xf] . o;df hLjgsf] ;f/ x'G5, hldgsf] pmhf{zLn Ifdtf
clg rGb|df 5'g] hfFu/ x'G5 . ;flxTo c¿ ljwfx¿l;t ;lhn} cGt3'{ng x'g
;S5 . o;n] /fhgLlt, cy{zf:q, Oltxf;, e"uf]n, ;dfh, lj1fgnfO{ hLjg;Fu
h;/L hf]8\g' kg]{ xf] hf]l8lbG5 . of] hLjgsf r/0f r/0fl;t ufFl;P/ ;h{ssf]
pd]/, ?lr, 1fgsf] :t/, ;+:sf/ cg';f/ ;flxTo l;h{gf x'G5 / o;} cg';f/

bLklzvf ÷ 77
kf7sdf k|efj 5f8]sf] x'G5 . o;n] 1fgsf] lIflth p3f/]/ dfG5]nfO{ ;ª\3if{ ub}{
k/k/;Dd k'Ug k|]l/t ul//xG5 . ;h{sn] ;fdflhs dfGotf, pd]/, ?lr, af}l4s
:t/ cg';f/ afn ;flxTo, lszf]/ ;flxTo / k|f}9 ;flxTosf ¿kdf juL{s/0f
u/L l;h{g clg k7gsd{n] rNtLdf NofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . oLdWo] oxfF g]kfnL afn
;flxTosf] l;h{g k/Dk/f / k|j[lQaf/] kl/rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

@= kl/ro
afn kf7ssf] cfjZostf;Fu} ¿lr / af}l4s ;fdYo{ ;d]tsf] Vofn u/L
/lrPsf] /rgfnfO{ afn ;flxTo elgG5 . :jo+ afns jf k|f}9 ;|i6fåf/f /lrPsf]
afnsx¿n] k9\g ;Sg] ;/n k|s[ltsf] df}lns /rgf g} afn ;flxTo xf] . of]
df}lvs jf lnlvt b'j} x'G5 . r"8fdl0f aGw'sf cg';f/ ……afnsx¿ k|s[ltaf6}
lh1f;f lnP/ cfpF5g\ . pgLx¿l;t cgGt lh1f;f x'G5g\ . cfdfafsf] :ofxf/
;';f/df lat]sf kfFr jif{kl5 cfkm}F pT;'s x'Fb}, lh1f;f yKb} / 1fg a9fpFb}
hfG5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ kf7\ok':tsaf6 k|fKt x'g] 1fg/flzn] k'Ub}g, pl5g]/ k/k/;Dd
km}lng rfxG5g\\, c¿ gofF gofF k':tssf] vf]hL u5{g\ÚÚ -k|wfg, @)^! M dGtJo
k[i7_ . ;fgf] pd]/sf dfG5] ;fgf s'/f u/]/ /dfpF5g\ . ;lhnf] s'/fl;t v';L
x'G5g\ . yf]/} zAbsf ;/n jfSo af]N5g\ . pgLx¿sf] /x/ b[ZofTds x'G5, a'l4
slnnf] x'G5, k|of]ufTds ultljlwdf /dfpF5g\, ;/n / km/s km/s ultljlwdf
v';L x'G5g\ . afn pd]/, :jefj, kl/jf/, kl/jf/af6 l;lsg] 1fgu'g, pTkfbgd'vL
k|ljlw, afnhLjg cg's"n cfjZostf ;d]t Vofn /fvL n]lvPsf] ;flxTo
afnlk|o aG5 . 5f]6f 5l/tf jfSo, ;/n, ;ª\ult ldn]sf] k|:t'lt afnaf]Wo
x'G5 -Gof}kfg], @)^& M @#_ . o;/L afn ;flxTonfO{ cYof{pg vf]Hbf afn
pd]/n] ;xh} u|x0f ug{] 36gfj:t', kfq, kl/j]z, lrqfTds b[Zo ;lxt s'/fsfgL,
;/n efiffz}nLdf x'g] l;h{gfnfO{ afn ;flxTo eGg' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;fgf] pd]/sf
dfG5]sf nflu / ;fgf] pd]/sf dfG5]af6 x'g] cleJolQm snf l;h{gf afn ;flxTo
xf] . afn ;flxTon] afn dgnfO{ v';L lbG5, /dfOnf] agfpF5, cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt
u/fpF5 . To;}n] afnss} lglDt ul/g] sf]dn cleJolQm afn ;flxTo xf] eGg]
lgrf]8df k'Ug ;lsG5 -cj:yL, @)^% M *_ . of] ;xh k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . o;df
sNkgfsf Hjf/ef6f / cfj]u;+j]u a9fpg] vfnsf 36gfx¿ Go"g x'G5g\ . efUojfbL
;f]rnfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] afn;flxTo /fd|f] dflgFb}g . afn dgleq k|f0fLdfqdf
;b\efj hufpg] / afnsnfO{ sd{ If]qdf pT;fxL t'Nofpg] Wo]on] afn ;flxTo
;h{s lrdf]l6O/xG5 . /fd|f] l;h{gfsf nflu o:tf] k|of; dlnnf] / pkof]uL klg
x'G5 .

78 ÷ bLklzvf
#= g]kfnL k/Dk/f
k|s[lthGo u'0f xf] dfgjLo ;+j]bgf / cg'e"lthGo k|ltlqmof . elgG5,
kGw| lbgs} pd]/b]lv afnsn] cfdfsf] cfjfh lrG5g\ . lzz'x¿ c¿ cfjfh
;'g]/ tl;{G5g\ eg] cfdfn] nf]/L ufpFbf v';L x'G5g\ . cfdfn] aRRff ;'tfpg nf]nL
ldnfP/ nf]/L ufpg] k/Dk/fn] 8f]¥ofO{ NofPsf] afn nx/Laf6 g]kfnL afn ;flxTo
;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . xh'/af cfdfn] gflt gfltgf e'nfpg÷;'tfpg, k'mNofpg jf
/dfOnf] u/fpg syf÷uLt ;'gfpg] rngn] g]kfnL afn ;flxTo yflnPsf] / oxL
hudf wflgPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;'Gg]÷;'gfpg] nf]suLt, nf]ssyf, ufpFvfg]
syf k/Dk/fn] afn ;flxTonfO{ ult lbPsf] xf] . Oltxf;, k'/f0f, k~rtGq,
lxtf]kb]z ldqnfe, :j:yfgLj|t, jL/l;Ssf, d'G;Lsf tLg cfxfg h:tf syfdf
jl0f{t syfx¿ h'g afnsnfO{ ;'gfpg] rngn] 8f]¥ofO{ NofPsf] k/Dk/fb]lv
cfh;Ddsf] l:ylt 5, ToxL g} g]kfnL afn ;flxTon] x'sf{Psf] k/Dkl/t k|flKt
xf] . sYo rngn] x'sf{Psf] g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] n]vg k/Dk/f uª\ufw/
b|lj8sf] uf]vf{ klxnf] lstfa -lj=;+= !($(_ af6 ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 -k|wfg,
@)^! M $$_ . g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cf/De / cfjZos kf7Øk':ts
n]vgdf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xsf] of]ubfg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
l;+xsf cIf/fª\s lzIff -!(%*_, afnaf]w -!(%*_, ;|]:tfaf]w -!(^@_
h:tf lglZrt p2]Zod"ns kf7Ø;fdu|L lgdf{0f / uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg÷;Dkfbg
sfo{sf nflu lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfn] klg g]kfnL afn kf7\o;fdu|L tof/L tyf
k|j4{gdf pNn]Vo cfwf/ lbPsf] kfOG5 -k|wfg, @)^! M $%_ .
g]kfnL efiffdf df}lns afn ;flxTo n]vgn] lgs} kl5 cfP/ ult k|fKt
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . afn hLjgsf] sb/ tyf cfjZostf dx;'; u/L nIdLk|;fb
b]jsf]6fsf] /fhs'df/ k|efs/ -!((&_ afnsfJo, n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf]b;}+ sljtf,
l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] lt/ld/ tf/f x'Fb} s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nLsf] /dfOnf gfgL efu !, @
/ #, dfwj l3ld/]sf] 3fdkfgL h:tf /rgfx¿sf] ;fy kfP/ g]kfnL afn ;flxTo
ultzLn x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . Zofdk|;fb zdf{, /d]z ljsn, ab/Lgfy e6\6/fO{,
zfGtbf; dfgGw/, Zofdbf; j}i0fj, r"8fdl0f aGw', df]xg/fh zdf{, /fds'df/ kfF8],
uf]kLs[i0f zdf{, b]jLk|;fb jgaf;L, b]js'df/L yfkf, hgsk|;fb x'dfUffO{+, leS6/
k|wfg, dxfb]j cj:yL, ljgo s;h", sljtf/fd >]i7, hLj]Gb|b]j lu/L, ljho
rfln;], s[i0fk|;fb b'jfn, ljZjDe/ r~rn, zf/bf/d0f g]kfn nufotsf w]/}
;|i6fx¿;Fu dnhn lnP/ x'lsFb} u/]sf] g]kfnL afn ;flxTon] slkn nfld5fg],
sNkgf k|wfg, k|df]b k|wfg, nIdL pk|]tL, ldqnfn k+1fgL, t]hk|sfz >]i7,
/fdafa' ;'j]bL, dw';"bg lu/L, ;'wf l/;fn, /~h'>L k/fh'nL, 5fofbQ Gof}kfg],

bLklzvf ÷ 79
k|ef e6\6/fO{, ;'zLnf k|wfgfª\u, /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, z}n]Gb'k|sfz g]kfn, w|'j
l3ld/], Clif/fd cof{n, uf]kfn k/fh'nL, gj/fh l/hfn, cgGtk|;fb jfUn],
OGb| clwsf/L, dx]z kf}8]n, zld{nf v8\sf -bfxfn_, uª\uf kf}8]n, s[i0f zfx
ofqL, s[i0f/fh ;jf{xf/L, sflt{s]o l3ld/], wL/s'df/ >]i7, cfgGbk|sfz g]kfn,
k|eft ;fksf]6f, s]bf/ >]i7, oz' >]i7, zfZjt k/fh'nL, s[i0fbLk l;Ub]n,
ljho/fh cfrfo{, ljho/fh Gof}kfg], /fdb]j kf08], ufoqL lji6, xl/ v/fn,
1fglgi7 1jfnL, ;f}/els/0f >]i7, tf/fjbg >]i7, lji0fs'df/ kf}8]n, d'lQmgfy
zdf{ g]pkfg], nlntf bf]ifL, sljtf ;fksf]6f, k|ltdf Gof}kfg], ;ljgf l;Gw', ul/df
n'O6]n, kjg e08f/L, /fhsfhL >]i7, bLIffGt Gof}kfg], hgfb{g g]kfn, eLd If]qL,
jfdb]j zdf{, cg'qmd/fh zdf{, dlgqmd/fh zdf{, dw';"bgk|;fb l3ld/], nIdL
>]i7, /fhsfhL >]i7, b]jL g]kfn, cfgGb ltjf/L, s]aL l;Dkn, lgzf kf08]h:tf
y'k|} k|ltef ;DkGg ;|i6fx¿sf] l;h{gsd{n] o;nfO{ ljsl;t t'NofO/x]sf] 5 .
o; lsl;dsf] ;lqmotfn] g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] eljio pDbf] 5 eGg] k':6\ofOF
klg lbG5 .

$= k|j[lQx¿
g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] n]Vo k/Dk/f;Fu} gjLg b[li6 / z}nL klg ylkFb}
/ ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfgn] k|fKt u/]sf afn bf]xf]/L, ;f]emf]
;+jfbsf k':ts, txut k|:t'ltsf 9fFrf, cIf//lxt k':ts, j}1flgs afn syf,
pkGof;x¿ gjLg ;"rsnfO{ ;Dk|]io agfpg] k|of; x'g\ . kl5Nnf] ;do g]kfnL
afn ;flxTodf ljljw k|j[lQx¿ ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . cfdfn] ;'d;'DofpFbf
u'gu'gfPsf nf]/Lb]lv ;'? ePsf] k|:t'lt cTofw'lgs lj1fgsf] rdTsf/ ;d]6\g]
cfhsf] k|flKt;Dddf leGg b[li6sf]0f /z}nLn] g]kfnL afn ;flxTonfO{ ;DkGg
agfpFb} 5 . oxfF s]xL rNtLsf k|j[lQsf] ;fdfGo rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M

s_ df}lvs
l;ª\uf] g]kfnL ;flxTo nf]shLjgsf] df}lvs k|:k'm6g eP h:t} afn
;flxTo klg df}lvs k/Dk/f;Fu} nxl/Psf] xf] . lxhf]sf xh'/af cfdfn] gflt
gfltgfnfO{ ;'gfpg] uLt, syf, nfdf syf g} afn ;flxTosf ¿kdf :yflkt x'Fb}
cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg lsl;dn] cleJolQmdf xfpefp lbP/ ;'gfO{ aRrfx¿nfO{
v';L kfg]{ k|of;df afn ;flxTo k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . lk7\o'Fdf af]s]/
l9sL hfFtf] ubf{ jf sf]qmf]df xNnfP/ ;'Tg k|]l/t ul//xFbf cfdfx¿n] ufpg] nf]/L
tyf afn nx/L klg afn ;flxTos} k|f¿k x'g\ . nf]s syf, kf}/fl0fs syf /

80 ÷ bLklzvf
l;nf]s, ehg sLt{gsf kª\lQmx¿n] klg afnsx¿nfO{ dgf]/~hg lbP/ cfglGbt
t'NofpFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . k~rtGq, lxtf]kb]z ldqnfe, :j:yfgL j|th:tf syfx¿
klg afnsx¿sf] lglDt k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . afnsnfO{ ctL{ pkb]z lbg',
e"tk|]tsf s'/f u/]/ dgf]/~hg u/fP em}F u/L t;f{pg', /fhs'df/ /fhs'df/Lsf syf
;'gfP/ pT;fx yKg k|oTg ug{', k'/f0fsf ;Gbe{x¿ atfP/ wfld{s cf:yf a9fpg]
r]i6f ug{'h:tf ;du|df g}lts aGwgdf afn dgf]lj1fg c8\sfpg] k|oTgdf ;Lldt
/xg' g} lxhf]sf] afn ;flxTon] cFufn]sf] d"ne"t k|j[lQ /x]sf] kfOG5 . df}lvs
k/Dk/f, uª\ufw/ b|lj8, hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x, n]vgfy kf}8\ofn xF'b} nIdLk|;fb
b]jsf]6f;Dd cfOk'Ubf klg pQm k|j[lQs} k|efj /x]sf] dx;'; x'G5 . ;don]
ult yKt} hfFbf dfwj l3ld/], Zofdk|;fb zdf{, /d]z ljsn, b]js'df/L yfkf,
zfGtbf; dfgGw/, s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL, hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{F, b}j1/fh Gof}kfg]
h:tf ;|i6fx¿n] dnhn u/L NofpFbf ;fdflhs hLjg;fk]If afn ;flxTo ;[li6
x'g] qmd ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf eg] gofF ;|i6fx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
klg XjfQ} a9]sf] 5 / afnsx¿nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g
b]lvPsf] 5 .

v_ cg'jfb
g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] ljsf;df cg'jfb ;flxTon] klg kof{Kt e/y]u
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+:s[t efiffdf lnlvt k~rtGq, lxtf]kb]z ldqnfe, :j:yfgL
j|tsyfx¿sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb k/Dk/fn] g]kfnL ;flxTo;Fu} afn ;flxTosf] hu
lgdf{0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . Oltxf;sf/ k|df]b k|wfgn] cfˆgf] g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf]
Oltxf; -@)^!_ df cg'jfb k/Dk/f k'/fgf] eP klg Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4
x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{ cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . kl5NNff] ;do cª\u|]hL lrlgof, lxGbL
nufotsf efiffx¿af6 g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ug]{ rng a;]sf] 5 h'g k7g
;+:s[lt lgdf{0fsf nflu cg's"n k|of; xf] . ljljw hflt g]kfnLsf dft[efiffx¿af6
klg g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ug]{ / tL efiffsf nf]ssyfx¿nfO{ g]kfnfL efiffsf]
dfWodaf6 k|sfzgdf Nofpg] sfd ;d]t x'g yfn]sf] 5 . cg'jfb Jojl:yt
/ lgoldt x'Fb} hfFbf ;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df ;d]t
pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfpg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

u_ df}lns
g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] df}lns k/Dk/f u+ufw/ b|lj8sf] uf]vf{ klxnf] lstfa
-!($(_, hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xsf cIff/fª\s lzIff -!(%*_, afnaf]w -!(%*_,

bLklzvf ÷ 81
;|]:tfaf]w -!(^@_ x'Fb} nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf /fhs'df/ k|efs/ afnsfJob]lv
emfFlug yfn]sf] dflgG5 . ljutl;t 8f]l/Fb} jt{dfgnfO{ 5'Fbf g]kfnL afn ;flxTodf
s]xL xb;Dd ;fdflhs hLjgn] :yfg kfpg yfn]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 .
l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] lt/ld/ tf/f, dfwj l3ld/]sf] 3fdkfgL, Zofdk|;fb zdf{sf]
d]/f] ;fgf] ;fyL, /d]z ljsnsf] lxpFb] 5'6\6L, zfGtbf; dfgGw/sf] syfsf];]nL,
b]js'df/L yfkfsf] syfsf] a6'nf], s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nLsf] ;'gf}nf tLg s'/f,
hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{sf] lbbLefOsf] dfof, b}j1/fh Gof}kfg]sf] gf}nfvtf/f;Dd
k'Ubf g]kfnL hghLjg, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts d"Noaf6 ljifoj:t' u|x0f u/]/ afn
;flxTo l;h{gf ug]{ k4lt ljsl;t ePsf] e]l6G5 . afn ;flxTosf] o; ofqfnfO{
cl3 a9fpg] sfo{df t]hk|sfz >]i7sf] ltdL dnfO{ kfgL b]pm d ltdLnfO{ k"mn
lbG5', ljho rfln;]sf] dª\un u|xdf lj1fg, /fdk|;fb 1jfnLsf] ;fgL k/]aL /
afh, zf/bf clwsf/Lsf] cf]xf] Û d}n] t eGg} la;]{5', sljtf/fd >]i7sf] cgf}7f]
ofqf, 5fofbQ Gof}kfg]sf] af6f] atfpg] gflt, df]6/;fOsnsf] lax], gj/fh
l/hfnsf] ltnsfg]sf] l6sf]h:tf s[ltsf/ / s[ltx¿ s]xL xb;Dd leGg p2]Zo
lnP/ gjLg z}nLsf ;fy k|:t't x'Fb} cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . cfhsf] afn ;flxTo
afnd}qL, ;dfhd}qL, b]zk|]dL, hflt / lnª\ud}qL aGb} >dk|lt ;Ddfg efj
hufpg], ljZjf; a9fpg] Wo]oaf6 k|]l/t 5 h'g ;dosf] dfu / afn hLjgsf]
cfjZostf klg xf] . cfh g]kfnL afn ;flxTo afn dgdl:tisnfO{ efUojfbaf6
p7fP/ >dzLn sd{of]uL ;+r]tgf k|bfg ug]{ d"n dfGotfaf6 k|efljt 5 -Gof}kfg],
@)^& M ^_ . j}1flgs ;f]r ljrf/ u|x0f u/]/ Jojxf/f]kof]uL ;Gb]z ;Dk|]if0f
ug]{ WofpGgdf afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿ ;dlk{t 5g\ . cfb]z, lgb]{z / g}lts lzIff
3f]sfpg] ;+:sf/af6 afn ;flxTo ;|i6f d'Qm eO{ :jtM rl/q lrq0fn] cfjZos
r]tgf lbg ;Sg' k5{ eGg] r]tgf / Odfgn] g]kfnL afn ;flxTo klGkFb} 5 .
o;nfO{ afn ;flxTodf nfUg]x¿sf nflu pNn]Vo k|flKt dfGg ;lsG5 .

3_ ultljlw
ljut b'O{÷ltg bzs cl3;Dd afn ;flxTosf k':ts k|sfzg sfo{
kmnfdsf lrp/f rkfpg'h:t} d'l:sn lyof] . /Tg k':ts e08f/, ;femf
k|sfzgh:tf s]xL ;Lldt k|sfzg u[xn] jif{df s/ann] b'O{ rf/ cf]6f afn k':ts
5fKg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cfh k|sfzg ;+:yf / k|sfzg ultljlw XjfQ} a9]sf]
kfOG5 . lxhf] afn ;flxTosf s[lt k|sfzg ug{ n]vsnfO{ wf}wf} lyof] . cfh
l:ylt To:tf] 5}g, k|sfzsx¿n] ?lr b]vfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . vf]hL /f]hL afn
k':ts k|sfzg ug]{ k|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ . lxhf] cleefjsn] cfˆgf gfgLx¿nfO{

82 ÷ bLklzvf
lstfa lslglbg vf]h] /Tg k':ts / ;femfn] n]vssf] dg /fVg 5fk]sf afn
k':ts kmf6\6k'm6\6 dfq b'O{÷rf/ cf]6f e]l6Gy] . cfhsf] cj:yf pDbf] 5 .
sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ;of} 7fpFaf6 afn k':ts wdfwd k|sflzt / laqmL ljt/0f
eO/x]sf 5g\ . l;ª\u} b]zdf afn k':ts k|sfzgdf rf;f] a9\b} 5 . /Tg k':ts
eG8f/, ;femf k|sfzg, afnsf];]nL k|sfzg, cIf/wfd k|sfzgh:tf ;+:yf afn
dgf]lj1fg a'em]/ tbg's"n afn k':ts k|sfzg ug]{ of]hgfa4 k|of;df b]lvG5g\
eg] tn]h' k|sfzg, a's Kofn];, ljj]s l;h{gzLn k|sfzg, laPg k':ts, P]/fjtL
k|sfzgh:tf k|sfzg u[xx¿ ;lqmo ¿kn] afn ;flxTosf k':ts k|sfzgdf
nflu/x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L Pglhcf], cfOPglhcf]n] klg afn k':ts k|sfzg /
ljt/0fdf ;3fO/x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 afn;'ne k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf]
5 . o; k|of;nfO{ pHofnf] eljio lgdf{0ffy{ cfjZos afnk|ltef k|:k'm6gsf]
pko'Qm sfo{ dfGg ;lsG5 . ljB'tLo k|;f/0f /]l8of], l6eL tyf d'lb|t ;dfrf/
dfWod kqklqsfn] ;d]t afn kf7Ø;fdu|L pTkfbg / k|rf/ k|;f/df of]ubfg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg d'n'ssf] pTyfg lglDt afnsx¿ ;r]t
geO{ x'Fb}g eGg] a'e]m/ afn k':tsfnosf] cjwf/0ff NofPsf] 5 h'g jfª\dosf]
pGglt / k7g ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f x]t' /fd|f] s'/f xf] .

ª_ Vff]hLgLlt
vf]hLgLlt cfk}mdf r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] t/ o;n] ;dfhnfO{ gjLgtftk{m
pGd'v u/fpF5 . jt{dfg ;Gbe{df vf]h cg';Gwfg sfo{n] afn ;flxTonfO{
dxŒjsf ;fy k5Øfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ljZjljBfnox¿af6 ljBfjfl/lwdf
xf];\ jf :gftsf]Q/sf y]l;;x¿df xf];\ jf :gfts txsf n3'zf]w sfo{df lsg
gxf];\ afn ;flxTo ?lrsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ljleGg ;Gbe{x¿l;t hf]l8P/
sfo{kqx¿ n]Vg]÷n]vfpg] 5nkmn rnfpg] ljifosf ¿kdf rf;f] a9]sf] 5 . afn
;flxTosf] cfjZostf :yflkt x'Fb}5 . afn ;flxTonfO{ j}1flgs, Jofjxfl/s
/ pkof]uL agfpg] tkm{ lhDd]jf/L af]w ;|i6f tyf cleefjsdf a9\b} 5 .
;dfnf]rgfx¿ n]Vg÷n]vfpg yflnPsf] 5 . kqklqsfx¿ k|sflzt x'g] qmd
a9\bf] 5 . pkTosf aflx/af6 ;d]t afn ;flxTo;Fu hf]l8Psf ljleGg zLif{s
l6k]/ sfo{kqx¿ n]Vg]÷n]vfpg] sfd eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;du|df afn ;flxTol;t
;DalGwt ultljlwx¿ lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} 5g\ . afn k':tsfno vf]Ng] qmdn]
dxŒj kfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{n] ;x/ dfq xf]Og ufpFnfO{ klg cfslif{t ul//x]sf]
5 . afn ;flxTosf] pTyfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+:yfx¿ :yfkgf x'g] rng km:6fpFbf]
5 . uLt / syfdf ;Lldt afn ;flxTo cfh sljtf, uLt, uhn, syf, lrqsyf,

bLklzvf ÷ 83
pkGof;, gf6s, lgaGw, ;+jfb, ;f]emf] ;+jfbh:tf ljljw ljwfdf ljsl;t ePsf]
5 . hf;';L ltn:dL sNkgfdf v'lDrPsf] lyof] lxhf], cfh oyfy{df kl/0ft
eP/ afn ;flxTo klg hLjg ;fk]If ag]sf] 5 .

r_ ;xl;h{gf
cfhsf] ef}lts ;DkGg ;dfhn] hLjgsf kf6fx¿df ;xsfo{ cfjZos
7fg]sf] b]lvG5 . ;flxTosf] vf]hlag / l;h{gfdf klg ;xsfo{ ug]{ k/Dk/ ;'?
ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnL afn ;flxTodf ;d]t gofF gofF k|of]u ;'?
ePsf 5g\ . ;xl;h{gfn] :yfg kfpFb} 5 . s]xL afns lrq agfpF5g\, ;|i6f lrq
cg';f/ syf, sljtf, lgaGw n]V5g\ . o; z}nLn] klg afn ;flxTonfO{ pmhf{
k|bfg ul//xs} b]lvG5 . l;ljg g]kfnn] o; sfo{df ljz]if ;lqmotf b]vfPsf]
kfOG5 . l;ljg / g]kfn afn ;flxTo ;dfhsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 sf:sLsf]
3fGb|'s tyf bf]nvfsf] r/Lsf]6df ;xl;h{gf sfo{zfnf ;DkGg eO{ kl/0ffd
:j¿k ;xl;h{gf efu–! / @ k':ts k|sfzgdf cfPsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ afn
k|ltef k|:k'm6g / l;h{gfTds l;k ljsf;sf] ;zQm k|of; dfGg l;sG5 .

5_ z}nL ljljwtf
z}nL eg]sf] eGg] tl/sf jf k|:t'ltsf] 9fFrf xf] . afn ;flxTo r]tgfd"ns
/ dgf]/~hg k|wfg eOlbP afnsx¿ v';L x'G5g\ . cleJolQmnfO{ /dfOnf]
agfpg'df rdTsf/k"0f{ z}nLn] ;3fpF5 . km/s k|:t'ltn] cfsif{0f lbG5 . g]kfnL
afn ;flxTodf klg leGg z}nLn] l;h{gf ug]{ kl/kf6L rn]sf] kfOG5 . afnssf]
;lhnf] tyf /dfOnfsf nflu gf6s d~rg tyf >Jo÷b[Zo k|of]un] yk dxŒj
kfpFb} 5 . 5fofbQ Gof}kfg]sfu'/fF; e'mNb} 5 zLif{ssf] afn bf]xf/L / xfd|f s'/f
zLif{ssf] ;f]emf] ;+jfb tyf oz' >]i7sf] 5ftf zLif{ssf] cIf/ /lxt lrq k':tsn]
g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] k|:t'ltdf ljljwtf lbPsf] tYo k|:6\ofpF5g\ . ;f}/els/0f
>]i7, gjLg 9'ª\u]n, s]bf/ >]i7 gf6s v]nfpg] tyf s]bf/ >]i7, oz' >]i7 syf
;'gfpg] snfdf klg vlKk; b]lvPsf 5g\ . slkn nfld5fg], k|ltdf Gof}kfg]sf
ufpFvfg] syf ;ª\sng / k|:t'lt km/s 9ª\un] cfPsf 5g\ . o; k|sf/ km/s
z}nLsf k|:t'ltn] g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] ljsf;df dnhn ub}{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

h_ kqklqsf
kqklqsfsf] k|sfzgn] ;fdflhs r]tgf psf:g] k|of;nfO{ pmhf{ lbG5 .
afnssf] l;h{gfTds Ifdtf a9fpg] p2]Zon] afn klqsfx¿sf] k|sfzg cfk}mdf

84 ÷ bLklzvf
dxŒjk"0f sfo{ x'Fb} xf] . g]kfndf afn klqsfsf] Oltxf; vf]tNg] xf] eg] b]js'df/L
yfkfsf] ;DkfbsTjdf k|sflzt lxdfn lszf]/ -@))*_ ;Ddsf] k/Dk/f hf]l8G5 .
;+:yfut yfngLdf ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] afn ;flxTo d08n -@)!@_ klxnf]
b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}Faf6 g/]Gb|gfy /]UdLsf] s]6fs]6L å}dfl;s -@)!%_ nfO{ klxnf]
k|of; dflgG5 . g]kfn afn ;ª\u7gaf6 ePsf] afnssf] k|sfzgn] eg] nfdf]
Oltxf; lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 - k|wfg, @)^! M @%$_ . hgs lzIff ;fdu|L
s]Gb|sf] ;lqmotf / /fd]Zj/ zdf{ rfln;]sf] ;DkfbsTjdf k|sflzt sf]lknf
-@)#@_ klg s]xL ;dokl5 afnsd} uflePsf] b]lvG5 . zfGtbf; dfgGw/,
hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+ nufot JolQmx¿sf] k|of;df afnkf]if -@)#^_ k|sfzg
ePsf] / s]xL cª\skl5 s]xL ;do /f]lsP/ zfGtbf; dfgGw/sf] ;lqmotfdf
afnsf];]nL dfl;ssf ¿kdf k'gM k|sfzg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . e'jg]Zj/L ;Tofnsf]
;lqmotfdf lrlrnf -@)$^_ k|f/De eO{ afn ;flxTosf] >Lj[l4df of]ubfg
ul//x]sf] kfOG5 -k|wfg, @)^! M @%&_ . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] ;xk|sfzg d'gf
dfl;s afn k|sfzg -@)$&_ n] afn dgdl:tisnfO{ e/y]u ul//x]sf] 5 .
of] b]z ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL efifL afn kf7sx¿sf] kf]l;nf] v'/fs ag]sf] 5 .
afnsf];]nL, 5'gfd'gf, afnd~h/L, afnau}+rf, afnt[0f, 1fgk'~h, afn;/ud cflb
klqsfx¿sf] klg g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] pGglt÷k|ultdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg 5 .
;dfrf/ ljz]ifsf ¿kdf b}lgs k|sfzg x'g] /fli6«o :t/sf klqsfx¿ uf]/vfkq,
sflGtk'/, gful/s, cGgk"0f{ kf]:6h:tf klqsfx¿n] ljz]iffª\ssf ¿kdf :yfg
lbP/ afn kf7sx¿df ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L /]l8of] g]kfn, ;u/dfyf
PkmPd, Soflk6n PkmPd, g]kfn PkmPd h:tf ;dfrf/ k|wfg ;+:yfx¿n] klg
g]kfnL afn ;flxTo k|j4{gdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg ul/x]sf 5g\ . ;b'kof]u ePdf
6]lnlehg tyf km];a'sn] klg afnsdf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpF5g\ .

em_ dgf]/~hg÷kf7Øk':ts n]vg

g]kfnL afn ;flxTodf dgf]/~hg k|wfg n]vgn] klg dxŒj kfPsf]
b]lvG5 . afn nx/L, dfdf cfP 3f]8L, cfR5' cfR5' hf8f] Eofu'tfsf] kf8f],
tf/fafhL n} n} Û h:tf /dfOnfsf nflu ufOg] uLt egf}F jf ;|]:tfaf]wb]lv ;'?
ePsf] kf7Øk':tsLo cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ x]t' n]lvPsf sljtf, syf, lgaGw,
hLjgL lglZrt p2]Zosf nflu n]lvg] x'Fbf :jtGq cleJolQm geO{ lgb]{lzt x'G5 .
g]kfnL afn ;flxTo nfdf] ;do o;}af6 k|efljt klg /Xof] . kl5Nnf] ;dodf
eg] ;|i6f :jtGq 9ª\un] dgf]/~hgleq r]tgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ k|of;df b]lvG5g\
h;n] afndgf] efjsf] sb/ u/]sf] x'G5 . jt{dfg g]kfn afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿

bLklzvf ÷ 85
sfNklgs tl/sfn] ufO{e}F;L, r/fr'?ª\uL, ls/fls/L, lghL{j j:t'x¿, dfgj]t/
kfq k|of]u u/L /rgf /dfOnf] agfpg] k|of;df b]lvG5g\ .

6_ Jofjxfl/s
lxhf] cl:tsf] clt sfNklgs tyf hf;';L÷ltn:dL afn ;flxTo tLj|
ultn] dfgj hLjg;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf] 5 . dfgj]t/ kfq rog;Fu sNkgfsf]
k|r'/tf cfP klg ljifo, kl/j]z, k|:t'lt tyf n]vsLo p2]Zon] Jojxf/ kIfnfO{
dxŒj lbPsf] kfOG5 . afn dgdl:tisnfO{ efUojfbL lrGtgaf6 p7fP/
;ª\3if{zLn r]tgf ;Dk|]if0ftkm{ ;|i6fx¿ pGd'v b]lvG5g\ . afnsdf kl/>d
k5ØfpFb} kl/>dLnfO{ ;Ddfg lbg] ;+:sf/ a;fpg'' g} g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf]
jt{dfg pknlAw xf] . k|s[ltk|]dL, b]zk|]dL, jftfj/0fk|]dL, dfgjk|]dL, kz'kG5Lk|]dL
aGg cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk / Jojxf/ l;sfpg] r]i6fn] g]kfnL afn ;flxTo ;DkGg
aGb} 5 .

7_ ljljw
cfhsf ;Gbe{df afn ;flxTo ;h{sx¿ ;/n z}nLn] uxg s'/f eGg] /
elgPsf] s'/fnfO{ afnhLjgl;t hf]8]/ cg's"n agfpg' kg]{ lhDd]jf/Laf]w ub}{ 5g\ .
;|i6fx¿ sNkgfsf] e]ndf xf]Og oyfy{df kf]of] k/]/ l;h{g sd{df h'6]sf] cg'e"t
ug{ ;lsG5 -Gof}kfg], @)^& M *_ . Affn ;flxTo n]vgdf :jod\ afnsx¿ klg
;lqmo x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . kfsf afn ;flxTo n]vsx¿;Fu} afn ;|i6fx¿ klg
afn ;flxTo n]vg sfof{zfnfx¿df ;xefuL x'g] / ?lrk"0f{ ;lqmotf b]vfpg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;|i6fx¿ afnsx¿sf] ?lr, cfjZostf, af}l4s Ifdtf, ;fdflhs
hLjg ;d]tnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ pgLx¿sf nflu x/t/xn] pkof]uL x'g] u/L :j:y
l;h{gfdf ;dlk{t ePsf] kfOG5 . o;} u/L afn dgdl:tis / cfjZostfnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ ;/n ;':ki6 l;h{gfsf] cfjZostf ;fdfhn] klg dx;'; u/]sf]
5 . o;y{ n]v]/ dfq k'Ub}g ;Dkfbg klg cfjZos 5 eGg] tkm{ g]kfnL afn
;flxTo ;|i6fx¿ ;r]t dfq xf]Og Odfgbf/ klg b]lvFb} 5g\ . afn ;flxTodf
of]ubfg ug]{x¿ j;Gtsf kfn'jf em}F XjfQ} a9]sf 5g\, v';Lsf] s'/f xf] t/ h;/L
n]vg / n]vssf] ;ª\Vof a9]sf] 5, cg'kftdf u'0ffTds a[l4 afFsL b]lvG5,
;Fu;Fu} ;ª\Vofkl5 kl/isf/sf] af6f] v'N5 of] :jfefljs xf] eg]/ ljZjf; klg
ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;dn] afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿ afnsx¿k|lt :g]x ;lxt
lhDd]jf/ aGg' kSs} klg ultzLn hLjgsf nflu ;'vb\ kIf xf] . g]kfn afn
;ª\u7g, g]kfn afn ;flxTo ;dfh, ljleGg afn dlGb/x¿, l;ljg g]kfn, ;]e

86 ÷ bLklzvf
b lrN8]«g nufotsf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿ Affn sNof0fsf/L sfo{df nflu k/]sf
5g\ . o;} u/L afn k':ts k|sfzsx¿ klg . o;n] s] e/f];f lbnfpF5 eg]
g]kfnL afn ;flxTon] kl/isf/ kl/dfh{gdf klg ult lnFb} 5 . cfh p:t}
lxhf]h:t} e"tk|]t, /fhs'df/ /fhs'df/L, d';f la/fnf, ;k{ Eofu'tfdf ;Lldt
geO{ dfgj hLjgl;t 5f]OFb} cGtl/If;Ddsf ;Gbe{ l6k]/ afn ;flxTo ;[li6
ug{ oTgzLn b]lvPsf 5g\ ;|i6fx¿ . o;/L ljleGg efiffsff afn ;flxlTos
s[ltx¿sf] cg'jfb, km/s z}nLsf df}lns l;h{gf, ;~rf/ dfWoaf6 k|rf/,
k|;f/, n]vg, k|sfzg / laqmL ljt/0fsf dfWodaf6 afn ;flxTosf] k|j4{g
sfo{ ultzLn aGb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

%= s]xL k|ltlqmof
ljZj ahf/df afn ;flxTo w]/} cl3b]lv el/nf] bl/nf] aGb} cfPsf]
b]lvG5 . g]kfnL hLjgsf c¿ kf6fdf h:t} nfdf] ;dokl5 aNn afnsx¿nfO{
c;n ;+:sf/ lbg' kg]{ /x]5 eGg] r]tgf lapFe]msf] b]lvG5 g]kfnL cleefjsdf .
afn ;flxTo ;fFRr} afnsx¿sf lglDt ?lrs/ aGg' k5{ eGg] ;+r]tgfn] ;|i6f
lapFemfpFb} / cleefjsaf6 dfg kfpFb} 5 eGg] jt{dfg oyfy{df s;}sf] ljdlt
g/xnf . o; dtnfO{ Jojx[t t'Nofpg] xf] eg] s]xL lglZrt dfGotfx¿ klg
canDag ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . afnsx¿ s;/L afnd}qL aGg ;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf
;|i6fx¿ ;r]t /xg' k5{ . gfgLx¿ kl/jf/df 3'nldn eO{ lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf
;xeflutf hgfpg kfpg] u/L kl/jf/d}qL s;/L aGg ;S5g\ eGg] tkm{ ;r]t /xg'
cfjZos x'G5 . afnsx¿nfO{ ;dfh;Fu lehfP/ ;dfhd}qL ;+:s[ltk|]dL s;/L
agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ;d]t n]vsx¿n] Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . gfgLx¿n]
>dzLn / sd{df ljZjf; /fVg] :jfledfgL aGg] cj;/ kfpmg\ . afn /rgfdf
afnsx¿df c;n ;+:sf/ lbg', j}1flgs ;f]rsf] ljsf; u/fpg', >dk|lt
;Ddfg hgfpg', efUojfbaf6 lapFemfP/ sd{of]utkm{ k|]l/t u/L afnsx¿nfO{
:g]xn] ;'d;'Dofpg] ;r]ttf cfjZos k5{ -Gof}kfg], @)^& M @_ . o; ;Gbe{df
ljleGg ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw tyf JolQmx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
s]xL egfOx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
k|fWofks s]zj ;'j]bL eGg'x'G5— æafn ;flxTo, afn ;flxTo aGg}
EofPsf] 5}g, efiffdfq ;/n eP/ afn ;flxTo x'Fb}g . cfb]z lgb]{z afn
;flxTosf zAbdf xf]Og rl/qdf cfpg' k5{ . of] JolQm, ;dfh, /fi6« / dfgjd}qL
x'g' k5{ . clxn];Dd afn ;flxTo n]vs} hGd]sf 5}gg\, s]sf] ;Dkfbssf]
vfFrf] x'G5 < klxnf afn ;flxTo n]V5' eGg]x¿n] ;fwgf ug{' k¥of] .Æ pxfFn]

bLklzvf ÷ 87
afn ;flxTo ;Dkfbg sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lh:tf sfo{qmdnfO{ gfgL kfpg] s}n]s}n]
ef]6f] l;pg] k}n]h:tf] 7fGg' x'G5 . /Tg k':ts e08f/sf uf]ljGb >]i7 eg]
pT;fxL b]lvg' x'G5 . pxfFsf] egfO 5— æafn ;flxTo clxn] kl5Nnf] ;dodf
km:6fPsf] 5 . n]vgdf kl/isf/ x'Fb} 5, ;|i6fx¿ ylkPsf 5g\ . of] n]vssf]
;ª\Vof j[l4n] g} lj:tf/} lgvf/ klg NofpF5 . of] c;n gful/s pTkfbgsf
nflu v';Lsf] s'/f xf] .Æ a's Kofn];sf /d]z k|wfg klg afn ;flxTosf] laqmL
ljt/0f klxnfeGbf a9]sfdf ;Gtf]if dfGg' x'G5 . pxfFsf] egfO 5— æof] k7g
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; xf], afnsx¿nfO{ ;Eo ;+:sf/ lbg] s'/fdf o;n] ;3fpF5 .Æ
o;} u/L ;femf k|sfzgsf k|sfzg ljefu k|d'v bfdf]b/ sf]O/fnf xfF;L xfF;L
atfpg' x'G5— æafn ;flxTosf] k|sfzg tyf laqmL ljt/0fn] dnfO{ lgs} pT;fxL
t'NofPsf] 5 . ;femfn] laqmL ug]{ ;flxlTos lstfax¿sf] Oltxf;d} pNn]Vo
s] 5 eg] rfn' cfly{s jif{df afn ;flxTosf k':ts dfq} b'O{ sf/f]8 a/fa/sf
laqmL eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] k|sfzg u[xn] ;s];Dd w]/} afnk':ts 5fKg] k|oTg
klg ul//x]sf] 5 . k|sfzgsf nflu c¿ k':tsn] rf/ kfFr jif{;Dd kfnf] s'g'{
k5{ t/ afn ;flxTosf lstfan] clxn];Dd Psjif{ eGbf a9L klv{g' k/]sf]
5}g . o;sf] cy{ xf] afn kf7sx¿ lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} 5g\ .Æ afnsf];]nL
klqsfsf ;Dkfbs tyf afnsf];]nL k|sfzgsf k|aGw lgb]{zs zfGtbf; dfgGw/
eGg' x'G5— æafn ;flxTo n]vg ;:tf] eO/x]sf] 5 . afnsx¿;Dd k'u]/
pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg lbg] u/L afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿n] kl/>d u/]s} 5}gg\ . o;/L
h] n]v] klg afn ;flxTo x'G5 eG7fGg' afnsx¿nfO{ x]Kg' xf] . o;f] x'g' /fd|f]
xf]Og . sd;]sd xfdL afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿n] t afnsx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg u/f}F .
pgLx¿sf] dgf]lj1fg a'e]m/ /fd|f /rgf lbof}F / pgLx¿n] :j:y kf7\o;fdu|L
kfP eg] pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg x'G5 eGg] a'emf}F . o;tkm{ xfdL ;a}sf] Wofg hfg'
k5{ . clxn] afn k':tssf] ;ª\Vof t a9]sf] 5 t/ afhf/df ePsf ;a} vfg]
s'/f :jf:Yosf nflu lxts/ clg ;'kfRo xF'b}gg\ . afnsx¿sf] vfg] s'/fdf
cfdfn] h:t} k9\g] ;fdu|Ldf ;|i6fn] Wofg lbg' h?/L x'G5 .Æ o;} u/L cIf/wfd
k|sfzgsf ;Nnfxsf/ k|eft ;fksf]6f eGg'x'G5— æ;Eo ;dfh a;fP/ b]znfO{
/fd|f] agfpg' 5 . To;}n] afn ;flxTo ;/n, ;':ki6, j}1flgs / ;fdflhs
hLjgl;t hf]l8Psf] x'g' k5{ . kl5Nnf bzsdf g]kfnL afn ;flxTo pDbf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ yk kl/is[t ub}{ afn cfjZostf af]w ug{ ;|i6fx¿
;Ifd xf]pg\ .Æ ;|i6f ldqnfn k+1fgLsf] egfO 5— æafnsx¿nfO{ ;xL af6f]
b]vfpg hflgof] eg] ef]lnsf] ;dfh c;n aG5 / ljsl;t klg x'G5 . c;n
eg]sf] ;+:sf/, Jojxf/ / lj1fg ;Ddt s'/f xf] .Æ xf], xfdLn] g]kfnL ;dfhsf]

88 ÷ bLklzvf
¿kfGt/0f ug{' 5 . of] ;|i6fs} lhDd]jf/L klg xf] t/ efjgfTds kl/jt{g cfb]z
lgb]{z / s/ann] ug{÷u/fpg ;lsFb}g . To;}n] cfk}m hfGg] ;'Gg] eO{ pkb]z
lbg] jf anhˆtL ug]{ afgL ;RofP/ afn kf7sx¿sf] dg lht]/ pgLx¿n] kQf]
gkfpg] u/L afn /rgfdf k|o'Qm 36gf, kfq, kl/j]z, ;+jfbaf6} ;sf/fTds
;r]tgf ;6'Ss k;fOlbg'df ;|i6fsf] ;kmntf emlNsG5 . xf] lg Û of]Uo k|f}9af6
;dfhn] la; jif{ ;]jf kfpF5 eg] of]Uo afnsaf6 krf; jif{ kfpF5 eGg] tYo
;lDem/xg' k5{ ;|i6fn] .

^= lgisif{
xfdL ;a}sf] rfxgf / p2]Zo ;Eo lzi6 ;dfh lgdf{0f ug'{ 5 . dfgj
k|j[lQdf kl/jt{g cfjZos x'G5 . l5lKkPsf] dg dl:tissf] kl/jt{g c;xh
x'G5 . afgL k]mg'{ eg]sf] n'uf k]mg'{h:tf] ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . sltko k'/fgf afgL
Jojxf/n] ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf ;+/If0f kfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] sltnfO{ kG5fpg' kg]{
cfjZostf x'G5 . xfd|f slt ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt o:t} 5g\ . lxhf] cl:t e}Fm hfb",
6'gfd'gf, e"tk|]t, b]jtf, efUojfbdf h]lnP/ ul/Psf clg ul/g] ;flxTo l;h{gf
jt{dfg / cfpFbf] k':tfsf nflu e'Q] eO;s]sf] oyfy{nfO{ sd;]sd afn ;flxTo
;|i6fx¿n] kTofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . cfhsf ;|i6f j}1flgs ljrf/ lnP/ dfgjLo
;+j]bgf ;'D;'Dofpg / sd{zLn l;k lbg] hLjgf]kof]uL l;h{gftkm{ cfs[i6 x'g' kg]{
b]lvG5 . cfhsf afnsn] ljZj PsLs/0f;Fu kf}F7]hf]/L v]Ng' 5 . o;tkm{ afn
;flxTo ;|i6fn] rf;f] a9fpg' / ;f]xL cg'¿k ;fwgfdf xf]ldg' h?/L b]lvG5 .
ljut rfln;sf] bzsotf g]kfnL afn ;flxTodf b]lvPsf] ;r]tgfn] tLj| ultdf
km8\sf] dfb}{ cfPsf] tYo pT;fxk|b pknlAw eP klg hLjgd'vL l;h{gfsf] cefj
k"lt{ gx'g' afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿n] a]xf]g{' k/]sf] r'gf}tL sd ePsf] 5}g eGg] g}
xf] . ;f/df eGg'kbf{ jt{dfg ;dosf] dfu / afn kf7ssf] cfjZostf cg';f/
afn ;flxTo ;|i6fn] k'/fgf syg / kl/kf6Ldf gcNe]m/ gofF d"No dfGotfnfO{
k'mtL{n] k5\ofpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . cfzf /fvf}F :jo+ afn ;|i6f, dlxnf n]vs
;d]t ;|i6fx¿sf] nfdf] kª\lQmn] afn ;flxTo l;h{gfdf ?lrk"j{s ;fwgf/t /x]sf]
jt{dfgn] cfpFbf] k':tfsf nflu kf]l;nf] afn kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] vfFrf] x/t/xn] sd
ug]{ 5 . cfk:tdf glhlsPsf] ljZj ;d'bfo / o;n] k|bfg ug]{ gofF k|ljlwo'Qm
;"rgfx¿n] ljZjfl;nf ;|f]t ag]/ afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿nfO{ kmlqmg k'Ug] u/L pmhf{
lbg] 5g\ . lgs6 eljiod} g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf kf7sx¿n] :t/Lo kf7\o;fdu|L
kof{Kt kfpg] 5g\ . ljZjf; u/f}F g]kfnL afn ;flxTo ;|i6fx¿ k|ljlwhGo ljifo
cWoog ljZn]if0faf6 lgl;|t l;h{gf lbg ;kmn x'g] 5g\ .

bLklzvf ÷ 89
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
cj:yL, dxfb]j= @)^%= afn ;flxTosf ljwf / n]vg—k|lqmof= sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; .
låj]bL, xl/x/gfy= ;g\ !(&!= lgaGw l;4fGt cf}/ k|of]u= k6gf M lxGbL csfbdL .
Gof}kfg], 5fofbQ= @)^&= æafn ;flxTosf/ hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+Æ= hgsk|;fb x'dfufO{+ M
;|i6f Ps b|i6f cg]s= eQmk'/ M o'4k|;fb ld> :d[lt k|lti7fg .
============ =@)^$= afbnsf /];fx¿= sf7df8f}F M ;Tofn k|sfzg .
=========== = @)^(= jfª\dosf s'/f= sf7df8f}F M :jb]z k|sfzg k|f=ln= .
k|wfg, k|df]b= @)^!= g]kfnL afn ;flxTosf] Oltxf;= sf7df8f}F M ljj]s l;h{gzLn
k|sfzg k|f=ln= .
========== -;Dkf=_= @)^&= ;xl;h{gf= sf7df8f}F M l;ljg g]kfn .
k|;fb, ljZjgfy= ;g\ !(&!= snf Pj+ ;flxTo M k|j[lQ cf}/ k/Dk/f= ljxf/ M lxGbL
u|Gy csfbdL .
aGw', r"8fdl0f / cGo= @)^)= g]kfnL afn ljZjsf]z= sf7df8f}F M g]kfn afn ;flxTo
;dfh .
g]kfn afn ;flxTo ;dfhsf] cfof]hgfdf @)^& kmfu'g !$–!% df kfNkfdf ;DkGg
PSsfO;f}F jflif{s ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't r"8fdl0f aGw', ljgo s'df/ s;h", dxfb]j
cj:yL, s[i0f l3ld/], OGb| clwsf/L, cgGtk|;fb jfUn] / ;f}/els/0f >]i7åf/f
k|:t't sfo{kqx¿ .
zfGtbf; dfgGw/, Zofdk|;fb zdf{, s]zj ;'j]bL, ldqnfn k+1fgL, k|eft ;fksf]6f,
uf]ljGb >]i7, bfdf]b/ sf]O/fnf, /d]z k|wfg cflb s]xL k|sfzs tyf ljåfg\
x¿;Fusf] k|ToIf s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t .
u'un qmf]ddf n]lvPsf afn ;flxTo ;DaGwL s]xL n]vx¿ .

90 ÷ bLklzvf
 …csL{ cfOdfO{Ú pkGof;sf]
gf/LjfbL ljZn]if0f
1fg' clwsf/L*

!= ljifo kl/ro
csL{ cfOdfO{ gLnd sfsL{ …lgxfl/sfÚåf/f n]lvPsf] pkGof; xf] . xfn
cd]l/sfdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsL lgxfl/sfsf] k|:t't pkGof; ToxLFsf] kl/j]znfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ n]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnaf6 ljjfx u/]/ cd]l/sf k'u]sL Pp6L o'jtL csL{
cfOdfO{sf ¿kdf oflGqs hLjg ef]Ug afWo ePsf] 36gfnfO{ o;df ;"Id ¿kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . gf/Lsf] hLjgdf lkt[;QfTds ;dfhn] yf]k/]sf ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts dfGotfnfO{ b]vfOPsfn] k|:t't pkGof; gf/LjfbL sf]0faf6 cWoogLo
b]lvG5 . hLjgsf] ;'?b]lv cGTo;Dd k'?ifx¿sf] v6gk6g / pgLx¿sf] OR5f
/ cfzf cg';f/ rNg' kg]{ gf/Lsf] ljjz hLjgnfO{ o;df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
gf/Lsf] cl:tTj, clwsf/, ;dfgtf h:tf kIfnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ ul/g]
cWoognfO{ gf/LjfbL cWoog elgG5 . gf/Ljfb eGgfn] ljleGg sf/0faf6
k5fl8 k/]/ jf x]lkP/ hLjg latfpg afWo gf/Lx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL To:tf
gf/Lx¿sf nflu x/]s If]qdf ;dfg clwsf/sf nflu ul/Psf] af}l4s ;ª\3if{
xf] . gf/L :jtGqtf / gf/L ;dfgtfsf kIfdf gf/Ljfbn] cfjfh p7fpFb5 .
gf/L ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t /rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf ;fy} s'g} klg ;flxlTos kf7df
gf/Lsf] pkl:ylt s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog gf/LjfbL l;4fGtn]
ub{5 . k|:t't csL{ cfOdfO{ zLif{ssf] pkGof; klg gf/L ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t
pkGof; xf] . o;nfO{ gf/LjfbL sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ cToGt pko'Qm b]lvg]
ePsfn] k|:t't ljifosf] rog ul/Psf] 5 . lgxfl/sfsf] k|:t't pkGof;df
* pkk|fWofks, sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .

bLklzvf ÷ 91
gf/L hLjgsf ljjztf / afWotfx¿sf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf]
kIfnfO{ klg b]vfOPsf] 5 . lkt[;QfTds ;dfhåf/f zf]lift / bldt gf/LnfO{
pGd'lQmtk{msf] af6f] b]vfOPsf] of] pkGof; gf/Ls]Gb|L pkGof; xf] .

@= gf/Ljfbsf] ;}4flGts kof{wf/

cª\u|]hLsf] k]mldlgHd zAbsf] g]kfnL ¿kfGt/ g} gf/Ljfb xf] .
gf/Ljfb lkt[;Qfsf] lj/f]w dfq geO{ gf/Ldfly x'g] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ lje]bhGo
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lj/f]w :j¿k p7]sf] cfjfh xf] . To;}n] o;n] gf/LnfO{ s]Gb|df
/fv]/ ;flxlTos s[ltx¿sf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ub{5 . gf/Lx¿sf xs, lxt /
clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu Pp6f cleofgsf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] gf/LjfbL
ljleGg ;flxlTos ;[hgf;Fu} cl3 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} qmddf ;g\ !(%)
sf] bzskl5 gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfn] kfZrfTo ;flxTodf Pp6f tLj| ;flxlTos
cleofgs} ¿k lnPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L n]lvPsf gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfx¿n]
ctLtsf] lj/f]w ub}{ ctLtdf gf/Lx¿k|lt agfOPsf b[li6sf]0f / wf/0ffx¿nfO{
eTsfO{ ;flxTosf] k'gd"{Nofª\sgsf] k|oTg u/]sf 5g\ . Oltxf;sf] k|f/Deb]lv
/lrPsf] ;flxTosf] ca k'gd"{Nofª\sg x'g' k5{ . k'?ifn] agfPsf ;f/f gf/L
kfqx¿ s]jn v]nf}gfsf ¿kdf dfq b]lvg] x'gfn] ltgnfO{ eTsfO{ gf/Lsf] jf:tljs
¿knfO{ phfu/ kfg'{ k5{ tyf gf/LnfO{ l;ª\uf] ¿kdf gf/Ln] dfq lrGg ;S5g\,
gf/Ln] dfq Gofo ug{ ;S5g\ / gf/L kfqx¿sf] ljZn]if0f klg gf/Laf6 dfq ;xL
¿kdf x'g ;Sb5 eGg] lsl;dsf ljleGg lrGtgx¿sf k[i7e"lddf g} gf/LjfbL
;dfnf]rgf ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 . gf/LjfbL ;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgfn] ;fdfGotM
ToxfF ljBdfg s'/fx¿ eGbf ToxfFsf cefjnfO{ d'Vo dfg]/ kl/eflift ub{5 .
cGo ;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgf tyf l;4fGtx¿sf nflu gf/Ljfb /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng
ePsf] 5 lsgeg] o;sf] ;fdflhs kl/ro k|f/lDes ;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgf
eGbf leGg 5 . o;n] gf/L k'?ifsf] leGgtf nufot pgLx¿sf larsf] ;dfgtf
af/] rf;f] /fVb5 . o; k|sf/ pQ/cfw'lgs ;+:s[ltleq x's{Fb} cfPsf] gf/LjfbL
;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; gf/Ldfly x'Fb} cfPsf cfh;Ddsf cfly{s, /fhgLlts,
j}rfl/s, ;fdflhs tyf of}g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifox¿df x'g] u/]sf e]befj tyf
zf]if0fx¿sf lj?4df af]Ng] / cfˆgf xs clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cfk}Fmn]
n8\g' k5{ eGg] Pp6f j}rfl/s cleofgsf ;fy ePsf] kfOG5 . gf/LjfbL ;flxTo
tyf ;dfnf]rgfsf] jf:tljs tyf ;r]t yfngL ;g\ !(&) sf bzsdf ePsf] xf] .
o;} a]nfb]lv gf/L ;DaGwL cWoog 5'6\6} ljifosf ¿kdf x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 .
o; cjlwdf gf/Ljfbn] cd]l/sfdf ljz]if nf]slk|otf kfpFb} uPsf] b]lvG5 eg]

92 ÷ bLklzvf
a]nfotdf klg gf/L k|sfzg u[xx¿sf] :yfkgf eO{ o;n] ;lqmo :j¿k lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . a]nfotdf ;g\ !(&& df Virago gfds k|sfzgn] gf/Lx¿sf] :jtGq
k':ts k|yd k6s k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 eg] ;g\ !(&* df The Women's Press
sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgf Psflt/ ljutsf gf/L n]vsx¿sf
s[ltsf] Jofks vf]hL tyf k'gd'{b|0f u/]/ clg csf{lt/ ljåtfk"0f{ tyf l;h{gfTds
gf/L n]vgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]/ x's]{sf] 5 .
la;f}F ztfAbLsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAwsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] gf/LjfbL
;dfnf]rgfn] yf]/} ;dodf g} dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ u/L ljsl;t ePsf] b]lvG5 .
gf/LjfbL ;flxTosf Oltxf; / l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgfTds k7g, gf/Llnlvt ;flxTo
/ gf/Lx¿sf] lrq0f ePsf] ;flxTosf] Jofks cWoog, Oltxf;, dgf]lj1fg tyf
dfgj zf:q cflbaf6 k|fKt gf/L ljifos hfgsf/L cflbn] gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf]
e08f/ e/]sf 5g\ . dgf]ljZn]if0fjfb, dfS;{jfb tyf ljlgdf{0fjfbn] gf/LjfbL
l;4fGtnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf;
ofqfnfO{ x]bf{ of] ljleGg wf/f / :j¿kx¿df afFl8Psf] b]lvG5 . gf/LjfbL
;dfnf]rgfsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf o;sf] cfˆg} s'g} lgl{{b{i6 l;4fGt gePsfn]
o;n] cGo If]qsf ljleGg dfGotfnfO{ cfˆgf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 .
o;n] ubf{ gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . To;} u/L Psflt/ h'g h'g
7fpFaf6 gf/LjfbL cleofg yflnof] To;}sf] k|fb]lzs ¿kaf6 gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgf
wf/f ljsl;t ePsf] b]]lvG5 eg] csf{lt/ ljleGg gf/L ;dfnf]rsx¿sf cfˆgf
cfˆgf gf/LjfbL cjwf/0ffx¿af6 klg o;sf ljleGg wf/fx¿ ljsl;t ePsf]
b]lvG5 . cd]l/sf, a]nfot, k|mG; cflb d'n'ssf gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] tLj|
ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(&) sf] bzskl5 kfZrfTo ;flxTodf efiffk/s
ax'njfbL ;dfnf]rgf k|0ffnLsf] ;zQm ljsNkdf pQ/cfw'lgs ;dfnf]rgfsf]
5ftfleq gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfn] qmdzM cfˆgf] k|efj hdfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .

#= csL{ cfOdfO{ pkGof;sf] cfVofg ;Gbe{ / gf/LjfbL ljZn]if0f

csL{ cfOdfO{ pkGof; gf/Ls]Gb|L pkGof; xf] . s'g} klg k'?ifn] bf];|f] k6s
ljjfx u/L NofOPsL >LdtLnfO{ gfd lbg] ;Gbe{df oxfF csL{ cfOdfO{ zAb k|of]u
ePsf] 5 / pkGof;sf] zLif{s klg o;nfO{ g} agfOPsf] 5 . gf/L ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t
cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿ o;cl3 g]kfnL ;flxTodf w]/} n]lvP klg k|:t't pkGof;df
b]vfOPsf] gf/L ;d:of eg] k[ys\ lsl;dsf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf] kl/j]znfO{ lnP/
n]lvPsf] o; pkGof;df ;+j]bgfz"Go x'Fb} uPsf] dfgjLo ;DaGw / To;n] l;h{gf
u/]sf gsf/fTds c;/x¿nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . sfuhL lax], ;DaGw ljR5]b,
un{k|]mG8 AjfOk|m]G8 /fVg] rng cflbsf] lrq0f o; pkGof;df ul/Psf] 5 .
bLklzvf ÷ 93
 o; pkGof;df csL{ cfOdfO{sf ¿kdf cd]l/sf k'¥ofOPsL tf/fsf] syf
5 . :s'n hLjg ;s]/ ev{/ sn]hdf egf{ x'g k'u]sL tf/f hLjgdf s]xL aGg'
k5{, s]xL ug'{ k5{ eGg] efjgf ePsL :jfjnDaL s]6L xf] . t/ Pslbg sn]haf6
ca]nf 3/ kmsF{bf 3/df kl/lrt ckl/lrt dflg;x¿sf] hd36 x'G5 . p;nfO{
yfx g} glbO{sg ljjfxsf] sfuh ul/Psf] x'G5 / p;nfO{ ;xL ug{ nufOG5 . cfdf,
af, efph", bfh', efOalxgL ;a}sf] cg'xf/ v';Ln] rlDsPsf] x'G5 . cd]l/sf hfg
kfpg' g} kl/jf/sf nflu dfq geP/ ;dfhs} nflu v';Lsf] s'/f x'G5 . tf/fnfO{
g t lax]sf af/] elgG5, g t s]6fsf af/] . pm r'krfk cfˆgf] lhGbuLdfly
v]lnPsf] gf6sLo v]n x]g{ afWo x'G5] / b'O{ ltg 3G6fsf] sfuhL k|lqmof /
6Lsf6fnf]kl5 ;bf;bfsf To; 3/af6 k7fOG5] . cToGt cf}krfl/s / oflGqs
¿kn] ;'j0f{ eGg] cd]l/sf a;f]af; ug]{ s]6fsf] kl5 nfu]/ cd]l/sf k'u]kl5
tf/f csL{ cfOdfO{df ¿kfGt/ x'G5] . p;sf hLjgsf ;f/f OR5f, cfsfª\Iff /
;kgfx¿ rsgfr"/ x'G5g\ . pm sfd ug]{ gf]s/ / b'O{ aRrfsf] ;';f/]sf ¿kdf
;'j0f{;Fu sfuhL ljjfxsf dfWodn] p;sf] 3/df k'U5] . ;'lgof]lht lsl;dn]
sfd ug]{ d]l;gsf ¿kdf ToxfF k'¥ofOPsf] l:yltsf] af]w tf/fnfO{ klxnf] lbgaf6
g} eP klg p;n] ljb|f]x ug{ ;lSbg . k|]daf6 jl~rt / ;a} s'/fx¿af6 jl~rt
tf/fdfly b'Jo{jxf/ / lx+;fhGo lqmofsnfk geP klg k};f g} lbg gkg]{ gf]s/sf
¿kdf To; 3/df /xg afWo kfl/G5 . cd]l/sf k'u]/ df]hd:tL / P]zk"0f{ hLjg
latfpg kfPsL efUodfgL 5f]/Lsf ¿kdf dfOtL kIfn] uj{ u/] klg ptf tf/fsf]
hLjg lgs} ;s;k"0f{ x'G5 . cfˆgf] st{Jo ;De]m/ p;n] cfˆgf] kjf{x gu/L
;a}sf nflu v6\g] ePsfn] p;n] b'Jo{jxf/ ;xg' gk/] klg ;f/f of}jgsfnLg
hLjg ToxL 3/df JotLt u5]{ . ;'j0f{ cfˆgL klxnfs} >LdtL;Fu /xg yfn]kl5
/ cfdf aGg] ;kgf t'lxFb} uPkl5 cd]l/sf uPsf] pGgfO; jif{df tf/f cfˆg}
b]z kmls{G5] . l/Qf] / PSnf] eP/ g]kfn kms]{sL tf/fsf] olta]nf;Dd b]z klg
cfˆgf] /xFb}g . sfuhsf lx;fan] pm cd]l/sg gful/s eO;s]sL x'G5] . p;sf]
oxL PSnf]kg / gful/stfsf] k|nf]egdf k/L cfz'tf]if / cfˆg} gGb] efO tyf
cGo k'?if kfqx¿ p;nfO{ k]ml/ klg csL{ cfOdfO{ agfpg nfnlot x'G5g\ . t/
tf/f oL ;a} ;a}af6 yfs]/, lzlyn eP/ :jtGqk"j{s PSn} hLjg lhpg] lg0f{o
u5]{ / pkGof;sf] cGTo x'G5 . o;/L tf/fsf] ljjfx ePb]lv g]kfn kmls{Psf]
;do;Ddsf] pGgfO; jif{sf] tf/fsf] hLjgsf cf/f]x cj/f]xsf 36gfx¿sf]
k|:t'lt /x]sf] o; pkGof;df gf/L zf]]if0f / gf/Lsf] :jtGqtfdflysf] k'?if;Qfsf]
x:tIf]knfO{ b]vfO{ To;k|lt cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .
;dfhdf x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf gf/L zf]if0fdWo] k[ys\ lsl;dsf] zf]if0fnfO{
o; pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] 5 . vf; u/L ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnL gf/Lx¿ / cem

94 ÷ bLklzvf
oxfFaf6 ljjfx eP/ ljb]zdf uPsf g]kfnL gf/Lx¿n] ef]u]sf] bogLo hLjgnfO{
o; pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] 5 . o; pkGof;sf] kfq / ljifoj:t'nfO{ gf/LjfbL
b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf tn ljleGg zLif{sdf k|:t''t pkGof;sf]
gf/LjfbL ljZn]if0f ul/G5 M

#=! csL{ cfOdfO{ pkGof;df gf/L zf]if0fsf] l:ylt

k|:t't pkGof;sf] s]Gb|Lo ljifoj:t' g} gf/L zf]if0f xf] . o; pkGof;sL
k|d'v kfq tf/f x/]s b[li6n] zf]lift kfq xf] . lhGbuLe/ b'Mv u/]/ klg dfgl;s
/ ef}lts ¿kdf PSn} / l/Qf] /x]sL tf/fsf] lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs Joj:yfsf
sf/0f x/]s 7fFpdf zf]if0f ePsf] 5 . p;nfO{ dfof ug]{ cfdfafa' / bfh'af6 ;d]t
pm zf]lift b]lvG5] . ev{/ sn]h egf{ eP/ skf; kmfd{df hflu/ ;d]t vfO{
:jfledfgk"j{s kl9/x]sL tf/fnfO{ Ps jrg klg g;f]wL, p;sf] rfxgf / nIosf]
;d]t Vofn g/fvL r'krfk sfuhdf ;xL 5fk ug{ nufP/ Ps ckl/lrt jo:s
dfG5];Fu /ftf/ft k7fOlbg' Gofo;ª\ut xf]Og . 5f]/L cd]l/sf uPkl5 cfk"mx¿sf]
klg lbg v'N5, kl/jf/sf c¿nfO{ klg cd]l/sf hfg] af6f] v'N5 / ;xof]u x'G5
eGg] nf]edf k/L tf/fdf afa' / bfh'n] cfˆgf] :jfy{sf nflu pd]/ gldNg] Ps
ckl/lrt;Fu tf/fnfO{ k7fpg' klg Ps k|sf/sf] zf]if0f g} xf] . cd]l/sf hfg]
eGb}df tf/fsf] hLjg ;'vdo x'G5 eGg] Uof/]G6L geP klg cd]l/sf;Fu OHht
ufFl;G5 eGg] s'/f g} kl/jf/n] k|d'v dfg]sf 5g\ . To;} u/L tf/f h:tf] lgbf]{if
s]6LnfO{ s]xL ?lkofF k};fsf] nf]e k/L km;fpg] / lax] u/fOlbg] legfh' kg]{ kfq
klg zf]ifssf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 eg] sfuhL g} ljjfx u/] klg >LdtL agfO;s]kl5
tf/fnfO{ p;n] kfpg' kg]{ kTgL;'v÷k|]d tyf cGo ef}lts tyf cef}lts j:t'af6
jl~rt u/fpg] ;'j0f{ klg oxfF gf/L zf]ifssf ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . oL ljljw
JolQmx¿af6 ljljw lsl;dn] ul/Psf] gf/L zf]if0fnfO{ tn ljleGg zLif{sx¿df
/fv]/ k|:t't ul/G5 M

s_ ;fdflhs zf]if0f
lkt[;QfTds ;dfhdf gf/Ldfly x'g] zf]if0fsf] k|f/De ;j{k|yd ;fdflhs
;+:sf/af6 g} x'g] ub{5 . o:t} k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs zf]if0fsf] df/df o; pkGof;sL
gflosf tf/f klg k/]sL 5 . gf/Lsf] hLjgdf slxn] lktfsf ¿kdf, slxn] kltsf
¿kdf / slxn] k'qsf ¿kdf x}sd rnfpg] / lgoGq0f ug]{ 5'6 k'?ifnfO{ ;dfhn]
g} lbPsf] x'G5 . gf/Lx¿ s] rfxG5g\ < pgLx¿sf] efjgf s] xf] < pgLx¿nfO{
b'Mv, si6 jf kL8f ePsf] t 5}g < eGg] af/]df ;fdflhs gLlt lgod df}g

bLklzvf ÷ 95
5 . t/ gf/Ln] k'?ifsf nflu s] ug'{ k5{ < pgLx¿ s:tf] x'g'k5{ < pgLx¿n] s]
s] kfngf ug'{ k5{ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ dfq ;dfhn] dfGotf lbG5 . To;}n] gf/L
dfly x'g] ;fdflhs zf]if0f Jofks ¿kdf k}mlnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't pkGof;df
klg tf/fdfly o:t} ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ut s'/faf6 zf]if0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . tnsf]
;fIonfO{ tf/fdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs zf]if0fsf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 M
;fIo !
xf], k|To]s k6s ;'j0f{hLsf nflu yfnLaf6 gofF 6Lsf p7\Yof], pgnfO{
nufP/ afFsL /x]sf] d]/f] lgwf/;Dd k'UYof] . ===pgsf] lgwf/df /ftf] 6Lsf
6fFl;/xFbf pgsf] / d]/f] cfly{s b'/L t lyof] g} pd]/sf] b'/L klg s;}nfO{
xf]; /x]g -k[=!@_ .
;fIo @
pgsL :jf:gL /] d . afa' cfdfn] To;} eg]/ k7fPsf . afn] cfˆgf] lz/sf]
6f]kL lems]/ cfF;' k'5\b} eg]sf lyP ca x'h'/s} e/f];f 5 xh'/ Û ;fg}
5 uNtL unL{ . ;x/sf] /xg;xg yfxf 5}g . e'ndf dfkmL lbg'xf]nf Û
s] egd\ df/] kfk kfn] k'0o xh'/ -k[=!#_ Û
;fIo #
lbbL cfOk'lu5g\ . sf]xL lng uPsf] x'g' k5{, ;]tf] ;f8L nufPsL lbbL
z'esfo{ x]g'{ x'Gg egL n'sL a;]sL lyOg\ -k[=!@_ .
dfly k|:t't ul/Psf oL ;fIox¿n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;+:sf/sf ¿kdf
ljsl;t ePsf gf/L zf]if0fsf l:yltnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 . oL dWo] klxnf] ;fIodf
tf/f / ;'j0f{sf] lax]sf] k|;ª\u cfPsf] 5 . pd]/ g} gk'uL cfk"meGbf bf]Aa/ pd]/
ePsf, afa's} pd]/sf ;'j0f{;Fu tf/fsf] lax] x'g', cfly{s :t/, pd]/, /xg;xg,
;+:sf/ s]xL klg gldNg] Pp6f ckl/lrt dfG5]sf ;fydf Pp6L lgbf]{if s]6LnfO{
lhDdf lbP/ /ftf/ft k7fpFbf klg s;}nfO{ b'Mv ;xfg'e"lt ePsf] 5}g . pN6}
;a}n] tL ckl/lrt JolQmnfO{ eujfg\h:t} dfg]sf 5g\ . 6Lsf nufOlbFbf klg
yfnLsf] klxnf] 6Lsf ;uj{ ;'j0f{nfO{ nufOlbPsf 5g\ eg] ;'j0f{sf] lgwf/df
6fF;]/ afFsL /x]sf] s]xL cIftf tf/fnfO{ 6fF;]sf 5g\ . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg]
;dfhsf] ;j]{;jf{ eg]sf k'?if x'g\ . pgLx¿ h:tf] eP klg pRr 5g\ t/ gf/L
t'R5 xf] eGg] clek|fo÷cfzo ;fIo Psdf lbOPsf] ;Gbe{n] k|:t't u/]sf] 5
eg] ;fIo b'O{df klg gf/L zf]if0fsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ;fdflhs dfGotfnfO{ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . gf/LnfO{ ljrf/, a'l4, r]tgf, OR5f, efjgf ePsf] dfG5]sf ¿kdf
:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5}g . Pp6f s'g} caf]w k|f0fLsf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
Pp6f kz'nfO{ df/] kfk kfn] k'0o eg]/ csf{sf] lhDdf nufP/ k7fP h:t} oxfF

96 ÷ bLklzvf
tf/fnfO{ klg ;'j0f{sf] lhDdf nufP/ k7fOPsf] 5 . p;n] tf/fdfly h] ug{ klg
5'6 5 eGg] l:jsf/f]lQm c3f]lift ¿kdf ;a}n] u/]sf 5g\, cem egf}F, k'/} ;dfhn]
u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs Joj:yfs} txdf gf/Lx¿ slt zf]lift 5g\ eGg] s'/f
k'li6 x'G5 .
o;} u/L t];|f] ;fIodf tf/fsL lbbLsf] ;Gbe{ ufFl;Psf] 5 . tf/fsf]
lbbLdfly nufOPsf] aGb]h klg Ps k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs zf]if0f g} xf] . b'nxf
d/]/ a/vLdf a;]sL tf/fsL lbbLnfO{ tf/fsf] ljbfOdf ;fd]n x'g lbOPsf] 5}g .
dfOt cfP/ klg pm cGt} n'sfOPsL 5] . PSnL / lg/fz ePsL Psn dlxnfnfO{
z'esfo{df ;+nUg x'g glbg] cnlR5gf, cz'e dflglbg] h'g lsl;dsf] ;+:sf/
g]kfnL ;dfhdf kfOG5 Tof] klg gf/Ldfly x'g] u/]sf] ;fdflhs zf]if0f g} xf] . o;
pkGof;sf sltko ;Gbe{x¿n] gf/Ldfly x'g] ;fdflhs zf]if0fsf] lrq0f u/]sf] 5 .

v_ kfl/jfl/s zf]if0f
gf/Ldfly x'g] u/]sf ljleGg zf]if0fx¿dWo] kfl/jfl/s zf]if0f klg Ps xf] .
cfˆg} kl/jf/leq klg gf/L ljleGg lsl;dn] zf]lift x'G5] eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg k|:t't
pkGof;n] lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . o; pkGof;sL k|d'v kfq tf/f ljjfxcl3 klg
/ ljjfxkl5 klg cfˆg} kl/jf/x¿af6 zf]lift 5] . dfOtLdf ljjfxsf] ;Gbe{df
pmdfly zf]if0f ePsf] 5 . cd]l/sfdf a:g] s]6f];Fu ljjfx ul/lbPkl5 cfk"mnfO{
klg kmfObf x'G5 eGg] :jfy{n] tf/fsf] lax] u/fOlbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ljjfx u/L
uPsf] 3/df klg kl/jf/sf k|To]s ;b:osf] :jfy{ k'/f ug]{ ;fwgsf ¿kdf
p;nfO{ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] tf/f cGoaf6 geO{ kl/jf/s} ;b:ox¿af6
zf]lift b]lvG5] . o; s'/fnfO{ tnsf ;fIox¿åf/f k|:6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
;fIo !
l;dn kmfF6 hfGb5, oL elthf elthL gfgLsf k|f0f g} x'g\ eGg] . ca
logsf s'g} lrGtfn] vfg] ePg xfDnfO{, xf]Og t sfG5L cfdf -k[=!)_ <
;fIo @
legfh' labf x'g' cufl8 sf]6sf] uf]hLaf6 d'7Lel/ s]xL lgsfn]/ ;'j0f{hLn]
pgsf] xftdf /flvlbP/ s]xL s'/f /flvlbPsf lyP, sfg}df -k[=!#_ .
;fIo #
cd]l/sf k'u]sf] ef]lnkN6} ;f;"n] efG;fsf] sfd l;sfOg\ . d cfpgf;fy
3/df sfd ug]{ GofgLn] labf kfPsL /lx5 . /f]huf/Laf6 ;w}Fsf nflu
5'6\6L . === d]lS;sg GofgLn] cª\u|]hL / Ozf/f ld;fP/ ;'6'Ss ;f]w]sL
lyO{ xKtfdf slt lbFb} 5g\ ltdLnfO{ -k[=@*_ <

bLklzvf ÷ 97
 dflysf ;fIox¿n] tf/fdfly k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ePsf] kfl/jfl/s
zf]if0fnfO{ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . klxnf] ;fIodf k|:t't egfO tf/fsL efph"sf] xf] .
tf/fnfO{ ljbfO ug{' cufl8sf] of] jfSodf gofF 7fpF gofF dfG5] gofF kl/j]zdf
hfg nfu]sL tf/fsf] eljiodfly eGbf klg cfˆgf 5f]/f5f/Lsf] eljiok|lt rf;f]
/ lrGtf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . afa' ;/xsf] s]6f dfG5];Fu tf/fsf] ljjfx u/fOlbg'sf
k5fl8 cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] eljio lglZrt xf]nf eGg] clek|fo /x]sf] b]lvG5
eg] bf];|f] ;fIon] kl/jf/leqs} legfh' kg]{ ndL elgPsf] dfG5]n] tf/f;Fu lax]
u/fOlbP afktdf ;'j0f{;Fu k};f lnPsf] 5 . Ps k|sf/n] eGbf p;n] tf/fnfO{
;'j0f{;Fu a]lrlbPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] :jfy{sf nflu tf/fsf] hLjgdfly v]njf8 ug'{
klg zf]if0fsf] Pp6f gd'gf g} xf] . o;} u/L t];|f] ;fIodf lax] u/]/ ;'j0f{sf] 3/
uO;s]kl5sf] tf/fsf] cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't ;fIodf k|:t't
ePsf uPsf] ef]lnkN6} 3/sf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf af/]df atfpg', sfd ug]{ gf]s/nfO{
lgsflnlbg' / rf}la; 3G6f g} sfddf vl6g' kg]{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ul/lbg' h:tf
36gfn] tf/f To; 3/sL ;Ddflgt a'xf/L jf >LdtLsf ¿kdf geO{ k};f ltg}{
gkg]{ cyf{t\ tna lbg} gkg]{ u/L ;w}Fsf nflu NofOPsf] gf]s/sf ¿kdf k|:t't
u/]sf] 5 . gf/Ldfly x'g] ljljw k|sf/sf zf]if0fx¿dWo] of] klg Ps k|sf/sf]
zf]if0f g} xf] . o; k|sf/ k|:t't pkGof;df gf/L zf]if0fsf ljljw ¿kx¿nfO{
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@ csL{ cfOdfO{ pkGof;df gf/L :jtGqtf / ;dfgtf

k|:t't pkGof;df lrq0f ul/Psf] g]kfnL ;dfh gf/L :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfdf
;r]t /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . gf/Lx¿n] ug]{ sfd tyf pgLx¿n] afFRg] hLjg cfˆgf]
OR5f cg';f/sf] jf /f]h]sf] geP/ c¿ -k'?if_ sf] OR5fg';f/ / p;s} v6g
cg';f/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . b'O{ v08df ljeflht k|:t't pkGof;sf] klxnf] v08df
gf/L :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf] s'g} k|;ª\u cfPsf] b]lvFb}g eg] bf];|f] v08df eg]
:jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf nflu ul/Psf k|of; / To;;Fu ;DalGwt k|;ª\ux¿
pkGof;df k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . k|:t't pkGof;df b]lvPsf] gf/L :jtGqtf /
;dfgtfsf] cleJolQmnfO{ tn k|:t't ul/G5 .

-s_ cfly{s :jtGqtf / ;dfgtf

csL{ cfOdfO{ pkGof; ljz]iftM g]kfn / cd]l/sfsf] kl/j]znfO{ s]Gb|
agfO{ n]lvPsf] pkGof; xf] . o; pkGof;df k|:t't ul/Psf clwsf+z gf/L
kfqx¿df g]kfnL g} eP klg cd]l/sfdf w]/} ;do a;]sfn] ljb]zL ;+:s[ltsf]

98 ÷ bLklzvf
k|efj kfOG5 . tf/f, tf/fsL cfdf, efph", ;f;", b]j/fgL, gGb, cfdfh" cflb
o; pkGof;df af/Daf/ b]vf kg]{ gf/L kfq x'g\ . oLdWo] g]kfndf g} /x]sf
tf/fsL cfdf / efph" :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf s'/fdf ;r]t 5}gg\ / pgLx¿sf
nflu To:tf] k|sf/sf] jftfj/0f klg ag]sf] 5}g . pgLx¿sf] s'g} cfly{s ;|f]t
5}g . pgLx¿ k'?ifdf g} cfl>t 5g\ eg] cd]l/sfdf /x]sf gf/Lx¿ t'ngfTds
¿kdf cfly{s :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfk|lt ;r]t b]lvG5g\ . pgLx¿ cfk}Fmn] lahg];
;Dxfn]sf 5g\ / cfo cfh{gdf ;lqmo b]lvG5g\ . o; pkGof;sL k|d'v kfq
tf/fsf] s'g} lsl;dsf] cf}krfl/s cfo cfh{gsf] ;|f]t geP klg cfly{s ¿kn]
lje]b ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g / pkGof;sf] cGTodf t pm;Fu k|z:t ;DklQ ePsf]
b]vffOPsfn] klg pm cfly{s :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf b[li6n] ;an g} b]lvG5] .
o; pkGof;df k|:t't ePsf lgDg ;fIox¿sf cfwf/df gf/Lx¿sf] cfly{s
:jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf] cleJolQmnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
;fIo !
d /fhdfu{df uf8L s'bfpg clt dg k/fpg] . To;}n] t k'm;{b x'gf;fy
o;} /fhdfu{ kl;lbGy]F . Psfw 306f s'bfpg] uy]{F / lnGy]F PlSh6 .
a]hf]8 bf}l8Psf uf8Lx¿ ;Fu;Fu} cfk"m klg bf}l8g kfpFbf Psk|sf/sf]
a]Un} cfgGb dx;'; uy]{F -k[=!@%_ .
;fIo @
oxL b]zk|ltsf] dfofsf] k|tLs dnfO{ lbg /fhL 5g\ ;'j0f{hL d]/f] efudf
kf/]/ . Tof] eGbf 7"nf] Tofu s] x'g ;S5 < To;f] t d]/f] efudf a}Fs
Aofn]G; klg k5{ /] . dnfO{ / d]/f] b'O{ tLg k':tfnfO{ k'U5 /] d}n] kfPsf]
;DklQn] . d cndndf k/]sL lyPF k':tfsf] s'/fn] . vf]O{ d]/f] k':tf
-k[=!)!_ <
dflysf ;fIox¿ o; pkGof;sL gflosf tf/fåf/f JoQm ul/Psf egfOx¿
x'g\ . pmdfly ljleGg lsl;dsf ef}lts cef}lts zf]if0f eP klg pm cfly{s
¿kdf sdhf]/ eg] b]lvGg . 3/df rflxg] ;lkª\b]lv cGo JolQmut cfjZostf
k'/f ug{ p;n] st} klg cefjsf] dx;'; ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvFb}g . cfˆg} JolQmut
uf8L rnfP/ 7'nf 7'nf /fhdfu{df ;o/ ug{ ;Sg] x}l;ot agfPsL tf/fn] cfly{s
kL8f e]mNg' k/]sf] 5}g . ;fIo Psn] p;sf] cfly{s ;antf / To;n] dgdf
kf/]sf] cfTdljZjf;sf] cj:yfnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 eg] ;fIo b'O{df lhGbuLsf] nfdf]
ofqfdf cfk"mn] /f]h]sf] s'/f s]xL gkfP klg cfk"mn] dxŒj g} glbPsf] wg;DklQ
eg] k|z:t kfPsf] ;Gbe{ JoQm ePsf] 5 . ;kl/jf/ cd]l/sfdf g} a;f]af; ug]{
;'j{0fsf] sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] k}lqs 3/ cfk"mnfO{ lbg /fhL ePsf] / k|z:t a}Fs

bLklzvf ÷ 99
Aofn]G; klg cfˆgf] efudf k/]sf] s'/f atfOPsf] o; ;fIon] cfdf aGg] g};lu{s
clwsf/af6 ;d]t jl~rt x'g k/]sf] cj:yfdf of] wg, ;DklQ cflbsf] s] cy{
x'G5 / Û eGg] efj k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ k|:t't pkGof;sf gf/L kfqx¿
cfly{s ¿kdf zf]lift / kLl8t b]lvFb}gg\ . cfly{s :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf b[li6n]
o; pkGof;sf gf/Lx¿ ;r]t b]lvG5g\ .

-v_ of}g :jtGqtf / ;dfgtf

k|:t't pkGof;df pkl:yt gf/L kfqx¿ clwsf+ztM cd]l/sfs} kl/j]zdf
hDdf ePsf b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] tL kfqx¿df ljb]zL ;+:s[ltsf] k|efj b]lvG5 .
g]kfnaf6 uPsf tyf nfdf] ;dob]lv pt} a:b} u/]sf gf/Lx¿ qmdzM k/Dk/fjfbL
gf/L aGwg / cfbz{sf] 3]/faf6 d'Qm b]lvG5g\ . k'?ifnfO{ dfq 5'6 lbOPsf] of}g
:jtGqtfnfO{ gf/Lx¿n] klg cfTd;ft u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ o; pkGof;n] lrq0f
u/]sf] 5 . tf/fsL gGb, ;fljqL, Odf nufot tf/fnfO{ g} klg :j}lR5s of}gsf
nflu 5'6 5 . pgLx¿sf] rl/q / cl:dtfdfly s;}sf] lrof]rrf]{ x'Fb}g . pgLx¿
cfˆgf AjfOk|]mG8 tyf cGo k'?if;Fu lgw{Ss lxF8\g ;S5g\ . kl/jf/af6 s'g}
cfklQ gx'g] of}g :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfnfO{ o; pkGof;n] b]vfOPsf] 5 / o;
s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{sf nflu tnsf ;fIonfO{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 M
;fIo !
t}Fn] hLjgdf w]/} k'0osf] sfd ul/;ls;\ ca Ps clGtd k'0o u/ .
o;df wd{ 5 / ;a}sf] enfO{ klg Û t]/f] ce}m pd]/ 5 . tF cfˆgf] tl/sfn]
afFr\ -k[=((_ .
;fIo @
yfx} 5, xfdL;Fu} a:b}gf}F . d g]a|f:sfdf k7fpF5' . jif{df b'O{ k6s eg] e]6
x'G5 . ltd|f] gGbsf ce}m AjfOk|]mG8 k]ml/O/xG5g\, Tof] klg yfxf g} xf]nf .
clxn] l;ˆ6L / d ;Fu} 5f}F . t/ pm aRrf hGdfpg dflGbg . ===Pp6L
:jf:gL / csL{ un{k|]mG8 eP/ klg d lg;Gtfg dg]{ ePF -k[=!^^_ .
;fIo Ps / b'O{df k|:t't ;Gbe{n] gf/Lsf] of}g :jtGqtfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ;fIo Psdf hLjgsf] clGtd cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 tf/fsL ;f;"n]
tf/fnfO{ eg]sf s'/fx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . o;df pGgfO; jif{;Dd cfˆgf] 5f]/f;Fu
hLjg latfPsL tf/fnfO{ 5f]/f afx]s cGo k'?if;Fu ;DaGw a9fpg ;d]t :jLs[lt
lbOPsf] 5 . 5f]/f] a'9f] eO;s]sf], a'xf/L ce}m hjfg g} /x]sfn] p;nfO{ cfˆgf
tl/sfn] afFRg ;Nnfx lbOPsf] 5 eg] ;fIo b'O{df tf/fsL gGbsf] b'nxf cyf{t\
gGb]efOsf] cleJolQm k|:t't ePsf] 5 . tf/fsL gGb -p;sL b'nxL_ cfk"m;Fu

100 ÷ bLklzvf
ga:g], jif{df hDdf b'O{ k6s e]6 x'g], pgLx¿ kltkTgLsf] ;DaGw ljR5]b geP
klg pgLx¿ b'a}n] AjfOk|]mG8 / un{k|]mG8 /fVg] u/]sf] / p;sL un{k|]mG8n] klg
aRrf hGdfpg c:jLsf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{ o;df JoQm ePsf] 5 . o;af6 k|:t't
pkGof;sf gf/L kfqx¿ x/]s s'/fdf k'?if ;/x :jtGq 5g\ . of}g :jtGqtf /
;dfgtfsf b[li6n] klg pgLx¿dfly s'g} e]befj jf aGb]h 5}g eGg] s'/f k|:6
x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

$= lgisif{
gLnd sfsL{ …lgxfl/sfÚåf/f lnlvt k|:t't pkGof; gf/Lk|wfg pkGof;
xf] . cd]l/sfdf uP/ a;f]af; u/]sf g]kfnLx¿sf] syf a'lgPsf] o;df km/s
lsl;dsf] gf/L ;d:ofnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . sfuhL ljjfx u/L ljjfxnfO{ klg
Joj;fosf ¿kdf ;~rfng ug]{ gofF k/Dk/fnfO{ o;df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tf/f ToxL sfuhL lax]sf] dfWodaf6 k9\bf k9\b} ;fg} pd]/df cd]l/sf k'u]sL
kfq xf] . pGgfO; jif{;Dd ;'j0f{sL sfuhL kTgLsf ¿kdf ;'j0f{sf] 3/sf] gf]s/
ag]/ /x]sfn] p;sf] x}l;ot csL{ cfOdfO{eGbf dfly p7\g slxNo} ;s]g / oxL
;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ g} o; pkGof;sf] zLif{s csL{ cfOdfO{ /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . gf/L
zf]if0f, gf/L kL8f, gf/L :jtGqtf, gf/L clwsf/ h:tf ljifox¿ o; pkGof;df
;dflxt x'g cfPsfn] k|:t't pkGof; gf/LjfbL pkGof;sf ¿kdf b]lvG5 .
pkGof;sf] ljifoj:t' ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf gf/Ls]Gb|L ePsfn] gf/LjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6
cWoog ubf{ k|:t't pkGof; pTs[i6 b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

clwsf/L, 1fg'= @)^*= g]kfnL gf/L ;dfnf]rgf M k/Dk/f, k|j[lQ / ljZn]if0f= sf7df8f}F M
k}/jL k|sfzg .
lqkf7L, ;'wf= @)^(= gf/LjfbL ;f}Gbo{ lrGtg= sf7df8f}F M e[s'6L Ps]8]dL klAns];g .
lgxfl/sf, gLnd sfsL{= @)&)= csL{ cfOdfO{= eQmk'/ M zAbxf/ lqmo;G; .
kf}8]n, lji0f'k|;fb= @)^(= gf/LjfbL l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof;df o;sf] k|f/lDes ¿k=
kf]v/f M l;h{gzLn nf]stflGqs k|lti7fg .

bLklzvf ÷ 101
 uLtsf/ ;'gLn k'/L / pgsf]
…cfh ltd|f] ;DemgfdfÚ uLt ;ª\u|x
8f= 9'l08/fh kxf8L

!= kl/ro
;'gLn k'/L -@)@#_ ;dsfnLg g]kfnL uLtsf If]qdf kl/lrt gfd xf] .
wg'iff lhNnfsf] wgf}hLdf lktf gf/fo0fk|;fb k'/L / dftf t'n;fb]jLsf ;'k'qsf
¿kdf hGd]sf uLtsf/ k'/Ln] lgs} ld7f uhn tyf uLtsf] /rgf u/L cfˆgf]
;flxlTos ofqf cl3 a9fPsf 5g\ . pgsf] cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf uLt;ª\u|x lj=;+=
@)%& df k|sfzg ePsf] xf] . o;df ^^ cf]6f dfld{s uLtx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .
k|0fo / k|s[ltnfO{ d"n sYo agfO{ /lrPsf] k|:t't uLlt ;Fufnf] lgs} /l;nf /
snfTds uLlt /rgfx¿sf] ;ª\u|x0fLo s[lt xf] . o; ;ª\u|xsf] zLif{s cfh ltd|f]
;Demgfdf /flvPsfn] o;n] uLtsf/sf] k|0for]tnfO{ cleJol~ht u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|l;4 uLtsf/ dfwj l3ld/] / l;4x:t ;ª\uLtsf/ cDa/ u'?ªsf] e"ldsf
;lxt k|sflzt ePsf] k|:t't s[ltdf b]zk|]d / dfgjtfsf] ;Gb]z klg kfOG5 .

@= ;'gLn k'/Lsf uLtsf] ljifoj:t'

;'gLn k'/Lsf] cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf uLt ;ª\u|xdf ;ª\slnt ^^ cf]6f
uLtx¿df ljljw ljifo cleJoQm ePsf 5g\ . ljifosf b[li6n] k'/Lsf s]xL
uLtx¿ k|]dk/s 5g\ eg] s]xL uLtx¿ k|s[lt k|]d, dfgjtf / b]zelQmsf] efjgfn]
el/Psf 5g\ . uLtsf] ljz]if klxrfg xflb{stf ePsfn] ;'gLn k'/Lsf uLtsf]
ljifoj:t' klg xflb{s z}nLdf /ª\luP/ cleJoQm ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|0folgj]bg,
k|0folg/fzf, k|0foldngsf ljljw dgf]bzfsf] lrq0fdf k|s[ltnfO{ cfnDag
agfOPsfn] k|s[lt k|]d / /fufTds k|]d b'a}sf] ldng k|:t't s[ltdf b]lvG5 .

102 ÷ bLklzvf
k|d'v ljifosf ¿kdf k|0fonfO{ lnP klg o; uLlt ;Fufnf]df ljifo ljljwtfs}
emns kfOG5 . o; s[ltdf ljifoa4 ePsf k|0fo, k|s[lt, dfgjtf / b]zk|]dnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

@=! k|0fo
g]kfnL uLtdf k|0fo lgs} zlQmzfnL / zfZjt ljifo ag]/ klxn]b]lv
clxn];Dd k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 -e§/fO{, @)$# M ^*_ . k|0foL / k|0flogLsf
ljljw efjeª\ludfnfO{ s'zn uLtsf/n] dgf]xf/L z}nLdf cleJoQm u/]sf] x'G5 .
snfTds b'a{ntfn] sltko k|0fo uLtx¿ cZnLn, cgfsif{s / sf]/f j0f{gh:tf
b]lvG5g\ . ;'gLn k'/Lsf k|0fo uLtx¿ eg] snfTds b]lvG5g\ . ltgn] lzi6
z[ª\ufl/s z}nLdf k|0fo efj k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . k|0flogLsf] ¿k;f}Gbo{sf] lrq0f
ub}{ k|0foLn] cg'e"t u/]sf] k|0fo k|z+;f uLtf+zdf o;/L cleJoQm ePsf] 5 M
ltDn] cf]7 vf]lnlbP tf/f hUdufpF5g\
ltd|f] ¿ksf] dlb/fdf ;a} na{/fpF5g\
ltd|f] cfFrn kmk{m/fP xfjf dudufpF5
ltdL e}Fm g} cfsfzdf h"g hUdufpF5
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=#(_
k|0flogLsf] k|0fo lqmofsnfknfO{ k|z+;f ub}{ k|s[ltsf] lbJo ¿ksf] sNkgf
ug]{ k|0fod'Uw k|0foLnfO{ dflysf] uLlt kª\lQmdf cfsif{s 9ª\un] cleJoQm
ul/Psf] 5 . k|0fodf cfa4 k|0foLn] ldngsf] sNkgf ub}{ JoQm u/]sf] k|0fo
lgj]bgnfO{ ;'Gb/ uLlt cleJolQmdf o;/L l6lkPsf] 5 M
tl:a/ x]bf{ ltdL g} cfO{ xfF;]e}Fm nfUb5
of] d'6';Fu ltdLn] d'6' ufF;]e}Fm nfUb5
hLjgkydf PSnf] 5' d tf of] xft ;dfOb]pm
lbPsf] afrf u/]/ k"/f lk/tL hdfOb]pm
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=@#_
k|0fo ;+of]usf] ld7f] cleJolQm dfq xf]Og k|0fo ljof]usf] dg b'Vg]
cg'e"ltnfO{ klg ;'gLn k'/Lsf] uLltsnfn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf lglDt oL
uLtf+z x]/f}F M
PskN6 hNg b]pm lgEg nfu]sf] lbof]e}Fm
lj/xdf b'V5 dg r:; lae]msf] l;of]e}Fm
cfFvf klg /f]OlbG5 w/tL of] /;fpg
PskN6 ?g b]pm ;f/f lk/ la;fpg
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=$(_
bLklzvf ÷ 103
 ;'gLn k'/Ln] cfˆgf uLlt /rgfdf dfof / ldngsf cGt/ª\u efjfg'e"lt
dfq xf]Og Joyf / la5f]8sf dfld{s efjnfO{ klg sf]dn z}nLdf kf]v]sf 5g\ .
k|0fokfqsf k|an cfj]u / ;+j]unfO{ pgsf k|]dk/s uLtx¿n] :jfefljs / ;xh
k|jfxdf cleJolQm lbPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs dof{bf / ;f+:s[lts ;LdfnfO{ cfqmd0f
gu/L o'jf josf :jfefljs k|]dfsif{0fnfO{ pgsf uLtn] cf:jfB agfPsf 5g\ .
pgsf] z}nLdf kfOg] :jfefljstfn] oL k|0fo uLtx¿sf] nflnTo j[l4 ePsf] 5 .

@=@ k|s[lt k|]d

;'gLn k'/Lsf] cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf uLt ;ª\u|xdf k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ klg
snfTdstf ;lxt cleJoQm ul/Psf] 5 . k|s[ltnfO{ j:t'k/s ¿kdf cfTd;ft
gu/L uLtsf/n] cg'e"ltdf /ª\UofP/ cfˆgf uLlt/rgfnfO{ ;';+j]B agfPsf 5g\ .
k|s[ltsf ¿v, k"mn, afbn, xfjf, gbL cflbnfO{ dfgjLo ;+j]bgf;Fu} /f]Psf],
xfF;]sf], gfr]sf] b]vfP/ uLtdf dfgjLs/0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . uLtsf/ ;'gLn
k'/Lsf] k|s[lt lrq0f ug]{ z}nL lgs} /f]rs 5 . Pp6f uLtf+z x]/f}F M
rGb|dfn] lbof] afN5 rf/}lt/ k]ml/
cfsfzdf r/L p8\5] jgk"mn x]/L
d]/f] efvf a'lemlbg] j;GtsL 5f]/L
a}F; rf]/L nufpF5] x[bosL uf]/L
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=@!_
o; uLtf+zsf] …rGb|dfn] afn]sf] lbof]Ú, …a}+; rf]/]/ nufpg] a;GtsL
5f]/LÚ h:tf uLlt ;Gbe{df k|s[ltsf] dfgjLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . rGb|dfn] 5/]sf]
pHofnf]nfO{ dfG5]n] 3/df ;hfPsf] bLk / ;f}Gbo{n] wkSs an]sL k|0flogLnfO{
j;GtsL 5f]/Lsf ¿kdf dfgjLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . uLtsf/sf] k|s[lt r]t k|an
5 eGg] o; uLlt ;ª\u|xsf lgDg kª\lQmx¿af6 :ki6 x'G5 M
df5fk'R5«] lxdfndf a:5] af6Lsf]/L
;'gufef k"mnh:tL /fd|L d]/L 5f]/L
afbnsf k/Lx¿ ;a} ;FuL;fyL
cfsfzsf] cfFugdf v]Nof] h"g /flt
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=!(_
…df5fk'R5«] lxdfnsf] ;f}Gbo{Ú, …;'gufef k"mn h:tL /fd|L 5f]/LÚ, …afbnsL
k/LÚ, …cfsfzsf] cfFugÚ h:tf uLlt kbfjnLdf k|s[lt dfgj tfbfTDo emNsfpg]
cleJolQmsf] k|of]u 5 . o:tf] k|of]un] uLtsf] sf]dntf / dfw'o{ j[l4 u/fPsf]
5 . uLtsf/n] k|s[lt k|]d k|s6 u/]sf o; uLlt ;ª\u|xdf lgs} uLtx¿ 5g\ .
tLdWo] xfFl;/x] w'kL ;Nnf -k[=#_, lxdfn g} klUnP5 -k[=&_, j;f{t\sf] l/dlemd
104 ÷ bLklzvf
-k[=@^_, afbnsf a'§fx¿ -k[=@)_, lxpFsf] /]vf ;¥of] -k[=#)_, r}t] x'/L rNg
yfNof] -k[=%#_ / lxdr'nLdf atf; rNof] -k[=^$_ h:tf uLtx¿df k|s[lt k|]dsf]
;3g ¿k kfOG5 . ;'gLn k'/Ln] k|s[ltnfO{ b]zk|]dsf] efjgf;Fu} v]nfPsf 5g\
/ k|0fo efjsf] k|s6Ls/0fdf klg k|s[ltsf] ;xf/f lnPsf 5g\ . cfk"m x's]{sf]
b]zsf] e"uf]n, lxdfnL–kxf8L k|s[ltk|lt uLtsf/sf] k|uf9 cf:yf 5 eGg] ;fIo
uLtsf/ k'/Lsf] k|:t't uLlts[ltdf kfOG5 .

@=# b]zk|]d
O{Zj/ elQm, b]zelQm, k|s[lt / k|0fo lj=;+= @))& b]lv g} g]kfnL uLtdf
k|d'v ljifos} ¿kdf k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . uLtsf/x¿n] b]zelQmsf uLt
/r]/ cfˆgf] b]zk|]d k|s6 ug]{ uLlt k/Dk/f xfn;Dd klg cl3 al9/x]sf] b]lvG5
-a/fn, @)%% M !^_ . ;'gLn k'/Lsf ;/n / sf]dn uLtx¿df b]zk|]dsf] efjgf
klg k|ltlalDat ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf lje"ltx¿, g]kfnL hflt, g]kfnL g]kfnL
larsf] Pstf, g]kfnsf] e"uf]n, g]kfnsf kf}/vL k'vf{ cflbsf] k|uf9 k|]d pgsf
uLlt /rgfx¿df kfOG5 . pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
k"mn xfF:5 o} b]zsf] n]sa]+;L dfem
of}6} efiff of}6} uLt ufpF5f}+ xfdL cfh
nfvf}Fnfvf}F dflg;sf] of}6} lbn vf]nf}F
g]kfnL xf] xfd|f] af]nL Ps} :j/ af]nf}F
slt /fd|f] ufpF3/ slt /fd|f] kfvf
;a}eGbf /fd|f] nfU5 a'4sf tL cfFvf
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=!_
dflysf] uLtf+zdf g]kfnsf n]sa];Ldf k'mNg] …;'Gb/ k"mnÚ sf] laDadf
g]kfnLnfO{ lrgfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . /fi6«f]Ggltsf] cGtcf{jfh ;f/f g]kfnL
9's9'sLsf] cfjfh xf] eGg] uLtsf] ;Gb]z 5 . g]kfnL df6f] / e"uf]nsf] dfof ug]{
uLtsf/ ;'gLn k'/Lsf] /fi6«r]t k|:t't uLtdf ;NanfPsf] 5 . zflGtsf cu|b"t
a'4sf] e"lddf pgs} ljrf/ lnP/ afFRg kfOof];\ eGg] uLtsf/sf] dgf]sfdgf klg
o; uLlt /rgfdf cleJoQm ePsf] 5 .
lxdfnL /fi6« g]kfnsf] ;Gtlt eP/ hGd kfPsf] ujf{g'e"lt klg uLtsf/n]
k|:t't uLlt ;Fufnf] dfk{mt k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] dft[e"ldnfO{ :ju{ dfGg] /
b]z/Iffs} vflt/ k|f0f ck{0f rfxg] c6n b]zk|]d uLtsf/n] oxfF kf]v]sf 5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf lglDt oL uLlt kª\lQm x]/f}F M
slt /fd|f] ufpF xfd|f] lxdfnsf] sfvdf
slt /fd|f] 3/ xfd|f] kxf8sf] dfemdf
bLklzvf ÷ 105
 :ju{ nfU5 dft[e"ld cfˆg} ufpF7fpFdf
d/] klg d?Fnf d o} b]zsf] gfpFdf
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=#@_
k|:t't uLt ;ª\u|xs} …lz/dfly 6f]kLÚ -k[=##_ zLif{ssf] uLtdf klg g]kfnL
6f]kLsf] klxrfg / :jfledfgsf] aofg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL e"ldnfO{ kl/>dsf]
kljq ;fdu|Ln] k"hf ug]{ 7'n] bfOnfO{ g]kfnLx¿sf] k|ltlglw kfq agfP/ uLtsf/n]
/fi6«k|]d k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . …cfh ltd|f] ;DemgfdfÚ uLlt ;Fufnf] dfk{mt uLtsf/n]
b]zk|]dsf] lgs} dfld{s ;Gb]z cleJoQm ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ .

@=$ dfgjtf
dfgjLo u'0f wd{ / k|j[lQ lgs} hf]8 lbg] dfgjtfjfbn] dfgjnfO{ g}
;jf{lws dxŒj lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, e|ft[tf / ljZjaGw'Tjsf]
efjgfnfO{ dfgjtfjfbn] pRr :yfgdf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 -hf]zL, @)%& M !@$_ .
ljj]Ro s[ltdf klg uLtsf/n] dfgj d"Nos} vf]hL u/]sf] kfOG5 . dfG5]sf]
cl:tTjnfO{ 9'ª\ufeGbf sd;n 7fGg] :jfyL{ / cledfgL dfG5]x¿k|lt uLtsf/
;'gLn k'/Ln] cfˆgf /rgfdf cfqmf]z k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . dfgj hLjgnfO{ d"NoxLg
;Demg]x¿nfO{ o;/L Joª\Uo ul/Psf] 5 M
slt ;:tf] dfgj hLjg d"NoxLg 9'ª\ufeGbf
9'ª\uf aG5 oxfF b]ptf k"hf u5{g\ dflg;eGbf
nf;nfO{ l;Fufb{5g\ lhpFbf]nfO{ nTofP/
k"mnx¿ /f]OlbG5g\ sfF9fl;t laemfP/
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=$^_
dfG5]sf] b'Mv ga'‰g] :jfyL{x¿ sfF8f x'g\ . dfgj¿kL k"mnx¿ sfF8f¿kL
:jfyL{x¿sf] lyrfOn] kLl8t 5g\ . 9'ª\ufnfO{ b]ptf dfg]/ k'Hg] c1fgLx¿ lg;xfo
;fIfft\ dfG5]nfO{ a]jf:tf u5{g\ . o:tf] lj8Dagfn] uLtsf/sf] dfgj x[bonfO{ 5f]Psf]
5 . uLtsf/ k'/Lsf] dgdf b'Mv kfPsf] dfG5]k|lt ulx/f] ;xfg'e"lt 5 . b'MvLsf
cfFvfsf] cfF;' k'l5lbg] sf]xL gePsfn] pgL uLtdf lg;xfosf] lrq0f o;/L u5{g\ M
bf]h]{ bfO s'Dnf] af]sL pFwf]lt/ em/]
7"nL;Fu ufpF 5f8L ?Fb} a;fOF ;/]
3/af/L nUof] xf]nf klx/f]n] k]ml/
b}j lsg b'Mvdfly b'Mv lbG5f} x]/L
-cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf, k[=!%_
lgw{g g]kfnLx¿n] a];xf/f hLjgsf] sf?l0fs lrq0f ul/Psfn] dflysf]
uLtf+zdf uLtsf/sf] dfgjtfjfbL efjgf cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . cfly{s b[li6n]
106 ÷ bLklzvf
ljkGg / kl;gfsf] d"No ;d]t gkfpg] s'Dnf]wf/L bf]h]{ bfOtk{m uLtsf/sf] b[li6
k'u]sf] 5 . cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf uLt ;ª\u|xdf uLtsf/n] c¿ uLtx¿df ;d]t
ck|ToIf 9ª\un] dfgjtfsf] ;Gb]z k|jflxt ug{ vf]h]sf 5g\ .

#= ;'gLn k'/Lsf uLtsf] z}nLlzNk

uLt cleJoltm xf] . sYo / z}nLsf] ;+lZni6 ¿knfO{ cleJolQm elgG5
-zdf{, @)%% M !&(_ . uLtsf] z}nLo tŒjleq d"ntM ;+/rgf, noljwfg,
laDaljwfg, efiffk|of]u cflb kb{5g\ . cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf uLlt ;Fufnf]df
;ª\slnt uLlt/rgfdf ljifout ljljwtf dfq xf]Og z}nLo ljljwtf ;d]t kfOG5 .
uLtsf ljifoj:t'sf] k|ltkfbg / lj:tf/df snfTdstfsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . uLtsf]
klxnf] kª\lQmaf6 zLif{s rog u/L zLif{s / ljifoj:t'sf] ;df~ho:ok"0f{ k|:t'lt
uLtdf ldnfOPsf] b]lvG5 . ;ª\lIfKt / ;'ul7t ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf uLtsf] :yfoL
/ cGt/fsf] k|of]un] ljlzi6 e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 . uLtsf/n] cfˆgf uLtdf !$
cIf/ / !^ cIf/df cfwfl/t noljwfgsf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} uLtx¿df !@
cIf/sf] noljwfg klg kfOG5 . uLtdf k|o'Qm laDaljwfgdf cy{ut hl6ntf
5}g . sf]dn zAbx¿sf] k|of]un] ;'gLn k'/Lsf] uLltefiff ;xh / ;/n ag]sf] 5 .

$= lgisif{
cfh ltd|f] ;Demgfdf uLt;ª\u|xdf ;ª\slnt ^^ cf]6} uLtx¿ ;/n /
;xh z}nLdf ;+/lrt 5g\ . uLtx¿nfO{ hl6n laDa k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]un] b'af]{Wo
agfOPsf] 5}g . ;a} uLtx¿ ;+k|]io, ;/n / ;'Gb/ ag]sf 5g\ . zAbx¿sf]
sf]dn ljGof;, kª\lQmkª\lQm aLrsf] ;Gt'lnt cGTofg'k|f;n] uLtnfO{ ;':jfB,
;Gb]zd"ns / ;'dw'/ agfPsf 5g\ . efj;Fu} :jtM:k'mt{ ¿kdf k|jflxt x'g]
;'Gb/ laDa / Jo~hgfn] uLtsf] cfGtl/s no ;d]t k|an ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
ufogsf b[li6n] klg ;'gLn k'/Lsf uLtx¿ ;ª\lIfKt cfofdsf ePsfn] cg's"n
b]lvG5g\ . pgsf df}lns / ;Gb]zd"ns uLtx¿n] ;'gLn k'/LnfO{ ;dsfnLg
g]kfnL uLtsf/sf] kª\lQmdf pTs[i6 uLtsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ .

;Gbd{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

hf]zL, s'df/axfb'/= @)%&= kfZrfTo ;flxTosf k|d'v jfb= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
a/fn, s[i0fxl/= @)%%= ;+b[li6= nlnt/k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
e§/fO{, xl//fh= @)$#= uLltsfJosf] P]ltxfl;s cWoog= tfKn]h'ª M c;Ld ;f}/e .
zdf{, df]xg/fh= @)%%= ;dsfnLg ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / k|of]u= sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn
/fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .

bLklzvf ÷ 107
 wfld{s åGå M bz{g / Jojxf/
b]jL g]kfn*

ljifo k|j]z
…åGåÚ ;+:s[t zAb xf] . g]kfnLdf h:tfsf] t:t} k|of]u ul/g] ;+:s[t
zAbx¿nfO{ …tT;d zAbÚ elgG5 . åGå zAbnfO{ a'em\gsf nflu ;j{ k|yd
o;sf] sf]zLo cy{ hfGg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . o; zAbsf] Jo'TklQk"0f{ sf]zLo
cy{ ub}{ jfdg lzj/fd cfK6] -;g\ !(^( M $*@_ n] n]v]sf 5g\— -åf} åf}
;xfleJoQmf}, lå zAb:o låTjd\, k"j{kb:o cDefj, pQ/ kb:o gk'+;sTjd\_
cyf{t\ b'O{ zAbsf] ;Fu;Fu} cleJolQm eP/ jf k'g/fj[lQ eP/ åGå zAb aGb5,
b'O{ zAbsf] låTj eP/ k"j{kbdf …cd\Ú / pQ/ kbdf gk'+;sTj x'Fbf åGå zAb
lgdf{0f x'G5, h;n] b'O{ leGg leGg s'/fsf] hf]8f jf ;+o'Qm ¿k eGg] cy{ lbG5 .
cfK6]n] …åGåÚ zAbsf !_ hf]8f, o'un hgfj/, o'un dfgj, @_ :qL k'?if,
g/gf/L, #_ b'O{ j:t'sf] hf]8L, b'O{ lj/f]wL cj:yf jf u'0fsf] hf]8L, $_ emu8f,
n8fOF, snx, 606f, o'4, %_ s':tL, ^_ ;Gb]x, clglZrt, &_ lsnf, u9 /
*_ /x:o u/L cf7 cf]6f cy{ jf cy{ ;d"xsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . cS;kmf]8{
P8efG; ng{/ l8S;g/Ldf …slGkm\nS6Ú jf …åGåÚ zAbsf] kl/efiff ub}{ åGå eg]sf]
To:tf] kl/l:ylt hxfF ljk/Lt ljrf/, wf/0ff / efjgfdWo] s'gnfO{ 5fGg] eGg]
cK7\of/f] x'G5 elgPsf] 5 eg] efu{j :6\ofG88{ On:6«]6]8 l8S;g/Ldf slGkm\nS6
jf åGå zAbsf] cy{ o'4, lj/f]w, snx, emu8f xf] elgPsf] 5 . -sf]O/fnf,
@)^^ M &_ g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z -@)%@ M ^&&_ df …åGåÚ zAbsf !_ s'g}
b'O{ zAbsf] hf]8f, o'Ud, o'un, @_ nf]Ug]:jf:gL, hf]O{kf]O, bDklQ, #_ k/:k/
* pkk|fWofks, sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .
108 ÷ bLklzvf
b'O{ lj/f]wL tTTjsf] hf]8f, $_ b'O{ JolQmsf larsf] emu8f, åGåo'4, dNno'4,
s':tfs':tL, %_ snx, ;ª\3if{, pTkft, ^_ ;df;df, cg]s kbx¿sf] ;d'bfo
cy{ -peofy{ <_ a'emfpg] Ps e]b, &_ emNemf], emGem6, *_ si6, b'Mv /
(_ låljwf, ;+zo u/L gf} cf]6f cy{ jf cy{ ;d"x b]vfOPsf] 5 . oL h'g;s}
cy{df klg ljk/Lt tTTjx¿sf] of]u jf o'Ud cy{ cfPs} 5, h;n] cfk;L
cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .
o; cfwf/df x]bf{ åGåsf] ;DaGw hLjg / hut\sf ;Dk"0f{ pTkflbt j:t',
JolQm, ju{, rl/q, ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f cflb;Fu hf]l8g] x'gfn] s'g} klg If]qsf k/:k/
ljk/Lt agf]6, ljk/Lt u'0f, ljk/Lt lqmofsnfk, ljk/Lt ;f]rfO, ljk/Lt cj:yf,
ljk/Lt ;+ju] , ljk/Lt :jefj, ljk/Lt tTTj, ljk/Lt /fhgLlt, ljk/Lt wd{, ljk/Lt
;fdflhs hLjg k4lt / :jfy{sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] cfGtl/s jf afXo 6s/fj,
tgfj, dte]b, cGtlj{/f]w jf cGt;{ª\3if{ g} åGå xf] eGg ;lsG5 . åGåsf] hGd
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, bfz{lgs / dgf]j}1flgs k|d'v kfFr sf/0fx¿af6
x'g] ub{5 / åGåsf k|d'v k|sf/x¿ juL{o, j}rfl/s, n}ª\lus, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts,
hftLo, ef}uf]lns, /ª\uLo, cfGtl/s, afXo, snf lrGtg ;DaGwL cflb ljljw
x'g] ub{5g\ . oLdWo]df wfld{s åGå dfG5]sf] cfGtl/s cf:yf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5,
h;sf sf/0f o;df a'l4, ts{ jf k|df0feGbf ljZjf;sf] a9L e"ldsf x'g] ub{5 .

wfld{s åGåsf sf/0f / bfz{lgs kIf

wf/0f cy{ lbg] …w[Ú wft'df …dg\Ú k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf] wd{ zAbdf …OsÚ k|Too
nfUbf wfld{s zAb aGb5 . wd{ zAbsf] cy{ …wf/0f ug'{Ú eGg] x'G5 eg] …wfld{sÚ
eg]sf] wd{ ;DaGwL xf] . wd{sf ljifonfO{ lnP/ x'g] åGå g} wfld{s åGå xf] .
wd{sf] ;DaGw dfG5]sf] cf:yf / ljZjf;;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . dfG5]sf] cf:yf
jf ljZjf; olt cGw x'G5, h;n] cfkm\gf] cf:yfnfO{ ;xL / c¿sf] cf:yfnfO{
unt b]Vg] u5{ . wd{sf] cfwf/ ts{ / lj1fg xf]Og . hut\ / hLjsf] j:t'ut 1fg
gx'Fbf dflg;sf] 8/, efj'stf lg:;xfokg / k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sx¿sf] :jfy{
/ zf]if0f, bdg ;d]taf6 wfld{s wf/0ffx¿ hGd]sf jf hGdfOPsf x'g\ . To;}n]
wfld{s wf/0ffx¿ d"ntM j}1flgs lrGtg;Fu afem\b5g\ / lj1fg;Ddt ;f+:s[lts
cfGbf]ngdf ltgsf] gsf/fTds e"ldsf x'g ;Sb5 -k|l>t, @)%* M **_ . o;
k|sf/sf ljrf/x¿nfO{ x]bf{ wd{ ;DaGwdf x'g] åGåx¿ ltg sf/0fn] x'g] ub{5g\ .
!_ wd{ dfGg] jf wd{ gdfGg]
@_ km/s km/s wd{ dfGg]
#_ Pp6} wd{leq klg leGg leGg ;Dk|bfo dfGg]

bLklzvf ÷ 109
 …wd{ dfGg] jf gdfGg]Ú larsf] åGå ljrf/ jf bz{g;Fu hf]l8G5 / o;}af6
…O{Zj/ 5 jf 5}gÚ eGg] ;Gbe{ klg hf]l8g cfOk'U5 . cfl:ts / gfl:ts cyjf
cWofTdjfbL / ef}ltsjfbL b'O{ wf/sf] lgdf{0f x'g'sf] sf/0f oxL xf] . logdf
Ps y/Ln] wd{nfO{ dfgjLo lzi6tf, ;bfrf/, cg'zf;g / g}lts d"Nosf ¿kdf
cfjZos 7fGb5g\ eg] csf{ y/Ln] wd{nfO{ cGw ljZjf;, k/Dk/fut aGwg,
cf8Da/ / r]tgfsf] k/fwLgtfsf ¿kdf x]g]{ ub{5g\ . o:tf b'j} vfn] bfz{lgsx¿
ljZjdf kfOG5g\ . ef/tLo lrGts uf]/v kf08]on] eg]sf 5g\— æwd{n] ;fdfGotof
OlGb|o 1fg, a'l4 / ts{sf] k4ltsf] lj/f]w ub{5 . of] Pp6f To:tf] ;Tosf]
pknlAwsf] bfaL ub{5, h'g efiff, 1fg]lGb|ox¿ / a'l4sf ;Ldfx¿eGbf k/ 5 .
of] ;Gb]xsf] xf]Og, ljZjf;sf] dfu ub{5 . of] :jtGq ljrf/sf] xf]Og, ;dk{0fsf]
dfu ub{5Æ -rfkfufO{+ -cg'=_ @)^) M @_ . wd{ jf O{Zj/Lo zlQmk|ltsf] ljZjf;
:yflkt ljifo xf] eg] To;k|ltsf] ljZn]if0ffTds lrGtg jf b[li6sf]0f gjLg
ljifo xf] . k"jL{o e"lddf Gofo, j]bfGt, j}z]lifs h:tf bz{gx¿sf] lrGtgnfO{
lrb}{ rfaf{s, h}g / af}4 bz{gx¿sf] hGd eof] eg] klZrdL e"lddf klg Kn]6f],
c/:t' cflbsf cfl:ts ljrf/sf] v08g ub}{ lgT;] / ;fq{x¿sf] hGd eof] .
lgT;]sf] O{Zj/ d[To'sf] 3f]if0ff ljZj cfl:ts lrGtgdflysf] 7'nf] em8\sf
;flat ePsf] 5 . o;kl5 t emg\ 5 / 5}gsf ljifodf v08g / k'li6sf] cgGt
z[ª\vnf g} rNg yfNof] . o;} ;Gbe{df ;fq{n] eg]sf 5g\— æolb O{Zj/ 5 eg]
t dg'io :jtGq 5}g lsgeg] km]l/ dflg;sf] cflb / cGtsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd
p;n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . o; sf/0f dg'io :jtGq 5 jf :jtGq x'g] ;Defjgf
/fVb5 To;}n] O{Zj/ 5}gÆ -rfkfufO{+ -cg'=_ @)^) M #_ . kfZrfTo hut\df
h;/L lgT;] / ;fq{x¿n] O{Zj/jfbsf lj?4df cg]sf}F ts{x¿nfO{ cufl8 ;f/],
To;/L g} k"jL{o hut\sf] kl5Nnf] ;dosf lrGtsx¿ gfufh'{g, u'0f/Tg cflbn]
klg o; ljifodf j}rfl/s cfGbf]ng g} u/] . gfufh'{gn] O{Zj/ s;/L hut\sf]
;|i6f xf] < / :jo+ O{Zj/sf] pTklQ rflxF s;/L eof] < eGg] ljifodf ltg ltg
cf]6f tfls{s ljifox¿nfO{ cufl8 ;f/]/ O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug{ g;lsg]
cledt /fv]sf 5g\ -d[0ffnsflGt, rfkfufO{+ -cg'=_ @)^) M !)&_ . o;/L g}
u'0f/Tgn] klg O{Zj/ ;+;f/sf] ;|i6f xf] eGg] ljifodf cufl8 ;fl/Psf !_ p;sf]
cl:tTj 5, @_ pm >]i7 1fgn] o'Qm 5, #_ 1fg p;sf] nIf0f xf], $_ pm;Fu
Jofjxfl/s Jofkf/ 5 / %_ pm;Fu cfkm\gf] lbJotf 5 eGg] kfFr cf]6f ts{nfO{
Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0fsf ;fy v08g ub{} ;+;f/sf] ;[li6df O{Zj/sf] s'g} e"ldsf
g/x]sf] ljrf/ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . -d[0ffnqmflGt, k"j{jt\ M !!)_ o;/L g} k|efs/,
s'dfl/n e§ nufotsf lrGtsx¿n] klg O{Zj/Lo cnf}lss zlQmdfly k|Zg
p7fpFb} nf}lss lrGtgx¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

110 ÷ bLklzvf
 clxn] ljZjdf /x]sf h'g;'s} wd{;Fu hf]l8Psf /fHox¿df wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf]
k|Zg p7\g'sf] sf/0f Psflt/ Ps y/Ln] cfkm\gf] wd{sf] cl:tTj b]vfpgsf nflu
xf] eg] csf{lt/ wd{ gdfGg]x¿n] la:tf/} cfkm\gf] ljrf/lt/ hgdt l;h{gf ug]{
k|oTg klg xf] . /fHosf] wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf ;DaGwdf uf]/v kf08]on] eg]sf
5g\— æwd{ lg/k]Iftf lrGtgsf] Tof] k|j[lQ xf] h'g lj1fg / a'l4jfbsf cfwf/df
ljsl;t x'G5, cg'ej, ts{ / k|of]udfly hf]8 lbG5 / wfld{s lrGtgsf] caf}l4s
kf/nf}lsstfnfO{ lgif]w ub{5Æ -rfkfufO{+ -cg'=_ @)^) M$_ . o;/L wd{ jf
O{Zj/ dfGg]x¿sf ts{ hlt zlQmzfnL 5g\ Tolt g} zlQmzfnL ts{x¿ wd{ jf
O{Zj/ gdfGg]x¿sf klg 5g\ . of] slxNo} cGTo gx'g] åGå xf] .
wfld{s åGåsf If]qdf csf]{ …km/s km/s wd{ dfGg]x¿sf larsf] åGåÚ
emg\ pu|, emg\ c;lxi0f' / emg\ c/fhs b]lvG5 . Pp6f wd{ dfGg]n] csf]{
wd{ dfGg]nfO{ dfG5] g} guGg] / Psn] csf]{nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ k|j[lQsf] sf/0f
ljZjdf sof}F k6s j}rfl/s ¿kdf dfq xf]Og, ef}lts ¿kdf g} wfld{s
åGåx¿ ePsf 5g\ . ljZjsf] ;j{ k|frLg dflgPsf] lxGb' wd{n] g} Psflt/
efUojfb, k"j{hGd, cjtf/jfb, k/nf]sjfb, :t'ltjfb cflb h:tf cj}1flgs
?l9 / k|ltlqmofjfbL s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 eg] csf{lt/ o;n] O;fO{ / O:nfd
wd{ dfGg]x¿nfO{ Dn]R5 eg]/ x]nf pk]Iff ub{} -k|l>t, @)%* M **_ cfk;L
ljå]if l;h{gf ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;/L g} ljZjdf cfkm\gf] wd{nfO{ 7'nf] /
;j{ zlQmdfg\ agfpg] p2]Zon] cfk;L wd{ kl/jt{gsf] cleofg klg wfld{s
åGÞåsf] csf]{ sf/0f xf] . dfG5]nfO{ cfkm\gf] wd{lt/ cfslif{t ug{sf nflu
csf]{ wd{k|lt cg]sf}F cf/f]k jf nf~5gfx¿ nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 h;af6 åGån]
aflx/ cfpg] df}sf kfpF5 . oL wd{x¿n] cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx¿;Fu cfcfkm\gf
dtnfO{ ToxL g} ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ cfu|x ub{5g\ . o:tf] ePkl5 Pp6f wd{n]
csf]{ wd{k|lt ;Gb]x, pk]Iff / lgif]wsf] k|j[lQ ckgfpg' :jfefljs 5 . o;/L
wd{x¿n] k/:k/ Psfª\uLkg, ;ª\sL0f{tf / o; ;Ldf;Dd ;fDk|bflostfsf]
b[li6sf]0f cfkm"df ;fd]n ub{5g\ -uf]/v kf08]o, rfkfufO{+ -cg'=_, @)^)
M @_ . wfld{s c;lxi0f'tf åGåsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . nf]s sNof0f / dfgj
lxt x/]s wd{sf] ceLi6 xf] tfklg dfgjLo u'0f, dd{ / ;+j]bgfnfO{ la;]{/
lx+;fTds w/ftndf ;d]t plqg] sfd wd{x¿sf gfddf dfgjn] g} u/]sf
5g\ . x/]s wd{leq n's]sf] cxd\ jf d g} ;j{ ;DkGg x'F c¿ ;a} a]sfd
x'g\ eGg] s'efjgfsf sf/0f wd{n] ;fDk|bflos ¿k lng] / To;n] cftª\ssf]
af6f] ;dfTg] ljrf/sf] :yfkgf ub}{ uf]/v kf08]o -rfkfufO{+ -cg'=_ @)^)
M @÷#_ n] eg]sf 5g\—

bLklzvf ÷ 111
 a'4sf cg'ofoLx¿ pgsf] wd{ / ;ª\3sf] z/0fdf hfG5g\ . o;sf] pQ/df
uLtfsf s[i0f cfkm\gf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ ;f/f wd{nfO{ 5f8]/ d]/f] z/0fdf cfpm
eGg] lgb]{zg lbG5g\ . ox'bLx¿sf] O{Zj/ cGo slanfsf b]jL b]jtfx¿k|lt
7'nf] O{iof{ /fVb5 / olb cfkm\gf] s'g} cg'ofoLn] csf]{ b]jtfsf] k|fy{gf u¥of]
eg] p;n] qm'4 eP/ :jo+ To; cg'ofoLnfO{ csf]{ slanfnfO{ bf;sf ¿kdf
a]lrlbG5 . O;fdl;x pTkLl8t dfgjnfO{ ;Daf]lwt ub{5g\ t/ pgsf] cfu|x
klg s] 5 eg] cg'ofoLx¿ pgs} kl5 kl5 nfu"g\ lsgeg] pgn] b]vfPsf] af6f]
g} d'lQmsf] dfu{ xf] . O:nfddf cGo wd{ dfGg]x¿nfO{ s'g} :yfg g} 5}g . of]
k"0f{ cf:yf / ;dk{0fsf] dfun] cGo wd{k|lt k"0f{ cgf:yf / lgif]wsf] k|j[lQsf]
¿k lng k'Ub5 . wd{x¿sf] of] k/:k/ lgif]wL ?v ;fDk|bflostfdf ablnG5 .
o;/L Pp6f wd{n] csf]{ wd{nfO{ lgif]w ug'{ / Pp6f wd{ dfGg]n] csf]{ wd{
dfGg]nfO{ cdfgj b]Vg' wd{ / wfld{sx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] sdhf]/L / dfgjtf
lj/f]wL sfo{ xf] .
wfld{s åGåsf] t];|f] sf/0f …Pp6} wd{leq klg leGg leGg ;Dk|bfoÚ x'g'
xf] . ljZjdf wfld{s åGå leGg wd{sf lardf dfq ePsf] 5}g . Pp6} wd{leq
;fgf] bfz{lgs ljjfbaf6 hlGdPsf cg]sf}F ;Dk|bfosf / pk;Dk|bfosf sf/0f
cfGtl/s åGåx¿ klg k|z:t ePsf 5g\ . Pp6} lxGb' wd{leq klg sf]xL z}j,
sf]xL zfQm / sf]xL j}i0fj 5g\ . sf]xL kf~rfog b]jtfsf] k"hf ug]{ ;gftgLx¿
5g\ eg] sf]xL s[i0fsf] afNo sfnLg ¿ksf] k"hf ug]{ k|0ffdLx¿ 5g\ . j}i0fjdf
klg sf]xL >L j}i0fj 5g\ eg] sf]xL lgDafs{ j}i0fj 5g\ . sf]xL j}i0fjn] df5fnfO{
;fsfxf/L dfG5g\ eg] s;}n] df+;fxf/L dfGb5g\ . sf]xL lxGb' /fdfo0f k9L /fdsf]
k"hf u5{g\ eg] blIf0f ef/tsf lxGb'x¿ /fj0ffog k9L /fj0fsf] k"hf ub{5g\ .
sf]xL lxGb'x¿ u0f]znfO{ lkt[eQm dfgL k|yd k"hf ub{5g\ eg] sf]xL lxGb'x¿
u0f]znfO{ rfs/L, rfKn';L / gftjfb tyf s[kfjfbsf] k|tLs / s'df/ sflt{s]onfO{
>d, ldlxg]t / ;ª\3if{sf] k|tLs dfgL sflt{s]osf] k"hf ub{5g\ . logLx¿df
Psn] csf{nfO{ cf8Da/L, 9f]FuL / d"v{ b]Vg] u5{g\ . sltko ;Dk|bfodf t Psn]
5f]Psf] csf]{n] gvfg] jf Pp6f a;]sf] 7fpFdf csf{n] s'zkfgL 5ls{P/ rf]Vofpg]
h:tf] 5'jf5'ts} Jojxf/ klg kfOG5 . o;/L g} O:nfd wd{leq l;of / ;'GgL
;Dk|bfosf] 7'nf] åGå kfOG5 eg] O;fOleq Sofyf]lns / k|f]6f]:6]G6 lardf dxfg\
dte]b b]lvG5 . h}g wd{df Zj]tfDa/ / lbufDa/ ;Dk|bfo lardf / af}4 wd{df
xLgofg, dxfofg / ah|ofgsf lardf lgs} 7'nf] wfld{s, bfz{lgs tyf j}rfl/s
n8fOF kfOG5 .
x/]s wd{sf cfkm\gf wd{u|Gyx¿sf jf d7dlGb/x¿sf egfO jf u/fOdf
cToGt ljjfb:kb s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . ltg}sf] Ps 7fpFsf] egfO /

112 ÷ bLklzvf
csf]{ 7fpFsf] egfO g} ldNb}g . j]bx¿df pTklQ ;DaGwL w]/} wf/0ffx¿ 5g\ .
st} hnnfO{ d"n tTTj dflgPsf] 5 . st} c08nfO{, st} a|Xd jf st} rflxF
cfTdfnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 -uf]/v kf08]o, rfkfufO{+ -cg'=_ @)^) M @_ . o;/L
Psflt/ Pp6} u|Gyleqsf] ljrf/ ljjfb:kb 5 eg] csf{lt/ wd{sf] aflx/L ¿kdf
rflxF 7'nf] e]b b]vfpg] t/ s]Gb|df k'Ubf Pp6} zlQmnfO{ l:jsfg]{ wfld{s k|rngdf
klg bfz{lgs lj/f]wfef; kfOG5 . ef/t jif{df lxGb' / O:nfdsf lardf cg]sf}F
o'4x¿ ePsf b]lvG5g\ t/ O:nfdx¿sf] wfld{s tLy{:yn dSsf dlbgfdf
dSs]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/df k"hf ul/G5 -uf}td, @)^^ M @!_ . o:tf s'/fx¿n]
ubf{ dfgjLo d"No jf dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf b[li6n] x]bf{ rflxF oL wfld{s åGåx¿
a]sf/sf x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 .
wfld{s åGåsf] cfGtl/s sf/0fsf nflu 7'nf] ljifo g} rflxFb}g .
wd{u|Gyleqsf] Pp6f zAb jf Pp6f jfSosf] km/s JofVof x'gf;fy ;Dk|bfo
5'l§O g} xfNb5 . h}g wd{ Zj]tfDa/ / lbuDa/ u/L b'O{ ;Dk|bfodf ljeQm 5 .
logdf dxfjL/sf pkb]zsf] ;f/ ;ª\u|x s'g xf] < eGg] s'/fdf Ps dt 5}g .
Zj]tfDa/ ;Dk|bfodf h'g cfudsf] dfGotf 5, lbuDa/df Tof] 5}g -cfrfo{
@)%% M ##)_ . lxGb' wd{df ;u'0f O{Zj/ dfGg] jf lgu'{0f O{Zj/ dfGg] eGg]
s'/fdf g} åGå 5 . hLjge/ d"lt{k"hfsf] lj/f]w ug]{ uf}td a'4sf cfh ljZjdf
;a}eGbf w]/} / 7'nf d"lt{x¿ 5g\ . ;dosf] ult;Fu} wd{sf] pkl:ylt / bz{gdf
klg kl/j{tg cfpF5 . ;'?df a'4 wd{ j0f{ Joj:yf / cg]sf}F ?l9x¿sf] lj/f]wd}
hGd]sf]n] To;sf] k|ultzLn e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] . t/, clxn] Tof] cfkm\gf] d"n
p2]Zosf ljk/Lt cjtf/jfbL, ehg ufos, d"lt{ k"hs, tGqjfbL cflb eP/
wfld{s ?l9, sd{sf08sf] h~hfn / cGw ljZjf;df 8'a]sf] 5 . ToxfF a'4Tjsf]
lrGtg / ts{ k4ltnfO{ h8tfn] vfO;s]sf] 5 . -k|l>t, @)%* M *(_
o;/L wd{ dfGg] / gdfGg]sf lardf x'g] bfz{lgs åGå xf];\, km/s km/s wd{
dfGg]x¿sf lardf x'g] wfld{s åGå xf];\ jf Pp6} wd{ dfGg]x¿sf lardf x'g]
;Dk|bfout åGå xf];\ oL ;a} wfld{s åGå g} x'g\ . o:tf] åGå ;fdflhs ¿kdf
sfo{ ag]/ cfpF5, bfz{lgs ¿kdf lrGtg jf b[li6sf]0f ag]/ cfpF5 eg] wfld{s
n8fOFdf afXo ¿kdf g} cftª\s ag]/ klg cfpg] u5{ .

k|d'v ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿

cfrfo{, r]tf]gfy, @)%%, æwfld{s ;flxToÆ, g]kfnL ;flxTo sf]z, sf7df8f}F M g]/fk|,
k[=#@&—##! .
cfK6], jfdg lzj/fd, ;g\ !(^(, ;+:s[t lxGbL sf]z, bf]=;+=, lbNnL M df]tLnfn agf/;L
bf; klAn;;{ k|f= ln= .
bLklzvf ÷ 113
cfkmfgf:o]e, leS6/, ;g\ !(&@, dfS;{jfbL bz{g, ;f=;+= gOlbNnL M lkkN; klAnl;ª
xfp; .
---, -cg'= /fh]Gb| df:s]_ ;g\ !(*%, bz{g zf:qsf] k|f/lDes 1fg, df:sf] M k|ult
k|sfzg .
---, ;g\ !(*#, j}1flgs ;fDojfbsf] k|f/lDes 1fg, df:sf] M k|ult k|sfzg .
pk|]tL, lji0f'/fh, @)^), åGå Joj:yfkg, sf7df8f}F M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];g .
sf/r]bL, uulnNdf], -cg'= s[i0fsfGt ld>_, ;g\ !(((, ju{ ljZn]if0f cf}/ ;fdflhs
cg';Gwfg lbNnL M u|Gy lzNkL .
sf]O/fnf, s'df/k|;fb, @)^^, æ;dsf b'MvfGt gf6sdf åGå ljwfgÆ, ck|sflzt
ljBfjfl/lw zf]w k|aGw, lq= lj= sLlt{k'/ .
uf}td, l8NnL/fd, @)^^, k"jL{o ;f]r / ;|f]t, eQmk'/ M sf7df8f}F :s'n ckm n .
rfkfufO{+, lgg', -cg'=_, @)^), ;dfh / ;+:s[lt, sf7df8f}F M ;x;|fAbL k|sfzg .
---, -;Dkf=_ @)^&, dfS;{jfbL ;flxTo lrGtg, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg .
h}g, g]ldrGb|, -;Dkf=_ ;g\ !((*, d'lQmaf]w /rgfjnL, bf]=;+=, gofF lbNnL M /fhsdn
k|sfzg .
h}g, lgd{nf / lgTofgGb ltjf/L, ;g\ !((^, Oltxf; cf}/ cfnf]rgf s] j:t'jfbL ;/f]sf/,
gO lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg k|f= ln= .
lqj]bL, /fd uf]ljGb, -cg'=_ CUj]b;+lxtf, -;fo0fefio;lxt_, efu !—(, ;g\ @))&,
k'gd'{lb|t ;+:s/0f, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ljBf ejg .
bfxfn, s[i0fk|;fb, @)%&, æljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿df åGå ljwfgÆ,
ck|sflzt ljBfjfl/lw zf]w k|aGw, lq= lj= sLlt{k'/ .
b'j], ceos'df/, @)^&, ljZj k|l;4 hgqmflGtx¿, -cg'= k|sfz yfkf_ bf]=;+=,
sf7df8f}F M ljljw k':ts e08f/ .
kf08]o, tf/fsfGt, @)%#, snf ;flxTo e"ldsf / d"Nofª\sg, sf7df8f}F M lznf of]uL .
kf08]o, d}g]h/, ;g\ !(*(, ;flxTo s] ;dfh zf:q sL e"ldsf, xl/of0ff M ;flxTo
csfbdL .
k|l>t, df]bgfy, @)%*, ;ª\slnt /rgfx¿, -efu !—&_ sf7df8f}F M k}/jL a'S; ;]G6/ .

114 ÷ bLklzvf
 sld;g ahf/–zf:q
w|'j g]kfn*

-ahf/–zf:q o:tf] ljifo xf] h;n] cfˆgf] pTkfbg – j:t' jf ;]jf – s;/L
a]Rg ;lsG5÷k5{ eGg] af/] ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfpF5 . ljBfyL{ eg]sf] l;Sg rfxg]
hf]sf]xL xf], sn]hdf uP/ kmL lt/]/ k9g] dfq xf]Og, k9fP afkt tna a'‰g]
k|fWofks klg k9fpg hfg' cl3 s'g} k':ts k9\b}5, 5nkmn u/]/ l;Sb}5
eg] ljBfyL{ g} xf] . To;} u/L ahf/ a9fpg k|of; ub}{ 1fgsf] tntn ePsf]
Joj;foL klg ljBfyL{ g} xf] . tn k|:t't ul/g] ;fdu|L ahf/–zf:qsf] ;fdfGo
kf7\ok':tsdf g;d]l6g] t/ Jofks ¿kdf k|of]udf cfpg] u/]sf] ahf/ j[l4sf]
Ps pkfoaf/] ljBfyL{ / Ps lzIfsaLrsf] ;+jfbsf] z}nLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 ._
ljBfyL{ M cy{zf:qdf xfdLn] k9\of}+– d"No 36\of] eg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] ljqmL
a9\5, s] of] ahf/–zf:qsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ klg ldN5 <
lzIfs M ahf/–zf:qsf] nflu klg of] ;To xf] ls t/ j:t' jf ;]jfsf] laqmL
a9\g' jf 36\g'df d"Nosf] e"ldsf x'G5 t/ Ps dfq sf/s tTj eg]
xf]Og, c¿ w]/} sf/sx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} – cTofjZos j:t'sf] d"No
a9\of] eg] klg vkt 36\b}g . rfdn, g'gsf] d"No a9\of] eg] klg
vkt 36\b}g . ev{/} dw]; cfGbf]ng / ef/tLo gfsfaGbLsf] a]nfdf
k]6«f]n / l8h]nsf] cfk"lt{ 36\bf oL j:t'sf] sfnf]ahf/L v'a a9\of] .
dflg;n] !)$ ¿lkofF ahf/ d"No ePsf] k]6«f]nnfO{ sfnf]ahf/L ug]{;Fu
vf]hL–vf]hL %)) ;Dd xfn]/ eP klg dflg;n] vkt u/] .
To:t} u/]/ ;fdflhs k|lti7f, OHht;Fu ufFl;Psf] s'/fdf dflg;
d"NonfO{ sd dxTj lbG5g\, ;dfhn] k|lti7f lbG5 egL 7fg]sf]] s'/f
* pkk|fWofks, sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .

bLklzvf ÷ 115
 5 eg] a9L ltg{ kl5 kb}{gg\ . ;fdfGo lrof k;ndf kGw| ¿lkofFdf
Ps sk lrof kfOG5 eg] klg t/ 9f]sfaf6 g} ;nfd 7f]Sg] /]i6'/]G6df
uP/ %)–!)) ?lkofF sksf] lrof vfg dflg; lxlRsrfpGgg\ .
ljBfyL{ M clg ;/, ahf/ k|j4{gsf] nflu lj1fkg afx]ssf c¿ s]–s] pkfo
x'G5g\ <
lzIfs M /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsfdf ul/g] lj1fkg ahf/ k|j4{gsf]
nflu Tof] a]nf dfq k|efjsf/L x'G5, h'g a]nf h;n] vNtLaf6 k};f
lgsfNg' kg]{ xf], Tof] JolQmn] g} s'g j:t' jf ;]jf lsGg] eGg] s'/fsf]
lg0f{o u5{ . olb Tof] JolQmsf] ;§f c¿n] lsGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o u5{
eg] lj1fkgsf] vf; cy{ x'Fb}g, cs}{ s'/fn] e"ldsf v]N5 .
s] xf]nf, To:tf] pbfx/0f eGg ;S5f} <
ljBfyL{ M -w]/} a]/ ud]/_ v} s] xf]nf / ;/, cfˆgf] vNtLsf] k};f s]df vr{
ug]{, vr{ ug]{ ls gug]{ egL lg0f{o c¿n] ul/lbg] cj:yf ∕ d k};f
lemlSbg, o;df vr{ ulb{g eGg ;lsxflnG5 lg, s;n] o:tf] s'/fdf
afWo kfg{ ;S5 / †
lzIfs M n ud]/ x]/ t, ltdL la/fdL 5f}, 8fS6/sxfF uof}, hfFr]/ pgn] s'g}
PlG6afof]l6s SofK;'nsf] gfd n]lvlbP . ToxL cf}ifwLo u'0f ePsf]
SofK;'n bh{gf}+ cf}ifwL sDkgLn] pTkfbg u/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . s'g}
sDkgLn] pTkfbg u/]sf] cf}ifwL Ps SofK;'n k|lt uf]6f !) ?lkofFdf
kfOg ;S5 eg] csf]{ sDkgLn] pTkfbg u/]sfnfO{ @) ?lkof kg{
;S5 . sDkgLsf] a|fG8g]d g/fv]/ g} pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|lt
uf]6f @ ?lkofdf klg kfOg ;S5 . 8fS6/sf] xftdf x'G5 b'O{ ¿lkofF
uf]6fdf kfOg] cf}ifwL n]Vg] ls @) ¿lkofF kg]{ ∕ olb 8fS6/n] @)
?lkof kg]{ cf}ifwLsf] gfd n]lvlbPsf 5g\ eg] ltdLn] ToxL g} lsGg]
5f}, ;:tf] t lsGg] 5}gf} . o:tf]df s'g cf}ifwL lsGg] eGg] lg0f{o
ltdLn] u¥of} ls 8fS6/n] < clg k};f vr{ ug]{ ltdL+, lg0f{o ug]{
cs}{ JolQm ePg t < o:tf pbfx/0f c¿ w]/} 5g\, ca t Ps b'O{
pbfx/0f lbg ;S5f} xf]nf <
ljBfyL{ M a'em], ca eGg ;S5' ;/ . :s'nsf kf7\ok':ts o:t} x'g\ h:tf]
nfU5 . d}n] yfxf kfPcg';f/ ahf/df Pp6} ljifosf k':ts w]/}
k|sfzsx¿n] k|sflzt u/]sf x'G5g\, To;dWo] s'g k':tsdf
cfwfl/t eP/ cWofkg u/fpg] eGg] lg0f{o :s'nn] u5{ . ljBfyL{n]
t :s'nn] h'g k':ts lsGg' k5{ eGof], ToxL lsG5g\ . ahf/df Pp6}
ljifosf, p:t} ljifoj:t' ePsf bh{gf}+ k':ts d"No lgs} km/s kg]{
u/]/ kfOG5g\ t/ ;:tf] k':ts lsGg] ls dxFuf] eGg] lg0f{o ljBfyL{
116 ÷ bLklzvf
 jf p;sf] cleefjsn] ug{ kfpGgg\, :s'nn] ul/lbPsf] x'G5, oxL
xf]Og t ;/ <
lzIfs M xf] 7Ls eGof} . cr]n o:tf] w]/} 7fpFdf x'G5 . o;sf w]/} pbfx/0f
5g\ . :s'n tyf sn]hn] o'lgkmd{, 6fO lsGg s'g} Ps 6]nl/ª
Joj;foL;Fu g} lsGg', l;nfpg' eg]/ eGg' klg o:t} pbfx/0f xf] .
a;df lxF8\bf a;sf rfnsn] Pp6f xf]6n dfq ePsf] Psnf;sf]
7fpFdf a; /f]s]/ vfgf, lrof gf:tf vfpm eGg' klg p:t} pbfx/0f
xf] . of] lsg p:t} xf] eg] jf:tljs qm]tf s] lsGg], sltdf lsGg]
eGg] s'/fsf lg0f{ostf{ x'Ggg\ . cy{zf:qdf ltdLx¿n] k9]sf g} 5f}
– k"0f{ k|lt:kwf{ x'gsf nflu w]/} qm]tf, w]/} laqm]tf x'g' kb{5 / ahf/
af/]sf] hfgsf/L b'a}nfO{ x'g'k5{ . xfdLn] 5nkmn u/]sf] pbfx/0fdf
qm]tf / laqm]tf t w]/} 5g\ t/ tL b'O{sf] aLrdf csf]{ Ps ju{ 5 hf]
lagf g t laqm]tfn] cfˆgf] ;fdfg a]Rg kfpF5, g t q]mtfn] lsGg g}
;S5 . of] aLrsf] ju{n] cfˆgf] :yfg / dxTjsf] sf/0f /fd|f] /sd
cfDbfgL u5{ . of] ju{sf] sf/0f ahf/ k|lt:kwL{ aGg ;Sb}g† g t
;]jf jf j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ ;'lw|g kfpF5, g t ahf/sf] d"No 36\5 .
a? a9\5 jf a9fpg] r]i6f x'G5 of] aLrsf] ju{sf] cfDbfgL . of]
aLrsf] ju{n] /hfO u5{ / o;nfO{ dWo:y jf bnfnju{ klg eGg
;lsG5 . sld;g vfP/ of] ju{n] ahf/df kfg]{ c;/sf] cWoog
ul/g] xfFuf]nfO{ sld;g ahf/–zf:q eGg ;lsG5 .
ljBfyL{ M xf] t, ;/n] t cfh;Dd xfdLn] gk9]sf] / ljrf/ gu/]sf] s'/fsf]
JofVof ul/lbg' eof] . of] bnfn ju{n] t cfˆgf] afx]s q]mtf /
ljqm]tf b'a}nfO{ dsf{df kfbf]{ /x]5 . sld;gsf] jf of] ju{sf] k|efj
36fpg s] ug'{ knf{ <
lzIfs M ltdLn] eg] h:tf] laq]mtfnfO{ of] aLrsf] ju{sf] sf/0f a]kmfObf vf;}
x'Fb}g . pgLx¿nfO{ ;lhnf] x'G5 lsgls w]/} qm]tf;Dd cfˆgf] j:t' jf
;]jf a]Rgsf nflu lj1fkg ub}{ lxF8\g' k/]g, q]mtfnfO{ cfslif{t ug{
d"No sd /fVg' kg]{ bafa x'GYof], Tof] x'g] ePg . h:t} Ps 8fS6/n]
;of}F, xhf/f}F la/fdL hfFr]/ s'g cf}ifwL vfg] eg]/ n]Vg] x'Fbf Ps
8fS6/nfO{ dfq cfˆgf] cf}ifwL n]Vg k|]l/t u/] k'Uof], ;of}+ xhf/f}+
la/fdL;Dd k'Ug' g} k/]g . To;} u/L la/fdLn] :jtGq ¿kdf s'g
cf}ifwL lsGg] eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ cj:yf x'GYof] eg] qm]tfnfO{ cfslif{t
ug{ d"No 36fpg kg]{ Ps sf/0f x'g ;SYof] t/ 8fS6/n] g} s'g cf}ifwL
lsGg nufpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug] x'Fbf p;sf] nflu cf}ifwLsf] d"No ;f]
cf}ifwL k]|l:qmK;gdf n]Vg] jf gn]Vg] eGg] k|d'v sf/s tTTj x'Fb}g .
bLklzvf ÷ 117
 p;sf] nflu cf}ifwL sDkgLn] lbg] sld;g jf ;'ljwf d'Vo sf/0f
x'g ;Sg] eof], d"No a9L /fv]/ eP klg ltgnfO{ sld;g lbO{ cfˆgf]
;fdfg a]r] eof] .
ljBfyL{ M of] 5nkmn ul//xFbf Ps l/kf]6{sf] ;Demgf cfof] . cl:t ev{/ k';
!@–!*, @)&@ sf] lxdfn ;fKtflxs va/klqsfdf vf]h kqsfl/tf
s]Gb|sf k|df]b cfrfo{sf] Ps l/kf]6{ æl;ls:t la/fdLsf] lsga]rÆ
;DaGwL l/kf]6{ d}n] k9]sf] lyPF . pQm l/kf]6{cg';f/ 6\ofS;L 8«fOe/
/ PDa'n]G; rfnsn] lghL c:ktfndf k'¥ofO lbP jfkt\ sld;g
kf] kfpFbf /x]5g\ c:ktfnaf6 . Psd'i6 ¿kdf b;, kGw| xhf/
¿lkofFb]lv lj/fdL c:ktfndf egf{b]lv l8:rfh{ x'Fbf;Dd h]–hlt
lan lj/fdLsf] gfddf p7\5, To;sf] lglZrt k|ltzt PDa'n]G;
rfnsnfO{ lbg] eg]/ lghL c:ktfnsf lhDd]jf/ JolQmn] PDa'n]G;
rfnssf] 5b\d¿kdf sf7df8f}Fsf b; lghL c:ktfndf kmf]g u/]sf
l/kf]6{/ k|df]b cfrfo{nfO{ la/fdL NofOlbg eg]sf] :j/f+sgsf] lnlkdf
ptf/ jftf{ g} h:tfsf] t:t} ;'Gg dg nfu] lxdfnsf] / vf]hkqsfl/tf
s]Gb|sf] j]a;fO6 www.himalkhabar.com / www.cijnepal.org.np
df lSns u/]df ;'Gg ;lsg] u/L k|df0f ;d]t k]z ul/Psf] k9]sf] lyPF .
Tof] k9]kl5 t xfdL lj/fdLsf] k};fdf 6\ofS;L rfns tyf PDa'n]G;
rfnsn] ;d]t efu kfpFbf /x]5g\ eg]/ tfHh'a / b'Mv b'a} nfUof] .
lzIfs M lghL Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf s'g}–s'g} ;]jf / j:t'sf] k|s[ltn] ubf{
o:tf bnfn ju{n] kmfObf kfpg] :yfg aGb} hfg'nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg]
ls c:jfefljs dfGg] < Pp6fsf] k};fdf csf{n] /hfO u/]sf] b]lvg'
7Ls xf]Og h:tf] nfU5, t/ s] of] x6fpg ;lsPnf t < s] s'g}
8fS6/nfO{ of] cf}ifwL gn]v, of] cf}ifwL /fd|f] / ;:tf] x'G5– Tof] dfq
n]v eGg ;lsPnf / eGg x'G5 v'nf cy{tGq ePsf] d'n'sdf < Tof]
Tolt ;lhnf] eg] 5}g .
ljBfyL{ M sld;g vfg]nfO{ cg';Gwfgaf6 kQf nufP/ sf/jfxL u/] x'Fb}g /
;/ < csf{sf] k};fdf df]h ug{ kfOG5 t < v'nf cy{tGq ckgfPkl5
t qm]tf / laqm]tf kf] cfdg];fdg] eP/ lsgd]nsf] s'/f ug{ kfpg'
k¥of], c¿n] ul/lbP/ sxfF x'G5 <
lzIfs M d}n] elg;s]+ lg, o;sf] lgoGq0f ;lhnf] 5}g . ltdLn] lxdfn
va/klqsfdf k9]sf] PDa'n]G; rfnsn] c:ktfnaf6 sld;g lnPsf]
s'/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ c:ktfnsf] vftf x]g]{ jf sld;g lbP÷lnPsf]
a]nfdf k|x/L k'u]/ ‰ofKk ks8] x'g] lg eGg] ltd|f] wf/0ff xf]nf . ;lhnf]
/ ;Dej b'a} x'Gg o;f] ug{ . ;lhnf] lsg 5}g eg] lghL c:ktfnn]
118 ÷ bLklzvf
 cfˆgf] Joj;fo ;~rfngsf nflu s]–s]df vr{ ug{ k5{, To;df vr{
ug{ pgLx¿ :jtGq x'G5g\ . PDa'n]G; rfnsnfO{ lbg] vr{ p;sf]
Joj;fo k|j4{gsf] vr{ xf] . c:ktfnn] lj/fdL NofOlbPsf] sld;g
geg]/ /ft–la/ft sfd ug]{nfO{ lbPsf] kfl/>lds, cf]e/6fOd klg t
eGg ;S5 . csf]{ s'/f, htftt} abdf;L 5 eg] k'ln; / k|zf;gn]
slt 7fpFdf x]g{ ;S5 < b]zdf v'n]sf ;a} lghL c:ktfn / 6\ofS;L
rfns Pj+ PDa'n]G;n] o:t}u/L lj/fdL lsGg] / a]Rg] sfd u5{g\ eg]
k'ln; / k|zf;g ;a} 7fpFdf k'Ug s;/L ;S5 . o:tf] eof] eg] t
Ps hgfsf] k5fl8 Ps k|x/L nufP/ klg ;fWo x'Fb}g, lsgls @$
306fsf] lbgdf Ps k|x/Ln] sfd u5{ * 306f dfq . To;}n] cf7
306f Ps k'ln;n] b]v/]v u/] klg afFsL !^ 306fdf t abdf;L
x'g ;Sg] eof] lg ∕
ljBfyL{ M s] p;f] eP o:t} sld;gsf] v]n rln/xg lbg] t <
lzIfs M o; vfnsf] cEof;nfO{ s;/L x]g]{ eGg] s'/f s'g JolQm s'g e"ldsfdf
5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ . ltdL Ps Joj:yfkgsf] ljBfyL{, ahf/zf:q
klg k9]sf 5f} / ef]ln sld;g lbg] / lng] lghL c:ktfnsf] ahf/
jf Joj:yfkg x]g]{ Joj:yfks jf clws[t klg x'g ;sf}nf . Tof]
e"ldsfdf /xFbf sld;g lbP/ / lnP/ Joj;fo km:6fpg xfNg'
;lhnf] xf]nf, Tof] a]nf sld;g ahf/–zf:q ;sf/fTds nfUg]5
lsgls lsGg] s'/fsf] d"n lg0f{o ug]{ / k};f lemSg] JolQm km/s x'g]
Joj;fodf sld;g lbP/ ahf/ a9fpg' ;lhnf] / k|efjsf/L pkfo
xf] . ahf/zf:qLsf] x}l;otdf of] v/fa / x6fpg' kg]{ xf]Og, Jojl:yt
ug]{ s'/f dfq x'g hfG5 . h:t} s'g cj:yfdf s;nfO{ slt sld;g
lbg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf kf/bzL{ agfpg', w]/}eGbf w]/}nfO{
yfxf lbP/ cfk"mk|lt cfslif{t ug'{ Ps pkfo x'g ;S5 .
csf]{tkm{ Ps ;fwf/0f gful/s, lj/fdL jf p;sf] cfkmGt eP/ x]g]{
xf] eg] Pp6fnfO{ vr{sf] ef/ af]sfO{ c¿n] cfk"mnfO{ lsga]r u/]
h:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{ plrt xf]Og . Tof] b[li6sf]0faf6 o:tf] sld;gsf]
v]n /f]lsg' k5{, o:tf] ahf/ v/fa b]lvG5 .
ljBfyL{ M /f]Sg jf sd ug]{ s;/L t <
lzIfs M of] Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g t/ s]xL pkfox¿ 5g\ .
Ps t, g}ltstfsf] j[l4 g} xf] . g}ltstfsf] j[l4 ePdf c:ktfn jf
8fS6/n] g t sld;g lnG5g\, g t lbG5g\ . cf}ifwL / k/LIf0fsf
nflu cf}ifwL sDkgL jf k/LIf0f ug{ a;]sf Nofaaf6 sld;g lng]
sfd 8fS6/n] gug]{ lg0f{o 8fS6/n] u5{g\ eg] sld;gsf] v]n x'Fb}g .
bLklzvf ÷ 119
 Ps 8fS6/ jf c:ktfnn] g} o:tf] u/]df s]xL xb;Dd sd x'G5
dfq, k"0f{tM x6\b}g . lsgls Pp6fn] dfq gug]{ c¿n] ug]{ ubf{;Dd
of] k|0ffnL /xG5 . slxn]sfxL+ o;n] Joj;fonfO{ gsf/fTds c;/
kfg{ ;S5 . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf PDa'n]G; rfnsnfO{ sld;g glbg]
xf] eg] c:ktfnn] la/fdL gkfpg] ;Defjgf a9\5 . t/ olb ;a} g}
c:ktfnn] PDa'n]G; rfnsnfO{ sld;g glbg] lg0f{o u/]df . t/
g}ltstf :ofnsf] l;ª h:t} b'n{e ePsf] ;dodf of] Tolt k|efjsf/L
pkfo x'g ;Sg] b]lv+b}g . 8f= uf]ljGb s]=;L= h:tf s]xL OdfGbf/
JolQmn] o:tf] cEof; ubf{ klg xf]nfg\ .
bf];|f] pkfo x'g ;S5 — ;]jf vf]Hg] ju{nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf hfgsf/L
/ ;"rgf lbg' . 6\ofS;L / PDa'n]G; rfnssf] lg0f{oaf6 geO{ ;]jf
vf]Hg] ju{ cfkm}]n] s'g c:ktfnn] cfk"mnfO{ rflxPsf] ;]jf lbg ;Sg]
5g\, ;]jfsf] z'Ns s:tf] 5, clg ;]jf pknAw 5, 5}g egL yfxf
kfPsf 5g\ eg] / cfkm} c:ktfn /f]H5g\ eg] sld;gsf] cfjZos g}
kb}{g . lj/fdL jf p;sf cfkmGt cfkm}n] kmf]g u/]/ ;L6 a's u/]/ /
c:ktfn hfg] k|of; u/]df cfkm} ;Sbf] 5'6 kfpg ;Sg] x'G5g\, c¿n]
kmfObf kfpFb}gg\ . t/ of] klg c;Dej k|foM dfGotf xf] lsgls ;a}
;]jfu|fxL of] xb;Ddsf] hfgsf/L /fVg] x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
t];|f], lghL c:ktfn, 8fS6/ tyf cGo :jf:Yo k|bfosx¿n] u/]sf]
Jojxf/ g}lts tyf k]zfut eof] jf ;'xfpFbf] eof] ls ePg egL
x]g]{ lgsfo g]kfn d]l8sn sfplG;n, lghL c:ktfnx¿sf] ;+u7g,
g]kfn lrlsT;s ;+3n] cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfpg] / cg'udg ug]{ k|0ffnL
ljsl;t ug]{ . o;f] ePdf o; vfn] lj;+ult 36\g hfG5 .
rf}yf], s'g} klg k]zf Joj;fo P]g, sfg'g, k]zfut dof{bf kfng u/]/
ul/Psf] 5, 5}g egL x]g{ P]g, sfg'gsf] th'{df ug]{ / ;f]df cfwfl/t
eP/ ;/sf/sf pko'Qm lgsfox¿n] cg'udg ug]{, k]zfut sfo{sf]
lgu/fgL ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; x'g], kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]lxtf
j[l4sf nflu ;Ifd k|]; 5 eg] cjfl~5t sfo{x¿ x'gaf6 /f]lsG5 .
ltdL Joj:yfkg cGtu{t ahf/zf:q kl9/x]sf] ljBfyL{n] a'em\g'
/ ofb /fVg' k5{– Joj;fo ug]{sf] bfloTj gfkmf sdfpg] t xf] t/
;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj kfng u/]/ dfq . h;/L klg k};f sdfpg'
Joj;fo geO{ abdf;L x'G5, Tof] l6Sg g} ;Sb}g .
ljBfyL{ M ;/n] cfh ;fdfGotof ahf/zf:qsf] k':tsdf rrf{ gePsf] ahf/af/]
atfOlbg' eof] . wGojfb 5 ;/ ∕
@& hgj/L @)!^
120 ÷ bLklzvf
 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf /
…bf]ifL r:dfÚ
efjgf k/fh'nL

!= kl/ro / hLjgLut ;Gbe{

  lktf s[i0fk|;fb / dftf lbJofb]jL sf]O/fnfaf6 lj=;+= !(&! efb| @$ ut]
k[YjLdf kbf{k0f ePsf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] Gjf/fgsf] gfd …r"8fdl0fÚ xf] .
pgsf h]7f a'af sfnLk|;fbn] ljZjgfysf] k|;fbsf ¿kdf hlGdPsfn] ljZj]Zj/
/flvlbPsf x'g\ . pgn] k|f/lDes lzIff jgf/;sf] ;/sf/L xfO{ :s'n, dfWolds
lzIff xl/ZrGb| ljBfno / pRr lzIff jgf/; lxGb' ljZjljBfnoaf6 k'/f
u/]sf x'g\ . lj=;+=!((! df :gfts pQL0f{ sf]O/fnfn] snsQf ljZjljBfnoaf6
sfg'gdf klg :gfts u/]sf lyP . emfkfsf tTsfnLg a8fxflsd sdnk|;fb
bfxfnsf] 5f]/L ;'zLnf;Fu ;g\ !(#& df j}jflxs aGwgdf afFlwPsf pgsf ltg
5f]/f k|sfz, >Lxif{ / ;zfÍ / 5f]/L r]tgf hlGdPsf lyP .
  ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf ax'd'vL k|ltefsf wgL JolStTj lyP . pgL
;flxTotk{m syfsf/, pkGof;sf/, slj hLjgLsf/, lgaGwsf/, ;dfnf]rs cflb
/ u}/;flxlTostk{m /fhgLlt1 / sfg'gljb\ lyP . lg/ª\s'z hxflgof /f0ffzf;gsf
lj?4 nfu]sf lktf s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;j{:jx/0f ;lxt b]zlgsfnf ePkl5
lgjf{l;t hLjgdf pgn] ef/taf6 /fhgLltdf ;ls|otf b]vfPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\
!($@ sf] ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fddf efu lnPsf dxfTdf ufGwL, ef/tLo
;dfhjfbL g]tf hok|sfz gf/fo0f, 8f= /fh]Gb|k|;fb cflb;Fusf] ;fdLKodf
latfPsf /fhg}lts If0fx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . pgn] /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo / @))&

* k|zf;g ;xfos, sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .

bLklzvf ÷ 121
;fnsf] k|hftGq :yfkgfsf lglDt 7'nf] of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ . pgL g]kfnsf k|yd
hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL x'g\ .
sf]O/fnf sfg'gljb\ klg x'g\ . laPn;Ddsf] cWoog k'/f u/]sf pgn]
s]xL ;do sfg'g Joj;fonfO{ klg cjnDag u/]sf lyP . s]xL ;do xl/k|;fb
k|wfgsf lgs6df /x]/ bflh{lnªsf] lhNnf Gofofnodf Goflos sfo{ ;Dkfbg
u/]sf lyP . lgeL{s :jefj, k|:6 jQmf tyf tfls{s Ifdtfsf sf/0f ToxfF /xFbf
lgs} k|efjzfnL ¿kdf cfˆgf] sfo{ Ifdtf k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 .
l;h{gfTds n]vgsf] cf/De ug]{ s|ddf æhLjgsf] cGt Hjfnfaf6
l6k]sf] zAbdf afF+lwg ;s]sf] efjsf] gfh's lkmlnËf] xf] sljtf h;n] lglxt
cy{sf] ;Í]t xfd|f] r]tdf emNsfpF5Æ egL sljtfsf] kl/efiff lbg] sf]O/fnfn]
s]xL km'6s/ sljtfsf ;fy} syf, pkGof;, hLjgL, lgaGw, ;dfnf]rgf cflbdf
;zQm ¿kdf cfˆgf sndsf d;L l/TofPsf] kfOG5 . jgf/;df zflGtlk|o
låj]bL;Fusf] ;flGgWoaf6 ;flxTo lgs6 k'u]sf sf]O/fnf slj JolStTj eGbf
syfsf/ / pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf a9L rlr{t 5g\ . lxGbLsf jl/i7 ;flxTosf/
k|]drGbsf ;Dkfbgdf lg:sg] x+; klqsfdf …jxfFÚ -x+; jif{ ! cÍ &, !(*&_
syf 5kfP/ ;flxTosf z'ef/De u/]sf x'g\ . lxGbLdf k|ydtM snd rn]kl5
;"o{ljs|d 1jfnLsf cfu|xdf !((@ df …rGb|jbgÚ g]kfnL efiffsf] syf 5kfPsf]
kfOG5 . o; syfn] g]kfnL ;flxTo hut\df of}gj[lQsf] dgf]ljZn]if0ftk{m cfs[i6
u/fP . pgsf sl/a Ps bh{g sljtf, b'O{ syf ;ª\u|x— bf]ifL r:df -@))^_
/ Zj]te}/jL -@)#(_ / pkGof;x¿df tLg 3'DtL -@)@%_, g/]Gb|bfO -@)@^_,
;'lDgdf -@)@&_, df]bLcfOg -@)#^_, lx6n/ / ox'bL -@)$)_ / clGtd
pkGof; afa' cfdf / 5f]/f -@)$%_ ;flxTofsfzdf rlDsnf tf/f ag]/ /x]sf 5g\ .
k6sf}F h]n hLjg, s7f]/ oftgf / ul/aLsf sf/0f pgsf] :jf:Yo g/fd|/L
k|efljt eof] . sf]O/fnfnfO{ ;g\ !($#–!($% sf lar ef/tsf] xhf/L jfudf
h]ndf 5Fb} 3fF6Lsf] SofG;/n] ;dft]sf] / zNolqmof ubf{ ubf{ kmf]S;f]df ;d]t
c;/ u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+=@)#( c;f/ @( ut] pkrf/sf lglDt a}Ís ;ldte]h
c:ktfn nluof] t/ pkrf/ x'g ;s]g . pgsf] OR5fg';f/ sf7df8f}+ NofOof] .
kmls{Psf] lbg @)#( ;fpg ^ ut] ^* jif{sf] pd]/df cfˆg} lgjf; rfjlxndf
pgsf] b'Mvb\ lgwg eof] .

-@_ l;h{gfTds k|]/0ff, s[lt k|j[lQ

ef/tLo e"ldd} hGdL x'sL{ a9]sf sf]O/fnfn] lxGbL ;flxTo Pj+
;flxTosf/ tyf aª\ufnL ;flxTo;Fu glhs x'g] df}sf kfP . k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo

122 ÷ bLklzvf
;flxTosf/af6 k|]/0ff u|x0f u/L /fhgLltsf If]qdf ;dfhjfb / ;flxlTos If]qdf
dgf]ljZn]if0fnfO{ cfˆgf] d"n Wo]o agfpg k'u] . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljxª\ufjnf]sg
ubf{ lj=;+=!((@ af6 g]kfnL tyf ;flxTodf cfw'lgstfn] k|of]u kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
dfWolds sfnLg hf;';L clt/~hgfTds k|j[lQx¿sf] cGTo ub}{ u'?k|;fb
d}gfnLsf] …gf;f]Ú -!((@_ syf k|sflzt ePkl5 g]kfnL syf ;flxTo cfw'lgs
d"No dfGotfsf ;fy gofF o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] . d}gfnLsf] cfbz{jfbL Pj+
k"jL{o cfWoflTds k|j[lQ eGbf leGg klZrdL k|mfo8jfbL dgf]ljZn]if0ffTdsnfO{
syf snfdf ptf/]/ sf]O/fnfn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{g NofOlbP .
o;k|sf/ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ gjLg k|j[lQsf ;fy ljsf; ug{df sf]O/fnfsf]
cu|0fL e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . pgL k|yd dgf]j}1flgs syfsf/ x'g\ . pgn] l;Ud08
k|mfo8, P8n/, o'Ësf] dgf]j}1flgs l;4fGtsf] cWoog u/]sf lyP . pgL
k|mfo8sf] dgf]j}1flgs÷dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds k|j[lQaf6 cg'k|]l/t 5g\ . r]vjsf]
j:t' tyf lzNk -syfn]vg z}nL_ af6 sf]O/fnf cTolws k|efljt b]lvG5g\ .
cl:tTjjfbL lj;ËltjfbL ;h{sx¿ cNa6{ sfd' cflbsf] k|efj klg pgdf
kfOG5 . pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf sf]O/fnf cl:tTjfbL, lj;ËltjfbL n]vs x'g\ .
o:t} l8=Pr=n/]G;, df]kf;fF, cgft]n] k|mfG; cflbsf] k|efj klg pgdf kfOG5 .

@=! ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf s[lt k|j[lQ

-s_ dgf]j}1flgs oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQsf] k|jt{g / k|j4{g,
-v_ k|mfo8jfbL l;4fGtsf] cg'k|]/0ff / k|efjdf syfdf dfgj dgsf] oyfy{n]
snfTds cleJolQm kfPsf],
-u_ k|mfo8jfbL cleJolQm :jtGqtfdf ljZjf; ul/g] c/fhstfjfbnfO{
;flxTodf ptf/L Pp6f syfsf/sf x}l;otn] :jtGq n]vgdf ljZjf;
tyf JolQmjfb / dgf]j}1flgstfdf hf]8,
-3_ ;flxlTos dgf]lj1fgsf] cg'k|]/0ff :j¿k syfdf dgf]j}1flgs oyfy{jfbL
d"Non] k|j]z / lj:tf/,
-ª_ vf;u/L k|mfo8 / To;kl5sf P8n/ o'Ëdf d"ne"t :yfkgfsf] cg'k|]/0ffdf
dfgj dgsf u'0f oyfy{sf] u'0f ;d'b\3f6g u/L hl6neGbf hl6n dfgl;s
;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog ug]{ cle?lr, h:t}M …kljqfÚ, …s0f]{nsf]
3f]8fÚ …dw];lt/Ú / …bf]ifL r:dfÚ,
-r_ syfsf dfWodaf6 lhhLljiffnfO{ cleJolQm ug]{ sf]O/fnfsf] dgf]ljZn]if0f
k4lt ;kmn b]lvG5 .
-5_ dgsf r]tg / cjr]tg k|j[lQsf] vf]h / ljZn]if0f .
bLklzvf ÷ 123
-h_ dgf];+/rgf -dgM_ kIf / j[lQx¿ cyf{t\ -cr]tg, pkr]tg, r]tg, O8,
cxd\ / k/fxd\_ sf] vf]h / ljZn]if0f ;a} syfx¿df kfOG5 .
-em_ JolStsf] ;fdfGo / of}g cr]tgfdf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s jf
cGo s'g} sf/0fn] cf3ft kg{ hfFbf To;n] JolStsf] r]tg hLjg ;d]t
s;/L k|efljt x'G5 eGg] dgf]j}1flgs /x:of]b\3f6g pgsf w]/} syf /
…bf]ifL r:dfÚ, …Zj]te}/jLÚ df ;d]t kfOG5 .
-`_ ;+j[t ¿kljGof;sf] k|of]u .
-6_ ;f+:s[lts ;fk]Ifjfbsf] snfTds k|of]u .
-7_ k|tLs k|of]udf dgf]j}1flgstf .
-8_ dgf]/rgf ls|of tyf u|GyL dgf]lj1fgsf] k|of]u .
-9_ dfgl;s åGåsf] l;h{gf / ljsf; .

-#_ …bf]ifL r:dfÚ syfsf] ljZn]if0f

  ;j{k|yd o'ujf0fL @))% df k|sflzt …bf]ifL r:dfÚ sf]O/fnfsf] syfofqfsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ syf xf] . o; syfdf c;fdfGo dgf]lj1fgsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ ?lrIf]q
…bf]ifL r:dfÚ syfdf JolSt dgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL JolStsf cfj]u,
;+j]u, hGd, Jojxf/ dgf]bzfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|mfo8Lo dgf]lj1fgsf]
dfWodaf6 JolStsf] dgf]bzf dfgl;s ;+j]u tyf cr]tgsf] vf]hL / ljZn]if0f
ul/Psfn] k|:t't syfsf] ?lrIf]q dgf]lj1fg xf] . o; syfdf syfsf k|d'v kfq
s]zj/fhsf dfWodaf6 c;fdfGo dgf]lj1fgsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ljleGg /x:onfO{
vf]tlnlbPsf] 5 . To:t} /f0ff zf;gsfnLg g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts,
z}lIfs cflb ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ rfs8L k|yf / bf; dgf]j[lQsf] ljZn]if0f
klg ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't syf cfGtf]g r]vjsf] …jlxbf/sf] d[To'Ú -sfl/Gbfsf]
d[To'_ af6 k|efljt b]lvG5 t/ o;n] g]kfnL ;dfh / kl/j]zsf] Jofks lrq0f ub}{
df}lnstfsf ;fy g]kfnL ;dfh ;fk]If dgf]lj1fgsf] lrq0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .  

-v_ /LltIf]q
k|:t't syfdf dgf]j}1flgs ljifonfO{ oyfy{jfbL z}nLdf k|:t't ul/Psfn]
o; syfdf /LltIf]q oyfy{jfb x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
/f0ffsfnLg ;dfhsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿ ltgn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf
kf/]sf] jf:tljs k|efjsf] lrq0f syfdf ePsf] 5 . syfdf s]zj/fhsf

124 ÷ bLklzvf
dfWodaf6 ædgsf] af3Æ n] cfs|d0f u/L s;/L 3fOt] t'Nofp+5 eGg] s'/f snfTds
afGsLsf ;fy ljZj;gLo 9Ën] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . syfdf syfj:t'sf] k|:t'lt
dfq geP/ kfqx¿sf] rl/q lrq0fnfO{ klg plQs} k|efjsf/L / ljZj;gLo
agfOPsf] 5 . s]zj/fhsf] zª\sfn' rl/qsf dfWodaf6 jgsf] af3n] gvfP
klg dflg;nfO{ dgsf] af3n] vfG5 eGg] dgf]j}1flgs tYonfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg]
sfd ePsf] 5 . of] oyfy{k/s Pj+ ljZj;gLo / plQs} k|efjsf/L 5 .
;j{;fwf/0f JolStsf sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf cfˆgf xflsdx¿sf rfs8L
u/L uhf]{ 6fg]{ k|j[lQx¿sf] zf]if0f ;fdGtL dfgl;stf, x}sdjfbL ;f]r cflbsf]
lrq0f u/L syfdf tTsfnLg ;dfhsf] oyfy{ emNsf] lbPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|:t't
syfsf] /LltIf]q oyfy{jfb xf] .

;f/j:t'
…bf]ifL r:dfÚ dgf]j}1flgs syf ePsfn] syfsf k|d'v kfq s]zj/fhsf
dfgl;s sdhf]/L tyf cr]tg dgsf] vf]hL;Fu} c;fdfGo dfgl;s cj:yfsf]
ljZn]if0f ug'{ k|:t't syfsf] ;f/j:t' xf] . jgsf] af3n] gvfP klg dflg;nfO{
dgsf] af3n] vfG5 eGg] g]kfnL pvfgnfO{ s]zj/fhsf] rl/qsf dfWodaf6
dgf]j}1flgs 9Ën] k'li6 ug{ vf]lhPsf] g} ;f/j:t' xf] . cfˆgf xflsd -h/;fa_
n] jf:t} gu/]sf s'/fdf zª\sf kfn]/ ql;t eP/ lxF8]sf s]zj/fhnfO{ dgsf]
af3n] ;nSs} lgn]sf] 5 . h/;fa l/;fgL eof] xf]nf eg]/ pgL olQ lrlGtt
ag]sf 5g\ ls pgL em08} em08} d[To'sf] d'vdf k'u]sf 5g\ .
o;/L dflg;nfO{ ;fgf] s'/fn] klg c;fWo} zª\sfn' agfO{ dgdf lrGtfsf]
89]nf] nufpF5 . lrGtfn] dflg;nfO{ lrtfdf k'¥ofpF5 eGg] egfOnfO{ o; syfn]
;fy{s t'NofPsf] 5 .
dflg;df hGdhft ¿kd} cr]tgdf ;+j]ux¿ x'G5g\ / kl/l:ylthGo
36gfsf sf/0f ltgLx¿sf lar ls|of k|ltls|of pTkGg eO{ dgf]åGåsf] l;h{gf
x'G5 eGg] ;f/j:t' o; syfdf cleJoSt ePsf] 5 .
syfdf JolSt dgsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ xLgtfu|GyLn] u|:t JolSt cfkm"eGbf
7'nf JolStsf cl3 kg}{ grfxg] a? lrGtfdf al;/xg] :jefjsf x'G5g\ eGg]
s'/f s]zj/fhsf rl/qaf6 k|:6 kfg{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . lg/ª\s'z /f0ff zf;gdf
df}nfPsf] bf; dfgl;stfk|lt cfnf]rgf ug'{ syfsf] p2]Zo xf] . zf;s ju{sf]
tfgfzfxL k|j[lQ / ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ /fhg}lts ljs[ltx¿n] dflg;sf]
hLjgdf kfg]{ gsf/fTds c;/ 5n{Ë kfb}{ sfdk|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf / cN5L k|j[lQn]
sd{rf/LtGqdf kfg]{ gsf/fTds c;/sf] ljZn]if0f klg syfdf ul/Psf] 5, h'g
syfsf] ;f/j:t' xf] .

bLklzvf ÷ 125
cy{;fk]If
k|:t't syf …bf]ifL r:dfÚdf clewfTds cy{ ;fk]If kfOG5 . syfdf
;f/j:t'sf] cy{ ;f]emf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . syfdf Psflt/ s]zj/fhsf]
dgf]ljZn]if0f ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ /f0ff zf;gsfnLg g]kfnL
;dfhsf] lj8Dagf / To;n] ;j{;fwf/0fdf kf/]sf] k|efjsf] oyfy{ lrq0f ul/Psf]
5 . syfdf o:tf] cleJolSt k|tLsfTds jf cGof]lStd"ns geO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf
ePsf] 5 .
syfsf] zLif{s eg] k|tLsfTds ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . …bf]ifL r:dfÚ zLif{s
/flvP klg bf]ifL r:dfsf] syf x}g . of] t c¿n] jf:t} gu/]sf] s'/fdf e|d
kfn]/ jf bf]ifL dg agfP/ lrlGtt eO/xg] s]zj/fhsf] syf xf] . To;}n] pgsf]
e|ldt dgnfO{ syfdf bf]ifL r:dfsf] k|tLs lbOPsf] 5 .

kfqljwfg tyf b[li6ljGb'

k|:t't syfdf s]zj/fh, h;f{a, s]zj/fhsf] kTgL cflb kfqx¿
d'VotM cfPsf 5g\ . tL dWo] s]zj/fh syfsf] k|d'v kfq xf] . o; syfsf
kfqljwfgsf s|ddf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts k[i7e"ldaf6 kfqsf] rog
ul/Psf] 5 eg] rl/qlrq0fsf s|ddf ljz]if u/L cfGtl/s rl/qlrq0f
ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 tyf cf+lzs afx\o / gf6sLo rl/qlrq0f ljlwsf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . syfsf] k|d'v kfq -s]zj/fh_ /f0ff zf;gsfnLg Ps
;fdfGo sd{rf/L / zª\sfn' :jefj ePsf], c¿n] jf:t} gu/]sf] s'/fdf
a8f lrlGtt eP/ dgf]/f]uL cyf{t\ c;fdfGo cj:yfdf k'u]sf], rfs/Lafh,
bf; dgf]j[lQo'St, sdhf]/ dfgl;stf ePsf], xLgtfu|lGysf] k|antf -d
h:tf] e'mq] h/;fa;Fu s] hf]/L vf]Hg'_ ePsf], cg's"n, d~rLo, a4 /
ultzLn kfq xf] .
k|:t't syfdf afx\o ;Lldt b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . syfdf
t[tLo k'?if kfq s]zj/fhnfO{ b[li6s]Gb| kfq agfO{ syfgssf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf]
5 . syfdf afx\o ;Lldt b[li6ljGb'nfO{ cjnDag ub}{ syfsf/n] s]zj/fhsf]
e"n jf bf]if eGg' r:dfsf] b[li6bf]if xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;lj:tf/ j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ .
syfsf] 36gf k|f/De, ljsf;, r/df]Tsif{ / pk;+xf/sf ljifox¿÷z[ª\vnfx¿
s]zj/fhs} jl/kl/ 3'd]sf 5g\ . s]zj/fhs} rl/q ljZn]if0f ub}{ dgf]j}1flgs
p2]ZonfO{ k|If]k0f ug]{ k|of; syfdf ul/Psf sf/0f klg k|:t't syfdf afx\o
;Lldt b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

126 ÷ bLklzvf
syfgs 9fFrf 
       k|:t't syfsf] syfgs 9fFrf /}lvs k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 . cflb, dWo
/ cGTosf] z[ª\vnfdf s|da4 /x]sfn] syfgs ;'Jojl:yt /x]sf] 5 eg]
36gfsf z[ª\vnfx¿ Pscsf{df sfo{ sf/0f ;DaGwsf ¿kdf cfPsfn] syfgs
s't"xnk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L ag]sf] 5 . æs]zj/fhsf] r:df bf]ifL lyof]Æ eGg] jfSoaf6
36gf Pj+ kfqsf] kl/ro lbFb} syfgs cf/De ePsf] 5 . s]zj/fhn] h/;fanfO{
:jl:t ug{ 5'6]sf] 36\gf xF+b} >LdtLn] dfkmL dfu]/ :j:y x'g u/]sf] cfu|x;Dd
syfsf] cflb efu xf] . s]zj/fh klxnf] k6s h/;fa;Fu dfkmL dfUg hfG5g\
t/ h/;fasf] l/; yfxf kfP/ dfkmL dfUg g;sL kmls{P/ cfpF5g\ . oxfF 36gf
r/df]Tsif{lt/ nDs]sf] 5 . s]zj/fh lxDdt a6'n]/ dfkmL dfUg hfFbf h/;fasf
k|ltk|Zgn] ctflng k'U5g\ . pgsf] l:ylt gfh's aG5 . of] syfsf] dWo efu
xf] . s]zj/fhdf afFRg] OR5f hfu[t ePkl5 ePe/sf] ;fdYo{ a6'lnP/ h/;fa;Fu
dfkmL dfUg hfG5g\ . oxfFaf6 cksif{lt/ syf nfU5 . h/;fan] ;xh} dfkmL
lbPkl5 s]zj/fhsf] ljlIfKtfj:yf ;fdfGo x'G5 / syfgssf] clGtd z[ª\vnf
klg ;dfKt x'G5 .

¿kljGof;
…bf]ifL r:dfÚ oyfy{jfbL z}nLdf n]lvPsf] dgf]j}1flgs syf xf] .
To;}n] o; syfdf ;+j[Q ¿kljGof;sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oyfy{jfbL
z}nLdf n]lvPsf syfdf ;/n tyf sYo efiffsf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 .
To;}n] k|:t't syfdf klg ljifoj:t' ;'xfpFbf] Pj+ kfq cg's"nsf] sYo efiffsf]
k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . syfdf cfnª\sfl/s efiffsf] k|of]u u/L cleJolStnfO{
a9L Jo~hgfTds agfpg] k|oTg syfsf/sf] b]lvFb}g t/ sltko ;Gbe{df eg]
laDafTds Pj+ ;ª\lIfKt cfnª\sfl/s efiffsf] k|of]u u/L p2]Zosf] k|efjsf/L
k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 . eflifs ;+k|]if0fnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} ;/ntftk{m pGd'v x'g' k|:t't
syfsf] ¿kljGof;ut ljz]iftf xf] .

#=! sf]O/fnfsf] …bf]ifL r:dfÚ / r]vjsf] …j}bf/sf] d[To'Ú syfsf] ;ª\lIfKt t'ngf
;g\ !**# df n]lvPsf] r]vjsf] …j}bf/sf] d[To'Ú syfn] tTsfnLg ?;L
hLjgsf] oyfy{ lrq0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 eg] ToxL syfaf6 k|efljt eP/
sf]O/fnfåf/f @))% ;fndf n]lvPsf] …bf]ifL r:dfÚ syfn] /f0ff zf;gsfnLg
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ k|ltlaDa ptf/]sf] 5 . oL b'j} syfx¿sf lar s]xL
;dfgtfx¿ klg kfOG5g\ . t/ oL b'j} syf cf–cfˆgf] ;dosf df}lns s[lt x'g\ .

bLklzvf ÷ 127
;dfgtf
-!_  b'j} syfsf] ljifo / p2]Zodf ;dfgtf .
-@_  dgsf] dgf]bzf phfu/ ug]{ p2]Zo b'j} syfsf] /x]sf] 5 -dgsf] af3
slt;Dd lx+;|s x'G5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg'_ .
-#_  sf]O/fnfsf] …bf]ifL r:dfÚ syfsf] s]zj/fh rfs/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf
h/;fjnfO{ :jl:t ug{ gkfpFbf lrGtf / 56\k6Ln] leq} hNg k'u]sf] 5
eg] r]vjsf] …j}bf/sf] d[To'Ú sf] Ojfg klg cluNnf] nx/df a;]sf]
hg]{n -la|hfnf]j_ sf] l;nf}6] skfndf xfl5o'Fsf l56fx¿ kgf{n] cfˆgf]
cGgbftfsf] lrGtfn] u|:t 5 .
-$_ b'j} syfdf kfqut ;dfgtf #÷# kfq .
-%_  b'j} syfsf d'Vo kfq xLgtfu|GyLn] u|:t, dfgl;s b'3{6gf, bf;k|j[lQ
ePsf 5g\ .

c;dfgtf
-!_  ljifoj:t' / kfqsf] k|:t'ltdf leGgtf .
-@_  h/;fadf leGgtf -…j}bf/sf] d[To'Ú df h/;fa oftfoft dGqfnosf]
clwsf/ ;DkGg l;len hg]{n xf] t/ bf]ifL r:dfdf s'g dGqfno tf]lsPsf]
5}g ._ .
-#_  bf; dgf]j[lQdf leGgtf -s]zj/fh cfly{s bf; / Ojfg ;f}hGo -OHht_
bf; xf] ._ .
-$_ s]zj/fh / h/;fa b'j}df :jfy{ n's]sf] 5 . of] k|f0f3fts 5}g . Ojfgdf
rflx :jfy{ n's]sf] 5}g, of k|f0f3fts 5 .
-%_  Ojfg d/0f k|j[lQåf/f k|]l/t 5 eg] s]zj/fh hLjg k|j[lQåf/f k|]l/t 5 .

%=    lgisif{
      g]kfnL cfVofg ;flxTodf sf]O/fnfsf] cu|0fL e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . k'/fgf]
k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8]/ gofF ljifo, If]q / b[li6sf]0fx¿n] pgsf syfdf dxŒj k|fKt u/]sf
5g\ . pgsf log} d"ne"t k|j[lQx¿sf ;fy;fy} ;dsfnLg, k"j{jtL{ / pQ/jtL{
g]kfnL cfVofgsf/x¿df 5'§} klxrfg agfpg ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . k[ys\ k[ys\
syfTds k|j[lQn] ubf{ g]kfnL syfsf/x¿sf] dfemdf v/f] plqPsf 5g\ . pgn]
cfkm\gf] syfsf] dfq geO{ pkGof;sf] /fhdfu{ km/flsnf] lsl;dn] tof/ u/]sf
5g\ . pgn] agfPsf] /fhdfu{ c¿;Fu ldNb}g . d'VotM ;fgf] ;+/rgfleq ljzfn

128 ÷ bLklzvf
;+;f/ c6fpg ;Sg] v'aL ;a}n] k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf x'Fb}gg\ . cfˆgf /rgf cfsf/df
;fgf eP tfklg pgn] To;df Jofks lrGtg ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . ljifoj:t'sf
b[li6n] ;fdflhs kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s h'g;'s} ljifonfO{ cfVofgdf lxF8fPsf
eP klg o'uLg r]tgfsf] dd{nfO{ st} 5f8]sf 5}gg\ cyjf pgsf cfVofgn] cfpg]
h'g;'s} o'usf] klg k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;S5g\ . cl:tTjsf] k|ZgnfO{ lnP/ xf];\ jf
lgolt / dfgjtfsf zf:jt ax;nfO{ lnP/ xf];\ pgsf /rgf sfnhoL 5g\ .
cfVofg cgluGtL ljifox¿sf] e08f/ dfq xf]Og, of] t snfTds ljifosf] u'Dkmg
xf] . ljifonfO{ snfTds u'Dkmgleq ;dflji6 u/fpg ;lsof] eg] of] ;'Gb/ /rgf
aGg ;S5 . o; b[li6n] x]bf{ sf]O/fnfsf /rgfx¿ ljlzi6 7xb{5g\ . ljifonfO{
;flxlTos÷snfTds dfkb08 cGtu{t Nofpg pgn] tbcg's"nsf] lzNk ;+of]hg
u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg cfwf/af6 x]bf{ klg pgsf /rgfx¿ sdhf]/ b]lvFb}gg\ .
k|foM ;dfg k|j[lQåf/f cfVofg /lrPsf 5g\ . d'VotM cfkm\gf /rgfnfO{ hLjGt /
kf/bzL{ u/fpg sf]O/fnfn] ljz]if Wofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ljifoj:t'nfO{ snfTds
cfsif{s / rf]l6nf] kf/faf6 k|:t't ug{ pgn] st} klg s;/ 5f8]sf 5}gg\ . of] g}
pgsf /rgf÷syf÷pkGof;sf] ljlzi6 k|flKt xf] . sf]O/fnfsf] …bf]ifL r:dfÚ syf
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jf:tljstf / oyfy{sf] lrq0f u/]/ n]lvPsf] df}lns syf
xf] . o;df sf]O/fnfn] …j}bf/sf] d[To'Ú syfaf6 k|z:t cg'k|]/0ff eg] u|x0f u/]sf
5g\ . g]kfnL ;fdflhs kl/j]z ;f]rfO / dgl:yltsf] oyfy{ lrq0f ub}{ n]lvPsf]
…bf]ifL r:dfÚ syf lgtfGt df}lns syfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
 
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
cfrfo{, ho/fh= @)$!= æaL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] ;flxlTos hLjgÆ= k|lti7f= aL=kL=:d[lt
cÍ, -a};fv–h]7_,k[=&–!& .
sf]O/fnf, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb= @)@%= tLg3'DtL= jf/f0f;L M k|zfGt k|sfzg . 
sf]O/fnf, s'nk|;fb= @)#&. …sf]O/fnfsf] pkGof;sfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg / ljZn]if0fÚ=
ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno .
sf]O/fnf, hLjgrGb| -;Dkf_= aL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf 5l/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿= sf7df8f}+ M
ljhos'df/ uR5bf/ .

bLklzvf ÷ 129
 …dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJosf]
ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f
afnfs[i0f clwsf/L*

!= ljifo kl/ro
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJosf/ efg'eSt kf]v/]nsf] bf];|f] k|sflzt v08sfJo
xf] . o;sf] k|yd k|sfzg @)## ;fndf ePsf] xf] . sfJorf}u]8Ldf o;sf]
cf+lzs kl/isf/ / kl/dfh{g ;lxt k'gM k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . sfJorf}u]8L
-@)^*_ efg'eSt kf]v/]nsf k'/fgf v08sfJox¿nfO{ ;ª\u|x0f ul/Psf] gofF
s[lt xf] . o;df pgsf ljleGg ;dodf k|sflzt rf/ cf]6f u]8L -sfJo_
;ª\slnt 5g\ . …dfG5]sf] dÚ o; ;ª\u|xdf bf];|f] qmddf k|sflzt 5 . o;
v08sfJodf kl/isf/jfbL lzNkz}nLdf slj x[bosf cg'ej, cg'e"lt / bz{gnfO{
:jR5GbtfjfbL efjf]R5ngsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk o;sf] ljifoj:t'ut
;|f]t dfG5]sf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df 8fla{gn] k|:t't u/]sf] ljsf;jfbsf] sNkgfTds
k'glg{df{0fdf cfwfl/t b]lvG5 eg] j}rfl/s :j/ lj1fgjfbL / k|ultjfbL k|sf/sf]
b]lvG5 . o; v08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0f u/L d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{
k|:t't ;dfnf]rgfsf] d"n p2]Zo xf] . o; p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ul/Psf] k|:t't
;dfnf]rgfdf d"ntM v08sfJosf] ljwftflŒjs ljZn]if0fsf nflu cj:yL
-@)^$_ åf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f 9fFrfsf] cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

@= dfG5]sf] d v08sfJosf] ljZn]if0f

s[ltut ;Gbe{, ljifoj:t', k|aGwljwfg efjljwfg, j}rfl/s :j/,
noljwfg, plSt9fFrf,laDa k|tLs tyf cnª\sf/ of]hgf / efiffz}nL h:tf
* pkk|fWofks, sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; .

130 ÷ bLklzvf
ljwftflŒjs pks/0fsf cfwf/df …dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJosf] ljZn]if0f cfufdL
pkzLif{sdf ul/Psf] 5 M

@=! s[ltut ;Gbe{

…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJosf] k|sfzg @)## ;fndf ePsfn] o;sf] /rgf
;Gbe{ klg ToxL ;fn / To;eGbf k"j{jtL{ ;dodf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; sfJosf]
/rgf @)## ;fndf g} ePsf] -kf]v/]n, @)^* M $%_ eP klg To; a]nfb]lv
@)^* ;fn;Ddsf] lg/Gt/ bL3{td sfJo ;fwgfaf6 o;sf] pQ/f]Q/ kl/isf/
kl/zf]wg klg ePsf] b]lvG5 en} k|yd k|sfzg ;dob]lv låtLo k|sfzg
;dosf] k"jf{4{;Dd pgn] To;sf] kl/isf/ gu/]sf eP klg pgsf] olt nfdf]
sfJo ;fwgfaf6 k|fKt sfJok|fltesf] :kz{ @)^* ;fndf kl/isf/ ubf{ o;
v08sfJodf k|ltlalDat ePs} 5 . To;}n] n]vgb]lv kl/isf/ kl/zf]w;Ddsf]
nueu ;f9] ltg bzssf] cys\ k|oTgaf6 o; v08sfJon] o; ¿kdf k'gM
k|sflzt x'g] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] :ki6 g} 5 .
k|:t't v08sfJosf] d"n aLh dfG5]sf] pTklQ, ljsf; / p;sf ;ª\3if{zLn
hLjgufyfsf] bfz{lgs af]wdf ljsl;t 5 . cfˆgf k"j{jtL{ ljlzi6 v08sfJosf/
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn / dfwj l3ld/]sf h:t} kl/isf/df ?lr /fVg] kf]v/]nn] o;
v08sfJosf] klxnf] k|sfzg sfnb]lv sfJorf}u]8Lleqsf] k|sfzg ;do;Dd
cgj/t ¿kdf o;sf] kl/isf/ kl/dfh{g u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . ;+:s[t ;'bL3{ /
cTo'Rr sfJodfGotfsf] uxg 1fg ePsf pgn] ljsf;jfbL j}1flgs cfwf/df
cfˆgf] j}rfl/s :j/nfO{ ;ª\s]lGb|t ug]{ k|oTg o; v08sfJodf u/]sf 5g\ .
v08sfJosf/n] ;[li6sf] piffsfnb]lv jt{dfg sfn;Ddsf] dfG5] / o; ljsf;
k|lqmof af/]sf cg]sg cjwf/0ff, lrGtg, Jojxf/ tyf l;4fGtsf] ;+Zn]if0f ub}{
ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtaf6 o; v08sfJosf] /rgf r]t k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . h}ljs
aLhfª\s'/0fb]lv xfn;Ddsf] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; k|lqmof, cl:tTjsf nflu
p;n] ug'{ k/]sf ;ª\3if{ ufyfnfO{ o; v08sfJo /rgfsf] d"n k|]/ssf ¿kdf
/rgfsf/n] lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
klxnf] k6s o; v08sfJosf] aLhfwfg x'Fbf g]kfnL sljtf–sfJo
;flxTosf] d"n k|jfx k|of]ujfbL n]vg k/Dk/fsf] r/df]Tsif{df lyof] . ;fy;fy}
k|of]ujfbL b'?xtf / hl6ntfaf6 ;/ntf / hg;fk]If n]vgtkm{sf] k|f/lDes
k|oTg klg rln/x]s} lyof] . o; ;Fu;Fu} k|of]ujfbsf Jolt/]sdf k|ultjfbL
sfJo n]vgsf] Pp6f 5'6\6} / ;zSt wf/f klg Tolt a]nf ljBdfg lyof] . ;Fu;Fu}
kl/isf/jfbL sfJolzNk / :jR5GbtfjfbL efjwf/fdf sfJo n]Vg] k/Dk/f klg

bLklzvf ÷ 131
;lqmo g} lyof] . o; v08sfJosf] k|yd n]vg tyf k|sfzg sfnb]lv kl/dfh{g
Pjd\ k'gM k|sfzg sfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL sfJo ;flxTodf cg]sg wf/f, jfb,
k4lt, cfGbf]ng / j}rfl/s :j/ b]lvPsf 5g\ / ltgn] g]kfnL sfJonfO{ k|ToIf
k/f]If k|efj kf/]s} 5 . k"j{jtL{ kl/isf/jfbL, :jR5GbtfjfbL, k|ultjfbL n]vg
wf/f / ;djtL{ k|of]ujfbL, k|ultjfbL n]vg wf/fnfO{ o'ufg's"n ;+Zn]if0f ub}{
dfgj ljsf;sf] lj1fgjfbL r]tgfnfO{ pQ/jtL{ ljleGg n]vg wf/f;Fu cg's"ng
/ cGt/;+Zn]if0f ub}{ kf]v/]nn] o; v08sfJosf] kl/isf/, kl/dfh{g u/L k'gM
k|sfzg u/]sf x'g\ .
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJo /rgfsf] d"n k|]/0ff ;|f]t dfgj ljsf;sf]
lj1fgjfbL l;4fGt / To;sf] ef}ltsjfbL b[li6r]t xf] . k[YjLsf] ljsf; k|lqmof,
dxfk|no, dxfjiff{, ;d'b|sf] lgdf{0f, nfvf}F jif{;Dd kfgLdf ePsf] pynk'yn
/ dGygaf6 n]p, ‰ofp x'Fb} Pssf]ifLo hLjsf] pTklQ, To;af6 qmdzM cg]s
k|sf/sf k|ff0fL x'Fb}, ;+:sfl/t kl/is[t x'Fb} ljsf; ePsf] clxn]sf] dfgj
hfltsf] P]ltxfl;s dxfufyfaf6 k|]l/t eP/ g} o; v08sfJosf] /rgf pgn]
u/]sf] a'lemG5 . olt nfdf] hLjg ufyf af]s]sf] dfgj hfltn] ljsf;sf] pRrtd
r'nLdf k'u]sf], cfkm" a:g] u|xsf af/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L kZrft\ cfˆgf h:t}
csf]{ s'g} u|xdf klg hLjgsf] cl:tTj 5 ls eg]/ To;tkm{ klg cu|;/ x'Fb}
To; ;DaGwdf dgUu] hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/;s]sf] tyf yk hfgsf/L k|flKtsf nflu
;lqmo / ultzLn ¿kdf cGj]if0fdf k;]sf], dfG5]sf dghlQs} p;sf] cWoog
cGj]if0fsf] ult agfpg ;kmn ePsf] jt{dfg, k/fcf}Bf]lus, k/foflGqs o'usf]
dfG5]n] Ps lbg p;sf cGtir]tgfsf c:j:y kqx¿ vf]Ng] 5 / of] ;f/f
;+;f/sf] 1fgsf ;fy} cfˆgf] hGd / d[To'sf ;f/f /x:ox¿ kQf nufpg] 5 clg
clj/fd ultn] l;h{gfsf] gj gj cGtof]{u / cGtk|{of]u u/L lr/ sd{of]usf]
;Tsd{df nflu/xg] 5 eGg] b[li6r]tnfO{ bfz{lgs ljrf/k"0f{ efjfTds, ;+j]bgfTds,
cfTdk/s cfVofg ;"qdf pg]/ To;nfO{ xflb{stfk"0f{ ;fwf/0fLs[t r]t k|bfg ug'{
k|:t't v08sfJo /rgfsf] d"n k|efj k|]/0ffut ;Gbe{ xf] .

@=@ ljifoj:t'
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJosf] ljifoj:t' k[YjLsf] pTklQ z[ª\vnfsf kLl7sfdf
dfG5]sf] pTklQ, ljsf; / jt{dfg cj:yf;Ddsf] ljsf;jfbL wf/0ff;Fu ;Da4
5 . d"ntM rfN;{ 8flj{gsf] ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtnfO{ bfz{lgs txaf6 u|x0f u/L
To;sf] snfTds k'gMl;h{g o; v08sfJodf ul/Psf] 5 . cg]sf}F cefj,
c:ki6tf / ;ª\3if{af6 ljsl;t eP/ cfhsf] j}1flgs o'usf] cb\e't k|f0fLdf

132 ÷ bLklzvf
kl/0ft dfG5]n] o; ;[li6 /x:osf ;du|tfnfO{ Ps lbg cjZo vf]tNg] 5,
To;sf] af]w u/]/} 5f8\g] 5 / o; ;[li6sf cg]sf}F gj ;'Gb/tfx¿sf] gjlgdf{0f
ug]{ 5 eGg] d"n ljifo o; v08sfJon] u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . dfG5]n] cfˆgf] ctLt,
jt{dfg / eljionfO{ lrGg ;Sg] cGtir]t g} p;sf] …dÚ xf] / oxL cGtir]tn]
g} dfG5]nfO{ clxn]sf] ljlzi6 dfG5]df kl/0ft u/]sf] 5 eGg] ljifonfO{ o;
v08sfJon] uxgtfk"j{s p7fPsf] 5 . 8flj{gsf] ljsf;jfbnfO{ ctLt, jt{dfg
/ eljiosf lqsflns cGtir]tgfdf lj1fgjfbL, ef}ltsjfbL / k|ultjfbL hLjg
r]tgf ;lxt k|:t't ug'{ g} o; v08sfJosf] d"n ljifout If]q xf] .
k|:t't v08sfJosf] syfgs o; k|sf/ 5 M
d kfq ;kgfn] pS;fO/x]sfn] cfkm"n] s]xL eGg} kg]{ 7fG5g\ . d?e"ldsf]
afhL nufpg] dfG5]n] s]xL glhTg] x'gfn] xfg]{n] klg k''/:s[t x'g] pT;u{ klxNofpg]
cfTdsyfsf uGyg ;'Gg kf7snfO{ cfXjfg ub{5g\ . dfG5]s} lr/ l;h{gfsf s'/f
;'gfP/ emª\s[t x'g / dfG5]s} uLt ufpg] rfxgf ePsfn] pgL dfG5] hlt nf6f] eP
klg gcNdlng] r]tfjgL lbg rfxG5g\ . ;w}F af]Ng]s} lk7f] laSg] s'/f gkTofpg]
d kfq slxn]sflxF gaf]n] klg rfdn laSg] x'gfn] s]xL cxd\ g/fvL s]xL eGg
rfxG5g\ . xfdL -dfG5]_ leq k|s[lt k|bQ cfTd/; / :jf/:osf] k|s[lt ePsf]
x'gfn] dfg5]af6 cnlUuP gfy|L km'6]sf] laofF / cfuf] lge]sf] w'jfF aGg] eGb} pgL
dfG5]s} afF;'/L km's]/ ;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf] rfFr/L, dfG5]sf] ;fd"lxs r]tgf
/ ;fd"lxs dgsf] uLt ufpg rfxG5g\ . dfG5]n] cfˆgf] ljsf;sf] ult cfkm}Fn]
oxfF;Dd NofPsf] xf] eGg] Oltxf;b]lvsf cfTdsyfn] atfPsf 5g\ . To;}n]
xfd|f] ljZjf;sf] j]u gablng] s'/f pgL ub{5g\ . cfkm" dfG5]sf ;'vb'Mvsf]
slj / p;sf xf/lhtsf] 5lj ePsfn] dfG5]sf Oltxf;sf] cfTdsyf eGbf
;a}sf cfFvfdf cfF;' cfP klg Tof] e'OFdf v:g gkfpFb} To;nfO{ yfKg] s'/f pgL
u5{g\ . pgsf cg';f/ xfdL l;h{gfs0f kfP/ lalDemgsf nflu b'Mvsf] bnbndf
;xf/flagf g} km:g tof/ lyof}F . lj:tf/} dfG5] km}lng yfn]sf], cfcfˆgf cg's"n
s'gf / sGb/f RofKb} cl8g yfn]sf] k]lrnf] ;ª\3if{ a'‰bf tyf dfG5]n] cfˆgf]
pTklQ / cl:tTjsf nflu ug'{ k/]sf ;ª\3if{sf lgs} dd{e]bL syf ;lDemFbf
cfZro{, 8/ / sxfnL nfUg] atfpF5g\ . dfG5]sf l;h{gf zlSt ;f]:g ;of}F /fj0f
cfPsfn] xfdL d"lR5{t x'Fbf To; d"R5f{af6 lapFemfpg] /0fsf] /lj eP/ cfkm"
cfPsf] ;Gbe{ p7fpFb} dfG5]sf] d /ltTjk"0f{ l;h{gf / ;~rf/sf] r]t ePsf] tyf
oxL :jTjaf]wdf xfd|f] u'ef] slj ag]/ kmqm]sf] x'gfn] ;a} dfG5]sf cg'e"ltnfO{
;d]6]/ s]xL eGg rfx]sf] / To;nfO{ ;a}n] dg nufO{ ;'g'g\ eGg] OR5f JoSt ub}{
pgL dfG5]sf pTklQsf] Pp6f /f]rs syf yfngL ub{5g\ .

bLklzvf ÷ 133
 uf}/L–zª\s/, sfdb]j–/lt jf lrt\–a|Xd, >4f–dg' ;a} lbJotfsf tg'x¿
dfG5]s} clwsNkgfsf s';'d x'g\ . dfG5] ;w}F ;dy{, :jR5 / ;jf{ltzfoL aGg
vf]H5 . ;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf dfG5] lg:;fl;Fb}, lklN;Fb}, d8fl/Fb}, l3l;Fb}, d"R5f{
x'Fb} / jf}l/Fb} a;f}{F;Dd st} clNemFb} / lgl:sFb} yf]/} dfly plSnof] / s]xL 5f]OP
em}F eof] . cb[Zo jfiks0f em}F ;fgf] eP klg dfG5]n] l3l;|g] ;ª\3if{ slxNo}
5f]8]g . xf/] klg ljhosf] ;ª\3f/ 6]s] em}F cg'ej ug]{ dfG5]sf] lgolt 8Nnf] ls/f]
em}F agL dfly plSnFb} tn v:b} ug]{ /Xof] . o;f] ul//xFbf p;sf lhpdf 5]:sf
-xftv'6\6f÷KjfFv <_ knfPkl5 crlDdt x'Fb} p;n] cfˆgf] ult emg a9fpg
yfNof] . n]p, ‰ofp, emf/em'; r':b} tª\lu|Fb} nfvf}F jif{ ;l//xFbf dfG5]sf 6]Sg] /
;dfTg] cª\u ljsl;t eP tyf p;sf] gfª\uf] vKk/dfly /f}F cfP / z/L/ klg
s]xL nfDrf] x'Fb} uof] . afFRg] cfzf lnP/ qf;}qf; / ef]s}ef]sdf ef}Ftfl/Fb}, slxn]
slt k|f0fLsf bf/faf6 l5/]/ PSn} s/f]8f}F lbg ?Fbf klg p;n] dg]{ s'/f ;f]r]g .
csl/nf r6\6fgaf6 lrrL / la/l;nf u]U¥ofgaf6 ld7L l6Kg l;Sb} hfFbf cfFvf,
sfg, cf:jfb ;+j]bgf klg ljsl;t eP / lj:tf/} dfG5] 7'nf] x'Fb} hfFbf p;sf
efjgfx¿ ;ª\lnP . hlt dfly uP klg, hlt ltvfl/P klg cfkm"nfO{ emg} tn
/ af]wf] kfpFbf p;nfO{ dl/lbpmF ls em}F nfUof] . k|fs[lts ljklQ, cftª\s cflbsf
yKk8n] vKk/ km'6]/ d"lR5{t x'Fbf c¿ ePsf eP Tolt a]n} cfTdxTof u/]/
dl/;Sy] t/ Hofb|f] dflg; ePsfn] pm cTof; lr/]/ lyl/of] . o:tf b'lb{g vk]/
cfPsfn] p;n] …lagfl;lQ dg]{ / dfg]{ a'6L ;'3fpg] gu/, af6f] 5]s]/ c/af}F k':tf
kr]sf] ult a/flnFb}g, dfG5]nfO{ x'tLxf/f, lg/fz agfpg] uGyg lsg ;'gfpF5f}F,
h;/L y'sn] 3fd leHb}g, To;/L g} of] bL3{ k/Dk/f na6f] t];f{P/ /f]lsFb}gÚ
-Znf]s @%_ eg]/ kfgLd?jfnfO{ xKsfpg yfNof] . k"0f{ xtf; eP/ unL dg{
nfUbf p;n] slxn] 9f9; kfpFYof], slxn] bfFt, gª\u|f, h'/f, g;fsf hf]gL{ ;d]t
knfpFy] / gjhLjg afFRg k|]l/t uy]{ . hlt;'s} ljklQ cfP klg cg]sf}F h'lSt
/ zlSt kmqm]/–km'6]/ dfG5]df cfpFy] h'g p;s} ?lr, ;fwgf / >dsf] kmn tyf
k|s[ltsf] ;[hg /x:o klg lyof] . pNsflk08 v:bf p;n] dfG5]sf] aLpnfO{
s;/L hf]ufP/ /fVof] xf]nf <
nfvf}F s/f]8f}F jif{ o;/L g} si6 ;x]/ cufl8 a9\b} hfg] qmddf Ps sfndf
lj£g e'd/L p7\of] ls pm ylnP/ p7\g} g;Sg] eof] . 8/n] k/f:t eP/ lgs}
cnlNnof], rNg} ;s]g / p;sf] ofqfsf ;a} cg'ej r"0f{ eP . o'uf}Fb]lvsf]
p;sf] ult xf/ vfP/ a/flng ljjz eof] . ljutsf] :d[ltn] v'6\6f 5f]8\g glbP
klg z/L/n] nQf] 5f8\b} uof] . cs:dft\ To;} ;dodf gf/L¿kL w/f -k|s[ltsL
5f]/L_ ;Fu p;sf] e]6 eof] . To; e]6n] emndNn 3fd nfu] em}F eof], p;sf]

134 ÷ bLklzvf
dg /;fof] . pm s]xL a]/ t To;} a6fl/P em}F eof], tTsfn} dw'df;sf] s';'d em}F
kmlqmP/ cfof] . To:tf] 3f]/ ysfOdf klg s]xL nknkL rf6"F em}F, cfˆgf] b]x pg}df
6fF;"F em}F, p7]/ gfr"F em}F p;nfO{ eof] . s]xL zª\sf lnFb} pgL htf hflG5g\ pm klg
Tot}lt/ tflgFb} uof] . s]xL ulb{g, vfGg, dflb{g eGg vf]Hbf klg p;sf d'vdf
cfjfh g} cfpFb}gYof] t}klg pgnfO{ v';L kfg]{ h'lStsf] vf]hLdf pm nfUof] .
pgn] kmnkm"n l6k]/ vfg vf]Hbf pm 6f9} a:Yof] t/ cfkm"n] e]6]sf s]xL kmnkm"n
pgn] p;lt/ kmfNg] uly{g\ . tL b'a}n] Ps csf{nfO{ dg k/fpF5g\ eg]/ emNsf]
lbFb} lxF8\bf s]xL sfn laTof] . pgL ljZjf;sf] vf]hLdf lyOg\ / p;nfO{ ToxL
ljZjf; lbnfP/ efj v'nfpg sqf] ;d:of lyof] . o:t}df cl3 pgL / kl5 pm
eP/ eL/df dl/t/L plSnFb} ubf{ pgL kl5 kms]{/ efu] em}F x'lQFb} cfOg\ . pgnfO{
Pp6f chª\usf] hgfj/n] l;4fpg nfu]sf] /x]5 . p;nfO{ ;xf/f dfg]/ pgn]
cfˆgf] Hofg ;'lDkOg\ t/ lgwf]{ p;n] klg s] kf] ug{ ;SYof] / Û To; hgfj/n]
kx/f] gª\U¥ofP/, d'v ld7\ofP/, bf/f pWofOsg p;nfO{ g} emlD6g cfF6\of] . o:tf]
x'Fbf pm 8/n] 5fFufaf6 v;] em}F eof] . tL d[To'af]wL lbg lgs} eofgs lyP .
p;n] dg b/f] kf/]/ cln klNt/af6 o;f] dfly pSn]/ 7'nf] 9'ª\uf prfnL bfp
x]¥of] . p;nfO{ bf];|f] uf; agfpg] ;'/n] Tof] hgfj/ pgL ePlt/ plk|mof] . ToxL
a]nf kf/]/ p;n] Ps bgs lbof] / Tof] x'd\ ub}{ d'lG6of] . y/y/ sfFKb} b'a}n] Ps
csf{nfO{ cª\sdfn u/] . p;sf] 5ftL rSof]{ / crfgs d'vaf6 …uf}/LÚ gfd
cfof] . p;n] pgs} ;Demgf laem]/ d'6' ;w}F emDemdfpg], pgs} sNkgf lkP/
cfˆgf] kf}?if ;w}F /D/dfpg] x'gfn] lgdf]{xL ag]/ cfFr ykLykL w]/} gufNg / p;sf]
To; cGt/tfkleq lztf+z'sf] rfFbgL e/]/ hLjg ;fyL alglbgsf nflu pgL;Fu
laGtL la;fof] . hLjg ;ª\3if{sf] tfkdf yfs]sf] p;n] pgs} 5fofd'lg ysfO dfg{
kfP tfhf ag]/ k|ult kydf rf}a/ j]un] lxF8\g ;Sg] cg'e"lt ;'gfof] . p;sf]
k|:tfjnfO{ pgn] :jLsf/ ul/g\ / pgLx¿sf] gofF ;[li6sd{ cufl8 a9\b} uof] .
gf/L¿kL k|s[lt / k'?ifsf lar ulx/f] k|]d a:bf Psn] csf{nfO{ kfpgsf nflu
u/]sf Tofu / tk:ofsf] syf ;'gfpFb} b'a} ;[li6sf] gofF ;'s'df/ d'gf x'sf{pgsf
nflu tof/ eP . g/ / gf/Lsf lardf /ltlqmof ;d]t ;DkGg x'G5 . To; sf/0f
tL b'a} Ps csf{df lgdUg tyf nLg eP . b'a}df Ps csf{k|ltsf] ;dk{0f ulxl/Fb}
hfFbf k'?if -d kfq_ nfO{ bfloTjaf]w eof] . k|s[ltsf] j}ejtfdf ck"0f{ s]xL x'Fb}g
/ ToxL k|s[ltnfO{ pkof]u u/]/ pgLx¿n] nfvf}F jif{ Joltt u/] . lj:tf/} k|s[lt
jgsf] Tof] lbJotf, /Dotf / eJotf dfG5]sf s's[Ton] ;'Sb} uof] . pgLx¿sf
cg]s ;GttL hGd], To;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ ckf/ ;Gt'li6, cfgGb tyf bfloTj af]w
a9fpFb} uof] . ltgLx¿n] lgs} b'Mvlhnf] u/]/ cfˆgf e'/fx¿ 5ftLdf 6fF;]/

bLklzvf ÷ 135
x'sf{P . ;GttLnfO{ klg cg]s x'ndf cfˆgf] cl:tTj arfpg] l;k l;sfP . cfuf]
afNg, 3/ agfpg, ;d"x agfpg / ;Eotfsf] gofF gofF ¿k klg ltgn] l;sfP .
To:t} s[lifsd{, s[lifdf nfUg] /f]Aoflwsf] pkrf/ ug]{ lrlsT;f lj1fg, /fHo;Qf
k|fKt ug]{ /fhgLlt cflb klg tL gofF dfG5]n] l;Sb} uP . klxn]sf] ;fdfGo ls/f]
clxn] chª\usf hgfj/nfO{ klg cfˆgf jzdf kfg{ ;Sg] ck/fh]o dfgjsf
¿kdf kl/0ft x'Fb} uof] . dg'iohGo, k|f0fLhGo, k|s[lthGo cg]s k|sf]k, ;d:of,
cK7\of/f;Fu h'Wb}, efUb}, n'Sb} dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ arfpg] k|oTg u¥of] . o;}
lar dxfk|non] dfG5]sf] ;du| cl:tTj ;dfKt eof] ls eG7fGbf sxLF g sxLF
lhnL -cl:tTj÷aLh_ d/]sf] /x]g 5 . cltj[li6df klg afFr]/ cfPsf] dfG5]
km]l/ cgfj[li6, Hjfnfd'vL, dxfe"sDk cflb em]Nb}, k|s[ltsf o:t} cg]sf}F x'G8/L
ef]Ub} k'gM pld|g, 6';fpg, x's{g, a9\g / emfFlug yfNof] .
cToGt s7f]/ ;ª\3if{n] cl:tTj lgdf{0f u/]sf] dfgj hut\df km]l/
efOefOdf j}dgio, snemu8f, åGå -ljZjdf ePsf dxfef/t o'4, 6«o o'4,
klxnf] ljZjo'4, bf];|f] ljZjo'4, lzto'4 cflb_, qm"/tf, rf]/L, 8s}lt, cftª\s,
n'6kf6, k|xf/, ;ª\3ft, z:qf:qsf] xf]8afhL cflb a9\b} hfFbf dfG5] cfkm}df
yª\lynf] x'Fb} uof] . dfgjtf, ljZjf;, ;dk{0f, k/f]ksf/ cflb dfgjLo u'0fx¿
x/fpFb} uP . t}klg dfG5]df Tof] dfG5]kg -:jTj, cl:tTj, d_ lkmtf{ cfpg]
ljZjf; d/]sf] 5}g . cGofo, cTofrf/, lje]b cflbsf lxdfotLx¿ k|f/Dedf
ljlht eP klg kl/0flttM pgLx¿ k5fl8 kg]{5g\ / Ps lbg cjZo c;n
dfG5]sf] lht x'g]5 . jt{dfg dfG5]sf h'g glgsf k|j[lQx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ tL
ctLtdf p;n] ef]u]sf cg'ejaf6 ;+:sf/ ag]/ cfPsf x'g\ . h;/L pTklQsf]
piffsfndf dfG5]n] ;'Gb/–c;'Gb/, b'/frf/–;bfrf/ ;a} kIfsf] cg'e"lt u¥of]
To;/L g} c;'Gb/kl5 ;'Gb/ / b'/frf/kl5 ;bfrf/ h:tf k|j[lQsf] kfnf] cjZo
cfpg]5 / dfG5] gjgj l;h{g snfsf gjgj l;h{gf lgsfNg ;Sg]5, l;h{gfsf
gofFgofF lIflthx¿ p3fl/g] 5g\ tyf Tolta]nf dfG5] …tŒjdl;Ú -k[=*( M (^÷$_
df k'Ug]5 / p;n] kfPsf] wtL{ dfq geP/ l;h{gfsf cg]sf}F dxfa|Xdf08x¿sf]
vf]hL ug]{5 . oxL g} dfG5]sf] ;[li6aLh cg's"nsf] ;|i6f j}lzi6\o xf] / o;n]
clj/fd ;ª\sNko'St eP/ gjgj cGt/ k|of]udf l;l4 k|fKt ug]{5 . ta dfq
dfG5]sf dsf] p2]Zo lr/ sd{of]udf k'Ug]5 .
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJosf] syfgs /}lvs k|sf/sf] 5 . of] cflb,
dWo / cGTosf] qmddf ;'z[ª\vlnt eP/ cfPsf] 5 . o; v08sfJodf :ki6
cfVofgLs/0fsf] cd"t{ syfgs 5 . :yfg, sfn / kfqsf] cd"t{tfsf sf/0f
syfgssf] ;antf / :y"ntf gb]lvP klg o;df dfG5]sf] pTklQ / ljsf; ofqfsf]

136 ÷ bLklzvf
dxfufyf c6]sf] 5 . Ps ;o Ps cf]6f Znf]sdf efjgfsf] c6];d6]; cleJolSt
t ePs} 5 tyflk cfVofgsf] k|:t'lt klg ePsf] 5 . o;sf] cfVofgleq
36gfsf] eGbf ljrf/sf] k|v/tf klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;/L cfVofg cd"t{ ¿kdf
cfpg'sf k5fl8sf] d"n sf/0f o; v08sfJosf] k|yd /rgf ubf{sf] g]kfnL sfJo
n]vgdf b]lvPsf] k|of]ujfbL j}lzi6\osf] k|efj ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . h] xf];\
o; v08sfJosf] ;dfVoftf tyf k|d'v kfq …dÚ xf] / p;n] nfvf}F jif{sf] cfˆgf]
-;du| dfgj hflt_ hLjg ef]ufOsf] dxfufyf kf7s ;fd' atfO/x]sf] 5 . ;du|
dfgjsf] dxfufyf atfO/x]sf a]nfdf slxn]sflxF slj JolStTjsf] x:tIf]kaf6
kf]v/]n :jod\n] ef]u]sf] t/ ;du| g]kfnL hLjg;Fu ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ ;lsg]
hLjg ef]ufOsf] cleJolSt klg eO/xG5 . v08sfJoaf6 o;sf] pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
6f]8\sf, kj{t–sGb/f / ?vsf WjfGb|fx¿df k;L
5ftLdf lzz'ju{nfO s/n] Rofk]/ 6f;L s;L .
nfvf}F /ft n'sL a;]/ clgb} d}n] a9fPF e'/f
P]Ún]sfx¿nfO ;'Gg klg Sof ufx|f] 5 d]/f s'/f . . -dfG5]sf] d, ^%_
dfgj ljsf;sf] dxfufyfnfO{ atfO/x]sf] d kfqnfO{ sljsf JolStTjn]
lhT5 / qmdzM slj¿kL …dÚn] kfq¿kL dxfufyf ufos …dÚnfO{ lj:tflkt
u5{ clg Tof] ;du| dfgjsf] cg'e"lt jf hLjg ;ª\3if{sf] Ps c+z eP klg
;fd"lxstfsf] c+z sd / JolStlgi7tfsf] c+z clws eP/ pko'{St Znf]sdf
cleJoSt x'G5 . k"jf]{St Znf]ssf k|f/lDes ltg cf]6f kfpdf ;fdfGoLs[t dfgjsf
syf eP klg ha sljn] …P]Ún]sfx¿Ú eg]/ ;Daf]wg ub{5g\ / ltgnfO{ cfˆgf]
ef]ufO ;'Gg klg ufx|f] ePsf] jf kTofpg klg ufx|f] ePsf] s'/f ub{5g\ ta ToxfF
;fd"lxs cg'e"ltsf] ;fwf/0fLs/0f geP/ JolStlgi7tf -slj :jod\sf] cfˆg}
hLjg ef]ufO_ sf] af]w dfq x'g hfG5 . v08sfJodf o:tf ;Gbe{x¿ 7fpF7fpFdf
5g\ h;n] ;du| v08sfJosf] ul/df, snfTdstf tyf kf7ssf] Ps/;tf /
PstfgnfO{ eª\u ul/lbG5g\ .

@=# k|aGwljwfg
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJodf Ps} ;u{df zfb"{nljqmLl8t 5Gbsf Ps ;o
Ps Znf]s ;dfj]z 5g\ . o;df Pp6} ;u{df dfG5]sf] pTklQ, ljsf; / lj:tf/sf]
dxfufyf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . sljlga4 …dÚ kfqnfO{ cfˆg} syf Joyf ufpg dg
nfu]sf] OR5fy{s cleJolStaf6 o; v08sfJosf] cf/De ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf]
Znf]sb]lv rf}wf}F Znf]s;Ddsf] c+znfO{ k|:t't v08sfJosf] cf/De v08 dfGg
;lsG5 . o;df d"ntM dfG5]sf] hLjg ;Da4 efjfTds / j}rfl/s ;"lSt k|:t't

bLklzvf ÷ 137
ePsf 5g\ . o; v08 -c+z_ n] dfG5]sf] ;[li6sf] piffsfndf 36]sf 36gf
;Gbe{nfO{ Pp6f k[i7e"ldut cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 / of] cfwf/ k|:t't v08sfJosf]
cf/lDesL klg aGg k'u]sf] 5 . slj x[bo dfgj ;Eotfsf] cflbsfndf p;n]
u/]sf] k]lrnf], eofgs / ;fx;k"0f{ ;ª\3if{ ;lDemFbf cfZro{ / 8/n] clee"t 5 .
dfG5]sf] d /ltTjk"0f{ l;h{gf / ;~rf/sf] r]t xf] / oxL :jTjaf]wdf p;sf] u'ef]
slj ag]/ kmlqmPsf] ;Gbe{ klg o; v08df cleJoSt 5 . sljlga4 …dÚ n]
cfkm"n] pTklQsf] k|yd k|x/b]lv cw'gftg÷jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd ef]u]sf ;ª\3if{k"0f{
syfx¿ cg'e"ltsf cfjfh agfP/ eGg nfu]sf] / o;df ;a}n] ljZjf; ul/lbpg\
eGg] OR5f ;d]t o;df k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] klxnf]b]lv rf}wf}F Znf]s;Ddsf]
c+z k|:t't v08sfJosf] k|yd v08 -jf klxnf] ;u{ ;d]t dfGg ;lsg]_ xf] .
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJosf kGw|f}Fb]lv ;tf;Lcf}F Znf]s;DdnfO{ bf];|f] v08
jf ;u{ dfGg ;lsG5 . of] v08 k|:t't v08sfJosf] d"n c+z klg xf] . sljlga4
;du| dfgjaf]ws ;femf d zª\s/n] cfˆgf hLjg rqmsf nfvf}F jif{df cg'ej
u/]sf 36gf, cg'e"lt, ;+j]bgf, ;ª\3if{, cg's"ntf Pjd\ k|lts"ntfsf] ;dli6
cleJo~hgf o; v08df ePsf] 5 . ;[li6sf] k|f/Dedf lg:;fl;Fb}, lklN;Fb},
d8fl/Fb}, l3l;Fb}, d"R5f{ x'Fb} / jf}l/Fb} ljsf;sf] s]xL pkNnf] txdf k'u]sf] 36gf
k|;ª\ub]lv afFRg] / cl:tTjzfnL aGg] cfzf lnP/ lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf],
gjgj ¿k, ;+/rgf / rf]nf km]b}{ lgTo gjLg cg'e"ltdf k'Ubf cg]sg ljk/Lt
kl/l:ylt;Fu ;ª\3if{ ubf{ub}{ k/f:t eP/ cnlNnO/xFbf / nf]kk|foM x'g nfUbf ha
gf/L¿kL w/f -k|s[ltsL 5f]/L_ uf}/L;Fu e]6 x'G5 ta p;df hfu[lt, lhhLljiff /
l;h{gfsf] pT;fx knfPsf] clg p;};Fusf] uf}/L;Fusf] k|]d ;fxro{n] nfvf}F jif{
Joltt u/L jt{dfg dfgj hLjg o; ¿kdf cfPsf] d"n sYo o; v08÷;u{ -<_
cGtu{t ;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . o;/L dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ, ljsf; / lj:tf/sf]
dxfufyf o;} v08÷;u{ -kGw|f}Fb]lv ;tf;Lcf}F Znf]s;Dd_ df ;d]l6Psf x'gfn]
of] k|:t't v08sfJosf] dWo÷s]Gb|Lo÷bf];|f] v08÷;u{ xf] .
k|:t't v08sfJosf c7f;Lcf}F Znf]sb]lv k5fl8sf rf}w cf]6f Znf]sx¿
pk;+xf/ jf lgisif{sf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] oL Znf]snfO{ t];|f] v08÷;u{
dfGg' pko'St x'G5 . o;df ;du| dg'iosf] ;femf d¿kL zª\s/sf] dxfufyfaf6
sljlga4 d kfqn] ;du| dfgjsf] ;+Zn]lift ufyf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . cfhsf] dg'io
hLjg Ift\ljIft\ eP klg cToGt ;zSt ¿kaf6 ;[li6 /x:osf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf]
1fg /fVg ;Sg] tyf ;f}Gbo{ / ;[li6sf gj gj lIflth p3fg{ ;Sg] l;h{gzLn
k|f0fLsf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] / eljiodf cem} ;zSt aGb} hfg] clenf;f
k|If]k0f o; v08df ul/Psf] 5 .

138 ÷ bLklzvf
 afXo ;u{ljwfgdf sljsf] Wofg guPsf eP klg ljifoj:t'sf] p7fg,
lj:tf/ / a}7fgsf] Pp6f ;'Jojl:yt z[ªv
\ nf / To;sf] cGtMsnfTds ;';o+ f]hgn]
k|:t't v08sfJosf] k|aGwljwfg Jojl:yt ePsf] s'/f k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

@=$ efjljwfg
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJodf pTklQsf] k|yd k|x/b]lv jt{dfg;Dd dfG5]n]
ef]Ub} / ub}{ cfPsf ;ª\3if{ / l;h{gfsf] dxfufyf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] of]
d"ntM jL/ufyf xf] / pT;fx efjsf] /;kl/kfsk"0f{ l:ylt o;df cg'e"t x'G5 .
o;sf ;fy;fy} sljlga4 ;du| dfgjsf] ;femf …dÚ ¿kL zª\s/ tyf gf/L¿kL
w/f -k|s[ltsL 5f]/L_ uf}/L;Fusf] k|]d–k|0fosf ;DaGwdf /lt/fufTds efjo'St
z[ª\uf/ /;, dfG5]n] cfkm"nfO{ cl:tTjzfnL agfpg u/]sf k|oTgsf l;nl;nfdf
p;n] ef]u]sf b'Mv, ;Gtfk, lg/fzf, cnNofO, d"R5f{ cflbsf ;Gbe{df bof /
;xfge"lthGo s?0f /;, zª\s/ / uf}/Lsf] k|]d–k|0fos} r/0fdf Pp6f chª\usf]
hgfj/;Fusf] hDsfe]6, To; hgfj/sf] cb\e'ttf, crDd, cfZro{, ;[li6 /
ljsf;sf] cfZro{hgs ufyf k|:t'lt cflbsf ;DaGwdf cb\e't /;sf] ;d]t
cfefif o; v08sfJodf kfpg ;lsG5 . oLdWo] jL/ /; jf pT;fx efj g} o;
v08sfJodf cª\uL jf d'Vo ag]/ cfPsf] 5 eg] /lt, s?0f, bof, cfZro{
cflb efjx¿ cª\u jf ;xfos ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ . cª\u efjx¿dWo] /lt
;zSt eP klg of] pT;fxsf bfFhf]df lgs} sdhf]/ 5 . To;}n] o; v08sfJosf]
d"n efj pT;fx xf] / oxL :yfoL efjhGo jL/ /; o;df kl/kfsk"0f{ l:yltdf
cª\uL ag]/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . /lt efjhGo z[ª\uf/ /; klg o;df kl/kfsk"0f{
l:yltdf jL/ /;sf] ;xsf/L ag]/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] of] pT;fx efjs]Gb|L
jL/ /; kl/kfs ePsf] v08sfJo xf] .

@=% j}rfl/s :j/

…dfG5]sf] dÚ j}1flgs ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ n]lvPsf]
sfJo xf] . o;df h}ljs aLhfª\s'/0fb]lv lnP/ xfn;Ddsf] dfgjLo ljsf;
k|lqmofsf sl7g ;ª\3if{sf] ufyf -kf]v/]n, @)^% M $&_ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
dfG5] ;ª\3if{zLn k|f0fL xf] . p;n] cfˆgf pTklQb]lv xfn;Dd g} lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
ljljw k|sf/sf ;ª\3if{ ub}{ cfˆgf] cl:tTj :yflkt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljleGg
o'usf k|lts"n kl/l:yltnfO{ ;fdgf ub}{ slxn]sflxF ;dfKt k|foM eP/ klg p;n]
cfˆgf] cl:tTj o; ;+;f/df cfh;Dd /fVg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;df æl;ª\uf]
;[li6 v08÷c+zs} ¿kdf /x]sf] dfgjsf] h}ljs cl:tTjsf ;fy} pQm dfgjsf

bLklzvf ÷ 139
cg]s kIfdWo]s} Ps kIfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] sfdj[lQd"ns k|0fo / ;f];Fu ;Da4
cxd\, cl:tTjaf]w, lhhLljiff, ljlhuLiff, ofqfzLntf, sd{zLntf, ;ª\3if{zLntf
/ ;[li6k|]d h:tf ;"Id efjgf ;d]tsf] ;+of]hgÆ -cj:yL, @)^% M #&_ u/L
To;nfO{ ef}ltsjfbL ljrf/ r]tgfsf k|jfxdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] hLjgsf
lj;ª\ut / ljs[t kIfsf lj?4 cl:tTj / ;';+:sf/ h:tf kIfnfO{ ;d]6\b} ;du|
dfgj ;d'bfonfO{ p;sf ljutsf] Pp6f ;'Gb/, h'emf¿, ;ª\3if{zLn, cl:tTjaf]wL
Oltxf; b]vfpFb} jt{dfgdf ;Eo lzi6 agL lg/Gt/ l;h{g sfo{df 8l6/xg k|]/0ff
lbg] j}rfl/s sfJo xf] . k|:t't sfJodf lr/ sd{of]usf] csf]{ ljlzi6 / dxŒjk"0f{
kf6f]nfO{ klg sljn] cfˆgf ljrf/ k|jfxdf pg]/ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . sd{ g} ;a}eGbf
7'nf] j|t xf] / o;}af6 dfgjLo hLjgsf] ;Rrf dxŒj :yflkt x'g ;S5 eGg]
ljrf/ pgsf] /x]sf] 5 . O{Zj/jfb / sd{jfbdf 7'nf] km/s 5 . O{Zj/jfbn] o;
ef}lts ;+;f/nfO{ Pp6f ck'i6 /x:osf ef;df nlulbG5 eg] sd{jfbn] dfG5]nfO{
j}1flgs agfpF5 . sd{ gu/L k|flKtsf] ck]Iff /fVg] af]qm] lrGtssf nflu o;
sfJon] sd{jfbL ljrf/sf] ultnf] emfk8 xfg]sf] 5 . sd{ ubf{ xhf/f}F uNtL, q'l6,
sdhf]/Lx¿ x'G5g\, ltgaf6 lzIff lnP/ gjsd{ k|flKt / ;Dkfbgdf lg/Gt/ nfUg'
k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z klg o; sfJon] lbG5 . cfkm"leqsf] cGtb[{li6nfO{ ;r]ttfk"j{s
klxNofP/ o; ;+;f/sf cg]sf}F ;[li6 /x:onfO{ j}1flgs 9ª\un] vf]hL ug'{ /
dfG5]nfO{ cg]sg c1fgtfaf6 d'St ug'{ kb{5 eGg] k|ultjfbL ljsf;jfbL r]t
klg o; sfJon] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\sNkaf6 ;a} ;Defjgf v'Ng] ePsfn]
dfG5]nfO{ clj/fd ;ª\sNkzLn, ;ª\3if{zLn / sd{zLn aGg] lbzfdf lxF8fpg'
g} o; sfJosf] vf; j}rfl/s :j/ xf] .

@=^ noljwfg
…dfG5]sf] dÚ noljwfgsf b[li6n] ;zSt 5 . o;sf !)! cf]6} Znf]sdf
zfb"{nljqmLl8t 5Gbsf] ;'Gb/ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . of] 5Gb jL/ /;sf nflu cg's"n
x'g] 5Gbx¿dWo] Ps xf] / o;n] k|:t't sfJosf] jL/ufyfk"0f{ cleJolStnfO{
nofTds ¿k lbgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf klg v]n]sf] 5 . cGTofg'k|f;o'St b'O{
kfpsf b'O{ hf]8Laf6 ag]sf k|To]s Znf]sdf afXo tyf cfGtl/s no k|of]usf]
;'Gb/ snf r]t o;df kfpg ;lsG5, pbfx/0faf6 x]/f}F M
of] d]/f] d'6' emDemdfpF5 ;w}+ ltd|f laemL ;Demgf
d]/f] kf}?if /D/dfpF5 ;w}+ ltd|} lkO{ sNkgf
ufN5\of} cfFr ykL–ykL slt hn"F, lkN;"F d lgdf]{lxgL <
d]/f cGt/ tfk leq el/Bf} zLtf+z'sf] rfFbgL -dfG5]sf] d, $%_

140 ÷ bLklzvf
 pko'{St Znf]sdf k|o'St k|To]s zAbx¿ nofTds 5g\ / ltgLx¿
zfb"{nljqmLl8t 5Gb cg's"nsf cfj[lQo'St j0f{x¿n] ;';+of]lht 5g\ . p:t}
j0f{sf] cfj[lQaf6 Psflt/ k|:t't sfJof+z /~hgo'St ag]sf] 5 eg] k|foM gfl;So
j0f{x¿sf] cfj[lQaf6 of] ;ª\uLtfTds / >'ltdw'/ klg ag]sf] 5 . o;sf] aflx/L
no ;+of]hg hlt ;zSt 5 Tolt g} cfGtl/s txdf logLx¿sf larsf] ;'nlnttf
klg alnof] ag]sf] 5 . oBlk v08sfJodf s'g} s'g} Znf]ssf s]xL c+zdf 5Gb
ldnfpgsf nflu eflifs lgod -d"ntM j0f{ljGof;_ sf] ljrng klg ul/Psf]
5 , pbfx/0f x]/f}F M
uf}/LnfO cFufln To} ;dodf v]Nbf st} ;};nf -dfG5]sf] d, ^)÷!_
pko'{St pbfx/0fdf cwf]/]vfª\sg ul/Psf 7fpFdf dfgs j0f{ljGof;
lgodsf] ljrng ul/Psf] 5 . …nfOÚ sf] dfgs ¿k …nfO{Ú, …cFuflnÚ sf] dfgs
¿k …cFufnLÚ / …To}Ú sf] dfgs ¿k …ToxLÚ x'G5 . sfJodf o:tf ljrngsf
pbfx/0f k|z:t kfpg ;lsG5 tfklg ltgn] no ;+of]hgdf afwf pTkGg gu/]/
a? ;'ljwf g} pTkGg u/fPsf 5g\ . dfgs efiff k|of]usf b[li6n] pko'St geP
klg 5Gbzf:qsf b[li6n] of] ljlw ;Ddt g} 5 .
no l;h{gfsf nflu v08sfJosf/n] Wjlg, j0f{, ¿k, kb, kbfjnL cflb
eflifs PsfOdf cfg'k|fl;stf, cfj[lQ / nflnTosf] plrt tfnd]n ldnfPsf 5g\ .
o;n] sfJodf WjGofTds, j0ff{Tds, ¿kfTds tyf kbut ;fDo, cfBfg'k|f;Lotf,
dWofg'k|f;Lotf / cGTofg'k|f;Lotf lgdf{0f x'g uPsf] 5 . 5Gb sljtfsf] ufogdf
To;n] Pp6f ;'nlnt tyf s0f{lk|o no l;h{gfsf nflu yk ;xof]u u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;/L …dfG5]sf] dÚ zf:qLo 5Gbdf cfa4 eP/ n]lvPsf], d"n efj
cg';f/ 5Gb÷nosf] plrt ;+of]hg ul/Psf] tyf >'ltdw'/ / s0f{lk|o ufog ug{
;lsg] nofTds÷uLlt u'0fo'St v08sfJo xf] .

@=& plSt9fFrf
…dfG5]sf] dÚ v08sfJodf sljn] s'g} kfqsf] sNkgf u/L cfˆgf
s'/fx¿nfO{ pSt kfq dfkm{t cleJoSt ug{ nufPsf 5g\ . To;}n] o;
v08sfJodf sljlga4jSt[ k|f}9f]lSt plSt9fFrfsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . o;
v08sfJodf d"ntM j0f{gfTds syg 9fFrfnfO{ cjnDag u/L sljn] cfˆgf
efj, ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f d kfqnfO{ eGg nufPsf 5g\ . oxfF d kfq :jod\
slj klg xf] . pm ;du| dfG5] jf p;sf] k|ltlglw ¿k klg xf] / dfgjsf] ;femf
d ¿kL zª\s/ klg xf] . slj k|f}9f]lSt 9fFrfsf Psfw ;Gbe{ut sygx¿ o;
v08sfJodf cfPs} 5g\ t/ d"n syg sljlga4 kfq …dÚ af6} ePsf] 5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 141
k|yd k'?ifLo d kfqsf ef]ufO, cfj]u, ;+j]u, l:ylt–kl/l:ylt, ljsf;sf] ult,
;ª\ult, b'u{lt, pTyfg, ktg x'Fb} nfvf}F jif{sf] dfgj ;Eotf ljsf;sf] lrqfTds
/ rnlrqfTds emns o; v08sfJodf k|:t't ul/Psf] x'gfn] d"ntM j0f{gfTds
/ c+ztM lrqfTds–rnlrqfTds syg z}nLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}n]
of] k|yd k'?ifLo sljlga4jSt[ k|f}9f]lSt syg 9fFrfdf cfa4 v08sfJo xf] .

@=* laDa k|tLs tyf cnª\sf/ of]hgf

dfgjLo ;+;f/ pTklQsf] k|f/lDes ;dodf dfG5]sf] ;femf d¿kL zª\s/sf
sfo{snfk, kl/l:ylt, cg's"ntf / k|lts"ntfdf ljleGg vfnsf ;'Gb/ laDax¿sf]
;+of]hg ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf laDax¿ k|s[lt, ;dfh, dgf]lj1fg, lj1fg cflb
ljifo If]qaf6 rog ul/Psf 5g\ . ljleGg k|sf/sf laDax¿sf] k|of]uaf6
k|s[ltsf] dfgjLs/0f, :jfefljs syg, cltzof]lStk"0f{ syg, k|z+;f, lgGbf,
pkdf, ¿ks, ;+zo, pTk|]Iff cflb ljljw efjk"0f{ cyf{nª\sf/x¿sf ;fy} To:tf
efjnfO{ sfJo snfn] o'St agfpg] ods -…kfP d]6\g ysfO d~h'–n–x/f ltd|f
5xf/LdlgÚ, %)÷#_ Zn]if, cg'k|f; cflb zAbfnª\sf/sf] lgdf{0f ;d]t x'g k'u]sf]
5 . o:tf laDa, k|tLs / cnª\sf/x¿sf] ;xh, :jt:km"t{ / lgem{/ k|of]un]
k|:t't sfJosf] snf kIf / efj kIfnfO{ ;zSt agfpg ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ .
…dfG5]sf] dÚ sfJodf dfG5]sf] dnfO{ ;ª\3if{zLn, ultzLn, sd{zLn /
l;h{gzLn pRr k|f0fLsf ¿kdf k|tLsfTds 9ª\un] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . p;sf]
pTklQb]lv cfh;Ddsf] o; ofqfdf slxn] IfL0f x'Fb} / slxn] zlStzfnL x'Fb}
dfG5]n] cfˆgf] cl:tTjsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf /x]sf] …dÚ nfO{ hLjGt agfO/xg ;Ifd
ePsf] 5 eGg] k|tLsfTds cy{ klg o; sfJon] lbPsf] 5 . slxn]sflxF …dÚ
df ljrng cfpF5 . p;df :jfy{sf] cGwtf el/G5 . Tolta]nf p;sf] d :jod\
;ª\s6df km:b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . slxn] cfˆg} sf/0fn], slxn] c¿sf sf/0fn]
/ slxn] k|lts"ntfsf sf/0fn] p;sf] cl:tTjdf af/Daf/ ;ª\s6 cfOk/] klg
h:tf;'s} ;ª\s6sf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ub}{ dfG5]n] o; ;+;f/sf ;Dk"0f{ /x:ox¿sf]
af]w u/]/} 5f8\g] h'g b[9tf o; sfJodf JoSt ul/Psf] 5 To;af6 sfJosf] dfG5]
ljnIf0f Ifdtf / k|ltefo'St 5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 .

@=( efiffz}nL
…dfG5]sf] dÚ sfJodf t'ngfTds ¿kdf g]kfnL em/f{ / tb\ej zAbsf]
afx'No /x]sf] ;xh, ;/n efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u b]lvG5 . o;df u|fDo zAb k|of]usf]
k|r'/tf e]l6G5 . sf]6\6\ofO{ -!÷@_, lgvGg' -@÷­#_, unf] dsf{pg} -#÷@_ cflb

142 ÷ bLklzvf
em/f{ u|fDo zAb, k|]dfDa' -%$÷!_, ;};nf -^)÷!_, jfIfL{ -^!÷!_ cflb sl7g
/ ck|rlnt zAbsf] k|of]u klg o; sfJodf kfOG5 . o:tf zAbsf] :jt:km"t{ /
;fGble{s k|of]u o; sfJodf ePsf] 5 . o;df jL/ /;sf nflu cg's"n uf}8L
/Llt / cf]h u'0fo'St kb, kbfjnLsf] k|of]u klg e]l6G5 eg] snfTds sfJo
cg's"n j}beL{ /Llt / dfw'o{ u'0fsf] cfjZos dfqdf ;+of]hg klg e]l6G5 .
o;sf ;fy} kf~rfnL /Llt / k|;fb u'0fo'St kb, kbfjnLsf] cfjZos dfqfdf
pkof]u klg e]l6G5 . o;sf] cy{ o; sfJosf] efiffz}nL ldl>t k|sf/sf] 5 .
5Gb / efj ldnfgsf nflu Psfw eflifs ljrng -Jofs/l0fs ljrng /
sf]zLo ljrng_ klg e]l6G5g\ . cy{sf] uxgtf / Jofkstfsf ;fk]Ifdf cfyL{
ljrngsf k|of]ux¿ klg oy]i6 e]l6G5g\ . kb, kbfjnL, jfSof+z / jfSofTds
;+/rgfsf ;dli6df Pp6f j[xt\ cy{ a'emfpg] ;zSt ;ª\sygsf] lgdf{0f o;df
ePsf] 5 .
cfTdk/s z}nLdf n]lvPsf] o; sfJodf dfG5]sf ;ª\3if{k"0f{ ufyfsf]
snfTds tyf /f]rs j0f{g e]l6G5 . o;n] sfJonfO{ j0f{gfTds z}nLo'St klg
agfPsf] 5 . dfG5]sf] ;femf d¿kL zª\s/ / uf}/L larsf efj cfbfg k|bfgn]
k|:t't sfJonfO{ jftf{nfkLo, ;+jfbfTds / gf6\o u'0fo'St klg agfPsf] 5 . o:tf]
efiffz}nLn] sfJoaf]wdf ;/ntf NofPsf] 5 . dxfsfJo :t/sf] ljifoj:t'nfO{
cToGt vFlbnf] ¿kdf cleJoSt ul/Psf] 5 eg] pSt cleJolStdf cfVofgn]
snfnfO{ l7Fu'¥ofPsf] klg 5}g / snfn] cfVofgnfO{ ;fF3'¥ofPsf] klg 5}g .
;fdfGo, cf1fy{s, cg'/f]wfy{s, lj/f]wfy{s, k|Zgfy{s, lj:dofy{s, cb\e'tfy{s
efj'stfk"0f{ tyf sltkodf ljrf/k|wfg / sltkodf bz{gk|wfg jfSo /
efj;+/rgfsf] ;Gwfg o; sfJosf yk efiffz}nLut ljz]iftf x'g\ . cleJolStsf]
;f]emf] / ;kf6 j0f{gdf eGbf To;sf] Jo~hgfTds j0f{gdf sljsf] ljz]if ?lr
b]lvG5 . k|;fb u'0fsf cg's"n ;/n, ;'sf]dn efiffz}nLsf] k|wfgtf o; sfJodf
/x]sf] 5 .

#= lgisif{
…dfG5]sf] dÚ sfJosf] d"n ljifout ;|f]t dfG5]sf] pTklQ, ljsf; / lj:tf/
;Da4 ljsf;jfbL j}1flgs l;4fGt xf] . o;df ultzLn ljrf/, sfJout efj
/ sYosf] ;';Gt'ng kfOG5 . dxfsfJo :t/sf] ljifoj:t'sf] k|of]u ePsf] o;
sfJodf ;Gt'lnt k|aGwljwfg ul/Psf] 5 . sljlga4 d kfqsf] syg 9fFrfdf
cfa4 o; sfJosf] d"n 5Gb zfb"nljqmLl8t g} xf] / of] jL/ /;s]GbL pT;fx
efjdf ;+/lrt 5 . o;df ljljw /;sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOP klg Pp6} cª\uL /;

bLklzvf ÷ 143
jL/ /;sf] kl/kfs ePsf] 5 . o;df dfG5]sf ;ª\3if{sf] ultzLn, cfzfjfbL,
cl:tTjjfbL hLjg bz{g kfOG5 . dfG5]nfO{ lg/Gt/ ultzLn agfO/fVg' tyf
p;sf l;h{gfsf] cgGttfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ o; sfJosf] d"n p2]Zo xf] . To;}n]
sfJorf}u]8L sfJo ;ª\u|xsf c¿ ltg cf]6f sfJosf t'ngfdf sfJosnf /
ljrf/sf b[li6n] of] pRr sfJosf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . …dfG5]sf] dÚ sfJodf
ljifoj:t'sf] ;|f]tut df}lnstf /x]sf] 5 eg] cfVofgLs/0fsf] ;'Gb/ k|aGwgsf
;fy} ;f/j:t' / hLjg bz{gsf] df}lnstf, ultzLntf / gj:yfkgf h:tf ljz]iftf
/x]sf 5g\ . of] sfJo d"ntM ef}ltsjfbL ljsf;jfbL hLjg bz{gdf cfwfl/t 5 .
…dfG5]sf] dÚ ;d;fdlostf / ultzLn r]tgfsf b[li6n] ;zSt 5 . o;df
dfG5]sf] pTklQ, ljsf;, lj:tf/, ;ª\3if{, k/fho, k|oTg, ljho cflbsf] ufyf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lgs} ;ª\3if{ ub}{, db}{ / afFRb} jt{dfgdf cfOk'u]sf] dflg;
lgs} jt{dfgdf ljs[t aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . Psn] csf{;Fu ljZj:t x'g] kl/l:ylt
gePsf], n'6kf6, xTof, cftª\s, zf]if0f, cGofo, cTofrf/, e|i6frf/df clxn]sf]
dflg; lnKt ePsf] lgs} k]lrnf] / b'bf{Gt k|;ª\u o; v08sfJon] p7fPsf]
5 . jt{dfgsf] dfG5] csf{n] k|ult;Fu l/;, O{iof{, Ola ;fFw]/ al;/x]sf] x'G5 /
df}sf kfpgf;fy p;nfO{ c;kmn agfpg], cultlt/ emfg]{ c;+:s[t v]n v]Ng
l;kfn' 5 . jt{dfg o'u xnfxn lkP/ afFRg' hlQs} sl7g 5 . dfG5] jf ;donfO{
o; kl/l:yltdf Nofpg] klg :jod\ dfG5] g} xf] eGg] cToGt jf:tljs Pjd\
;d;fdlos r]t o; v08sfJodf lgs} ;zSttfsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
dfG5] lgs} l;h{gzLn tyf zlStzfnL k|f0fL xf] . ;ª\s6sf nfvf}F dxfo'u
/ dxfljgfz vk]/ oxfF;Dd cfOk'u]sf] dflg;n] clxn] af6f] la/fPsf eP
klg p;leqsf] …dÚ ;w}F o:t} ¿kdf dfq /xg] 5}g . k'gM o; ;[li6sf l;h{g
/x:onfO{ gofF gofF ljsf;sf ¿k lbFb} ;du| k|fs[lts /x:odfly Pslbg p;sf]
l;h{gzLn r]tgfn] ljho k|fKt ug]{ 5 eGg] cToGt ultzLn Pjd\ cfzfjfbL
ljrf/ o; sfJodf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . dfG5] sd{zLn k|f0fL xf] / p;sf ;Tsd{n]
o; ;+;f/nfO{ af/Daf/ lgTo gjLg /x:otkm{ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 / of] qmd g lxhf]
/f]lsPsf] lyof] g ef]ln /f]lsg] 5 eGg] ultzLn ljrf/sf] k|:t'lt ePsf sf/0f
…dfG5]sf] dÚ sfJo ;d;fdlos / ultzLn sfJosf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

cj:yL, dxfb]j= @)^!= nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] dxfsfJosfl/tf= sf7df8fF} M Pstf a'S; .
____= @)^$= cfw'lgs g]kfnL dxfsfJo / v08sfJosf] ljdz{= sf7df8f}F M OG6]n]Sr'cn
a's Kofn]; .

144 ÷ bLklzvf
____= -@)^*_= æslj efg'eSt kf]v/]n / pgsf] sfJorf}u]8LÆ= sfJorf}u]8L -n]=_
efg'eSt kf]v/]n= sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; .
pkfWofo, s]zjk|;fb= @)^*= æg]kfnL v08sfJosf k/Dk/fdf slj efg'eQm kf]v/]nsf]
of]ubfgÆ= sfJorf}u]8L -n]=_ efg'eSt kf]v/]n= sf7df8fF} M Pstf a'S; .
l3ld/], dfwj= @)^*= æsljaf6 dxfsljlt/Æ= sfJorf}u]8L -n]=_ efg'eSt kf]v/]n=
sf7df8fF} M Pstf a'S; .
ltdl;gf, clg?b|= @)^(= æslj kf]v/]nsf] …sfJorf}u]8LÚ nfO{ lgofNbfÆ= ldld{/]=
k"0ff{ª\s @(% -r}t_, k[=&(–*& .
Gof}kfg], slj/fh= ;g\ !(*( = æslj efg'eQm kf]v/]n / pgsf] sfJo ofqfÆ =k|lqmof
;fdlos ;ª\sng= l;lSsd, k[=#–!) .
kf]v/]n, efg'eSt= @)%%= ;flxlTos ;dLIff;ª\u|x= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
____= @)%^= dfwj l3ld/]sf ljlzi6 v08sfJo -bf]=;+=_= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
____= @)%(= slj l3ld/]sf] /rgfof]u= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
____= @)^*= sfJorf}u]8L= sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; .
____= @)^*= æsfJorf}u]8Lsf/sf] lrla{/LÆ= sfJorf}u]8L= sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; .
e08f/L, u0f]z= @)$@= æx[bo:kzL{ hLjGt v08sfJo— …d]/L b]jofgLÚÆ= ;flxTo ;f}uft=
jif{ !, cª\s * pb\w[=@)%^= JolSt cleJolSt, k[=!%$–!^@ .
zdf{, afnrGb|= @))*= g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ¿k–/]vf= jf/f0f;L M s[i0fs'df/L b]jL .
;'j]bL, blw/fh= @)^*= æ…d[To'~hoL dxfsljÚ efg'eQm kf]v/]nsf] sflJos JolQmTjÆ=
;ª\ud cleofg= jif{ @ cª\s $ k"0ff{ª\s !^ -;fpg_, k[=!!–!* .

bLklzvf ÷ 145
 xl/t e"ld pkGof;sf] ;+:s[ltut
;[hgfTds pj{/tf
/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL

!= e"ldsf/De
pkGof; ;[hgfsf ;Gbe{df pj{/ r]tgfsf wgL ag]sf rGb|sfGt cfrfo{
-@))*_ sf] ;[hg ofqfn] rf/ bzs kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . o; qmddf cfVofg
/ cfVofg]t/ uB If]qdf ljeSt ag]sf cfrfo{sf] n]vg ofqfdf pkGof; Hjfnf
-@)%&_, ldqtf -@)^!_, bf;tf d'lSt -@)^@_ Go'of]s{ ;Gb/L -@)^*_
k|sfzgdf cfO;s]sf 5g\ . kfFrf}F pkGof; s[lt xl/t e"ld klg k|sfzgsf]
tv{/df cfPsf a]nf km]l/ PskN6 kf7ssf] dg tfGg] k|oTgdf cfrfo{ h'6]sf
b]lvG5g\ . ;D´gfsf] lIflthaf6 -@)^^_ gfds s[ltsf] k|sfzgn] pgnfO{
lgofqf / ;+:d/0fsf/sf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt u/fPsf] 5 . pkGof;sf If]qdf a9L
;[hgfTds phf{ vr{ ug]{ cfrfo{sf] k|sfzgsf] tof/Ldf cfPsf o; pkGof;sf]
k"j{k7g kl5sf] e"ldsf n]vgsf] k|oTgdf of] ;fgf] cledt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Hjfnf pkGof;sf dfWodaf6 kl/rodf cfPsf cfrfo{sf] pkGof; n]vg ofqf
hlt ultjfg\ aGb} uPsf] 5 Tolt g} k|f}9tftkm{sf] ofqfdf klg lqmofzLn ag]sf]
5 / ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{nfO{ g} ljifo If]q agfpFb} uPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{x¿ ljifo ag]/ k|of]u x'g
nfu]sf] cj:yf t cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cjlw hlt nfdf] ag]sf] 5, Tolt
g} nfdf] cjlw lalt;s]sf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{sf] kl/j[Qdf /fv]/ pkGof;sf]
ljj]rgf ug]{ k4ltsf] ljsf; eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf n]lvPsf ¿kdtL -!((@_,
e|d/ -!((#_, d'n'saflx/ -@))$_, dfOt3/ -@))%_, :jf:gLdfG5] -@)!!_,
Ps lrxfg -@)!&_ h:tf pkGof;;Dd cfOk'Ubf pkGof;sf ;|i6fx¿ ;fdflhs

146 ÷ bLklzvf
hLjgsf dof{bfnfO{ cfˆgf pkGof;df ljifo agfP/ cf}kGofl;s cfbz{sf] ¿k
lbg k|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;sf
cWo]tfx¿n] klg o;tkm{ ljz]if b[li6 lbg g;s]sf ;Gbe{n] o:tf] l:ylt /xg'
c:jfefljs b]lvGg . ;dfnf]rsx¿df klg k|efjk/s r]tgfsf ;Gbe{ k|an
alg/x]sf] To; If0fdf cfhh:tf] ;flxTonfO{ ;fdflhs ko{j]If0f / pTkfbgsf]
tyf hLjgsf] ljifosf ¿kdf lnP/ cWoog ug]{ k/Dk/f cf/De g} ePsf]\ lyPg .
;dfnf]rgfdf kl5Nnf] ltg bzsdf cfP/ dfq o; lsl;dsf] lrGtg ljsl;t
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;df hf]l8g cfPsf] ;flxTosf] ;dfhzf:QLo cWoog cGtu{t
kg]{ ;f:s[lts ljifo cGtlj{ifos ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;Gbe{ ag]/ cfljef{j ePsf
kIfx¿ la:tf/} ljsf;df b]lvg cfPsf 5g\ .
;flxTosf] ;dfhzf:qLo k4ltsf cfwf/df pkGof;sf] cWoog ubf{
dfS;{jfbL ;dfhzf:qLo l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;[hgf ePsf pkGof; s[ltx¿df
ÅborGb| l;+x k|wfgsf] k|j]zkl5 Psftkm{ gofF ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{df JofVof
x'g] lsl;dsf cg]s df]8 cfljef{j ePsf 5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ dfS;{jfbL
;f}Gbo{zf:qsf] cfwf/df JoVof x'g] cnu} df]8 klg cfljef{j ePsf 5g\ . o;
b[li6sf] s]Gb|df /x]/ ljj]rgf ubf{ klxnf] ;Gbe{df /xg] pkGof;x¿df ÅborGb|
l;+x k|wfgsf] :jf:gLdfG5] -@)!!_, l8=lk= clwsf/Lsf] cfzdfof -@)@%_,
wtL{ cem} af]Nb}5 -@)@^_, vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfsf] r]tgfsf] klxnf] 8fs -@)@&_,
kfl/hftsf] clgbf] kxf8;Fu} -@)#*_, h:tf pkGof;x¿n] ;fdfhjfbL oyfy{jfbL
pkGof;sf] ;+j]bgfut ;Gbe{nfO{ ;f+:s[lts r]tgfdf lg¿lkt ug]{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
;f+:s[lts cfwf/df JofVof ug{ ldNg] pkGof;x¿df klg @)$) sf bzsb]lv
pkGof;n] k|fKt u/]sf ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ lgs} km]l/Psf] cj:yfdf b]lvPsf 5g\\ .
u}/dfS;{jfbL ;dfh lrGtgsf cfwf/df ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgfsf ;Gbe{df x'g
;Sg] ;f+:s[lts r]tgfsf] l:ylt lg¿lkt x'g] l:ylt klg oxfF g} l:ylt klg oxfF
;j]{If0ffTds cWoog ug{ ldNg] l:ylt ljBdfg /x]sf 5 .
;f+:s[lts cfwf/df dfq JofVof ug{ ldNg] pkGof;x¿df uf]ljGbaxfb'/
uf]7fn]sf] kNnf] 3/sf] ´Øfn -@)!^_, bf}ntljqmd lai6sf] d~h/L -@)!^_,
;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfb tyf ;f+:s[lts cfwf/df JofVof ug{ ;lsg] ÅborGb|
l;+xk|wfgsf] Ps lrxfg -@)!&_ / dgf]lj1fgsf cfwf/df cWoog x'g] ljho
dNnsf] cg'/fwf -@)!*_ df k|sflzt pkGof;af6 cf/De ePsf] ;f+:s[lts
r]]tgfn] @)!) b]lv @)@) sf] cjlwdf g} pkGof;sf dffWodFaf6 n] ;f+:s[lts
hLjgsf ;+j]bgfx¿nfO{ snfsf] :j¿k k|bfg ug{ cf/De u/]sf ;Gbe{x¿
ljj]rgfsf ljifo aGg nfu]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f oxfF k|ltkfbg x'g ;Sg] ljifo ag]sf]

bLklzvf ÷ 147
5g\ . o;af6 cf/De ePsf] ;f+:s[lts r]tgfn] ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfn] snfTdstf
k|fKt ug{ nfu]sf] cj:yf klgF d'v/ aGb} uPsf] 5 . @)@)—@)#) sf larsf]
;dodf ePsf ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfsf cfwf/df ;[lht pkGof;sf kIfx¿ klg
o; sf]0faf6 ljj]rgf x'g ;S5g\\ . of] bzs g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljifodf ePsf
lj;ª\ultk/s lrGtgnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] ;dofjlw xf] . Psftkm{ ;f+:s[lts
lrGtgn] cf}kGof;Ls/0f x'g k|oTg ul//x]sf] o; cjlwdf g]kfnL pkGof;sf
cfotgdf /x]sf of}g / dgf]lj1fgsf ;Gbe{df ;f+:s[lts cfj/0f klg oxfFF
cf}kGof;Ls[t ag]sf If0fx¿ x'g\ .
@)#) / @)$) sf] lardf ePsf ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfdf klg pkGof;n]
;[hgfsf kIfx¿ ljlzi6 k|flKt ag]/ k|s6 ePsf 5g\ . of] cl3Nnf] bzsd}
n]vg cf/De u/]sf n]vgdf b]lvg] w|'jrGb| uf}td, kfl/hft, k/z' k|wfg
nufotsf n]vs¿sf] ;[hgfTds lgisif{ k|fKt x'Fb} uPsf] cjlw xf] . g]kfnL
;flxTodf k|j]zg ub}{ uPsf] pQ/cfw'lgstfsf] k|efj ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
hLjgsf ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ ;flxTosf] cfj/0fdf /fv]/ snfTds ;f}Gbo{df
ljifo / ljrf/nfO{ cfVofgsf] ¿k k|bfg ug]{ qmd cf/De ePsf] bzs xf] .
kfl/hftsf] p;n] /f]h]sf] af6f] -@)#$_ / clgbf] kxfF8;u} -@)#*_, w'|jrGb|
uf}tdsf] 8fkL -@)##_, s§]n;/sf] rf]6k6s -@)#&_, clnlvt -@)$)_
h:tf pkGof;n] g]kfnL ;flxTotf gjr]tgfTds k|j[lQ cfljef{j ePsf ;Gbe{
klg cf}kGof;Ls[t snfdf k|s6 eO{ ;fj{hlgs ag]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf
tflŒjs ¿kdf ljsl;t aGb} cfPsf ;f+:s[lts r]tgfx¿n] lgld{t ;f+:s[lts
r]tgfsf] cfj/0f k|fKt ub}{ uPsf ;Gbe{x¿ g} ljifo ag]/ k|s6 ePsf 5g\ .
o;/L x]bf{ @)#) b]lv @)$) ;Ddsf] bzs ;flxTosf] ;[hgf ;r]t ¿kdf
cGtlji{fos ;Ldf ag]/ k|s6df cfpg nfu]sf] ;dofjlw xf] .
@)$) b]lv @)^) ;Ddsf b'O{ bzs eg] g]kfnL pkGof;df ;f+:s[lts
;+j]bgfsf hftLotf n}ª\lustf / juL{o tyf pk]Iff nufotsf ;LdfGtLotfnfO{
s]Gb|Lo ljifo agfP/ pkGof; ;[hgfdf s]lGb|t x'g nfu]sf bzs x'g\ . oL
bzsx¿df dbgdl0f bLlIftsf dfwjL -@)#(_ lqb]jL -@)%@_, e"ld;"St
-@)%*_, /d]z ljsnsf] clj/n aUb5 OGb|fjtL -@)$!_, ;fu/ pln{G5 ;u/dfyf
5'g -@)%@_, ;?eStsf] kuna:tL -@)$%_, ;do qf;bL -@)%*_, w'|jrGb|
uf}tsf pk;+xf/ cyf{t\ rf}yf] cGTo -@)$*_, b'ljwf -@)%#_, af9L -@)%$_,
clUgbQ + clUgbQ -@)%$_ nufotsf pkGof;n] ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfx¿ g} oxfF
k|:tt u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ g]kfnL pkGof;sf Oltxf;df oL b'O{ bzsx¿
gofF lbzfGt/sf] cGj]if0f ug]{ ;dofjlw x'g\ . g]kfnL pkGof;n] gjr]tgftkm{

148 ÷ bLklzvf
k|Tofjlt{t x'g k|oTg u/]sf] of] cjlw ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] gjr]gf
cfh{g ug{] l:ylt / To;sf] cg's"ntf klg k|Kt x'Fb} uPsf] cjlw xf] . log}
ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df pkGof;sf d"Nox¿ JofVof x'g ;Sg] l:ylt oxfF /fd|/L
k|s6df cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . o; cjlwsf] cGtlt/ cfpFbf vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfsf]
h'gls/Lsf] ;ª\uLt -@)%^_, rGb|sfGt cfrfo{sf] Hjfnf -@)%&_, ldqtf
-@)^#_, bf;tf d'lSt -@)^#_, Go"of]{s ;'Gb/L -@)^*_, 3gZofd 9sfnsf]
/ftf] cfsfz -@)^)_, t]h/fh vltj8fsf] ;j{hf -@)^)_ h:tf pkGof;n]
;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfnfO{ pkGof;Ls[t u/]sf l:yltx¿ k|s6df cfPsf 5g\ .
@)^) b]lv xfn;Ddsf] ;dofjlwdf ;[hgf ePsf g]kfnL pkGof;sf]
;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ cfk|jf;g, cle3ft tyf kof{j/0f nufotsf ;d:ofx¿
cfVofgLs[t ug]{ / ltgdf tflŒjs / dfgj ljld{t ;+:s[ltaf6 ag]sf ;Gbe{x¿
klg o;} cjlwdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . pkGof;sf/sf kª\lStdf ylkFb} cfPsf
;|i6fx¿df pkGof;sf/ kbdfjtL l;+xsf] ;dfgfGt/ cfsfz -@)^#_ cd/
Gof}kfg], Clif/fh a/fnsf] ;d/ufyf -@)^$_ gf/fo0f 9sfnsf] k|]tsNk -@)^*_
/ a[ifejw -@)&!_ /fhg d'sf?ªsf x]T5fs'Kkf -@)^%_ / bldgLeL/ -@)^(_
hubLz l3ld/]sf] ;s; -@)^(_, ;[hgf zdf{sf] uf]N8]g u]6 -@)&)_ h:tf
pkGof; s[ltx¿ lgs} zlStzfnL / gofF lrGtgsf lbzfdf x:tIf]ksf/L ag]/
b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . cfk|jf;gsf ;d:ofnfO{ pkGof;sf] :j¿k lbg]x¿df xf]dgfy
;'j]bL, /fhj, rGb|sfGt cfrfo{, xf]d cfrfo{ nufotsf ;|i6fsf ;[hgfx¿n]
pkGof;sf wtL{df kf/]sf k|efj lgs} ;an / ;zSt b]lvPsf 5g\ . zf/bf
zdf{sf] tfk -@)^(_, afaf a:g]tsf] /ftsL /fgL -@)^#_, df]xg/fh zdf{sf]
;lnhf] -@)^^_ / kNnL -@)&!_, gf/fo0f 9sfnsf b'le{If -@)^#_, k|]tsNk
-@)^(_, a[ifeaw -@)&!_, uf]]ljGb/fh e§/fO{sf ;'s/ftsf] kfOnf -@)^#_
/ ;'s/ftsf] 8fo/L -@)^*_, sXg}of gf;ggLsf] /ftf] cfF;' -@)^$_ nufotsf
;|i6fsf ;[hgfn] ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfdf kf/]sf k|efjnfO{ oxfF ljlzi6 d"Nosf]
;"rgf ;Dk|]lift u/]sf 5g\ . o;} ;dosf kl/j[Qdf cfPsf pkGof;sf/x¿df
rGb|sfGt cfrfo{ xl/t e"ld zLif{ssf] pkGof; lnP/ k|s6df cfPsf 5g\ . o;
pkGof;sf] s]Gb|df /x]/ s]xL ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{sf ljifox¿nfO{ lg¿k0f ug]{ qmddf
of] clen]vg e"ldsf :j¿k k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@= ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgf / g]kfnL pkGof;df gf/L ;d:of

rGb|sfGt cfrfo{sf] kl5Nnf] pkGof; xl/t e"ld k|sfzgsf] ;"of]{bosf]
tof/Ldf /x]sf ;dodf o; pkGof;sf ljz]iftfnfO{ e"ldsf n]vgsf ljifonfO{

bLklzvf ÷ 149
oxfF s]xL ;}4flGts cfwf/df klg o; n]vgnfO{ ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug{ k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 . A4 cfs[ltsf hDdf !)) cf]6f k[i7df /x]sf] !$ ;fOhsf cIf/df
ljGof; ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] k|:t't s[lt g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfsf
s]Gb|df /lrt sltsf] cfVofg ljt/0f of]hgf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ oxfF
k|:t't ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 . o; pkGof;sf] ljifoj:t' $& cf]6f kl/R5]b /
Ps pk;+xf/ ;Gbe{;d]t hDdf $* cf]6f v08df ljeflht ag]sf] 5 . oL
c7\rfln;cf]6f cWofox¿ cfs[ltut cfwf/df l8dfOdf kl/jt{g ubf{ cf}zt ltg
k[i7sf] cfotgdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o; b[li6n] k|:t't pkGof;sf] ljifoj:t' lgs}
;Gt'lnt 9ª\un] ljt/0f ePsf] l:ylt b]lvG5 . pkGof;sf/n] cfVofg of]hgf
ubf{ cfˆgf s[ltdf cg]sf]Gd'vtf / cg]sf]Tsif{tf ;d]tsf] of]hgf ub{5 . tL
cg]stfsf] Pstfd} ;d]6]/ lgisif{ k|bfg ub{5 . ljifosf] ljlgof]hg / ;Gt'ngsf]
;Gbe{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ePsf] ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf dlxnf ;d:ofnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ljifo agfpg]
s[ltx¿df cfw'lgs sfnsf] cf/Deb]lv g} gofF lbzf cfljef{j ePsf] ;Gbe{
k|s6 ePsf] 5 . j]blglw zdf{sf] bofsL efjL -!(&(_, lji0f'r/0fsf] ;'dtL
-!((!_, ?b|/fh kf08]sf] ¿kdtL -!((@_, n}gl;+x afª\b]nsf] dfOt3/
-@))%_ h:tf pkGof;n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf hl6n ag]/ /x]sf] gf/L ;d:ofsf]
?U0f ;+:s[lt g} s[ltsf] s]Gb|Lo ljifo ag]/ k|s6df cfPsf] l:ylt k|ltkfbg
ug]{ ljifo ag]sf 5g\ . pkGof;df cfw'lgs k|j[lQsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf :yfkgf
eO;s]kl5sf pkGof;x¿df ÅborGb| l;+x k|wfgsf :jf:gLdfG5] -@)!!_ / Ps
lrxfg -@)!&_, uf]ljGbaxfb'/ uf]7fn]sf] kNnf] 3/sf] ‰Øfn -@)!^_, bf}nt
ljqmd la:6sf] d~h/L -@)!^_, ljho dNnsf] cg'/fwf -@)!*_ / s'df/L
zf]ef -@)#$_ pkGof; dlxnf ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t s[ltx¿ x'g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgf / n}ª\lus hl6ntfsf k|Zgx¿ oL pkGof;x¿n] @)@) ;fn
k"j{s} cj:yfdf hLjGt ¿kdf k|:t't ul/;s]sf 5g\ . @)@) kl5sf bzsx¿df
pkGof;n] ;f+:s[lts hl6ntfnfO{ gf/Lsf] s]Gb|df /fv]/ k|:t't ug]{ sfd lgs}
ljlzi6tf k"j{s u/]sf 5g\ .
xl/t e"ldn] p7fPsf k|Zgsf s]xL c+zx¿ ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfsf lgld{t
tŒjsf cfwf/df ug{ ;lsg] ljj]rgfsf ;Ldfdf b]lvG5g\ . kfl/hftsf] lz/Lifsf]
km"n -@)@@_ / dxQfxLg -@)@%_ / ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf tLg 3'DtL
-@)@%_, ;'lDgdf -@)@^_, g/]Gb| bfO -@)@&_ pkGof;x¿ ;f+:s[lts
;+j]bgfsf gf/Ls]lGb|t pkGof;x¿ x'g\ . To:t} w|'jrGb| uf}td / wr uf]tfd]sf
pkGof;x¿df klg s]xL g s]xL gf/L hl6ntfsf k|Zgx¿ ljifo ag]/ k|s6df

150 ÷ bLklzvf
cfPsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf bzsx¿df ;[lht pkGof;df vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfsf]
h"gls/Lsf] ;ª\uLt -@)%^_, kb\dfjtL l;+xsf] ;dfgfGt/ cfsfz -@)^#_,
uLts];/Lsf s]xL pkGof;x¿, gf/fo0f 9sfnsf b'le{If -@)^#_ / k]|tsNk
-@)^(_ pkGof;x¿ gf/L ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t s[lt x'g\ . /fhg\ d'sf?ªsf
x]T5fs'Kkf -@)^^_ / bldgL eL/ -@)&)_ cd/ Gof}kfg]sf] ;]tf] w/tL -@)^(_,
a'l4;fu/ rkfO{Fsf] s0f{nL An'h -@)^&_ klg s]xL xb;Dd gf/L ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t
pkGof; s[ltx¿ x'g\ . gf/L ;d:of / ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfsf cfwf/df JofVof x'g
;Sg] s[ltx¿df df]xg/fh zdf{sf] ;lnhf] -@)^^_ / kNnL -@)&!_ klg o;
lsQfsf pkGof;x¿ x'g\ . o;} k|;ª\udf gofF / lgs} ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0f r]t
af]s]sf pkGof; s[ltsf ;h{s rGb|sfGt cfrfo{sf pkGof; s[ltx¿df Hjfnf
-@)%&_ n] cf/De u/]sf] ;f+:s[lts r]t, gf/L ;d:ofsf ;+j]bgf / n}ª\lus
;LdfGtLotfsf r]tx¿ lgs} uxg lrGtgsf ljifo ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ . rGb|sfGt
cfrfo{sf pkGof;x¿df pkof]u ePsf ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgf r]tsf cfwf/df klg
cfVofgfTds If]qdf Jojl:yt ag]sf ;Gbe{x¿ cfrfo{sf xl/t e"lddf ;+Zn]lift
ag]/ pkof]udf cfPsf 5g\ .

#= xl/t e"ld pkGof;sf] cfVofg ;Gbe{

g]kfnsf] s'g} Ps ufpFsf kl/j]z / To; kl/j]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{df
cNdlnPsf] hLjg z}nLdf cf/De ePsf] hLjg z}nL / To; hLjgsf k|ltlglw
kfq eGHofª8fF8fsf xl/x/sL klxnL kTgLsf] b]xfj;fg ePkl5 bf];|f] ljjfx
ePsf] / klxnL kTgLtkm{sL 5f]/L dfofsf hLjgdf ;f}t]gL cfdfsf] k|j]z ePsf]
;Gbe{af6 pkGof;sf] cfVofg lj:tfl/t aGb} uPsf] 5 . xl/x/sL sfG5L kTgL
tkm{sf 5f]/f5f]/L x'ls{;s]sf l:yltdf dfofsf] laxfsf] k|:tfj cfPkl5 xl/x/sL
sfG5L kTgL cfˆg} 5f]/Lsf] laxf To; k|:tfljt s]6f;Fu ul/lbg] / dfofsf u|x
clgi6 5g\ eGg] egfpg Hof]ltifL;Fu ;F7ufF7 ul/Psf] ;Gbe{ klg oxfF of]hgfa4
¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . cfgGbjgsf g]qk|;fbsf] sfG5f] 5f]/f ;/f]hsf lglDt
k|:tfljt dfofnfO{ n'sfP/ cfˆg} 5f]/L b'nxLsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]kl5 b'nfxfn]
gdfGbf / dfofnfO{ g} dgk/fP/ laxf u/L cGefpg' kbf{ clgi6 u|xsf] tyfslyt
sygnfO{ ;To ;flat ug{ ;f}t]gL ;f;"sf] O;f/fdf labfOsf] ;dodf /x:odo
9ª\un] ljifo'St vfB kbfy{ v'jfOPsf sf/0f a]x'nL cGefpg nfUbf g} b'nfxf
la/fdL k/]sf] ;Gbe{n] syfnfO{ hl6n ;d:oftkm{ 8f]xf]¥ofPsf] 5 . b'nxL leœofpg]
/ b'nfxfnfO{ c:ktfn egf{ ug]{ sfd Ps} ;fy x'G5 / b'nfxfsf] tTsfn} lgwg
x'G5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 151
 ljwjf ag]sL gflosf dfofsf] hLjg kltsf] 3/df ;f;";;'/fsf] lgu/fgLdf
laTg nfUb5 . dfOtdf ;fdfGo ;fIf/;Dd ag]sL dfofdf k9\g] pT;'stf tLj|
eP klg dfOtdf ljBfno hfg] cg's"ntf lyPg . 3/df klg s;n} lbPsf
k':tsx¿ /flt /flt k9\g] pgsf] OR5fdf ;f;"sf] lgu/fgLsf sf/0f t'iff/fkft
eof] . cgof;} e]6 ePsf] Ps a6'jf ;'dg;Fusf] e]6 / p;n] k9\g u/]sf] cfu|x,
l5d]ssf a[4n] u/]sf] ;xof]u klg oxfF cfVofgsf] cª\u ag]sf] 5 . ;'dgsf]
;Dks{ gDa/ / s]xL cfly{s ;xof]u lbPsf] k|;ª\u, Vofp6] bldgLn] cfTdxTof
ug}{ nfu]sf a]nf dfof;Fu ePsf] e]6 / p;sf] p4f/ u/]sf] k|;ª\u, ;fd'bflos
ljBfnoaf6 cfkm}n] u/]sf] ldlxgtfsf sf/0f k|j]lzsf k/LIffsf] ;kmntf, Vofp6]
bldgLnfO{ dfg'ifLdf kl/0ft u/]sf] k|;ª\u oxfF k|efjk"0f{ 9ª\un] ;+of]hg ePsf]
5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfsf] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;'dgsf] l;ª\uf]
d'n'snfO{ xl/t e"ltdf kl/0ft ug]{ of]hgf oxfF dfofsf] hLj;Fu klg hf]l8Psf]
5 . dfcf]jfbL åGåsfndf cfOk/]sf ;ª\s6af6 p4f/ ug]{ sfd klg dfofsf
kxndf ;Dkg ePsf] / dfofs} kxndf dfg'ifLsf] klxnf] kltaf6 ePsf] d'lSt clg
p;sf] cWoogsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ePsf] ;Gbe{ oxfF cfVofgsf] cª\u ag]sf]
5 . dfof / dfg'ifLs} ;xcleofgdf dfofsf dfOtLtkm{ / 3/tkm{sf kl/jf/x¿sf]
p4f/ ePsf] klg klg b]lvPsf] 5 .
lbj+ut klt ;/f]hsf OR5f cg';f/ ufpF / ;dfhsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t
dfofdf ;'dgn] cf/De u/]sf cfof]hgfx¿sf ;~rfng ug]{ sfddf ;+nUg aGb}
hfFbf cfWoflTds lrGtg af]s]sf :jfdL dxf/fhx¿sf] ;d]t ;Dks{ ag]sf]
;Gbe{ oxfF cfVofgsf] cª\u ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . dfofdf cfPsf] lrGtgsf] k|f}9tf
/ To;n] hGdfPsf] ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf cfpg' kg]{ ¿kfGt/0ftfsf
r]tgf clg ts{n] k|efljt ag]sf of]uLx¿sf] dgf]bzf klg kl/jlt{t ag]sf]
;Gbe{ cfVofg ;"qdf hf]l8Psf] 5 . hflt, wd{, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt ;a}
lgld{t kIf x'g\ . lognfO{ ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf cfwf/df
kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfofsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;a}n] l:jsf/]sf]
l:ylt klg cfVofgsf] cª\u ag]sf] 5 . dfof / ;'dgsf cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts
tyf kof{j/0fLo of]hgfx¿ klg ;fy{s aGb} uPsf] / dfof / ;'dgsf lardf
j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] k|:tfj klg hlGdg k'u]sf] l:ylt, dfofsf 3/lt/ tyf
dfOtlt/sf kl/jf/x¿ klg ;xdt ePsf sf/0f k'glj{jfx x'g ;Dej ePsf]
l:yltdf syf df]l8Psf] 5 . o;/L k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts kof{of{j/0fnfO{
¿kfGtl/t agfpg] lbzftkm{ ;dlk{t ag]sf] l:yltdf k'u]/ pkGof;sf] cfVofg
;dfKt ePsf] 5 .

152 ÷ bLklzvf
$= ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{df xl/t e"ld pkGof;
g]kfnL ;dfh k"jL{o ;f+:s[lts kof{j/0fdf hf]l8Psf] ;dfh xf] . o;
;dfhsf dfgjx¿ hftLotf, n}ª\lustf, Ifdtf / s';ª]s]tgtf h:tf cg]s
ljs[lt / ;ª\sL0f{tfdf cNdlnPsf 5g\ . dfG5] g};lu{s ;To xf], p;sf cfs[lt,
/ª\u / cfr/0f k|fs[lts cfjxjf / kof{j/0fsf l:ylt cg';f/ ;+/lrt x'G5g\ .
o; l:yltdf /xFbf ;fdlhs tyf kof{j/l0fs k|efjn] hGdfPsf ljlzi6 ;+j]bgfsf
cfwf/df lgld{t ;+:s[ltsf] kl/j[Qdf h]lnFb} uPsf sf/0f dfG5] lgld{t ;+:s[ltsf]
l;sf/ klg aGb} hfG5 . g};lu{u tyf tflŒjs d"Noaf6 dfG5] la:tf/} lgld{ttftkm{
df]l8G5 . j:t'hut\sf lg/k]If / zfZjt ;Toaf6 dfG5] j:t'af6 hlGdg] ultdf
k|jflxt aGb} uP/ lgld{t tyf ;fk]lIft ;Totkm{ clek|]l/t aGb} hfG5 . ToxL
k|]/0ffaf6 k|fKt k|efjnfO{ ;Tosf ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ nfUb5 . log} u[xLt d"Nox¿
;'kl/is[t ePdf ;+:s[ltsf ¿kdf ljsl;t aGb} hfG5g\ / ckl/:s[t cyjf
b'ikl/is[t ePdf ljsf/u|:t l:yltdf k|jlt{t aGb} hfG5g\ . o;/L lg¿k0f ub}{
hfFbf ;+:s[lt / ljs[ltsf ;Ldfx¿ :ki6 txdf ljeSt aGb} hfG5g\ . cfh
g]kfnL ;fdfhsf o:tf l:yltx¿ cfh ;f+:s[lts ;Ldfdf JofVof ug{ ;lsg]
l:yltdf k'u]sf 5g\ . log} l:yltx¿ dWo] sxL kIfx¿ xl/t e"ld pkGof;leq
klg k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] hftLo ;+:s[lt / dfgjLo ;Tosf larsf ljª\ultx¿ oxfF
pkGof;sf ljleGg ;Gbe{sf sYo ag]sf 5g\ . hftLo ;LdfGttfsf ;d:ofx¿
pkGof;leq oq tq 5l/Psf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf hfltut ;LdfGt / s]Gb|x¿
hl6n ;d:ofsf ljifo klg ag]sf 5g\ . o; ;dfhsf hfltut ;Ldfn] hGdfpg]
pRr / gLrsf e]befj, kfl/jfl/ ;+/rgfn] hGdfpg] zf;s / zfl;t, ;dn}lª\lus
lje]bdf hlGdg] ;f;" / a'xf/Lsf larsf e]befj, lj;dn}ª\lus cfwf/df hlGdg]
klt kTgL, ;;'/f / a'xf/L larsf lj;d n}ª\lus ;d:of klg oxfF ;f+:s[lts
;+j]bgfsf ljifo ag]sf 5g\ . hftLo ;LdfGttfsf] tNnf] lsgf/df /x]sf hfltsL
Ps dlxnf dfg'ifLsf] p4f/ ug]{ sfd u/]sf] / g]kfnsf lglDt xl/t e"ldsf] of]hgf
lgdf{0f ul/x]sf sf/0f dfofsf] dgdf Psftkm{ cfzª\sf / csf{tkm{ ;Gt'li6sf
t/ª\ux¿ v]ln/x]sf ;Gbe{ pkGof;df hl6n sYo ag]sf 5g\ . logsf] k'li6sf
lglDt tnsf] ;fIo kof{Kt b]lvG5 M
;fIo—dfof ;f;" ;;'/fsf] ;]jf ;s]/ 3/af6 aflx/ cfPsL lyOg\ / /df;Fu
sf]7fdf hfg'eGbf klxNo} lkF9Ldf a;]/ ljrf/ dUg ePsL lyOg\ . ltgnfO{
cfk"mn] u/]sf b'O6f sfddf uj{ lyof] . of}6f t ltgL;Fu} lyO{ a}gL dfg'ifL
/ csf]{ rflxF rrf{df cfO/x]sf] lyof] xl/t e"le . t/ ca stf stf

bLklzvf ÷ 153
 csf]{ klg s'g} sfd u/] h:tf] ltgsf] dgdf nfu]sf] 5 cyf{t\ HjfOFnfO{
5'6fpg] sfddf ltgL ;kmn x'g] cfzfdf 5g\ .
……s] ;f]Rb} xf]nL ca To; dflnSgL a}gLn] / s] eg]/ dfkmL dflU5g\ xf]nf
tL cfdfn] < ltgn] ckzs'g x'G5 eg]/ /fltdf dnfO{ 3/df k:g lbPsL
x}gg\ .ÚÚ k'/fgf] s'/f dfofsf dgaf6 x/fPg / afafn] h;/L eP klg 3/
cfpg eg]sf] s'/fdf ltgL ;xdt x'g ;lsgg\ . cfˆgf] u|xbzf To:tf]
lyof] xf]nf, t/ Tof] ckzs'g lgDTofOlbg ;fgLcfdfn] g} ;/f]hnfO{ leq
af]nfP/ vfg] s'/f lbPsL x'g\ eGg] s'/f dfofsf] dgaf6 x6]sf] 5}g .
;f;"n] 3/af6 lgsfn]kl5 dfOtL3/ hfg vf]Hg' g} cfˆgf] d"v{tf lyof]
eGg] s'/f aNn clxn] dfofnfO{ cjut eof] . s]xL u/L ltgn] ToxfF
a:g kfPsL eP < dfg'ifLsf] hGd x'g] lyPg / cfk"m hLjge/L PSn}
gf]sgL{ eP/ lbg latfpg' kg]{ x'GYof] . ……d]/f] b]ptf Û ltdLnfO{ wGojfb
5 . ltdLn] dnfO{ a}gL e]§fpg k7fof} ÛÚÚ eg]/ ltgn] cfˆgf :juL{o
kltnfO{ ;lD‰g\ . -xl/t e"ld, ki7, %(_ .
k|:t't ;fIodf Pp6L gf/L hf]hf];Dd canf / ljwjf sxnfpFyL— p;n]
u/]sf lqmofsnfksf cfwf/df / lbj+ut klts} c1ft k|]/0ffsf cfwf/df Pp6L
pk]lIftf / 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t ag]sL Vofp6L bldgLnfO{ cfTdxTof ug{af6
hf]ufP/ k9\g] n]Vg] jftfj/0f k|bfg u/L lzlIft dfg'ifL agfPsf] / bdfOF{sf] hftLo
;LdfGttfaf6 ;dfhsf s]Gb|df NofP/ ;f+:s[lts p4f/ u/]sf ;Gbe{x¿ k|:t't
ePsf 5g\ . oxfF hftLotfsf] ;ª\sL0f{tfaf6 p4f/ ug]{ cleofgsf] cleoGtfsf]
¿kdf dfofsf] :yfkgf ePsf] ljifo cg's/0fLo ag]sf] 5 . dfofn] cfˆgf
hLjgdf cfPsf] cg]s pk]Iff / kL8fsf k|tf8gfx¿af6 k|fKt u/]sf] cg'ejhGo
1fgx¿ oxfF k"j{bLlKtsf] z}nLdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . caf]w cj:yfdf ljjfx
eP klg cg]s rfk / k|xf/sf laraf6 aFr]sf cj;/nfO{ ;b'kof]u u/]/ lzIff
k|lKtsf] ;ª\3if{df h'6\b} cfˆgf] JolStTj ljsf; u/]sL dfofsf] rl/qn] oxfF
ljlzi6 kl/ro lgdf{0f u/]sf] l:ylt k|blz{t ag]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dfhsf ;Ldfdf
/x]sf hftLotfsf s§/ wf/0ffx¿df kl/jt{g NofP/ lrGtgsf] gofF hu a;fNg
;kmn aGb} uPsL dfofn] cfˆgf] ljutsf] d"Nofª\sg cfkm}F u/]sf k|ègx¿ oxfF
;an ag]/ k|s6df cfPsf 5g\ .
;LdfGtLs[t ag]sf dfG5]sf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf ul/Psf cg]s lsl;dsf
;ª\3if{sf ;Gbe{x¿ pkGof;df hf]l8Psf 5g\ . oxfF cToGt kLl8t / nueu
caf]w cj:yfdf /x]sL lszf]/Lsf] hLjgaf6 cf/De eP/ lgdf{0f x'Fb} uPsf
rl/qsf] pkof]u pkGof;sf/n] ;r]ttfk"j{s u/]sf 5g\ . ljwjf hLjgsf k/Dkl/t

154 ÷ bLklzvf
kL8fsf k|ègx¿ oxfF l67 nfUbf] 9ª\un] k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . of] k|:t'tLs/0f
k/Dk/fs} lg/Gt/tf xf] t/ of] k/Dkl/t ;+:s[ltsf kL8fx¿af6 :jo+ngO{ d'St
ug{ dfofn] u/]sf k|oTgsf cfwf/df ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf] cg'i7fg ;fwssf
¿kdf pkGofsf/ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . o;/L dfofaf6 ePsf] k|oTg cfkm}df
ljlzi6 lsl;dsf] ljifo ag]/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . lzIffaf6 gf/LnfO{ jl~rt ul/g]
;ª\sL0f{ lrGtgaf6 dfofn] cfk"mnfO{ hf]ufP/ gofF ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ u/]sf
k|oTgx¿sf] k|:t'lt klg pkGof;df k|s6 ePsf] 5 . ;dfhsf k'/fgf / gofF k':tf
larsf c;ª\ut kIfx¿ klg la:tf/} ;ª\lttkm{ pGd'v aGb} uPsf 5g\ / ltgsf
;xfotfsf sf/0f ;+:s[ltdf ¿kfGt/0f r]tgf ljsl;t aGb} 5g\ . o; k|sf/sf]
lrGtgsf] k|:t'lt pkGof;sf/s} ;fIosf cfwf/df k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s 7x5{ M
;fIo M afh] l56} p7\g] dflg; x'Fbf aflx/ g} e]6 eP, pgn] 5f]6\s/Ldf ;a}
s'/f atfOg\ . “l7s 5, ltdL dfOt a;]/ P;= Pn= ;L= k/LIff b]pm,
To;kl5 cfpg] hfg] u/] eOxfN5ÚÚ eGb} pgn] klg labf lbP . tTsfn
s]xL ;D‰]h:tf] u/]/ ltgn] dfofnfO{ Ps l5g a:g nufP/ leq uP/
Pp6f sfuhsf] 6'qmf / b'O{ ;o ?kofF NofO{ ltgnfO{ lbP . ……af6f]df s]xL
z'4 s'/f lsg]/ vfg', ef]s} glxF8\g' .ÚÚ eGb} ;'dgsf] gfd / kmf]g gDa/
n]v]sf] sfuh klg afh]n] lbP . ltgn] ;a} s'/f a'l‰g\ / 9f]u lbP/
labf eOg\ .Ú -xl/t e"ld !^_
dfofn] xl/x/sf] 3/ cyjf d[t kltsf] 3/ Tofu]/ dfOt hfg] c7f]6 u/]/
af6f] nfu] klg nueu clglèrt uGtJotkm{sf] af6f] lng nfu]sfn] o:tf] ;dodf
dgdf cg]s ;+zo cfpg' :jfefljs lyof] . t/ dfofsf dgdf cfPsgf] ;+zo
d]6\g] pkfo t'?Gt} ;'´Øf]— o:tf] ;dodf klxn] ;'dgn] ltdLn] k9\g' k5{ eg]/
;Nnfx lbg] s]xL jif{ klxn] af; vf]Hb} cfPsf] kl7t o'jf kb]{zLsf] 7]ufgf /
kmf]g gDa/ ;lxt af6f]df vfgsf lglDt ? @)).— vr{ ;d]t lbg] l5d]sL a'9fsf]
Jojxf/n] ;dfhdf qmdzM ;f]rfO kl/jt{g cfpFb}5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;Gb]z lbPsf]
5 . cem tL JolStsf cGtèr]tgfdf dfof hxfF;'s} hfGgg\ / h];'s} klg vfGgg\
eGg] ljifodf ljZjf; lyof] eGg] s'/f …ltdL af6fdf z'4 lrh ldNof] eg] lsg]/
vfpm / dfOt hfpm clg pxL a;]/ k|j]lzsf k/LIff klg b]pmÚ eGg] cfzLj{rg
;lxt labf u/]sf ;Gbe{n] ;dfhsf casf cu|k':tfdf klg ;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts d"Nodf kl/jt{g cfpFb} 5 h:tf s'/fsf] :jLs[lt 5 eGg] ;ª\s]t o;
;fIon] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
pkGof;df ;f+:s[lts s';ª\s]tgsf cGwljZjf; klg k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .
wfdL, emfFs|L / HofltifLsf gfddf ?9 ag]/ dfG5]sf ;+:sf/df a;]sf ljsf/x¿nfO{

bLklzvf ÷ 155
klg oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . xl/x/sL kTgLn] ;/f]hnfO{ cfˆgL 5f]/L lbg rfx]
klg b'nfxfn] ;f}tfs} 5f/L dg k/fPkl5 /r]sf if8\oGqx¿ oxfF cGw;+:s[ltsf
sf/s ag]/ k|s6df cfPsf 5g\ . dfG5] csf{sf] eGbf cfˆg} enfF{ rfxg] :jfyL{
k|f0fL xf], To;df klg gf/L gf/Ldf klg c´ ;f}tf eg]kl5 t s'/} leGg x'g] eof] /
gf/L ;dlnª\uL ljå]ifsf b[li6n] To;} klg tLj| /xg] ljifo To;dfly klg ;f}tf
;f}tfsf] larsf ljå]isf] t s'/} c´ hl6n x'g] eof] . ;f}tfsL 5f]/LnfO{ dgk/fP/
cfˆgL 5f]/L dg gk/fpg] eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 b'nfxfsf] dg e8\sfpg ul/Psf
k|oTgx¿ dWo] oxfF Ps dfq k|;ª\u lng' pko'St x'g] b]lvG5 M
;fIo M o;} aLr b'nfxfnfO{ leq af]nfOof] . ;fgLcfdfn] vf;v'; uf]Ko
s'/f ul/g\ . tTsfn b'nfxfn] 7"nL 5f]/LnfO{ x]g]{ OR5f k|s6 u/] . Tolt
-dfofsf clgi6 u|x ePsf]_ s'/f ;'g]kl5 ljjfx ug{ dfGb}gg\ xf]nf eGg]
;D‰]/ ;fgLcfdfn] 7"nL 5f]/L Nofpg cg'dlt lbOg\ . b'nxLsf] j]ze"iffdf
;lhPsL tL gfgL :ju{af6 cfPsL cK;/f h:t} b]lvOg\ . ltgsf] cfudgn]
sf]7f g} pHofnf] eof] . b'nfxf x]/]sf] x]¥o} eP / elgxfn] …logL;Fu
nugufF7f]df afFlwg kfP d[To' klg ;lhn} :jLsfg]{5' .Ú -xl/t e"ld *_
xl/x/sL lat]sL kTgLtkm{sL 5f]/L dfof ;/f]hnfO{ lbg k|oTg ul/Psf] / b'nfxf
tkm{sf ndLx¿n] klg dg k/fPsf] ;Gbe{ yfxf kfPkl5 xl/x/sL sfG5L kTgLn]
Hof]ltifLnfO{ ;fF7ufF7 u/]/ gofF ckmjfx /r]sL 5g\ . To; s]6Lsf u|x clgi6
5g\, s]6fnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5g\ eGg] axfgf agfO{ cfk"mkl§sL ;fgL 5f]/Lsf u|x
c;n ePsf] xNnf rnfP/ cfˆgL 5f]/L l;Fuf/] o1df NofPsL 5g\ . of] ;a}
c8\sn sf6]kl5 b'nfxfn] ToxL clgi6 u|xjfnL kfP laxf ug{] cGoyf o;} kmls{g]
eg]kl5 dfofnfO{ b'nxL agfP/ o1j]bLdf NofO{ ljxf u/]sf] / b'nfxfn] olt
/fd|L b'nxL kfPkl5 u|xsf] clgi6tfsf sf/0f dg}{ k/] klg Tof] d[To' :jLsfo{ 5
eg]sf k|;ª\ux¿ oxfF s';ª\t]gsf sf/s ag]/ cfVofgdf hf]l8Psf 5g\ . ltg}
Hof]ltifLsf eljioaf0fLsf] cf8 lnP/ b'nxLsL ;f}t]gL cfdfn] b'nxL cGepg]
a]nfdf s]xL vfP/ labf x'g' k5 egL 3/leq nu]/ uf]Ko tj/af6 ljiffSt vfB
v'jfP/ labf u/]sf] ;Gbe{ tTsfn b'nfxf la/fdL k/]sf sf/0faf6 v'Nb5 .
b'nxLn] cfˆgL ;f}t]gL cfdfsf] if8\oGqk|lt zª\sf u/] klg Toltv]/ Tof]
vfB gvfg] eGg] lgb]{z ug{ cg's"n lyPg . km]l/ w]/} 7"nf] clgi6tf oltv]/}
lglDtOxfNnf eGg] cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg] / ul/xfn] klg /f]Sg ;Sg] s'/f ePg . s'g}
vfB vfg] sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 labf x'g nfu]sf b'nfxf tTsfn} la/fdL ePsf
sf/0f b'nfxfnfO{ pkrf/sf lglDt l;w} lhNnf ;b/d'sfdtkm{ s]xL ;fyLn] lnP/
hfg] / b'nxL;lxt hGtL 3/lt/ hfg] of]hgf ag]sf] 5 . o;af6 Hof]ltifLsf]

156 ÷ bLklzvf
axfgfsf sf/0f ag]sf] of]hgf / b'nfxfn] klg ToxL dfof laxf ug{ kfP d[To' klg
:jLsfo{ 5 eg]sf] syg ;fy{stftkm{ cled'v ePsf] 5 . o; k|;ª\un] ljsf/
u|:t ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ s';ª\s]lt ljifo ag]/ oxfF k|s6 ePsf] 5 . k|:t't ;Gbe{sf]
kl/k'li6sf lglDt pkGof;sf/ cfrfo{s} ;fIo k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s 7x5{ M
;fIo M ptf b'nxL;Fu labf eP/ cufl8 a9]sf ;/f]hnfO{ ;b/ d'sfd;Dd
k'¥ofpg} ufx|f] ePsf] /x]5 . cr]tg cj:yfdf c:ktfn k'¥oOPsf
dflg;nfO{ 8fS6/x¿n] w]/} sf]lz; ubf{ klg arfpg ;s]gg\ . xf]; cfPsf
a]nfdf ltgn] bªnxLnfO{ NofOlbg w]/} cg'go ljgo u/]sf /x]5g\ . t/
;+/Ifsx¿n] b'nxLsf] u|xbzfsf] s'/f p7fP/ ltgL;Fu e]6 u/fPdf clgi6
x'g] zª\sfn] pgnfO{ gNofpg] lg0f{odf k'u]5g\ . laxfgLkv gafFRg] lgZro
ePkl5 NofOlbg] ljrf/ ePsf] /x]5, t/ lng k7fPsf] dflg; 3/ gk'Ub}
pgn] clGtd ;f; lnP . dgk/ffPsL sGof;Fu /dfOnf] ljjfx ;DkGg
u/]sf] rf}aL; 3G6fkl5 g]qk|;fbsf 5f]/f ;/f]hn] tL Kof/L kTgLnfO{ dfq
xf]Og o; nf]snfO{ g} 5f8] -xl/t e"ld !!_ .
oxfF slyt clgi6tfnfO{ k|fylds sf/0f agfP/ b'nfxfsf] d[To' ePsf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . ;dfhdf lgld{t lsl;dsf b'M;+:s[ltsf l:yltx¿ cg]s x'G5g\ .
To:tf b'M;+:s[ltsf cf8df cg]s ck/fwx¿ klg x'G5g\ . u|xbzfsf s'/f,
;':jKg b'M:jKgsf s'/f, nIf0f s'nIf0fsf s'/f, zs'g ckzs'gsf s'/f, kmfk
ckmfk nufotsf s'/fnfO{ ljifosf] cfwf/ agfP/ ;dfhdf cg]s s's[To x'g]
ub{5g\ . dfgj ;dfhdf x'g] ;f+:s[lts ck/fwsf laDax¿ ;dfhsf ;+/rgf
cg';f/ cfcfˆg} lsl;dsf / cg]s k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . oxfF pkGof;sf/n] ltg}dWo]
u|xbzfsf cfwf/sf] clgi6 ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/ ePsf ck/fwsf] Pp6f b'3{6gf oxfF
k|:t't u/]sf] s'/f l;4 x'G5 . laxf ePsf] rf}la; 306f leq} b'nfxfsf[ d[To'
u/fpg] clgi6 u|x ePsL dfof s'nlIfgL gf/L xf] eGg] b'M;+:s[ltsf] k|rf/sf
lglDt of] ;fIo lgs} ;fy{s ag]sf] 5 . pkGof/sf/n] o:tf cg]s s';ª\s]tgsf
;Gbe{x¿ pkGof;df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf gsf/fTds ;+:s[ltsf
;Gbe{nfO{ k|:t't p4/0fn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
cfhsf] ljZj ;dfh kof{j/0fsf] ljs[ltaf6 klg kLl8t aGb} uPsf] 5 .
o; ljsf/u|:t dgf]/f]uaf6 g]kfnL ;dfh klg d'St 5}g . g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg
kof{j/0fLo lrGtgnfO{ pkGof;sf/n] d'Vo s]Gb|df /fv]sf 5g\ . gflosf dfofdf
/x]sf] l;h{gfTs r]tgf, pj{/ ljrf/ / phf{zLn pd]/ kof{j/0fsf] ;sf/fTds
pTkfbgsf] sf/s zlSt xf] . dfof k|slt cyjf kof{ j/0f xf] . of] ultjfg\ x'G5
/ kl/jt{g eO/xG5, df=xf]Og / of=h'g klg cyf{t\ dfof cyjf s'g} klg l:y/ /

bLklzvf ÷ 157
zfZjt xf]Og / of] kl/jt{g eO/xG5 dGg] tfTo{ af]Sg] gflosfsf] pkl:ylt oxfF
;fª\Vo bz{g cg';f/ x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . dfof cyjf k|s[lt zlSt k'?if ;f}o{sf
lglDt cleGg cª\u xf] . c4{gf/LZj/ zlStsf] laDasf] ¿kdf dfof / ;/f]hsf]
k|lt:yfkgfdf cfPsf] k'?if ;'dgsf] pkl:yltsf sf/0f l;ª\u} k[lyjL xl/ltdfo'St
aGb5 eGg] ljZjf; k|s6 ul/Psf[ 5 . of] s'/f dfof / ;'dgn] ;~rfng u/]sf]
kof{j/0f ;+/If0f cleofgaf6 l;4 ug{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;f+:s[lts
kof{j/0f lrGtgsf] k'li6sf lglDt Ps ;fIo k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s 7x5{ M
;fIo M ……ljZjdf g} kfgLsf] cefj x'Fb} hfg] s'/f b]lv;lsPsf], ljsl;t b]zsf
cf}Bf]lus snsf/vfgfx¿af6 lgl:sg] k|b"if0faf6 cGo b'ikl/0ffd ;lxt
hnjfo' kl/jt{g eP/ tfkqmd a9\b} uO{ lxdfnosf] lxpF k£n]/ gfª\uf
8fF8f aGg] 8/ ePsf] / ;fd'b|L 6fk'x¿ 8'Ag] vt/f /x]sf] cflb gsf/fTds
s'/fx¿nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ljZjs} nflu geO{ gx'g] rLh xl/ofnL xf]ÚÚ
eg]/ e"ldsf lbO{ ;'? u/]sf] To; y]l;;df ljZjs} pRr :Yfgdf /x]sf
g]kfnsf kxf8L èf[ª\vnfx¿nfO{ ;'Gb/ 9ª\un] k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] .
tL kxf8x¿sf xl/ofnLn] Psflt/ kfgLsf] ;|f]tnfO{ ;'Sg glbO{ emgf{x¿,
vf]nf vf]N;Lx¿ / gbLgfnfn] g]kfnnfO{ hn;|f]tsf] wgL b]z agfPsf]
s'/f To; y]l;;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . -xl/t e"ld $!_
g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lt lxdfnL, kxf8L / ;d:ynL kof{j/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 .
oxfFsf] k|slt hLj / jg:klt dfgjsf] hLjg z}nLdf hf]l8Psf[] 5 . oxfFsf
kxf8, vf]nfgfnf / vf]Frx¿ g]kfnL hLjgsf laDa ag]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf lxdfn,
tfn / emgf{x¿, l;ª\u} k|fs[lts ;+/rgfsf k|tLs ag]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf ;d:ynLo
lIflthx¿ kof{0fLo hLjsf cleGg ;+:s[ltsf ljifo ag]sf 5g\ . o; lsl;dsf]
dsdf]xs / hLjsf] cfwf/ ag]sf k|s[ltaf6 k|]l/t hLjg ;+:s[lt lgs} vt/ftkm{
pGd'v aGb} uPsf kIfx¿ klg pkGof;sf] cfwf/df laDa ag]/ k|s6df cfPsf
5g\ . l;ª\u} l;h{gfTds If]qsf] laDadf gf/L dfof / ;/f]hsf k|lt:yfkgdf
pkl:yt ePsf] k'?if If]q1 laDa ;'dg /x]sf ;Gbe{df ;du| pkGof; kof{j/0fsf]
;Gt'lnt cfofd ag]/ k|s6df cfPsf] 5 . cfhsf] ;aeGbf hf]lvddf k/]sf
kof{j/0fnfO{ l;h{gfsf cfwf/df xl/ltdf o'St agfpg' klxnf] / r'gf}tL k"0f{ sfo{
xf] . oxL l;h{gfTds xl/ltdfsf] s]Gb|Lo laDa ag]sf] Ps ;Gbe{ k|:t't p4/0fn]
l;4 u/]sf] 5 .
pkGof;df ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf/L r]tgfsf] gofF kf6f] cem gofF
9ª\un] k|s6 ePsf] 5 . k/Dk/fsf ;f+:s[lts ;+jbgfsf] cfj/0fdf /x]sf dfgj
hLjgsf lqmofsnfkx¿ of]usf ;Gbe{df cly{g] ljifo x'g\ . uLtfn] JofVof

158 ÷ bLklzvf
u/]sf] tkMof]u, 1fgof]u / sd{of]u dWo] ;jf]{Qd of]u sd{of]u xf] / k|To]s
JolSt lgi7fjfg\ ag]/ sd{of]udf ;dlk{t /xG5 eg] Tof] p;sf] ljlzi6tf xf] .
dfof o; ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df h'g JolSt cfk"mnfO{ ;Tsd{df ;dk{0f ug{ ;dy{
x'G5 Tof] ;aeGbf a9tf sd{ of]usf] ;fws 7x5{ eGg] ljrf/sf] pTsif{df k'u]sL
5 . p;sf ljrf/df sd{df ;dlk{t k|To]s JolSt of]uL xf] eGg] c7f]6 oxfF
k|:t't ePsf] 5 . of]u;DaGwL k|jrg lbg] l;nl;nfdf pkl:yt ag]sL dfofn]
b]j3f6sf ;fws of]uLx¿sf] tkm{af6 lbPsf] k|jrgdf dfofsf] ljrf/ :jLs[t
ag]sf] ;Gbe{af6 sd{of]usf] ljlzi6tf / dfofsf] lgi7f Ps} ;fy :yflkt aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{sf] k\'li6sf lglDt klg Ps ;fIo k|:t't ug'{ pko'St x'G5 M
……sxfFaf6 sd{of]u eGg] zAb cfof] eGg' xf]nf, ;fwf/0ftof …of]uL agÚ
eGg'sf] cy{ x'GYof] hf]uL ag]/ n8fOFsf] d}bfgaf6 aflx/ hfpm . t/ uLtf
l;4fGt dfq geP/ k|of]u klg xf], l;4fGtsf s'/f klg Jojxf/df k|of]u
ul/Psf] o; u|Gydf eujfg\ >Ls[i0fn] hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;TonfO{ 5n{ª\u
kfl/lbg'ePsf] 5 / st{Joaf]wnfO{ d"n dfGotfdf /flvlbg' ePsf] 5 .
dfof h'?Ss pl7g\, :jfdLnfO{ ´'s]/ bz{g ul/g\, ……:jfdLhLaf6 5f]6s/Ldf
lbOPsf] ljwjf wd{sf] kl/efiffdf d]/f] ljdlt 5}g, t/ To; kl/efiffnfO{
yk :ki6 ug{ ldN5 eg] d s]xL lgj]bg u?F <ÚÚ ltgn] k|èg /flvg\ / k'gM
:jfdLnfO{ ´'s]/ k|0ffd ul/g\ . ……cf]xf] k'qL, ltdL slt zfnLg /lx5f}, ltdLn]
To; kl/efiffnfO{ yk k:6ØfOlbg vf]hs ] fdf d ltdLnfO{ wGojfb lbG5' . eg,
ltdLnfO{ dg nfu]sf] s'/f /fd|/L eg,ÚÚ :jfdLn] ltgnfO{ af]Ng k|]/0ff lbP .
……:jfdLhL, kltsf] d[To'kl5 ltg}sf] ;t\df /x]/ ltg}nfO{ /fd|f] x'g] eGg]
s'/fnfO{ d cfˆgf] pbfx/0faf6 JofVof ub{5' .
d]/f] ljjfx x'g] /flt hUu]df d]/f b'nfxfn] dk|lt cToGt :g]x b]vfpg'eof] .
hUu]sf] sd{df xfdLx¿sf] cfTdLo ldng dfq eof] . t/ csf]{ lbg 3/
gk'Ub} pxfFsf] d[To' ePsfn] xfd|f] zf/Ll/s ldng ePg . ljjfx k|lqmof
k'/f ePsf] / dk|lt k|]d k|bz{g ePsf] s'/fn] d :juL{o kltk|lt ;t\df
/x]sL 5' / pxfFs} /fd|f]sf] nflu sfd ul//x]sL 5' . pxfFsf] /fd|f] eGgfn]
aL; jif{df d[To' ePsf] dflg;n] c¿ rfnL; krf; jif{ ug'{ kg]{ pxfFsf
Oxnf}lss sfdsf] laF8f] d}n] yfd]sL 5' . d}n] Oxnf]sdf h] /fd|f sfd
ul//xG5' To;n] d]/f] kltsf] kf/nf}lss sd{ /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] d]/f] dfGotf
5 . To;}n] ljwjfx¿n] b]z / hgtfsf] nflu /fd|f] x'g] sfd c´ a9L
ug'{ kb{5 cyf{t\ cfˆgf kltn] ug'{ kg]{ sfd klg xfdLn] ug'{ kb{5 h:tf]
nfUb5 . d]/f] dfGotf unt eP ;RofOkfpF .ÚÚ -xl/t e"ld ^(,&)_

bLklzvf ÷ 159
 Oxnf]ssf] ef]unfO{ t'R5 7fg]/ k/nf]ssf] af6f] cFufn] 7'n7'nf of]uL /
ltgsf eSt ;d"xsf ;dIf dfofn] u/]sf o; k|jrgsf] ljlzi6 / k/Dk/af6
k[ys\ d"Nosf] cy{ /fVg] lsl;dsf] tfTko{df s]lGb|t lyof] . cfˆgf ;xsdL{n] oL
oL k"/f u5'{ eg]/ ;ª\sNk u/]sf sfd ck'/f /x]df cfkm} ;dlk{t /xg k|lt1fa4
JolStn] ;a} lsl;dsf sfo{ ;DkGg ul/lbg' k5{ eGg] lgi7f dfofdf 5 . dfof :jo+
cfˆgf lbj+ut kltsf cleLlK;t ;a} sfd ug]{ sfddf sd{of]uL ag]/ h'l6/x]sL
/ o; k|jrgsf] ;f/ klg To} ljifodf s]lGb|t ag]/ cleJoSt ePsf] kfOG5 .
ljjfxsf] gfddf o1d08ksf] pkl:ylt afx]s c¿ pkl:ylt g} gePsf kltsf
lglDt sd{of]uL ag]/ h'l6/x]sL dfofsf sygaf6 To; k|jrgdf pkl:yt ;d:t
>4fn'x¿ t k|efljt eP g} . Ps ljwjf gf/Lsf] s[To p;sf kltaf6 ;DkGg
x'g afFsL /x]sf ;Tsfo{x¿ k'/f ug]{ lbzfdf ;dlk{t /xg' lbj+ut kltsf] ;Todf
cljrn /xg' xf] eGg] dfofsf] wf/0ff oxfF k|s6 ePsf] 5 . dfofsf] o; lsl;dsf]
sd{of]u ljifos k|jrg ;'lg/x]sf ToxfFsf of]uL / tk:jL / 1fgdf ;dlk{t
of]uL klg sd{of]usf] dxfgtfk|lt ;dlk{t aGg' k5{ eGg] l:yltdf k'u] . ;du|
ljZjsf] ¿kfGt/0f dfgj sd{sf cfwf/df g} x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] / dfgj cfr/0fsf
;sf/fTds kl/0ffdsf] l:ylt cfhsf] ljsl;t ljZjn] k|:t't u/]sf] xf] eGg]
ljifodf ;a} >f]tf ljZj:t aGg k'u]sf] ;Gbe{ o; p4/0fn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 .
dfofsf] sd{of]oL lrGtg cg's"n cfr/0f ePsf] k'?if ;'dg g]kfnsf]
l;ª\uf] kof{j/0f ;Gt'ngsf] of]hgf lnP/ cfˆgf] lszf]/ job]lv g} h'6\b} cfPsf]
/ dfofsf] k|ltef tyf ;dk{0f efjaf6 k|efljt klg ag]sf sf/0f dfofnfO{
cWoogsf] cg's"n l:ylt l;h{gf ug]{ sfddf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;dlk{t /x]sf] s'/fn]
/ ;'dgn] cfkm"nfO{ kof{j/0fLo lj1fgsf] OlGhgLol/ª\u ljifodf cd]l/sfaf6
:gftsf]Q/ txsf] cWoog k'/f u/]/ cfPkl5 dfof;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ tTk/ ag]sf]
;'dg / dfofsf] ;fdLKo ljsl;t aGb} hfG5 . ;'dgn] tof/ u/]sf] of]hgf /
;xof]uL jftfj/0fsf cfwf/df dfof / p;n] agfPsL alxgL dfg'ifLsf] rl/q
ljsf;sf], lzIff bLIff / ;+j]bgf klg oxfF k|s6 ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL åGåsf
l;sf/ ag]sf ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf] d'lSt / gf/L lx+;fdf h'6]sf k'¿ifx¿sf]
b'/frf/sf] b08 / gf/L d'lSt tyf k'¿if ;'wf/sf] r]tgf k|If]k0f ug]{ sfd klg
oxfF dfofaf6 ePsf] 5 . Psftkm{ dfofsf] sd{k|ltsf] ;dk{0f efj / csf{tkm{
cfˆfg] of]hgfsf] kl/k"/s ;b:osf ¿kdf pkl:yt ;'dgnfO{ j/0f ug]{ k|:tfjn]
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljwjf hLjgk|ltsf] ;f+:s[lts lrGtgdf cfPsf gofF ;+j]bgfsf]
l:ylt pk¥o'St ;fIon] l;4 u/]sf] 5 .
;f+:s[lts lrGtgsf cfwf/df ;sf/fTds dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf] ;+jfxs
ag]sf] l:ylt k|:t't pkGof;sf] cGtlt/ b]lvPsf] 5 . dfof / ;'dgsf] ljjfxsf]

160 ÷ bLklzvf
k|;ª\u hLjgt ag]sf] 5 . dfofnfO{ ;'dgn] ljjfx ug]{, dfofnfO{ dfofsf lktfn]
k'qLnfO{ k'gM ljjfx u/]/ ;'dgnfO{ lhDdf lbg] / ;'dgn] ;/f]hs} 3/df klxn]
dfofnfO{ nfg] / ;/f]hsf lktfaf6 cfzLjf{b lnP/ dfq cfˆgf] 3/lt/ nfUg] h:tf
;+:s[ltsf k'/fgf / ?l9af6 d'St ePsf ;Gbe{nfO{ pkGof;sf/n] a8f] snfTds
/ zfnLg 9ª\un] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhsf ?9 ag]/ a;]sf ;f+:s[lts
lj;ª\ultx¿nfO{ qmdzM kl/jt{g u/]/ ;sf/fTds lbzfdf nfg ;lsG5 eGg]
pkGof;sf/sf] cfu|x /x]sf] 5 . kltsf] cwsNrf] sfdnfO{ k'/f ug]{, ;dfhdf
/x]sf]sf ljsf/nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{ / ;f+:s[lts ;Tsfo{sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ g}
afnljwjfsf] k'glj{jfx kljq ;f+:s[lt / ;Tsfo{ g} xf] eGg] s'/f pkGof;sf/n]
cfˆg} ljrf/sf cfwf/df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf l:yltx¿sf] k'li6sf lglDt
Ps p4/0f k|:t't ug]' jf~5gLo 7x5{ M
;fIo M /ft w]/} lalt;s]sf] lyof], t/ ;'Tg] s'/f lyPg . x'g t To; dw'/ ldngsf]
/flqdf sf] ;'T5 / < ltgLx¿ ;'t"g\ < t/ klg ltgLx¿ klN6P . Psn]
csf{n] fO{ g5'g] u/L klN6Psf ;'dg / dfof cfcfˆgf ;f]rfOdf tNnLg eP .
dfofsf] clGtd k|:tfj ;'dgnfO{ 7Ls nfu]g . Toqf] tof/L u/]/ dfofn]
h] eGof] Tof] u/]/ ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . aQL; jif{sf] pd]/df Pp6L ljwjf
cfOdfO{;Fu ljjfx ug{ tof/ x'Fbf ltgsf k'/fgf kltsf] 3/df b'nxL leœofOg'
k/]sf] lyof] . Tof] /ft ToxLF latfP/ csf]{ lbg cfˆg} w/df wf/fkfgLdf
leœofpg n}hfg] / ljjfx k|lqmof ;DkGg u/L k|f]h]S6sf] sfddf nfUg]
eg]sf]df k|f]h]S6 l;l4Pkl5 k'gM ljjfx ug'{ kg]{ cgf}7f] k|:tfj dfofn]
/fv]sL lyOg\ . Tof]eGbf t …lnljª\u 6'ub] /Ú sf] klxn]sf] ljrf/ g} 7Ls lyof]
h:tf] nfu]/ s]xL lg0f{o ug{ g;Sg] l:yltdf ;'dg k'u] . -xl/t e"ld (^_
laxfsf] of] s[To klg oxfF laxfsf] ;+:s[ltsf k/Dkl/t dfgs ;"qeGbf
lgs} leGg k|s[ltsf] lyof] . To;} cg'¿k of] laxf kl/x/sf] 3/af6 / klxn] lelqg]
sfd ;/f]hsf] 3/df x'g] / kl5Nnf]kN6 lelqg ;'dgs} 3/df hfg] ;xdlt ePsf]
;Gbe{ oxfF k|:t't ePsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts cfwf/df cj}wflgs / lglif4
dflgg] ;f+:s[lts ;LdfGtLotfx¿ qmdzM s]Gb|fled'v aGb] uPsf k|;ª\ux¿
pkGof;sf/n] oxfF cfˆgf] sYo agfPsf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut ;f+:s[lts dfu{ k"0f{
¿kdf k/fjlt{t ag]/ cfPsf ;Gbe{x¿ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . tflŒjs ;+j]bgfsf
lg/k]If u'0fx¿nfO{ lgld{t ;+j]bgfsf ;Gbe{nfO{ ;fk]lIft ;To x'g\ / oL ;Tox¿
dfgjLo ;f+:s[lts ;+j]bgfsf cfwf/df g} k|Tofjlt{t x'G5g\ clg ltgn] ;dfhsf
;f+:s[lt ultnfO{ ¿kfGtl/t ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] ljifonfO{ oxfF cfVofgLs[t ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 . k|:t't p4/0faf6 g]kfnL ;+:s[ltdf cfpFb} u/]sf ¿kfGtl/t kIfnfO{
;dfhn] la:tf/} cfT;ft\ ub}{5 eGg] s'/f l;4 ePsf] 5 .

bLklzvf ÷ 161
%= e"ldsfGt
g]kfnL ;dfh k/Dk/fut cfbz{sf] kl/lwaf6 lgld{t ;dfh xf] . o;df
;do ;dodf ¿kfGt/0fsf k|oTgx¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . logsf] j}lzi6ØnfO{
k/Dk/fut zf:qLotf / oyfl:yltsf åGådf g} ;dfhn] ult k|fKt ub}{ uPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf d"No klg oxfF k|:t't x'g] u/]sf kl/rosf kIfx¿
pk:yfkg ePsf 5g\ . o:tf l:ylt oxfF cf}kGof;Ls[t ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ .
pkGof;sf/ cfrfo{sf] ljifo rog, ljifo ljt/0fsf] of]hgf, ljifodf ljrf/sf]
;d'k:yfkg, ljifosf] ljrf/ / z}nLdf ;dGjo ug]{ snf, cfVofgLs/0fsf]
ljlzi6tf / ToxfF lqmofsnfk ug{ pkGof;Ls[t ag]sf kfqx¿ lgs} k|;+zfof]Uo
5g\ . cfrfo{sf] pkGof; ;[hgfsf] ofqf Hjfnf -@)%&_, ldqtf -@)^!_,
bf;tf d'lSt -@)^@_ Go'of]s{ ;Gb/L -@)^*_ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf cfˆgf] ljrf/
tyf ;+:s[lts lrGtg / cfVofg ;+/rgfsf] ljlzi6tf lghL kl/ro k|bfg ug{
;Sg] alg;s]sf] 5 . o:tf] l:yltdf cfOk'Ubfsf] cj:yfdf xfn ;[hgf ePsf]
xl/t e"ld zLif{ssf] k|:t't pkGof; ljlzi6 ;f+:s[lts k|flKt lnP/ k|sfzgdf
cfPsf] 5 .
clwsf/ sdL{x¿sf] kl/of]hgfsf] ljifo alg/x]sf] ;d:of cfrfo{sf]
pkGof;sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut wd{eL?x¿sf] cGw;dy{g / ¿l9sf]
ljifo alg/x]sf] ;d:of cfrfo{sf] cfVofgsnfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . oyfl:yltsf]
kfv08 /r]/ ;dfhnfO{ ;ª\sL0f{tfd} /fVg rfxFb} cfPsf] ljifo cfrfo{sf lgld{t
;+:s[ltut pbf/tfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf x/]s cª\unfO{ gofF ult / lbzf
lbg grfxg] h8;"qsf kf]ifsx¿sf] ljifo cfrfo{sf lglDt ;f+:s[lts d'lStsf]
ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ……Ct] 1fgfGgd'lStÚÚ cyf{t\ 1fgsf] k|flKtljgf d'lSt c;Dej
5 eGg] ;"qnfO{ cjnDag u/]/ n]lvPsf o; pkGof;df gflosf dfofdf ePsf]]
1fgsf] k|flKtaf6 g} cfk"mn] / cfˆgf ;dfhn] klg d'lStsf] dfu{ klxNofPsf]
/ Tof] d'lSt sd{of]uaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 eGg] laGb'df nu]/ pkGof; ;dfkg
ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't pkGof;n] cfrfo{sf] ;[hgfsf] Ps pTsif{tfsf] k|ltlglwTj
u/]sf] 5 . cfrfo{sf] cys ;fwgfn] c¿ c¿ r'nL r'Dg] ;kmntf k|fKt ul//xf];\
eGg] xflb{s sfdgf ÛÛ
qmfO:6]nL gjjif{ k|j]z lbj; @)!^ .
(rsubedi09@gmail.com)

162 ÷ bLklzvf
 ?b| v/]nsf] …5f]/LnfO{Ú ;ª\u|xsf sljtfsf]
;+/rgf / Joª\Uo
/fdrGb| km'ofn

!= k|j]z
kf“ry/sf] Rofª\yfk'df hGd eO{ emfkfsf] zlgZr/]df cfˆgf] :s'n] hLjg
latfPsf Joª\Uosf/ ?b| v/]n -hLjg sfn M lj=;+= @))$ efb| !*–@)^%
efb| *_ g]kfnL Joª\Uo lgaGwsf] kmf“6df k|l;l4 kfPsf JolQmTj x'g\ . cfˆgf
l;h{gfx¿ dfkm{t ;fdflhs ljs[ltx¿sf] pl5Qf] sf9\g] v/]nsf] Psdfq sljtf
;ª\u|x 5f]/LnfO{ -@)$&_ k|sflzt 5 eg] tkfO{+sf] gfd s] xf] < -@)$(_, tf]/Lnfx'/]
rf]sdf Ps l5g -@)%@_, lal;{:of] ls < -@)%&_, cfiff9:o k|yd lbj;]
-@)%(_, t];|f] cf“vf -@)^!_ / zAbsf] Ejfª -@)^%_ u/L hDdf ^ j6f lgaGw
;ª\u|xx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . To:t} ?b| v/]nsf ljz]if g]kfnL kf7Øk':ts, s]xL
efiff s]xL ;flxTo -;xn]vg_ klg k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf
;d]t sfo{ u/]sf v/]nn] cfGbf]ng sljtf -sljtf ;ª\u|x @)$&_, k|ltlglw
g]kfnL syf -;x;Dkfbg_ tyf k~rfd[t, j]bgf, pT;fx cflb klqsfx¿sf] ;d]t
;Dkfbg u/]sf] kfOG5 . k~rfotL lg/ª\s'ztf lj?4sf] /fhgLlts ultljlwsf
sf/0f @)#) ;fnb]lv @)#$ ;fn;Dd ;f9] $ jif{sf] h]n ;hfo ef]u]sf /
@)$^ ;fn r}q # ut] cGo n]vsx¿ ;“u;“u} lu/ˆtf/Ldf k/]sf v/]nsf ljleGg
kqklqsfx¿df k|z:t n]v /rgf / ;dfnf]rgfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ .

@= 5f]/LnfO{ ;ª\u|xsf sljtfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f

lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt v/]nn] cfˆgf] ;flxlTos ofqfsf] ;'?jft
sljtfsf] n]vgaf6 cfˆgf] :s'n] hLjgd} u/]sf x'g\ -?b| v/]naf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L

bLklzvf ÷ 163
cg';f/_ . sn]h hLjg / k~rfd[t klqsf;“u ;Da4 /x“bf klg lgaGweGbf a9L
sljtf g} n]Vg] ?b| v/]nsf l56km'6 km'6s/ sljtfx¿ kqklqsfdf k|sflzt
x'Gy] .1 @)$^ ;fn r}q dlxgfdf d'n'sdf pn]{sf] t]hf]do, /flknf], tftf] /utsf]
e]nn] sljdf ;d]t pDn]sf] qmflGtr]t / kl/jt{gd'vL cfGbf]ngsf/L dgf]efjgfsf]
k|ultzLn k|jfx r}q dlxgfel/ n]vsn] kf]Vb} uP . cfkm" klg n]vs snfsf/;“u}
lu/ˆtf/Ldf k/L ef]u]sf] bdg / o:t} bdgsf/L tfgfzfxL /fHo Joj:yfleqsf]
cfˆgf] ef]ufO tyf d'n'ssf] tTsfnLg /fhgLlts kl/j]zsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] ToxL
cjlwsf % j6f sljtfx¿nfO{ ;ª\u[xLt u/L pgn] @)$& ;fndf k':tsfsf/
s[ltsf] ¿kdf k|:t't 5f]/LnfO{ sljtf ;“ufnf] k|sflzt u/] . ;|i6f k|sfzg k|f=ln=
k|sfzs /x]sf] / :j= df]xg v8\sfåf/f s[ltsf] efj emNsg] u/L cfj/0f lrq
tof/ ufl/Psf] o; s[ltsf] k|sfzg @)$& ;fn j}zfv % ut] ePsf] xf] . vu]Gb|
;ª\u|f}nfåf/f e"ldsfa4 ul/Psf] o; s[ltdf hDdf @! k[i7sf] 5f]6f] nDafOut
cfofdleq % j6f sljtfx¿ ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ . h;dWo] klxnf] …5f]/LnfO{Ú zLif{s
sljtfnfO{ !, @ u/L hDdf * 5'§f5'§} sljtf+zdf ljgfzLif{s k|:t't ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] ;a}eGbf nfdf] …5f]/LnfO{Ú sljtf g} xf] h'g @(@
kª\lQmo'Qm 5 eg] ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] !* kª\lQmo'Qm …k]ZsL awfOÚ kb{5 . o:t}
kª\lQm ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] x]bf{ 36Ldf Ps zAbb]lv a9Ldf P3f/ zAb;Ddsf]
kª\lQm of]hgf kfOG5 . h;dWo] ;a}eGbf nfdf] !! zAbsf] -…5f]/LnfO{Ú k[=!!,
cf7f}“ kª\lQm / …cfh p7\g ca]/ eP5Ú k[=!* rf}yf] kª\lQm_ kb{5 . df]6fdf]6Ldf
rflx“ % b]lv * zAb;Ddsf] kª\lQm ;+/rgfn] ubf{ sljtfx¿ e2f 5}gg\, 5l/tf
5g\ .
ljifoj:t' s f b[ l i6n] o; ;ª\ u | x sf sljtfx¿n] @)$^ ;fns}
hgcfGbf]ngsf cjlwsf ;]/f]km]/f]sf] lrq k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;ª\u|xsf
…5f]/LnfO{Ú, …e}“;L cfxfn a;]s} 5Ú, …k]:sL awfOÚ / …cfh p7\g ca]/ eP5Ú
zLif{so'Qm rf/ cf]6f sljtf lgtfGt ¿kn] hgcfGbf]ng / qmflGt;“u ;DalGwt
5g\ eg] Pp6f dfq …tkfO{+ g} xf]Og xl/axfb'/ <Ú zLif{s sljtf rflx“ ;fdflhs
ck/fw cyf{t\ Pp6f qm"/ / kfzljs anfTsf/Lsf] s]/sf/;“u ;DalGwt /x]sf]
kfOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ pgsf sljtfdf ljifoj:t'ut ljljwtf kfO“b}gg\ .
efjljwfgsf b[li6n] x]bf{ o; ;ª\u|xleqsf cl3Nnf rf/ cf]6f
sljtfx¿n] 5f]/Lsf] afn;'ne sf]dn lh1f;fsf] pQ/ lbg] qmddf @)$^ ;fnsf]
r}q dlxgfdf /fhwfgLdf pln{/x]sf] hg;fu/sf] e]n, k'Tk'tfO/x]sf] sf7df8f}“,
pDn]sf] /utsf] s'08 h:tf b[Zosf] j0f{g u/]sf] 5 / kl/jt{gsf] cfsfª\Iffn]

! k"j{jt\ .
164 ÷ bLklzvf
cfsfz 5'g ;Sg] of]4fx¿sf] ;kmntfsf] Uof/]G6L ug'{sf ;fy} ltgLx¿nfO{ ;fx;
eg]{ sfd / cGo hgtfnfO{ hufpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 eg] clGtd Pp6f sljtfn]
rflx“ sfd's, Jolerf/L / qm"/ anfTsf/L bfgjnfO{ xts8L nufPsf] 5 . o;
s[ltaf/] e"ldsfdf vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nfn] n]v]sf 5g\— ……k~rftL bdgsf] g[z+;
k|:t'lt / hgk|lt/f]wsf] ck"j{ zf}o{, zf]ifs zf;sx¿sf] tf08jg[To / hg;fu/sf]
To;k|ltsf] c§fxf; hgtfsf] uuge]bL uh{g / aa{/ zf;ssf] ktgd'vL lrTsf/,
;dfhsf] sfnf zlQmx¿sf] 9Nbf] Oltxf; / ;dfhsf] k|ultzLn zlQmx¿sf]
pbfp“bf] Oltxf; o; sljtfsf] s]Gb|Lo efj oxL xf] .Æ2 ;lxTosf cGo ljwfaf6
sljtfnfO{ k[ys\ / pRr agfpg] k|d'v tŒj g} noljwfg xf] . o; b[li6n] x]bf{
o; ;ª\u|xsf ;du| sljtfx¿df sljn] k|foM cGTofg'k|f;ljxLg uBno cyf{t\
d'Qm 5Gbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . laDa, k|tLs / cnª\sf/sf b[li6n] x]bf{ pgsf
sljtfdf hl6n laDa tyf k|tLssf]] k|of]u cGTodf sd kfOG5 . sljtf ;/n
k|:t'lto'Qm / ;fdfGo k|tLsfTds 5 . sltko 7fp“df zAb tyf zAbfjnLnfO{
ljz]if cy{df / Joª\Uo cy{df k|of]u ul/g'n] sljtfnfO{ cfnª\sfl/s agfPsf]
kfOG5 . k|:t'lt ;/n eP klg k|tLsfTds ljDafTds efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u ePsf]
kfOG5 . o; ;ª\u|xsf sljtfx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} ;ª\lIfKt ljj]rgf qmdzM kl/ro,
zLif{s / ;+/rgf -klxnf] cg'R5]bdf_, ljifoj:t' -bf];|f] cg'R5]bdf_, efjljwfg,
noljwfg, laDa, k|tLs / cnª\sf/ljwfg tyf efiffz}nL -t];|f] cg'R5]bdf_
lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 M

@=! 5f]/LnfO{
;ª\u[xLt % j6f sljtfx¿dWo] …5f]/LnfO{Ú o; ;ª\u|xsf] klxnf] sljtf
xf] . oxf“ sljn] @)$^ ;fn r}qsf] hgcfGbf]ngtfsfsf 36gf, bdg / eofjx
cj:yfsf] lrq0f tyf P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngkl5 lelqPsf lj;ª\ult /
;lxbsf] alnbfgL dflysf] a]jf:tfk|ltsf] Joª\Uo cfˆgL …5f]/LnfO{Ú ;'gfPsf]
z}nLdf oyfy{ cleJol~ht u/]sf 5g\ . Ps zAbsf] clewfy{o'Qm zLif{sLs/0f
…5f]/LnfO{Ú ljelQmo'Qm gfd zAb xf] . n]vs d'n'ssf] cj:yf tyf cfkm"h:tf
n]vs / d'n'ssf of]4fx¿sf] hLjgdflysf] vt/fsf] hfgsf/L cfˆgL 5f]/LnfO{
oxf“ lbO/x]sf 5g\ . ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] s]nfp“bf ! b]lv * ;Ddsf ;ª\Vofsf
zLif{sn] * j6f 5'§f5'§} c+zdf ljeflht !# k[i7sf] cfofdsf] o; sljtfdf
hDdf @(@ kª\lQm kfOG5g\ h;df ;a}eGbf sd Ps zAbo'Qm / ;a}eGbf a9L
!! zAbo'Qm kª\lQm ;+/rgf e]l6G5 .
@ ?b| v/]n, 5f]/LnfO{ sljtf ;ª\u|x, -;|i6f k|sfzg k|f=ln=, @)$&, j}zfv %_,
e"ldsf v08 -e"ldsf n]vs M vu]Gb| ;ª\u|f}nf_ .
bLklzvf ÷ 165
ljifoj:t'sf lx;fan] o; sljtfsf] klxnf] c+zdf cfˆgL 5f]/LnfO{ sljn]
;'gfPsf] tTsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] b[Zon] cfGbf]ngtfsfsf] cftª\lst kl/j]z
5n{ª\u x'G5 . zf;såf/f hgbdgdf nflbPsf / Psd'7L km'sf] lrp/f / lr;f]
kfgLsf e/df lbge/ rf]sdf /x]sf k|x/Lx¿ klg tdfd lgDgjuL{o hgtfsf
;Gtlt x'g\ / pgLx¿sf afnaRRff / >LdtL klg ul/aLn] lklN;Psf 5g\ eGb}
c1fgtf jz r]tgfsf] cefjn] pgLx¿ /fHosf] s7k'tnL eO/x]sf 5g\ eG5g\ .
sljtfdf slj cfˆgL 5f]/L g"tgnfO{ oL ;a} s'/f ;'gfO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] kfOG5 .
bf];|f]df cfkmgL 5f]/L bLIffsf] cf“vf afËf] 5 eGg] 8fS6/nfO{ slj v/]n of] b]zsf]
;~rfnssf] b[li6 g} afËf] ePsf] atfp“5g\ . @)$^ ;fn r}q ( ut] ;[lht o;
c+zdf ;lxbx¿sf] /ut To;} v]/ hfg glbg] k|0f ub}{ hgcfGbf]ngaf6 gfËf] /
afËf] /x]sf] b]znfO{ ldnfPkl5 dfq cfˆgL 5f]/Lsf] cf“vfsf] ck/];g u/L l7s
kfg]{ dg;fo JoQm ub{5g\ . @)$^ r}q @$ ut] ;[lht t];|f] c+zdf hgcfGbf]ng
cjlwsf ljleGg 36gfsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . 6'“l8v]ndf pln{Psf] h'n';, uf]nL /
l6P/ Uof“;, k|x/Lsf Eofg hnfOg' tyf c;+Vo dflg;sf] lgd{d xTofnfO{ cfˆgL
5f]/Ln] JoQm u/]sf] qf;;“u} t'ngf ub}{ slj eofgstf l;h{gf ug{ ;kmn 5g\ .
cfGbf]ngsf] cf}lrToaf/] slj eG5g\ M
hgcfGbf]ng o:tf] s'/f xf] 5f]/L
h'g lagf xfd|f] hLjg g} rNg ;Sb}g . 3
5f]/LnfO{ eg]sf] axfgfdf ;a} hg;dxnfO{ lg8/ eO{ ;8sdf pqg slj
cfXjfg u5{g\ . rf}yf] c+z klg r}q @$ ut] g} ;[lht ePsf] xf] . 5f]/LnfO{
laDa agfP/ ;Daf]wg ub}{ r}q @$ ut]sf] P]ltxfl;s lbgdf ePsf] g/;+xf/n]
s'g} klg of]4f ljrlnt gx'g\ egL pgLx¿nfO{ xf};nf / k|]/0ff lbO{ d'n'ssf]
eljio ;'gf}nf] agfpg] ;Gb]z o; sljtfn] lbPsf] 5 . @)%^ ;fn r}q @% ut]
;[lht o; sljtfsf] kf“rf}“ c+zdf k|tLsfTds ¿kdf bdgsf/L zf;sLo ;Qfsf]
gfOs]sf] /fIF;L k|j[lQ cfˆgL 5f]/LnfO{ ;'gfOPsf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s ul/dfdo lbg
cyf{t\ r}q @^, @)$^ ;fnsf lbg ;[lht 5}6f}“ c+zdf b]zdf nfu]sf] sˆo"{n]
u'lD;Psf] jftfj/0f / s}of}“ jL/x¿ ;lxb eP/ /utn] df6f] l;l~rPsf] j0f{g ub}{
tL ;lxbx¿nfO{ slj v/]n ;nfdL r9fp“5g\ . @)$^ ;fn r}q @& ut] ;[lht
o; sljtfsf] ;ftf}“ c+zdf cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfn] b]zdf ax'bn leq]kl5 lxhf]
uf]nL nfu]/ ;lxbx¿ 9n]sf 7fp“df cfh km"ndfnf nfP/ gfRg] d08nLx¿sf]
:jfyL{kgf / ;lxbnfO{ la;]{sf] oyfy{k|lt k|xf/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] sljtf Joª\Uok"0f{
5 . ‰ofn9f]sf agfpg] ;fg' dfl/of], d}rf ljw'jf eO{ . n]vssL 5f]/L n]vsnfO{

# k"j{jt\, k[= % .

166 ÷ bLklzvf
…;fg'Ú vf]h]/ Nofpg cfu|x ul5{g\ . /fd], xl/, xfs'rf cflb JolQmx¿ ljhof]T;j
dgfO/x]5g\ eg] n]vs ef]ln g]tfx¿ dl;{l8h r9]/ x'O“lsg] / d}“rfx¿ aDa}df
a]lrg;Sg] vt/fk|lt ;r]t u/fp“5g\ . o; sljtfsf] cf7f}“ tyf clGtd c+z @)$^
;fn r}q @( ut] ;[lht ePsf] xf] . b]zdf ax'bnsf] 3f]if0ff ;“u;“u} Tolta]nf
g} gjhft ax'bnsf] 3f“6L lgdf]7\g ul/Psf if8\oGqx¿k|lt o; sljtfn] ;r]t
u/fPsf] 5 . t:s/, r]nLa]6L a]rlavg ug]{ / hgtfnfO{ ;lxb agfpg]x¿ g} sf]6sf]
vNtLdf uf]baf le/]/ k|hftGq lbj;sf] k|d'v jQmf ag]sf] b'ef{Uok|lt lrlGtt slj
if8\oGq, k|ltqmflGt, c;dembf/L, ;ª\sL0f{tf tyf pR5[ª\vntf cflb gsf/fTds
tŒjn] k|hftGqdfly s'g} vt/f gNofcf];\ eGb} cfˆgL 5f]/LnfO{ Pp6f l;;fsnd
af]s]/ afns k|hftGqnfO{ s, v l;sfpg / tft] ub}{ 8f]¥ofpg cfu|x u5{g\ .
sljtfdf k|o'Qm efjljwfgnfO{ x]bf{ slj v/]n k|ultjfbL qmflGtr]t ePsf
slj x'g\ . pgsf] o; …5f]/LnfO{Ú sljtfdf pRr qmflGtsf/L efj emlNsPsf]
kfOG5 . /fhgLlts lj;ª\ultsf] pb\3f6g, bdg, xTof / cftª\sk|lt Joª\Uo
/ ;lxbsf] /utk|ltsf] ckdfgdfly k|xf/ ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfonfO{ qmflGtdf
xf]ldg cfu|x ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|hftGqn] hgtfnfO{ s]xL lbg g;s]/ ;Lldt
JolQmx¿n] dfq o;af6 kmfObf lnO{ dfnfdfn ePsf] s6' ;To cleJol~ht
ePsf] 5 . noljwfgsf b[li6n] oxf“ uBno cyf{t\ d'Qm 5Gbsf] k|of]u ePsf]
5 . cGTofg'k|f;sf] ;dfof]hgdf Tolt hdsf]{ gePsf] kfOP klg zAb ;ª\Vofsf
cfwf/df s]xL ;dfg tyf c;dfg kª\lQmx¿df cGTofg'k|f;Lotf e]l6G5, h:t} M
oBlk ltdL;“u d08gof]Uo s'g} oyfy{ x'“b}g,
oBlk ltdL;“u v08g ug]{ s'g} k|df0f x'“b}g .4
lbge/L rf]sdf plePsf 5g\,
tL 3fdn] ;tfOPsf 5g\
kfgLn] n]lYgPsf 5g\ .5
d b]znfO{ afª\uf] x'g lbGg
d b]znfO{ gfª\uf] x'g lbGg .6
d}of gfª\u} x'G5]
d}of ef]sL x'G5] .7
$ k"j{jt\, k[= ! .
% k"j{jt\, k[= @ .
^ k"j{jt\, k[= % .
& k"j{jt\, k[= !! .
bLklzvf ÷ 167
 cGTofg'k|f; ;“u;“u} j[Tofg'k|F;sf] klg k|of]u o; sljtfdf ePsf]
kfOG5, h:t} M
afª\u} aª\uf] 5 ;a}lt/ 5f]/L
gfª\u} gfª\uf] 5 ;a}lt/ 5f]/L .8
-…jÚ, …gÚ / …5Úsf] k'g/fj[lQ_
To;nfO{ l;ª\uf] cfsfz b]pm
To;nfO{ l;ª\uf] wtL{ b]pm .9
-j[Tofg'k|f; …;Úsf] k'g/fj[lQ_
o:t} k|foM ;/n / ;fdfGo ljDak|tLsx¿sf] k|of]u tyf zAbx¿sf]
…ljz]if cy{Ú / Joª\Uofy{sf] cfzodf k|of]u ul/Psfn] sljtfnfO{ cfnª\sfl/s
agfPsf] 5, st} st} cGTofg'k|f; zAbfnª\sf/sf] k|of]u kfOG5 .
sljtf Joª\UofTds k|tLsfTds efiffz}nLo'Qm 5 . 5f]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg
u/]sf] z}nLdf ;du| hgtfnfO{ 5f]/Lsf ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u/L efj JoQm ul/Psf]
5 . st} st} s7f]/ / tLj| cleJolQm klg kfOG5 .

@=@ e}“;L cfxfn a;]s} 5

k"0f{tM k|tLsfTds efjsf] cleJolQm ul/Psf] of] o; ;ª\u|xsf] bf];|f]
sljtf xf] . klxnf] sljtfsf] * j6f c+z kZrft\ o;nfO{ gjf}“ cª\ssf] :yfg
lbOPsf] x'gfn] o;sf] ;Gbe{ klxnf] …5f]/LnfO{Ú sljtf;“u ;DalGwt eP klg 5'§}
zLif{sLs/0f ul/Psf] x'gfn] of] :jtGq 5 . ltg zAbsf] jfSout zLif{sLs/0f
…e}“;L cfxfn a;]s} 5Ú qmdzM b'O{ cf]6f gfd zAb, Pp6f ;+o'Qm lqmofkbn]
ag]sf] 5 . o; k|tLsfTds zLif{sn] kmf]xf]/L / b'u{lGwt /fhgLltdf 8'a]sf] ;Qfsf]
lhDd]jf/ tŒjnfO{ e}“;Lsf] ;+1f lb“b} p;sf] s's[TonfO{ cfxfn a;]sf] eGg] Joª\Uo
cleJol~ht u/]sf] 5 . df]6fdf]6L b'O{ k[i7 / $^ x/kmsf] ;+/rgfdf a9Ldf (
zAb / 36Ldf b'O{ zAb;Ddsf kª\lQm ndfO o; sljtfdf kfOG5 .
e}“;L kmf]xf]/ kfgLsf] cfxfndf y't'gf] uf8\b} g'xfO/x]sf] 5 . xl/of Eofu'tf
/ sfnf sfux¿ e}“;Lsf] ;]jf / u'0fufgdf ;dlk{t 5g\ . e}“;L :jfyL{ 5 . ljleGg
/f]u / k/hLjLn] uf“h]sf] e}“;Ln] ;dfh / d'n'sdf cftª\s dRrfO/x]sf] 5 .
xTof, lx+;f / anfTsf/ a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;'“u'/x¿ klg kmf]xf]/df d'v uf8\g'nfO{
cleJolQm :jtGqtf elg/x]sf 5g\ . e}“;L hgtfnfO{ cem} 6]l//x]sf] 5}g .

* k"j{jt\, k[= $ .

( k"j{jt\, k[= !# .
168 ÷ bLklzvf
 o; sljtfsf] efjnfO{ x]bf{ ;Qfsf ;Lldt 6fps]x¿ e}“;L cfxfn
a;]h:t} hgtf / d'n'snfO{ wf]sf lb“b} t:s/ / 3';vf]/L;“u ;f“7uf“7 u/L xTof
cftª\s / anfTsf/ lbgk|ltlbg a9fO/x]5g\ . o:tf] kmf]xf]/L e}“;Lsf] u'0fufgdf
;Qfsf e/f}6]x¿ t“5f8d5f8 ub}{ nflu/x]sf 5g\ . of] sljtf cGTofg'k|f;ljxLg
uBnodf ;+/lrt 5 . zAbfnª\sf/sf] Tolt k|of]u gkfOP klg ljleGg ljDa
tyf k|tLssf] k|of]un] cyf{nª\sf/ pTkGg u/fPsf 5g\ . k|tLsfTds efiff /
Joª\UofTds z}nLdf of] sljtf ;+/lrt 5 . tT;d, tb\ej tyf cfuGt's ltg
lsl;ds} zAbrog kfOg] of] sljtf efj, d'Qm no / k|tLs ljwfgn] pTs[i6 5 .

@=# k]:sL awfO

snfsf/ / ;flxTosf/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L @)$^ ;fn r}q # ut]
;[lht of] o; ;ª\u|xsf] t];|f] sljtf xf] . k|zf;lgs cfly{s If]qdf k|of]u x'g]
zAb ;lxtsf] b'O{ zAb] zLif{sLs/0f …k]:sL awfOÚ oxf“ qmdzM ljz]if0f gfd
zAb eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . k]:sL eg]sf] sfd ;Sg'eGbf klxn] g} lnOg] z'Ns xf] .
oxf“ hgcfGbf]ngn] kfpg] ;kmntfsf nflu n]vs snfsf/x¿ lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf]
lbg cyf{t @)$^ ;fn r}q # ut] g} slj v/]n k]:sL awfO{ lbg rfxG5g\ .
sljtfdf !* kª\lQmsf] ;+/rgfleq ;a}eGbf a9L gf} zAb / 36Ldf ltg zAbsf]
kª\lQm ;+/rgf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
slj ;donfO{ OGb|]gL dfG5g\ h;sf] ;[hgfsf nflu clnslt 3fd /
clnslt kfgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . OGb|]gLsf k|To]s c0f', /¨ / ;f}Gbo{sf
;f]kfgx¿ ;'g eP h:t} ;a} n]vs snfsf/sf] Pstf /lx/x\of] eg] of] d'n'sn]
h] rfxG5 ToxL lbg;lsg] ePsf] x'gfn] ;a}nfO{ w}o{ u/L ;fx;L aGg] k|]/0ffsf
;fy k]:sL awfO{ lbG5g\ .
;a} n]vs, snfsf/ / ;du| hgtf Psl9Ssf x'g;s] o; d'n'sdf
lg/ª\s'ztf 9fn]/ OGb|]gL h:t} ;'Gb/ / ;'gf}nf] hgsNof0fsf/L nf]stGq cfpg] 5
eGg] efj sljtfn] af]s]sf] 5 . uB nodf ;[lht k|:t't sljtfdf ;'gf}nf] ;do
/ ;'vsf] k|tLsdf …OGb|]gLÚ k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 eg] dxŒjk"0f{ / d"Nojfg\ s'/fsf]
k|tLsdf …;'gÚ, em"6f] cfZjf;gsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf sf]/f /ª\u / ;fdYo{xLgsf]
k|tLssf ¿kdf …c0f'Úsf] k|of]un] sljtfdf cfnª\sfl/stf a9fPsf] 5 . ;/n
efiff / k|tLsfTds z}nLdf s7f]/ Pj+ tLj| n]vg kfOg' o;sf] ljz]iftf b]lvG5 M
hfaf] ax'bnsf] s] s'/f < of] zf}o{ / Pstf /lx/x]
ltdLn] ug{ g;Sg] s]xL 5}g <10
!) k"j{jt\, k[= !& .
bLklzvf ÷ 169
@=$ cfh p7\g ca]/ eP5
@)$^ ;fn df3 % ut] ;[lht o; sljtfn] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jftsf]
k[i7e"ldsf ;dodf d'n'sdf lg/ª\s'z ;/sf/åf/f ul/Psf xTof, bdg,
lu/ˆtf/Lsf] laulauLnfO{ nlIft ub}{ hg;ª\3if{ ug{ ca]/ eO;s]sf] hfgsf/L
lbOPsf] 5 / of] o; ;ª\u|xsf] rf}yf] sljtf xf] . $# x/kmsf] ;+/rgfdf ;a}eGbf
nfdf] * zAb;Dd / 5f]6f]df Ps zAb;Ddsf] kª\lQm /rgf o; sljtfdf kfOG5 .
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ bafpg] of]hgf u/L ;Qfn] gfsfgfsfdf nf7Lwf/L / u'Ktr/x¿
t}gfy u/L wdfwd lu/ˆtf/ ub}{5 . slj cfkm"rflx“ p7\g l9nf] ePsf] u'gf;f]
ub{5g\ . pgL ca ju{ ;ª\3if{ x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]V5g\ .
;a} hgf Psh'6 eP/ cfGbf]ngsf] lau'n km's]sf] x'“bf cfkm" cln
l9nf] ePsf] / ;a}nfO{ l9nf] gu/L Psh'6 eP/ pleg n]vs cfu|x u5{g\ eg]
kfgLleqsf] lxdlznfnfO{ sKtfgn] gb]v]/ hxfh b'3{6gf eP h:tf] ;Qf u'd]kl5
dfq ;Qfwf/Lx¿ k5'tfp“5g\ eGg] efj sljtfn] lbG5 . eLif0f pynk'ynaf6
;fDojfb Nofpg' kg]{ sljsf] rfxgf 5 M
ju{;ª\3if{ pHofnfdf klg x'G5
ju{;ª\3if{ c“Wof/fdf klg x'G5 .11
cTofg'k|f;ljxLg uBno cyf{t\ d'Qm 5Gbsf] k|of]u o; sljtfdf kfOG5 .
To:t} …kfgLleqsf] lxdlznfÚ, pln{Psf] ;ª\3if{zLn hgtfsf] k|tLs, …rln/x]sf]
hxfhÚ ;Qfsf] k|tLs, sKtfg ;Qf k|d'vsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf / …s/];fsf l3/f}“nf
/ af]8Lsf nx/fÚ ;r]t hgtfsf k|tLs tyf …yf“qmf]Ú oyfl:yltjfbLsf] k|tLssf
¿kdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . logn] sljtfdf cfnª\sfl/s cfj/0f lbP/ efj tLj|
k|s6 ug{df ;fy lbPsf 5g\ . k|tLsfTds efiffz}nLdf tT;d / tb\ej zAbsf]
k|of]un] sljtf lgs} efjk"0f{ 5 .

@=% tkfO{+ g} xf]Og xl/axfb'/ <

Pp6f qm"/ anfTsf/L / xTof/f] JolQmsf s's[Tosf] b;L–k|df0f ;lxt
p;sf] ;gfvt dfUb} p;}nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L n]lvPsf] of] o; ;ª\u|xsf] kf“rf}“
tyf clGtd sljtf xf] . rf/ zAbsf] jfSout zLif{sLs/0fdf ePsf …tkfO{+ g}
xf]]Og xl/axfb'/ <Ú qmdzM ;j{gfd, lgkft, lqmofkb / gfd zAb x'g\ . hDdf
#( kª\lQmsf] ;+/rgf /x]sf] o; sljtfdf ;jf{lws gf} zAb;Ddsf] / Go"gtd
ltg zAbsf] kª\lQm of]hgf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
!! k"j{jt\, k[= !( .
170 ÷ bLklzvf
 cGwsf/ /ftdf Olb|;sL lgbfO/x]sf 5f]/L dldgfnfO{ ckx/0f u/L v's'/L
pHofO{ t;f{P/ lgZr]t agfO{ Pp6f xl/axfb'/ gfdsf] e';lt3|] b}Ton] aLeT;;“u
anfTsf/ u/]/ xTof u/L df6f]df uf8\5 . t/ pm sfg'gaf6 ;Qfsf] cf8 / sfnf]wgn]
hf]luPsf] x'G5 . To; kfkLn] Roft]sf] dldgfsf] Anfphsf] 6'qmf / cGo b;L–
k|df0f b]vfp“b} n]vs ;fx;;fy To; bfgjnfO{ xts8L nufpg p;sf] ;gfvt
vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . n]vs Ps 7fp“ To; anfTs/LnfO{ o;/L k|xf/ u5{g\ M
tkfO{+ jL/ hflt x'g'x'G5
dldgfsf] d'R5{gfn] g} tkfO{+sf] jL/tfsf] b;L lbG5 .12
s?0f /;o'Qm o; sljtfdf tdfd qm"/ anfTsf/Lx¿n] ;tfPsf r]nLa]6Lsf]
kL8fn] cfxt / Xboljbf/s cj:yf 6'n'6'n' gx]/L n]vsn] xl/axfb'/nfO{ kqm]h:tf]
;a} eb| gful/sn] k|To]s anfTsf/LnfO{ s'g} xfntdf klg 5f]8\g' x'“b}g eGg] efj
cleJol~ht 5 . sf?l0fs efj sljtfn] o;/L lbPsf] 5 M
Pp6L anfTs[t s'df/Lsf] cf“;' slt ldlnln6/ x'G5 <13
cGTofg'k|f;ljxLg d'Qm 5Gbdf sljtf ;+/lrt 5 . sljtfdf …xl/axfb'/Ú
anfTsf/L ;Qfwf/L ju{sf] ljDa xf] eg] …dldgfÚ tdfd anfTs[t r]nLx¿sL
k||tLs xf] . k|tLsfTds Joª\UofTds efiffz}nLdf ;+/lrt o; sljtfdf tT;d
tyf tb\ej zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . sljtf ;Gb]zd"ns / gf/L cl:tTjsf
nflu cu|sbdsf/L 5, gf/Lk|lt ;+j]bgzLn /xL ;xfg'e"lt /fVb5 .

#= lgisif{
slj v/]nsf] Psdfq sljtf ;“ufnf] 5f]/LnfO{ @)$^ ;fn r}qsf]
P]ltxfl;s hgcFGbf]ngnfO{ kmf]6f] lvr]/ k]|mddf ;hfj6 u/L /fv]sf] t:jL/x¿sf]
PNad xf] . of] ;ª\u|x kl/jt{g / :jtGqtfsf nflu n8\g' kg]{ ;Gb]z / hf];
k|bfg ug]{ cf:jfbgo'Qm tyf jL/ /;k|wfg 5 . uB nodf ;[lht o; ;ª\u|x
sljtfn] Psflt/ of]4fsf] ;fx;sf] j0f{gsf ;fy kl/jt{gsfdL ;f]r ePsf cfd
gful/snfO{ pu| eP/ pqg k|]l/t u5{ eg] csf{lt/ anfTsf/L kz'nfO{ b;L–k|df0f
;lxt kqmG5 . qmflGtsf/L tyf k|ultzLn j}rfl/s efj ;kmn ¿kdf jxg u/]sf]
o; sljtfdf ;/n k|tLs tyf ljDan] cfnª\sfl/s k|:t'lt lbPsf 5g\ . sljn]
;dfhsf anfTsf/L tyf kl/jt{g lj/f]wL kfqx¿nfO{ ljleGg laDax¿sf] k|of]u
u/L k|tLsfTds ¿kdf s8f Joª\Uo u/]sf 5g\ . ljifoj:t'ut ljljwtfsf] sdL,
cfofdut ;Lldttf, cg'k|f;Lotfsf] plrt ;dfof]hgsf] cefj / qmflGtsf/L

!@ k"j{jt\, k[= @) .

!# k"j{jt\ .
bLklzvf ÷ 171
;Gb]zd"ns s7f]/ efjo'Qm zAbrog o;sf sdhf]]/L eP klg Jofs/0fsf] k"0f{tM
Vofn u/L jfSout /rgf ul/Psf] / ;/n z}nL cjnDag ug{ vf]lhPsfn] s[lt
pQd g} 5 . ax'bn k|flKtkl5sf] bf];|f] ;ftf ;'? x'gf;fy -@)$& j}zfv %
ut]_ k|sflzt ul/Psf] of] s[ltnfO{ o;sf] j}rfl/s ;zQmtfsf b[li6n] / dfgjLo
d"Nosf b[li6n] k|ultzLn g]kfnL sfJokmf“6df slj v/]nn] lbPsf] dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg dfGg' k5{ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

v/]n, ?b|= @)$&= 5f]/LnfO{= sf7df8f}F M ;|i6f k|sfzg k|f=ln= .
= @)$(= tkfO{+sf] gfd s] xf] <= sf7df8f}F M kf7\o ;fdu|L k|sfzg .
= @)%@= tf]/Lnfx'/] rf]sdf Ps l5g= sf7df8f}F M ;|i6f :jod\ .
= @)%&= cfiff9:o k|yd lbj;]= sf7df8f}F M ;|i6f :jod\ .
= @)%&= lal;{:of] ls <= sf7df8f}F M l;h{gzLn k|sfzg .
= @)^!= t];|f] cfFvf= sf7df8f}F M ;x;|fAbL k|sfzg k|f=ln= .

172 ÷ bLklzvf
 Representation of Realism in Beyond
the Life Lines
- Bharat Kumar Upadhyay*

Dr. Rajan Prasad Pokharel's second novel Beyond the Life Lines
charts in a single form the vicissitudes of Guna, a mountain-born
Nepali boy, from an almost immaculately aspiring gentleman to
a representative of the society tainted with insensible patriarchy,
nepotism, opportunism, and corruption almost granted to be the right
of the people in power. The novel ends favorably for Guna as the
novelist gives him an opportunity to atone for the vicious crimes he
committed against his innocent wife, with whom he was married "at his
age of fifteen. Apsara was just 14 at that time" (11). Guna's atonement
comes in the form of confession and humility bred from the necessity
of circumstances as well as a genuine recognition of the vileness he
committed both against his wife and the society he lived in, and a
readiness to redeem himself by way of compensating for those whom
he had wronged. Given that Guna's life ends in the loving embrace of
Apsara, he can die hopefully enough and with a comfortable belief
that Apsara will take care of the only person he has left behind: his
daughter Samira, who is married to Apsara's son from her second
husband, Rajaram. In between the spectrum of the spectacles of Guna's
life, there is much that falls both within and beyond the multifarious
life lines Pokharel creates in the novel. Pokharel makes attempts to
make his representation realistic. However, as the title of the novel itself
suggests, much also lies “beyond” material reality, and the life justifies
itself both by one’s ability to control its course and by coincidence that
appears to be inherent. In such a context, this paper takes up the issue
of realistic representation, which in Pokharel’s case often borders on
the issue of coincidence, in Guna's evolution from a simple mountain

* Associate Professor, Patan Multiple Campus

bLklzvf ÷ 173
boy to a vicious schemer of the course of his own life to ultimately one
of a repenting do-gooder, who is capable of arousing a mixed feeling
of both contempt and sympathy in the reader's heart.
How has the writer managed to bring about such a transformation
in the life of his protagonist? What manipulation from the creator, if
any, lies behind and beyond such a shift in the life of a simply-bred
“nobody from nowhere” in the context of Nepalese cultural scenario?
Why does, in short, the writer have to show such sympathy to his
protagonist? Is it simply intuitive and unconscious? Or, is there any
biographical element to contribute to all of this? The questions cannot
be answered definitely until one has a long and deliberate interaction
with the writer. The writer of this article, being not privileged at the
moment to be in any kind of heart-revealing intimacy with the creator
of Guna and his associates, therefore, confines himself solely to the
textual evidences for the explication of the character portrayal in the
novel.
Guna's evolution occurs from among a number of life lines
Pokharel draws within the novel. Each of them can be elaborated into
an explicit comment he passes on the life and form of Nepali society.
One can, for example, chart Apsara's suffering to highlight the plight
in the past of Nepali women, who would be married early in their life
and left by the husbands just when their life began. One can, similarly,
deal with Guna's conjugal happiness with Samita to focus on the
circumstantial nature of a person's worldly rise, which may, at the
same time, be an opportune moment to deal with the roles nepotism
and opportunism used to play, and definitely still do, in the Nepalese
society in such a rise. One can deal with Parsuram's incomparably
less spectacular life, vis-à-vis Guna's, to underscore the aftermath of
what can be said "the road not taken." An absconding fellow of Guna,
Parsuram's life, compared to Guna's, ends into a much compromising
settlement although he had been Guna's company while going down
to the Terai for further education. One wonders what kind of a person
Parsuram would become if he also continued his education in the town.
The various cultural tit-bits that Pokharel allows himself, whenever he
finds a chance, to scatter all through the novel can be sutured up into a
narrative to hold itself up as a mirror of Nepali social continuum. And
also, one can dwell on the hottest issue, of the war, going on in Nepal
of the time the novel talks about to explore the nature of Nepalese form
of class struggle. As far as this article is concerned, however, the issue
serves only as a premeditated excuse to force the culprit to face the
consequences of his doing.
The various lifelines created within the spectacle of the novel
are realistic and down-to-earth, true to the convention of a novelistic

174 ÷ bLklzvf
discourse in its inception. As David Daiches, talking about the rise of
the English novel in the 18th century, argues the novel “was in large
measure the product of the middle class, appealing to middle-class
ideals and sensibilities, a patterning of imagined events set against
a clearly realized social background and taking its view of what was
significant in human behavior from agreed public attitudes” (700).
Pokharel shows a knack from the beginning to narrate in raciness,
but he also imparts early to the reader a sense that his is going to be a
realistic representation. He begins by creating the effect of lifelikeness
portraying his characters and plot against the backdrop of a rural-
mountainous Nepali setting at first, and he attempts to turn it into a
kind of shared experience. Northrope Frye maintains, “Realism, or the
art of verisimilitude, evokes the response ‘How like that is to what we
know!’ When what is written is like what is known, we have an art of
extended or implied simile,” (Frye 136). Guna’s desire to continue his
studies further by going down to Madhes reflects a general trend in
the Nepalese youths of raising their status by doing something in their
young age itself. “‘Baa! I want to go to Madhes to study further. Give
me some money or you take me to Madhes and get me admitted in a
college. Find me an apartment near my college and come back. I want to
study further,’” (11-12) says Guna to his father. However, as his father
declares that Guna should rather stay home to help in the family affairs
by choosing to become a teacher in the local school, Guna plans to run
away with Parsuram. He is helped by his wife in everything he tries to
do as she believes that she is helping herself by helping her husband.
Her belief gets shattered ultimately; nevertheless, she has no alternative
at this stage but to help her husband to pursue his aspiration.
Guna and Parsuram, duly, reach Biratnagar, and get themselves
admitted to Morang College there. Parsuram, however, gets homesick,
and is sent back. Nothing significant that will affect Guna’s relation with
Apsara happens up to this point. Then Guna gets a job of giving tuition
classes to the children of a landlord, who also gives him “a small room
in the back shade” (Pokharel 26). There are three of them: a girl, who
has failed class ten, and two boys. Guna teaches them for some time,
and then leaves for home as Dashain approaches. “The exams of the
children are close ahead in some months. Please come back immediately
after Dashain,” (26) the landlord requests him. Guna acquiesces with
the landlord’s request before he leaves for home.
Between the points of time, Guna goes home and returns to
Biratnagar, Pokharel intersperses the pages of his novel with many
details of Nepalese cultural issues. He talks of important Nepalese
festivals like Dashain and Tihar in details, and also mentions the Vedic
practices of healing through recitation of Holy Scriptures and the tantric

bLklzvf ÷ 175
ones of exorcising by shamans of evil spirits off the sufferers’ body.
The fights and quarrels arising in the village ceremonies as a result of
vanity and egotism of some conceited locals are realistic. So are the
local practices of giving boys or girls of rivaling villages in marriage
for settling the enmity between them. Pokharel perhaps intends to
prescribe it by way of mentioning a local practice of resolving conflict
through the game of “Kabaddi.” How far his prescription holds true in
the Nepalese social context remains a question waiting to be answered.
Nevertheless, Pokharel mentions it, and one can congratulate him for
finding such a harmless solution. The heart of the matter, however,
is not that Pokharel finds a way of solving the contending issues of
contemporary Nepali society. What matters is how these details relate
themselves to what is going to happen in the life of Guna and Apsara.
The details definitely contribute insights about Nepali culture to the
non-Nepali readers of the novel. More importantly for the narrative
development in the novel, they provide a kind of lingering hush to allow
the novelist to devote in chapter five in a more concentrated manner
on the “horror” of Apsara’s loneliness.
It is fitting to the course of the novel that the landlord gives a
mountain boy a room to live in and asks him to teach his daughter;
and it is not surprising that the boy and the girl should get physically
attracted to each other. Guna’s attraction to Samita, the landlord’s
daughter, is even assisted by Samita’s mother, who makes her daughter
go near Guna time and again. The result is that Guna is manipulated
to marry Samita although he
. . . could not guess how all those things happened so fast. He had his
wife at home up in the hill side. He had his promises with his wife
Apsara but it seemed that he broke them. He thought, “If Apsara lived
in the hill side village, he would manage them well too. It was not so
unnatural to have two wives.” He was attracted by the promises of a
job in the government office and by the comfortable establishments of
the girl’s parents’ house. He thought his life would be metamorphosed.
(Pokharel 50)
Guna convinces himself that he will somehow be able to manage his
two wives. Vis-a-vis Apsara’s sacrifice to his pursuits, Guna’s betrayal
to her is vile and corrupt, but he seems unaware of the intensity of
his own villainy, and calmly searches on for a way out. Nevertheless,
what he does later is beyond the lifelines he thinks have been created.
Apsara is brought to him by her brother, and Guna takes her to different
pilgrimages. Guna hopes that he will be able to persuade Apsara to
go back to his parents in the mountains. However, seeing Apsara’s
jubilance during the pilgrimage, Guna gets suspicious:
“This woman seems to have thought of not going back home. She may
not go home even if we return. If she [Apsara] knows that I have married
Samita, and she and I work together, and also have been living in her

176 ÷ bLklzvf
 parents’ house, she [Apsara] will not tolerate it. [Apsara] will never leave
me. I will be in a complicated situation. . . . if Samita’s parents force me
to go back to their house, I will be bound. . . .” (66)
Such ruminations force Guna to abandon Apsara in the train
in one of the towns in India. Apsara’s plight after she is deserted by
her husband is poignant beyond limitation, but she is assisted in her
predicament by Ramraja, who later marries her and the two get settled
comfortably allowing Guna to live with his second wife, Samita. It is
almost irrelevant to talk about what suspicions in Guna’s and Apsara’s
families and in their villagers are aroused by Apsara’s disappearance.
Guna handles everything to his favor (mis)using his father-in-law’s
government position, thereby nullifying every attempt from Apsara’s
maternal relations’ side to punish him.
The payment to Guna comes “After 25 years of the departure
from Apsara,” (90), as Guna encounters Apsara in Bangalore as the
mother of the boy, Suman, with whom his only daughter is married.
The role that coincidence plays here to force Guna to come to a trap
is more than he has ever imagined. He finds himself under the pity
of his victim, Apsara. A widower for a long time, he has gone to see
his daughter there, and finds that she is married to Apsara’s son from
her second husband. It is surprising, but very fitting to what Pokharel
intends to communicate to his readers: that is, life cannot walk along
the lines one has planned it to do. Life reveals itself in forms that are
“beyond” anybody’s plans or formula. Guna is helpless, but there is
nothing he can do to undo the course life has taken. Pokharel could end
his novel here; however, he does not as he wants Guna to be punished
also by the society he has wronged against. Guna comes back to Nepal,
and falls under the trap of the rebels’ province, where Apsara’s brother
is one of the members. Guna is taken to the custody of these rebels,
and he gets punished by Apsara’s brother, too. Guna is then taken
care of by another member of rebels, Basu, who is a college classmate
of his daughter, Samira. Basu loved Samira, but he had not been able
to consummate his love with her as he had been slighted by Guna.
Basu later hands Guna over to Apasara, who has come to Nepal
searching for Guna. Before he dies in the embrace of Apsara, Guna
confesses his crime to her. He pleads her not to reveal the secret of
his relation with Apsara. He even prepares papers to authorize her
to handle his property. Apsara and Samira set up an adult care center
and hand it over to the government. “Apsara then chose to go to
the pilgrimage in Banares, where she hung her son Suman’s father’s
photograph and her daughter-in-law Samira’s father’s photograph in
her absolutely private prayer’s room, but she never disclosed the secret
to anybody that they both were the husbands in her life at times” (134).
Towards the end, Basu re-thinks about the obscurity of the woman,

bLklzvf ÷ 177
Apsara, who took up from him the responsibility of Guna’s care. Basu
wonders what relation Apsara must have had with Guna. The mystery
of their relation forces him to ponder over the nature of life itself.
“Is there something very important above the class relations? Is the
relation of humanity and human sensibility more important than any
other relations? What is this human sensibility? What is this intimacy?
What is the communications of feeling?” (136). In the meantime, the
war that Basu is involved in comes close to a peaceful settlement, and
Basu gets some other responsibility. The novel that began with Guna
and Apsara’s lifelines concludes with Basu. He was a warrior, whose
“ unfulfilled love affair was an apotheosis of his success. Probably,
therefore, he looked optimistic and radiant in his life. He was always
strengthened by the energy of his delicate sensibilities” (139).

References:
Daiches, David. A Critical History of English Literature. 2nd ed. 4 vols. New Delhi:
Allied Publishers Ltd., 1990. Print.
Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. 10th print. New York:
Atheneum, 1970. Print.
Pokharel, Rajan Prasad. Beyond the Life Lines. USA: Xlibris Corporation, 2011.
Print.

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 Influence of Mass Media for Political
Change and Development
- Chet Nath Ghimire*

Abstract
The term mass denotes great volume and large number of people while
communication refers to exchange of message or ideas. Similarly, politics
is leadership for the public. This article presents the concepts about
influence of mass media for political change and development. Mass
media provides political awareness program to general public. Politics
related issues are the effective source for mass communication media.
Mass media also provides political education by highlighting on positive
and negative aspects of the leaders as well as the political parties. In the
context of Nepali mass media, most of their programs and contents have
focused and highlighted political issues. Similarly, Nepali mass media
has played crucial role for every political movement and change.

Introduction
Yallen Chakely, who is identified as the father of development
communication says, development reporting and communication
is least priority of mass media in the developing nations. In the
comparison of politics, crime, sex and violence the developing reporting
is in fourth level. Politics is always being highlighted in the mass media.
He further says “mass media always follow politics and their leaders
and highlight it in developing and under-developed nations. Thus,
according to the views of Yallen, the mass media focuses on political
news and views.
In every political change and development, mass media has
played an important role. Mass media has influenced political change
from the beginning of its history. In Nepal Television, Radio Nepal,

* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

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Gorkhapatra and Rising Nepal are governmental news media. These
media are performing the political news in the support ruling party.
These media are run by the government and administrated by the
government as well.
Mass communication involves information distribution. This is
a ‘one to many’ form of communication, whereby products are mass-
produced and disseminated to a great quantity of audience (Srivastav,
1991). According to the political perspective, mass communication
disseminates information. According to the theory of the press, mass
media have changed their style and strategies for working. While in
the political movement, mass media supports to the political leaders
for the success of democratic movement.

Evolution of media
Rana Prime Minister Jung Bahadur installed a printing press in
1901 and it was said ‘Giddhe Press’. Gorkhapatra was launched in 1950s.
After the restoration of democracy in 1990s, a drastic change took place
in Nepali media (particularly in private media). Liberal provision and
guarantee of press freedom enshrined in the constitution and people’s
moment established right and freedom of the press. The constitution
of the kingdom of Nepal (1990) formally guaranteed the freedom of
press and publication.

Influence of traditional media for political change and

development-
At the time of Prithvi Narayan Shah, there was a post office for
exchanging letters. It is also said that people used to use stone press
in the early period but there is no evidence. In the traditional period,
there was tradition of Katuwal Karaune, Jhyali Pitne, Shankha Phukhne,
Damaha Thataune, Karnal Phukne etc.. Through this system also people
were united and informed as well. It was also a symbol of political
awareness and change (Pant, 2007). Similarly, Printed literature
magazine including Sudhasagar, Awaj, Saradha, Samaj, Samaye, Nepal
Bhasa Patrika, Hal- Khabar, Everest news, Diyalo, Goreto, Satyagraha,
hugol Park, Janamat etc magazines and daily papers played crucial role
and influenced politics and development. Slowly and gradually, these
printed papers made people educated, united them and also made
them aware about the political development. Among them, Samachar
Patra was politically supported news paper. Hal Khabar daily was also
politically dedicated news paper which was published by Data ram
Sharma. Once Congress leader Ganeshman Singh admired and said
about Samaj daily “ slowly and slowly this paper is following the duty and
responsibility of journalism and making people more aware, we have great hope

180 ÷ bLklzvf
with this paper”(Devkota, 1994. P. 37). In the same way, Gorkhapatra
was started in May 6, 1901. It was published on a weekly basis. Dev
Shumsher was started it. Since its inception, this paper is getting
financial support from the government. Therefore, it is supportive print
media of the government.

Influence of Radio Nepal for political change and development-

Radio instruments entered in Nepal in 1980s. At that time, there
were only a few sets of radios in higher Rana family. Dev Shumsher
Rana had taken initiation to give golden chance to keep radio at general
people’s home. From Bijuli Adda, first test broadcasting was initiated
in 2003 Magh 14 (1 to 1.30 pm). Ramayan Bhajans were played through
loud speakers around Tundikhel. Narad Muni Thjulung, Jayendra
Bahadur Thapaliya and their friends tried radio broadcasting from
Bhojpur, which was established as a part of anti-Rana movement. Later,
under the leadership of Tarini Pd. Koirala “ Yo Prajatantra radio ho, hami
mukti sngram ko morcha bata boli rahechhau”. It was the first presented
voice from radio in the protest of Rana rulers. With the revolution of
Nepali Congress for democracy, Radio Nepal was formally established
in 2007 Mansir, 29 from the premises of Ragupati Jute Millas, which
was part of anti-Rana revolution. So, Radio Nepal also played very
important role for political revolution and people’s democracy in 2007.
Therefore, since its history, Radio Nepal is focusing to make people
more aware about the political issues. Frequently, Radio Nepal is
raising awareness of political parties and political leaders and their
cadres for creating democratic environment and political establishment
in the nation . Still, duty of Radio Nepal has not finished for political
settlement and good governance. Radio Nepal has great influence for
political practice in Nepal (Pant, 2007).

Influence of Nepal Television for political change and

development-
Radio Nepal played a crucial role to achieve first democracy and
Nepal Television played same role for re- establishment of democracy
in 2046 B.S ( Acharya, 2006). If we analyze the political revolution and
its success, mass media has played important and memorable roles. In
every movement, mass media have been supporting political parties
and their leaders and cadres.
Nepal Television was also established to support the mass
revolution of 2046 B.S. Even though, King Birendra made a concept to
establish Television in Nepal. The concept was founded in 2038 B.S but
program started from 2041 Magh 17, under the leadership of Nir Shah.
It started the regular transmission from 2042 Poush 14. It also played

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an active role in third SAARC summit held in Kathmandu in 2044.
During the same time there were maximum media exercise by both
pro- Panchyat and anti-Panchyat. Various journalists were attacked
from two sides. Journalists were victimized before re- establishment
period of the democracy. Anyway, Nepal Television played active role
for re- establishment of the democracy in 2046 B.S. Also, some private
media and foreign media supported to make success of democratic
movement (Pant, 2007). So, till this time, Nepal Television is frequently
and contentiously playing positive and effective role for change,
movement, development and settlement of politics and political
activities.

Privatization of mass media and its influence in politics-

In the spring of 1990, people’s movement brought a significant
political change in Nepal. The movement under the leadership of
Nepali Congress along with the support of United Left Front put
an end to the absolute monarchy and 30 years old Panchyat system.
The demise of Panchyat and restoration of democracy immediately
provided fertile land for the development of mass communication.
So, mass media played very supportive roles for the establishment
of multi-party democratic system and political parties created fertile
land for mass media’s privatization and professionalism (Bhandari,
2009). The existing major printed newspapers and renowned bi-
monthly and monthly magazines were registered after this period.
Gorkhapatra, Kantipur, Himalayan Times, The Kathmandu Post,
Samachar Patra, Annapurna Post, Nagarik Daily and other major dailies
printed news media were professionally established in such a political
situation. Similarly, electronic media and online media also got golden
opportunity to spread all over the country. Kantipur F. M, Kantipur
Television, Nepal one television, ABC television Sagarmatha television
and other professional media are an example of it. Some Television and
F. M media has started their broadcasting system from different parts
of the country. So, due to this mass media’s professionalism and wide
networking, political awareness could be succeeded in the remote parts
of the nation. So, mass media has crucial roles for making easy access
to the political parties to share their manifestos, thoughts, ideas and
programs (Acharya, 2006). Most of these media are making political
news as a banner headline and banner news. As a beat, these media
are giving priority to the political related activities, leader’s interviews,
parties and their daily activities .Specially; these media are giving
priority to major political parties and their programs. So, mass media
have great influence for political change and development after the
restoration of the democracy in Nepal.

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Nature of mass media and political influences-
• Personal/ business oriented mass media-
• State – operated mass media-
• Political parties operated mass media-
• Others mass media-
Individual investment system means the media is operated
by businesspersons for better profits. This type of media presents
such programs which are financially supportive. This type of media’s
role for education might be influencing the audience and get more
advertisement. Kantipur daily, Himalayan Times, Kathmandu Post,
Annapurna post etc are an example of personal/ business person
invested mediasw of Nepal. Private investment means there comes
profit and loss. So these media publish advertisement and make
profits. State operated media are always conscious about the public
beneficiaries and public participatory. It is very essential to give public
aware programs, such as, health, education, democracy, participation,
human rights, children welfare etc. Gorkhapatra daily, The rising Nepal,
Radio Nepal, Nepal Television are examples of Government operated
media.
Political parties invested media means such medias which
present the program about the positive news and information of own
political parties. It is guided by limited ideologies. Most of the time, this
type of media gives more political and single party related information.
Janadisa daily, Desantar weekly, Dristi weekly, ABC Television, Radio
Mirmire are the examples of political parties operated newspaper.
Political parties’ operated media just highlight the political issues
and supports to their own leader’s views and focuses to their political
manifesto ( Bhandari-2007).

Political news reporting in mass media-

Most of the news media have special political reporters or
correspondents selected from amongst the talented and senior most
to cover political news of national importance. Politics is a dynamic
process that determines who shall occupy the roles of leadership in the
government and how the power of the government shall be exercised.
It is a part of human life concerned with power and its exercise and
distribution. Political reporters normally cover almost all the issues of
politics. Political reporting is directly related to major activities of the
government, political parties and their leaders. It concerns with the
issues such as, political meetings, campaigns, appointments, decision
and announcements ( Bhandari, 2009).
The parliament and state legislature become major news centers
when in session. The government is bound to make all announcements

bLklzvf ÷ 183
in the house. Political news also comes from in and around the house
session; as political parties express their views on various issues and
the relative strength of various parties is tasted in the house. There are
moves and counter –movers by ruling and opposition parties which
find place in news columns (Shrivastav, 1991. P 99).
Political beat reporter usually supervises reporting of the
parliamentary proceedings, interviews with ministers and the heads
of the political parties leaders. They analyze the political trends in the
country and conduct the opinion surveys to measure the mind set
of the public. Political reporters are always in touch with the leaders
and various other sources. They frequently talk with leaders, attend
meetings and press conference, and follow the activities of political
parties.(Bhandari, 2009).

Political reporting and prejudice in Nepalese perspective-

In Nepal, political reporting is still prejudicially selective. Political
parties, their leaders and the government have a habit of manipulating
the media. The press itself has to become more independent and bias
less. A tendency among media institutions is to assign a particular
media person to cover a particular political party with whom s/ he
has an alignment from the very beginning. Political parties, leaders,
the government and press itself have to realize that unless the media
institutions are left free, fair and independent they can’t lead society
into an enlightened path in the true sense.(Bhandari, 2009).

Conclusion
Mass Communication media are the major centers of information
for people. It is also known as the fourth organ of the state. It is also
taken as a bridge between people and the government. Mass media
and the politics have very close relationship in between. Since the
beginning of the political movement, mass media has been supported
to the parties and the leaders for the success of the movement. If we
analyze the political movement and its history, mass media‘s influence
and support is clearly seen in Rana regime, Panchyat era, democratic
movement of 2007, restoration phase of democracy and finally in
Lokatantrik Movement. Mass media plays the vital role for the drastic
change, development and political change. It’s impossible to imagine
of political change and development without media and there is not
professionalism and long-term establishment of mass media without
democratic political reality. Use of mass media in the systematic way is
very essential for this modern age. Mass media are easily transmitting
the voice of general people to the political leaders and sharing views
of the leaders to the people. In reality, mass media are playing role

184 ÷ bLklzvf
as a bridge between general people and political parties as well. The
success and failure of every political movement is depends upon the
support and protest of the mass media. It has been proved by assorted
occurrences in history.

References
Acharya, B.B. (2005). Mass communication and journalism.(2nd edition).
Kathmandu: Pradan Books House .
Bhandri, S. (2009). Advanced journalism. Kathmandu: Access World Pvt.Ltd.
Denis, M. (2005). McQuail’s mass communication theory. London: sage.
Devkota, G. (1994). History of Nepali press and news papers.(2 nd edition).
Kathmandu: Aishworya Press.
Dorton . T. (3003). Foundation of education. London: Norton and company
publishers. Gautam, T. (2005). Perspectives on development.(4 th
edition). Kathmandu:Bidhyarthi Pustak Bhandar.
Pant, N.C. ( 2002). Modern Journalism. New Delhi: Kansika Publishers and
Distributers.
Pant, L. (2007).Mass communication.Kathmandu: Vidyarthi Prakashan.
Paudyal, G. (2003). Journalism for Journalist. London: Boston College of London
publishers.
Srivastav, K. M . (1991). News reporting and editing. New Delhi: Sterling publish

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 The Material Representation of an
Antihero in A Clockwork Orange
- Dhruba Karki, PhD*

Abstract
Representation refers to producing and circulating meanings in a
communication circuit. We construct meanings of cultural objects, such as food
we eat, dress we were, and movie we watch. These meanings are produced and
exchanged among people living in specific cultural space. Products we consume
not only have material utilities but also cultural significance, and they represent
ideas and values we attribute to our everyday performances. Performances are
representations, and individuals in a social circle produce and consume them for
their consciousness. Alex in Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange represents innocence
and addiction in a dystopian futuristic world, a replica of the western society of
the sixties. Alex becomes a material product with specific exchange value both for
the government and his friend circle. Precisely, the use value of Alex embodies
money and product in the marketplace in the perfect competition.

Keywords: representation, culture, visual media, non-western, popular

culture

A Nepali host first offers his guest tea. An American entertains

you with coffee when you are his or her guest. He may direct you to
a refrigerator, allowing you to choose foods and drinks yourself. In
American society, you do not need to put off your shoes before you
enter the house, but you have to take them off to enter the house of
your Japanese host. In a Japanese house, you have to use a pair of
slippers in the sitting area, another in the dining place, and the other in
the rest room. When you visit a Japanese family, your host offers you
soap, shampoo, and towel. The Japanese host’s focus on cleanliness as
a part of hospitality corresponds to the American’s informality as an
embodiment of intimacy.

* Associate Professor of English, TU

186 ÷ bLklzvf
 Representation is portraying of ideas through some cultural
objects and characters that show relationships between those signs
and the idea they represent. This paper underscores an intersection
between a cultural object and the society producing that phenomenon
in a circuit of communication from perspectives of cultural studies. In
British anthropologist Stuart Hall’s conception, culture is about shared
values transmitted by the medium of language, visual or non-visual,
through which individuals make sense of objects and experiences,
and meanings produced and exchanged. Central to meaning and
culture, language is a key repository of cultural values and meanings
(1). Like Hall’s assertion in Representation: Cultural Representations and
Signifying Practices, Paul Du Gay, in Doing Cultural Studies: the Story
of the Sony Walkman, claims that “culture describes the way of life
of particular groups, peoples, nations or periods” (11). In Keywords,
Raymond Williams, using metaphors of “tending” and “cultivating”
crops and animals like in agriculture, emphasizes the process of human
development as a cultural embodiment (11). In The Idea of Culture, Terry
Eagleton’s consideration of culture, not only as what we live by but
also what we live for, infers to affection, intimacy, kinship, emotional
fulfillment and intellectual enjoyment (131). By cultural representation,
people understand a signifying practice through which individuals
communicate no matter which part of the world they reside in. This
paper examines a media representation of a culturally other character
as the corporate world’s treatment of the non-white athlete.
Whereas Hall treats signs, including linguistic and non-
verbal within systems of representation in line with production and
consumption of meanings, Roland Barthes considers those artworks
myths in communication processes. Eagleton’s postulation of
representation of social consciousness through characters aligns with
José Ortega Gasset’s treatment of changing paradigm in narrative, a
paradigm shift from adventure tales to interesting characters. People
reveal their cultural values and collective consciousness through various
activities they engage in, including dresses they wear, foods they eat,
rituals they perform, social circles they build, or places they visit.
For an example, people visit Himalayan Java in Kathmandu for their
middle class consciousness. They pay almost $ 2.50 for a cup of coffee
which they could buy for $ 00.25 in ordinary restaurants in the city.
Such a class consciousness can be reflected differently in eating habits
of Americans and Nepalis. Similarly, eating products of McDonald’s
or KFC represents lower class consciousness in the United States,
whereas it embodies a middle class consciousness in Nepal. In that
sense, meanings are produced and exchanged in intersections of the
material world and the conceptual sphere.

bLklzvf ÷ 187
 Hall examines the system of representation of verbal signs and
visual images with meaningful references to certain ideas of those
cultural objects represented (5). People’s dresses and foods, among
other objects, represent their belonging to certain cultural groups and
nations, members of the same communities, who live together with
shared values and collective consciousness. Hall further illustrates
representation as a link between the material world of things, events,
and experiences with the conceptual world of meanings and signifying
practices. Representations of cultural objects are subject to changing
historical contexts and organized social systems (28). Considering
representation as a process of constructing meanings through cultural
objects, Hall underscores the dynamics of meanings in signifying
practices (62). Meanings of certain verbal signs or visual images vary
from culture to culture; representations change in a linear progression
of space-time continuum. In the western context, a young gentleman
in suit and tie attends a business meeting, so the dress code stands for
formality, uniformity and discipline. The same person at sports club
appears in hat, sports shoes and track-suits. You may again see him
in casual attire in dance bars in downtown at night. Moreover, people
wear suit and tie while participating in a funeral procession in American
society, but it looks inappropriate in Nepalese society.
Within a purview of Hall’s cultural representations as interactive
processes of human activities, John Storey, in Cultural Studies and the
Study of Popular Culture, examines culture as more an everyday practice
than an aesthetic manifestation:
Culture in cultural studies is defined politically rather than
aesthetically. The object of study in cultural studies is not culture
defined in the narrow sense, as the objects of aesthetic excellence
(‘high art’); nor culture defined in an equally narrow sense, as a
process of aesthetic, intellectual and spiritual development; but
culture understood as the texts and practices of everyday life. (2)
Culture shared in a given community operates as the textual site
in new areas of the humanities of which popular culture is a significant
branch. Human actions and behaviors are considered their identity
markers. Film, video and television mediate people’s actions and
materials they use, and thus, making them popular across the world.
In the Marxist concept, the worker cannot consume the product
he produces because of its high price. At this point, the proletariat
in his alienation from the product he produces just sustains with a
minimum of wages he receives from the entrepreneur. He is not only
alienated from the merchandise he produces but also the society he
lives in because of his lower economic status. Since the laborer is paid
the wage, he is also alienated from the mode of production in a firm

188 ÷ bLklzvf
or company. Lois Tyson elaborates the Marxist concept of alienation
working in the life of an individual laborer in farm of factory:
... his concern over the rise of industrialism in the mid-nineteenth
century was a concern for the effects of factory work on people
who were forced to sell their labor to the industries that were
replacing independent artisans and farmers. Because factory
workers produced such large quantities of products, none of
which bore their names or nay other mark of their individual
contributions, Marx observed that they because disassociated not
only from the products they produced but from their own labor
as well, and he toted the debilitating effects of what he called
alienated labor on the laborer and on the society as whole. (61)
It is the money that connects the proletariat and the bourgeoisie,
embodiments of the working class and the producing class in a market
regulated liberal economy. It is the money in the form of wage that
connects the producer and the worker, and the relationship between
them ceases with the payment the entrepreneur makes in engaging the
latter’s labor in a manufacturing process. In the Marxist postulation,
the materiality of money sustains a mechanical bond between the
proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
In Anthony Burgess’s A Clockwork Orange, fifteen-year-old Alex
with his gangsters invariably involve in crimes that shock in a dystopian
future of the 1960s. Burgess’s narrator along with Dip, Pete and Georgie
in their regular indulgence in rape, violence and drug infect the city
while creating liabilities to the government. During the counter-culture
movement of the 1960s, Alex in company with his friends involves in
murder, drug and music. As a classic teen antihero, Alex represents
innocence and addiction of the post-world wars Europe. Divided into
two structural sections, Burgess’s narrative represents the post war
sensation in the European society with excessive military destruction
as well as spoilt youngsters in the West during the sixties and seventies.
Alex in indulgence with drug along with his thrill-seeking gang hand
the narrator under the government authority, Burgess’s narrative
presents an antihero, Alex, among crime-addict teenagers.
The hero in ironic mode falls below ordinary people. The antihero
fails to serve the cause of humanity by saving someone from difficulties,
maintaining order in society and sacrificing his self for a noble cause.
Before the government’s intervention, Alex in riots across the city rapes
women, kills people and breaks families. He becomes an instrument to
violence because of his indulgence in drug and drink. The government-
employed ludovico technique not only stops his inclination to violence
but also passion for music. Burgess’s narrator indicates an experiment
of with ludovico:

bLklzvf ÷ 189
 You could viddy him thinking about that while he puffed away at his
cancer, wondering how much to say to me about what he knew about
this veshch I’d mentioned. Then he said: I take it you’re referring to
Ludovico’s Technique.’ He was still very wary.
‘I don’t know what it’s called, sir,’ I said. ‘All I know is that it gets you
out quickly and makes sure that you don’t get in again.’
‘That is so,’ he said, his eyebrows like all beetling while he looked down
at me. ‘That is quite so, 6655321. Of course, it’s only in experimental
stage at the moment. It’s very simple but very drastic.’
‘But it’s being used here, isn’t it, sir? ‘I said. ‘Those new like white
buildings by the South wall, sir. We’ve watched those being built, sir,
when we’ve been doing our exercise.’ (63)
Using ludovico diverts him from his predisposition to destructive
activities to constructive moves while losing aesthetic sensibilities. In
both contexts, Alex becomes manufacturing commodity for exchange
at the mercy of producers and consumers.
In the Marxist concept, Alex becomes a product open to
circulation in the market at a competitive price. Since the lead character
is a material entity, anyone can buy it to use for their personal interests.
For an instance, individuals like his friends have used him for their
destructive activities. Similarly, the government is inclined to use him
to experiment ludovico which would supposedly prevent him from
undertaking violence. Eventually, he would help the government
control crime and violence in the city. Before using ludovico, he
becomes his gang’s instrument to rape, violence and scandal. After the
government’s ludovico technique, he totally works for the government
to control crime and violence with minimum of cost. The government
uses Alex to maintain law and order in a riot-ridden London society.
He has become merchandise for the consumers, including his friends
and the government in their personal and political interests.
Burgess’s antihero has nothing other than the use value for his
friends and the government. He has lost the real value as a human being.
He becomes a machine since the political agency has dehumanized him
while his friends have already turned him into a non-human entity. In
the past, he exhibits a ruthless creature in a series of crime scenes, such
as murder and rape. After the government’s ludovico operation, he
becomes a mechanical device to be operated by the political institution.
Burgess’s Alex is doubly alienated. In the past, he is alienated
by the society because of his mischiefs. After the experimentation of he
has been alienated by his friends for they would no longer need him.
At that point, he rather serves the government to curtail crime in the
dystopian future of A Clockwork Orange. As a criminal, he pays price
to the entire humanity. As a government agent, he pays back for all
the crimes he committed in the past. In the criminal gang, he becomes

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a serious setback for the government. In the government authority, he
merely works for controlling crime without passion for music.

References
Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Trans. Annette Lavers. New York: Hill and Wang,
1972. Print.
Burgess, Anthony. A Clockwork Orange. Australia: Penguin, 2008.
Eagleton, Terry. The Idea of Culture. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2000. Print.
Gasset, José Ortega y. The Dehumanization of Art. Princeton, New Jersey:
Princeton U P, 1972. Print.
Gay, Paul Du. Doing Cultural Studies: the Story of the Sony Walkman. Princeton,
New Jersey: Princeton U P, 1995. Print.
Hall, Stuart, ed. The Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying
Practices. London: Sage Publications, 2003. Print.
“Heroes and Villains.” The Sunday Olympic Special. Times Magazine. New York,
N.Y: Time Magazines. October 9, 1988. Print.
Storey, John. Cultural Studies and the Study of Popular Culture. Athens, Georgia:
University of Georgia Press, 1996. Print.
Tyson, Lois. A Critical Theory Today. New York: Routledge, 2006.
Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1985. Print.

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 Think Tank Institutions in Nepal:
A Historical Analysis
- Dipesh Kumar Ghimire*

1. Introduction
In this short paper, I shall attempt a quick and preliminary
discussion and analysis of emergence and growth of think tanks
institutions in Nepal. It looks at the context evolution and role of think
tanks both historically and in recent times to understand the broad
pattern of political process that conditions their role in these politics.
This paper is divided into four parts. The first is the introduction. Second
discusses about the definition and types of think tanks. Similarly, third
one is emergence and growth of think tanks in Nepal and finally I have
concluded the article.

2. Definition of Think Tanks

In this article, I have used a broad definition of think tanks as
a heterogeneous group of organizations engaged in research based
policy advocacy, policy making and policy reform. I have also included
research center/institutes policy institutes, academic think tanks and
research foundations and NGOs involved in research-based advocacy.
I have not included the universities as a whole, although research
institutes affiliated to universities are included.
The research institutions, NGOs, semi-governmental
organizations and private foundations who give input on policy
making, analysis and reform are think tanks. Think tanks produce
human capital in the form of specialized analysts who often move
between think tank, university and government services. The roles and
functions of think thanks put them at the intersection of academia and
politics where they aim to make connection between policy analysis
and policy making (Stone 2007).
* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

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 The mainstream narrative visualizes think tanks as a bridge
between knowledge and power or as a transmission belt of knowledge
between state and society (UNDP 2003). They are seen as enhancing
the knowledge base: informing, educating and advising policymakers
and the public at large; encouraging public discourse: and providing
evidence to legitimize decision making. Think tanks treating them as
a bridge between knowledge and power, they should be seen as a site
reflecting the knowledge and power nexus borne out of the complex
interplay between endogenous and exogenous political processes and
actors (Srivastava 2011). At the endogenous level, the mechanics of state
power conditions the framework within which politics are conducted by
prescribing and proscribing particular types of articulations (Srivastava
2011). Similarly, at the exogenous level, the role of international
agencies, intergovernmental organizations and private foundations
and global frames has been an important influence on the nature and
functioning of think tanks (Srivastava 2011).
Think tanks in Nepal perform a verity of functions. They identify
their primary role as producers and disseminators of knowledge and
expert policy advice based on research on policy relevant issues.
They are involved in research projects, field surveys, data collection
and analysis and publication of journals, books, research reports,
discussions, etc. They are also forum for policy dialogue capacity-
building and networking through the organization of training
workshops, seminars, public lectures and conferences.
Srivastava (2011) deals four kinds of think tanks. First, research
based think tanks, second is action based think tanks, third one is
hybrid think tanks and finally private foundations and trusts which are
engaged in educational and research activities. Srivastava (2011) argues
that the level of exercise of despotic and infrastructural power is crucial
in determining the nature of think tanks and the type of knowledge
output. Despotic power is exercised in autocratic regimes. This is a one
way power and it is based on kin and decent. However, Infrastructural
power is exercised in democratic regimes. This is a two way power and
civil society, exports are involved in this kind of power.

3. Emergence and Growth of Think Tanks in Nepal

Since the establishment of democracy in Nepal in 1950, the
emergence of thick tanks in a free environment has been possible.
Through the infrastructural power, policy was made in democratic
period till 2017. Some of the think tanks were invoked through the
First Five-year Plan (1956-61) which developed by National Planning
Commission. In 1956, the state has been practicing poverty alleviation
programs. The Tribhuwan Gram Bikas Program emphasized on rural

bLklzvf ÷ 193
agriculture and community development (Adhikari, 2005). However,
after the establishment of Panchayat regime in 2017 B.S. policy making
and analysis was done through despotic power. In this period, semi-
governmental organizations played role of think tanks. During the
Panchayat regime, four research centers were established under
Tribhuvan University.
Academic and research opportunities were integrated into the
national mainstream providing some space for the growth of a certain
critical mass. Think-tanks like the Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies
(CNAS), Centre for Economic and Development Administration
(CEDA), Research Centre for Educational Innovation and Development
(CERID), and Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology
(RECAST) were established to provide policy inputs.1
CNAS is originally established as the Institute of Studies in
1969. In 1977, the Institute was converted into a purely research
centre baptizing it as the CNAS. It is a statutory research centre under
Tribhuwan University for conducting independent research and
deliberation on issues and studies in social sciences.2
Similarly, The Center for Economic Development and
Administration (CEDA) was established on 1969. CEDA has been
serving as a policy-research centre contributing towards the national
development policies and strategies. The Centre's activities are basically
confined to research, consultancy and training programs.3
Research Centre for Educational Innovation and Development
(CERID) has been working for the development of education in Nepal
since its establishment in January 1978. CERID's activities are directed
towards undertaking educational innovation, issue-based research
need-based training programs. CERID’s involvement spreads over a
wide array of activities to promote quality of education in Nepal.4
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST),
was established on 1977. It is the institution devoted entirely to
the research and development activities in the area of science and
technology. It is primarily concerned with the improvement and
generation of technological capability in bringing science and
technology for development and utilization of country’s resources
as well as with the dissemination of socio-economically feasible and
environmentally sustainable technologies at large.5
1 http://nepaliadvocate.com/nepal-opening-phase-of-civil-society
2 http://www.tribhuvan-university.edu.np/index.php?option=comcontent&view=article
&id=185@ltemid=243
3 h t t p : / / w w w. t r i b h u v a n - u n i v e r s i t y. e d u . n p / i n d e x . p h p ? o p t i o n = c o m _
content&view=article&id=184..
4 http://www.tribhuvan-university.edu.np/index.php?option=com_content&view=articl
e&id=186&Itemid=242
5 http://www.recast.edu.np/general.php?page=introduction

194 ÷ bLklzvf
 Since the despotic power existed in Panchayat period, the
relatives of rulers were appointed rather than the free and qualified
scholars in these types of think tanks. That is why Khagda Bikram Shah
Son-in-law of the then King, was appointed as chief in CNAS. The new
education plan of 2028 was also made through the despotic power. The
government planned to discourage the free think tanks during this
period. Those who were near to Panchayat rulers established some
institutions as private company. New ERA is an example of this.
New ERA is one of the first non-governmental, research
organization founded in 1971 and registered as a public limited
company to articulate Nepalese aspirations in the development process
of Nepal. As a matter of policy, New ERA reinvests all operational
income into upgrading the institution and conducting further
research of implementing development projects aiming to alleviate
rural poverty6. It has been working in policy making process through
research, publishing of books, and organizing seminars.
However, after the restoration of democracy in 1990, policy
making and analysis are seen to be done through infrastructural power.
After this, civil society, research based NGOs are found to work in policy
making and analysis. During this period, the emergence and growth
of think tanks were rapidly which are discussed below. After 2059,
King Gyanendra started his autocratic regime and exercised despotic
power. But in 2063 the democratic republic established and again the
emergence and growth of think tanks started.
In Nepal emergence and growth of think tanks began in the
early 1990s with the simultaneous achievement of fundamental political
freedoms-the freedom to think, express and organize guaranteed for
real for the first time in the 1990 Constitutions of Nepal promulgated
in the wake of the first taming of autocratic monarchy and economic
liberalization which relatively deemphasized the role of the state in the
development enterprise (Onta 2011).
After reestablishment of democracy in 1990, Nepal was faced
with a very weak economy and significant indigenous economic base,
the massive poverty and underdevelopment. The weakness of the state
resulted in a greater role for international agencies such as USAID,
UNDP, DFID, SDC, ADB, WB among others. At the beginning of the
first decade of independence, the dismal state of the economy and
massive poverty saw the emergence of a range of action-based think
tanks in Nepal. In fact Nepal has one of the largest numbers (around
30000)7 of action-based think tanks, working in the field of poverty
alleviation, health, education, agriculture, drinking water etc. This is
mainly on account of the failure of the state to deliver on developmental
6 http://www.newera.com.np/research/researchmain.htm
7 A rough data provided by social welfare council of Nepal in Paush 2072.

bLklzvf ÷ 195
promises and the preference of aid agencies to route aid through such
think tanks.
Nepal think tanks are governed by the social welfare act B.S.
20348. There are many thematic areas in which think tanks are currently
producing knowledge in Nepal. There are lots of think tanks, which are
particularly engaged in research based advocacy and policy making
process. I have discussed major think tanks in below.
Martin Chautari (MC) began as an informal discussion group
in fall 1991. In 1995, this discussion group adopted the name Martin
Chautari. MC began to hold weekly discussions in 1997 and the
following year, it expanded its work into research and research
monitoring. In 2001, it launched its own book publication series and
in 2006 it opened a public research library (Onta 2011). MC has put
together and published around 70 books since 2001. MC researchers
also edit two journals one is Studies in Nepali History and Society and
second one is Media Adhyayan (Onta 2011).
The Social Science Baha is an independent organization set up
with the objective of promoting and enhancing the study of and research
in the social sciences in Nepal. It is established as independent entity on
2000. It has been aiding in policy making and analysis in four ways: i)
conducting the four-month-long Immersion Course on Contemporary
Social Issues; ii) hosting lectures, discussions, workshops, and
conferences; iii) publishing books, occasional papers and journals; and
iv) conducting research9.
The Institute of Integrated Development Studies (IIDS) is a
leading research institute of Nepal registered in 1990. It has contribute
to more informed public policies and programs through the provision
of technical assistance and dissemination of the research findings and
recommendations in different formats to target audiences, mainly the
government. It has helped to build information understanding on different
key priorities of national importance, such as economic reforms, water
resources development, poverty alleviation and human development
and so forth. It has published more than 50 books and research papers.10
Nepal Center for Contemporary Research (NCCR) conducts
researches on conflict, peace and security in South Asia. It has set four
clusters of research concentration; migration mobility and development,
state-building and governance, unconventional security challenges,
and environmental and resource conflict. It has published more than 60
books and research based papers, policy brief regularly, and organizing
seminars it has been working in policy making process11.
8 www.lawcommission.gov.np
9 http://www.soscbaha.org/about-us.html
10 http://www.iids.org.np/about.html
11 http://www.nccr.org.np/about

196 ÷ bLklzvf
 The list could be made much longer. This list showing that
the concerns of think tanks are varied and many different types of
such organizations are in the business of knowledge production and
distribution today (for more information about think tanks in Nepal
please see Annex 1).

4. Conclusion
The think tanks emerged and grew in Nepal since the
establishment of democracy in 1950. However, during Panchayat
period, think tanks such CNAS, CERID, CEDA, RECAST were
established in government investment. But there was no environment
for think tanks to work freely. When there was not environment for
establishment of NGOs. After the restoration of democracy in 1990, the
growth and emergence of think tanks took place rapidly. The influence
of research-based think tanks went on increasing after this. But even
today, the investment for think tanks from government level is not
seen. Though think tanks have been found to work through despotic
power in autocratic regimes and they worked through infrastructural
power in the democratic period.
Today in Nepal, there is more influence of donor-led research.
As the flow of donor money increases, research in Nepal becomes a
tool to supplement income rather than serving society at large. Hence,
it is not undertaken unless someone funds a project, which means a
donor-led research agenda often leading to skewed priorities divorced
from local realities. The majority of research institutes pursue is largely
done within the framework of problem solving, rather than based on
a critical approach towards knowledge building. For improving this
situation, it is necessary to establish the Social Science Research Council
from government level and promote the free think tanks.

Reference
Adhikari, Jagannath and Gautam, Bhaskar.2005.’Garibiko Bahasbare Sanchhipta
Jhalak (A short overview of poverty debate). In Nepalma Garibiko Bahas,
Bhaskar Gautam, Jagannath Adhikari and Purna Basnet (eds.) pp 1-24.
Kathmandu: Martin Chautari.
Onta, Pratyoush.2011. Locating Academic NGOs in the Knowledge Production
Landscape. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol. 5, Nepal.
Srivastav, Jayati.2011. Think tanks in South Asia: Analyzing the knowledge-
power interface. London: Overseas Development Institute.
Stone, Diane. 2007. Public Policy Analysis and Think Tanks. In Handbook of
Public Policy Analysis: Theory, Politics, and Methods. Frank Fischer,
Gerald J. Miller, and Mara S. Sidney, eds., pp. 149-157. New York:
CRC Press.

bLklzvf ÷ 197
 I' in Lun Xun's Mad Man's Diary
- Gaurav Bhattarai*

"What is Self" is probably the most mystifying and chased

question. The oracles at Delphi used to say, "Know thyself,” which
presupposes that there is always something to be known beyond our
name. After all, name is merely a language unit by which a person or
thing is known. While ‘Self’ is itself an object of knowledge, wherein the
knower can know himself and knowing himself, he can know himself
as the knower. “Self” aka, "I" is the consciousness of our own identity.
Precisely, it is the psychological or cultural conception of an individual's
identity or sense of human particularity. But, what self discovers while
looking in the glass and what others think about him/her has been
scholastically deemed in various ways like polar opposites.
It's same as weighing the importance of social tradition on one
hand and the values that individual carry on the other. Tradition is a
socially or culturally established, inherited or customary pattern of
thought, action or behavior; while individual is significant in his/her
own right, rather than having his/her significance subsumed by the
general needs in society. The process of man singing himself out of the
objective world-- awareness of his relation to the world, awareness of
himself as a personality, of his behavior, actions, thoughts, feelings,
desires and interests-- has been eloquently spotlighted in Lun Xun's
Mad Man's Diary. A mad man is presented to us whose consciousness
of the past, present and future is "confused and incoherent" and who
makes many "wild statements." But still, we as the reader get a feeling
that the madman is not really insane. Actually it is a modernist voice
against repressive tradition. The mad man cuts his consciousness into
separate pieces to make a minute and critical analysis of the affairs, and
at the same time he becomes more aware of his self. But it is not his ego,

* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

198 ÷ bLklzvf
for one's self doesn't resemble his ego or any singular psychological/
cultural trait.
The psychological school of thought affiliated to Carl Jung also
holds a belief that "the self is always experienced as something apart
from the ego, the contemplating subject. But, the self embraces and
stands at the centre of the personality"(Lawson, 216). The mad man's
personality is such that in faint and feeble manner, he stands as a critique
of Chinese national character. His self is obsessed with future, which
appears bleak. His diary is "uniformly and manifestly delusional from
beginning to end." The centre of the story dwells in the sensational
interplay between insanity and sanity, madness and rationality, illusion
and reality, and on the same conflict, the madman's self perpetuates. The
short story Mad Man's Diary by Lu Xun--not a new name in modern
Chinese literature-- as the title promises, presents the disjointed and
often imaginative writing of a deranged personality- a paranoiac,
who insists that all those around him are either masked or unabashed
cannibals, waiting to prey on him. It presents a kind of battle between
society and individual but in such a manner that that it mediates on
the idea of living or not living, of enduring or not enduring, and on the
implication of the act of rebellion. It also poses a question, an individual
who thinks that society needs reform be declared as a lunatic?
It is an examination of a so-called madman’s ‘inner- self’ wherein
we see the lunatic trying to exercise his liberty on one hand, but it
afflicted by the terror on the other, while making an endeavor to discover
the principal of existence. The subjectivity (which is an individual
persona’s impressions and feelings and opinions rather than external
facts) of Lu Xun's fiction is something different from autobiographical
confessions however. His meditating subjective consciousness in the
text is a paranoid madman whose self is problematic and in a state of
crisis over its own identity. The sanity of the madman is at stake as
he struggles to sort out what the external world is, a world that he is
trying to decipher: "Everything requires careful consideration if one
is to understand it," as he notes more than once. Lu Xun's madman
is inverting the normal civilized society into an abnormal and savage
one and is intended to be a sane spokesman for the repressed history.
Behind Lu Xun's madman is a heroic spirit obsessed with the future
(however bleaker the future would look like). Diary of a madman
hence stresses the danger of historical consciousness. Key to the plot
is the madman's loss of a sense of time and distortion of historical
parameters. He overreads temporal experiences and brings disaster
upon himself by looking for signs of historical redemption: "Yet fathers
and sons, husbands and wives, brothers, friends, teachers and students,
sworn enemies and even strangers, have all joined in this conspiracy,
discouraging and preventing each other from taking this step".

bLklzvf ÷ 199
 The madman's self seeks the modern Chinese identity and his
statements--though wild and fragmented-- resembles the May Fourth
Movement. "Individualism" is considered as the discovery of the
May Fourth Movement. The movement was launched by the Peking
University students in 1919. Critiquing the traditional roles and values
of traditional China, the movement had questioned Confucianism and
Chinese tradition, its construction of a Chinese national character which
it opposed. All these issues have been raised by Lu Xun's Mad Man's
Diary. The diary itself stands in a sharp contrast to the authoritarianism
and feudal structures which had been in place before and which still
threatened China, but the statement contains its irony too, because "to
become an individual as Nietzsche (1844-1900) and Foucault (`1926-
1984) both argues, also imposes on that person the requirement to take
responsibility and to think of itself in a consistent and unified way,
and in terms of a single gender"(Tambling, 26). It is the fulfillment of
the European Romanticism which gives to the 'individual' such a free
and independent status. In Foucault, apparent invitations to liberation
and tolerance are only more subtle ways of breeding and policing the
subject who is thereby made 'docile' In Lu Xun's story, the loneliness,
and the melancholia are part of being an individual, as are the states of
madness of which he writes, which testify to the unbearable qualities
which can also be part of being treated as a single person. The opening
line is crucial: "When i was young i too had many dreams". The
qualifier too is relevant. He speaks as one who is not now young, in
comparison to the May Fourth students but he associates himself with
them, as the new dreamers. The real-life paranoia, where everything
that happens becomes circumstantial evidence to prove that person is
being persecuted, demonstrates the loneliness involved in madness,
which in the case of Mad Man's Diary shows itself in the wary the
madness has wanted to write everything down, as if trying to avoid
his loneliness that way. Inside the story there are thirteen actual diary
entries--confused, incoherent, wild and undated. They were written at
different times. "The writing was most confused and incoherent, and
he had made many wild statements; moreover he had omitted to give
any dates, so that only by the colour of the ink and the differences in the
writing could one tell that it was not written at one time". Their theme is
the fear that the diarist has of being eaten, whether by humans or their
dogs. The diarist feels that he under the scrutiny of Mr Ho, who is either
an executioner or a doctor, but in any case a product of the practices of
Chinese medicine, which he thinks licenses eating people. "The critique
of the bureaucracy, of surveillance, of the power of medicine and of
the power of normality to assert itself through the power of defining
people as mad obviously derives from, and compares with Foucault on

200 ÷ bLklzvf
modernity's techniques of surveillance and of power." (Tambling, 27).
A memory of the power of tradition operates as he reflects that "since it
had always been so, men should be eaten"(x). The modernity of the tone
is plain: "the tradition of the dead generations weighs like a nightmare
on the minds of the living." Where tradition replaces history, there is
nothing but inertia. He says he recollects that in ancient times people
often ate humans, but is hazy about it, and when he tried to look it up, he
discovered that his history-book had no chronology, and that scrawled
over each page were the words " Confucian virtue and morality." Still
reading between the lines of the book he could see the two words
written throughout," Eat people"(III). There is the ideology within the
text of history, and there is a sub-text, which he reads because he is in
a traumatised state. By section VII, the diarist is sure that his brother is
a man-eater, and confronts him with it in section X. In section Xi and
Xii, he reflects that his brother must have eaten his sister and recalls his
brother telling him at the age of four or five, that when a man's parents
were ill, he should cut a bit of his flesh and boil it for them. Fear of
being eaten is a paranoia, and the third form of commentary the diaries
perform is to relocate the paranoia, which has been referred to in the
preface, and which is the text's subject , not in the younger brother, but
in the community, which " wants to eat men" but at the same time is
afraid of being eaten(ix). It is an image of the national fears. When Lu
Xun wrote this, the First World War was in its last year. The technique
that the paranoid community employs is to derive its victim toward
suicide (VII). Paranoia in the community works by creating paranoia
in the other, in the person it deems mad. ( Note: Freud's first discussion
of Psychoanalytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of
Paranoia appeared in 1911, only seven years earlier) Paranoia in this
text works through an insistence in being looked at, starting with the
moon and the dog (i) an then specifically through the eyes, which are
referred to in virtually every section, including fish's eyes, white and
hard, which stare at the diarist who, after eating, vomits, uncertain as to
what he has taken in, as though whatever it is threatens his identity, his
being, making him abject, unable to maintain his individual subjectivity.
The latter is threatened throughout through the fear of cannibalism,
which is of course, the ultimate in the removal of those bodily borders
which define the self.
In the story, Lu Xun employs the modern psychological concept
of schizophrenia to delineate the madman's systematic and highly
developed delusion, so that the story provides a sense of fidelity to
the insanity of the madman. The madman is not aware of his madness,
much less capable of curing himself or of making a decision to move
between the worlds of sanity and insanity. If he were able to do so, he

bLklzvf ÷ 201
would not be truly mad and therefore, according to the internal logic of
the story would not be able to see the true nature (i.e. the cannibalism)
of the Chinese people. For though everyone in Chinese society is
consciously or unconsciously, a cannibal, it takes an "insane" person to
break through the barriers that obstruct vision and penetrate to reality.
But such a clear vision makes him incapable of communicating with his
fellow Chinese, thus rendering his effort completely ineffective, for his
language and mental categories are generically different from theirs.
From the perspective of the madman the others in the story are mad
not he and vice verse, of course. But there is crucial difference between
the madman's vision and that of others. On the modern conception, the
subject defines its principle of self-realization for itself, from its own
resources, so to speak, and not from a ready-made order of being.
According to Taylor, there are two basic models of self-defining
subjectivity at play in modern culture. One of them construes self-
definition instrumentally, and the other, which arose historically as
a reaction to the first model, conceives self-definition expressively
(Smith, 8).In the story, the position and the function of the I-narrator
as the 'centre of consciousness' vary from one incident to the other as
the events unfold. According to Lacan, self- consciousness arises in
the following manner: By internalizing the way the other sees one;
by assimilating the other's approving and disapproving looks and
comments. One learns to see oneself as the other sees one, to know
oneself as the other knows one (Fink, 108). But Lu Xun's paranoid
madman constructs his individual identity by critiquing the Chinese
national culture. Despite of Lu Xun's admission that he was "mercilessly
dissecting" (Feuerwerker, 61) himself in his writings should not be
encourage us to take his fictional representations as simply reflections
of himself. In fact, what his stories strongly dramatize is the complex
relationship or the fluctuating distance between the historical author
and fictional self representation that much of recent western criticism
has been emphasizing. Psychoanalytic theories on the preconscious or
the unconscious, behavioral theories about role-playing according to
social setting have challenged all notions of a coherent, unified, clearly
identifiable entity that once might have been confidently labeled an
individual. These ideas about split selves have combined with post-
Saussurian linguistic theories to emphasize a provisional discursively
constructed self, a self that comes into being in each instance of
language.
For Carl Jung, "the term self is an inclusive term that embraces
our whole living organism. It not only contains the deposit and totality
of all past life, but is also a point of departure, the fertile soil from which
all future life will spring." The ending "Save the Children"( XIII) in the

202 ÷ bLklzvf
story appeals on behalf of those still younger than him. The young man
of Section VIII smiling like his brother, and only twenty, he thinks is
already inured to eating flesh, so that youth may be a lost cause. The
paranoia is the concomitant of the melancholia. It is the self, according
to Jung that derives us towards consciousness. "Save the children …,"
is a sanguine call, which means a consciousness or desire to rescue the
future generation from becoming a cannibal, has not died yet.
In the nutshell, the madman’s self has been dissected in such a
manner that he is ready to revolt against the repressive Chinese tradition
represented by Cannibalism in the story. His consciousness has been
dissected in such a style that the madman stands as a social critic, who
distastes the Chinese national character. The one who is deemed as a
lunatic by the society is actually a modernist and a humanist, whose
madness is a kind of sanity. The madman's ideas represent a spirit
of progress and reform at both the personal and social levels; the
rejection of an oppressive traditionalism, ignorance, and conformity.
According to Albert Camus, a rebel chooses what is preferable to what
is not. He puts self-respect above everything else and proclaims that
it is preferable to life itself. He identifies with humanity in general.
As a rebel, the diarist decries the "cannibalistic" nature of Chinese
tradition, which is actually a political allegory critiquing traditional
Chinese feudalism. Cannibalism is a metaphor for the oppressive
feudalistic society of China at the time. He condemns the oppressive
nature of Chinese Confucian culture as a "man-eating" society where
the strong devour the weak. The madman's reading of ancient texts to
discover evidence of cannibalism is a parody of traditional Confucian
scholarship. In a sense, the madman is a rebel and social critic whose
madness is a kind of sanity. The story also reveals Lu Xun's interest in
changing society -- in converting people from "cannibalism" to a higher
level of humanity. The madman's ideas represent a spirit of progress
and reform at both the personal and social levels; the rejection of an
oppressive traditionalism, ignorance, and conformity. Actually, Lu
Xun's stories are best understood in the context of the revolutionary
changes taking place in China during the early 20th century. The
Madman's madness not only expresses a self-consciousness that is
radically modern in its break with traditional hypocrisies, but also
demarcates a new, oppositional symbolic order and practice. As Hegel
has said, the experience of self-consciousness is no longer considered
the original one. "It results from the experience of interaction in which
I see myself through the eyes of other subjects" (Rauch, 207). Madman
also evaluates his condition in comparison to others and discovers that
his identity is seeking a kind of departure from the traditional roles
and values of traditional China.

bLklzvf ÷ 203
References:
Fink, Bruce. Lacan to the letter: Reading Écrits Closely. Albany: State University
of New York Press, 2002.
Feuerwerker, Yi- tsi. Ideology, Power, Text: self-representation and the peasant
"other" in modern ...California: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Lawson, Thomas T. Carl Jung, Darwin of the Mind. London: Karnac Books
Limited , 2008.
Mensch, James R. After modernity: Husserlian Reflections On A Philosophical
Tradition. New York: State University of New York Press, 1996.
Rauch, Leo & David Sherman. Hegel’s Phenomenology of Self-consciousness.
Albany: State University of New York Press,1999.
Smith, Nicholas H. Charles Taylor. Meaning, Morals and Modernity. United
Kingdom: Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishers limited,
2002.
Tambling, Jeremy. Madmen and Other Survivors: Reading Lu Xun’s Fiction. Hong
Kong : Hong Kong University Press,2007.

204 ÷ bLklzvf
 Nepali Subalterns: A Crisis of Identity
in Context of Development and
Globalization
- Gobinda Bahadur Adhikari*

Subalterns have immense contributions in the history. Though

they play the greatest role in making the history, they always are seen
far behind to achieve the opportunities. Subalterns look like path guider
but the role they play are minimized and at the end they get nothing
besides looking what is provided and they accept so called virtues
provided by the rulers and completely sit behind the theater and gaze
with queer eyes.
The caste hierarchy of Hindu community also has made subaltern
and that has been thwarting Nepali society as well from 1500 B. C.
According to historician R. C Datta:
It ( the caste system divided and disunited the compact body in Hindu
Aryan into three heredity bodies the priests, the soldiers and the people
and it permanently placed the people under the priestly and military
castes and thereby hindered population progressed. (45)
What Datta said is appropriately useful in context of the
subaltern of Nepal. Many people of Nepal are tortured in the name of
caste division. According to the data of the census 2011 0f Nepal, the
subaltern marginalized group is increasing because of that hierarchy
that has been continuously growing up.
Different political movements of different time also are not
favoring to diminish the subaltern group of Nepal. Neither can we
have complete revolutions in the name of marginalized nor in the
modern context can we accept fully the evil concept of modernism. As
Radhakrishan explains:
There is no pure way back to the indigenous […]. We have all been
touched by the west. The important question is not our ontological
purity, but about strategies of using west against itself in conjunctions
in finding own owns voice. (50)
* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

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 As Radhakrishan explains, in the present context of Nepal we all
have touched by the west and mainly many us have been influenced
by the globalization and modernization. The latest data revels that 55%
of the rural family are getting directly and indirectly the remittance.
Though there seems a positive sign in the name of development
on the other hand the subaltern group is still in existence and their
problems are the same. The economy structure is not changed and the
plans and policies are not functioning properly and effectively. Riggs
explains the situation with reasons in this way:
The global economy has produced a new sphere, a huge non-
governmental space in which markets solely responsible for setting
prices and developing structures. It is filled with financials, investor’s
lobbyist, lawyers and corporate strategies in the case of major Asian
corporations the government that too apparently behind them. (67)
The government in Nepal is far behind to control and manipulate
good governance. Day by day the subaltern groups and their demands
are pushed backwards. In present context of postmodern also they are
in search of joining hands and mouth.
“Good skills and good job” is considered in the modern context
and that is the need of present scenario. Reversely, that is opposite in
Nepal. Day by day the educate people are migrating in the foreign
strand and in the future there is possibility of brain- drain. In Alered
Diament’s view “development results from proliferation and integration
of functional role in community” (78).
To remove out poverty and for eradicating the subalterns there
must be modernization combining with three components proper social
system, better social framework, and adaptation of technology Merele
Fainsod indicates:
The secret of development is not concealed in the interstices of
governmental and administrator structure. Development takes place
where skill supported by commitment and human material resources
exists to translate dreams in realities. (34)
Skills are very essential components. If we have proper skills,
we can manage the subaltern group in the main stream. We must
understand the problems of such groups. These groups have so many
problems and proper management from the police makers, government,
nongovernmental organizations are needed. R. Radhakrishanan sums
up Spivak’s politics of mainstream politics as:
To be part of solidarity and read subalternity against the grains, engage
in hegemonic representational practices in the interests of political and
indeterminate deconstructions of representations and such rigorously
mark out the historical terrain of subalternity for all to see and realize
subalternity as the allegorical vanishing point of representation (115-
116).

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References
Alreal, Dimant. “European Model of Democracy and development”:
International administration administrative Science Vol, 8, No. 1967.
Fred Riggs. “The Ecology of Public Administrations”, Mumbai: Asian
publication House, 1991.
Merele, Fainsod. “The structure of Development Administration in Irving”
Swerlow (ed) Developmental Administration Concepts and problems
Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1963.
Radhakrishanan, R. “Theory in Uneven World” Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorti. “Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Histography
in our worlds” London:Routeledge, 1998.

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 Using Literary Theory to Analyze
Literature: A Sample Mini Research
Paper
- Hari Adhikari, PhD

Abstract:
This is a sample mini research paper targeted for undergraduate students.
Instead of picking up a complex theory and an unfamiliar text, both the primary
text (“Hansel and Gretel”) and literary theory (Marxist theory) were chosen by
keeping in view the repertoire of the audience, primarily students of bachelor’s
level majoring in English literature. The writing deliberately avoids jargons
and complex philosophical ideas and demonstrates a basic approach to see the
plight and ultimate victory of Hansel and Gretel through the lens of Marxism.

In Grimm Brother’s version of the fairy tale “Hansel and Gretel”,

the conflict between Hansel and Gretel with the witch encountered in
the forest can be read as the crystalized form of the conflict between the
proletariat and the bourgeoisie in a hierarchical social structure. In other
words, Hansel and Gretel are the representative proletariats and the
witch is the bourgeoisie that lives on the labor of the proletariat. Their
identities, seen from three different perspectives: economic state, life
condition, and occupation in the feudalistic mode of production reveals
the ideology of the author or the society that produced and passed the
tale orally or as a written discourse from one generation to another.
In the fairytale, the family of the woodcutters where Hansel and
Gretel were growing up is hard-hit by famine. The direct impact of the
famine is seen on the children who get abandoned to die in the forest
by their parents. In search of the means for survival, the two children
get trapped by a witch who was used to usurp the labor and eventually
eat up the flesh of the victims. By resisting the witch’s exploitation,
Hansel and Gretel embark on a proletarian revolution. Consequently,
the murder of the witch becomes the victory of the proletariat over
the usurping bourgeoisie. When Hansel and Gretel resist the witch’s
enslavement and exploitation, “proletarian consciousness” emerges in

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them, which is a realization of proletariat’s independent values, instead
of being vested by the ruling class (Halfin 107). Meanwhile they realize
the proletariat’s responsibilities to rebel against the bourgeoisie (107). In
addition, the ultimate victory of the proletariats over the bourgeoisies
manifested when Hansel and Gretel take the witch’s treasures and put
an end to their poverty.
In Marxist approach to literary criticism, we analyze the precise
relations between different classes in a society as represented in the
literary text. Karl Marx himself drew on myths to help clarify his
stance to society: “Capital is dead labour, that, vampire-like, only
lives by sucking living labour, and lives the more, the more labour
it sucks” (160). Therefore, as Terry Eagleton argues, “The aim of
Marxist literary theories to explain the literary work more fully; and
this means a sensitive attention to its forms, and meanings. But it also
means grasping those forms, styles and meanings as the product of a
particular history” (3). This paper explores the underlying meanings
of the surface manifestations, such as abandonment of children during
famine, trapping of the children for labor and/or food, killing of the
witch and the return of the children with the witch’s property.
First of all, seen through the Marxist lens, characters in
literature appear to be “significant not only as individuals but for their
‘typicalities’, their capacity to express the pressures which their social
roles thrust upon them” (Pope 107). These characters are taken either
from the “base” represented by those who sell their labor, or from the
“superstructure” represented by those who invest their capital and
usurp the labor of those who sell it. Therefore, prolonged oppression of
those who sell their labor and their hope for victory over the capitalist
is the basis of a proletariat’s revolution. “The story of Hansel and
Gretel is also a story of hope and victory of the proletariat” (Zipes 38)
because even though they are the poor kids who are nearly eaten up
by the witch, they dare to fight against the bourgeoisie, and ultimately
gain a complete victory over the oppressor. The story also “allow[s] the
common people to learn how they might survive in an unjust society
and struggle with hope” (Zipes39).
In Marxism: The Inner Dialogue, Michael Curtis claims that “a
proletarian revolution would overthrow the bourgeoisie state when
the condition is ripe” (8). In “Hansel and Gretel”, too, by the moment
Hansel gets fat enough for the witch to eat up arrives, Gretel tricks the
witch into the oven and burns her up. It is not only because the timing
is perfect, but also because a “proletarian consciousness” has grown
up in her within the four weeks of enslavement. Towards the end of
the tale, Hansel and Gretel return home with the witch’s treasure,
which stands for the ultimate victory of the proletarian revolution

bLklzvf ÷ 209
that is tantamount to successfully gaining a financial success through
annexing the bourgeoisie’s property.
Secondly, the identities of Hansel and Gretel, and the witch
can be viewed from three different perspectives: economic state, life
condition, and their positions in the modes of production. It is clear that
Hansel and Gretel belong to the lower strata of the class-based society.
The woodcutter’s family in which these children grow up live in a hut
on the edge of a large forest and do not “have much food around the
house” (Grimm and Grimm 210). Their family condition turns worst
“when a great famine devastated the entire country” and their father
“could no longer provide enough for his family’s daily meals” (210).
The struggle of the parents to provide bread for the children illustrates
the family’s poverty and quest for basic survival. On the contrary, the
witch lives in a sophisticated cottage which “was built entirely from
bread with a roof made of cake, and the windows made of clear sugar”
(213). In a land where bread is a precious food, sugar would also be a
precious commodity in times of famine. Therefore, it is no doubt that
the witch had unjustly usurped the labor of the working class people
and its product.
Likewise, the poor life condition is also a distinguishing
characteristic of Hansel and Gretel’s identity. In fact, a low economic
state is not the only cause of the proletariat’s suffering, its chain
effect leads them for worst living condition that force them towards
proletariat’s revolution. Hansel and Gretel’s family is obviously at
the edge of poverty, and the famine, which is nothing but the result
of the unequal distribution of resources, only worsens their situation.
Therefore, in the time of famine, peasants are forced to find extreme
measures for survival. “These extremes involved banditry, migration or
abandonment of children” (Zipes 38). Thus, it is inevitable that Hansel
and Gretel are abandoned in the forest because if their parents let them
live at home despite the financial hardship, all four of them would
starve to death. As a poor farmer, Hansel and Gretel’s father can only
choose to abandon his “unproductive” children in order for the survival
of himself and his wife. However, the witch does not have to worry
about hunger or poverty because, in her house “every chest filled with
pearls and jewels all over the place” (Grimm and Grimm 214). It is easy
for her to give a luxurious dinner including “milk and pancakes with
sugar, apples, and nut” in order to tempt starving children.
Moreover, once Hansel is trapped, Gretel becomes a cheap
laborer and the witch exploits her without considering her as a fellow
human being. Gretel’s plight resembles the status of the proletariats
who work to pay off their debts, and usually become the source of
labor for the bourgeoisie. Out of hunger in their first meeting with

210 ÷ bLklzvf
the witch, they had relished the food without realizing that they had
sold themselves in exchange for the luxurious dinner. Consequently,
they have to work for the witch to pay off the cost of the dinner and
might even have to lose their own lives at the end. For four weeks,
Hansel is imprisoned in a cell, and Gretel is enslaved to do what the
witch demanded. Hansel, the prey is given the “very best food” while
Gretel, the slave, “got nothing but crab shells” (213). Hence, the witch
becomes an exploiter who takes advantage of Gretel’s labor, and also
wants to consume Hansel’s flesh and blood just as the bourgeoisie eat
up the proliferates life and labor directly or indirectly.
The need for killing the witch symbolizes the proletariats’
need for reasserting their independent identity and responsibilities
as proletariats. In other words, the witch controls them so long as
Hansel and Gretel find it hard to oppose the oppression. Apparently,
Hansel and Gretel’s situation parallels with the relationship between
the proletariats and the bourgeoisie in terms of being trapped by
the capitalist ideology. The proletariats are trapped in the capitalist
ideology developed so as to favor the upper class. Due to the fact that
the bourgeoisie are always in control of the means of production and
human resources, proletariats are placed in a social position where
their values are vested by the bourgeoisie. In examination of Hansel
and Gretel’s resistance to the witch, it can be considered as a revival of
the proletarian consciousness of “working class struggle against social
democracy” (Lukács, A Defence85). Karl Marx also says, “When the
proletariat proclaims the dissolution of the existing social order, it does
no more than disclose the secret of its own existence, for it is the effective
dissolution of that order” (qtd. in Lukacs, History 3). Although Hansel
and Gretel are paralyzed by the witch’s fake hospitality first, later they
realize the evil and then rebel against her endless exploitation. There is
not a political revolution per se in Grimm’s fairy tale, but it indirectly
emphasizes hope and action that ends in victory. What is crucial to note
is that, through cooperation between Hansel and Gretel, challenging the
ruling class authority becomes possible. The challenge marks the start
of Hansel and Gretel’s awareness about the unjust treatment upon the
poor people including themselves and fight for their identity as human
beings with consciousness and inalienable rights.
Furthermore, Grimm’s fairy tale puts Hansel’s pending death
as a trigger for the outburst of proletarian revolution. It is clear that
when proletariats cannot bear the extreme exploitation, they start
a revolution for regaining their rights as humans. When the witch
decides, “I don’t care whether Hansel is fat or thin, he is going to be
slaughtered tomorrow, and then I’ll cook him” (Grimm and Grimm
213), it becomes urgent for Hansel and Gretel to rebel against the witch’s

bLklzvf ÷ 211
ruthless exploitation and protect themselves from the impending
danger. Tactfully, Gretel tells a lie to lure the witch into the oven, then
gives the witch “a push that sent her flying inside and shut the iron door
and bolted it” and finally the “godless witch was miserably burned to
death” (213). Thus, Hansel and Gretel’s revolution becomes successful
through the death of the witch.
Ultimately, the victory of the “base” over the “superstructure” is
manifested in preliterate’s control over the modes of production. Hansel
and Gretel’s ultimate victory over the witch lies in taking her treasures
and putting an end to their poverty. After killing the witch, the children
decide to take over her treasures just as the proletariat “wining victory
only by abolishing itself and its opposite [i.e. private property]” (Martel
86). When they explore every corner of the house, they find “boxes with
pears and precious stones.” Then, Hensel “put whatever he could fit
into his pocket” and Gretel “filled her apron full of jewels and pearls”
(Grimm and Grimm 214). In possession of the bourgeoisie’ treasures,
the proletariats gain their ultimate victory because the children who
represent “the masses have gained a victory over property owners and
financial wealth” (86). Hansel and Gretel take the witch’s treasures
and they “return home with hope and jewels to put an end to all their
problems” (Zipes 38). Therefore, for a very long time, Hansel and Gretel
do not have to worry about hunger and being abandoned since they
have enough jewels, which can be used to exchange for bread or cake.
“Now all their trouble were over, and they lived together in utmost joy”
(Grimm and Grimm 214). In conclusion, the killing of the witch is not
the ultimate goal for Hansel and Gretel because the death of the witch
does not help to improve their family condition completely. Instead,
taking over the witch’s treasure is a necessary act to change their family
condition and getting away from poverty.
“Hansel and Gretel” thus, illustrates the poor children’s struggle
“against poverty and against witches who have houses of food and
hidden treasures” (Zipes 38). In addition, the witch represents the
bourgeoisies, and Hansel and Gretel stand for the proletariats in
the capitalist social structure. Therefore, in Grimm’s fairy tale, the
victory of the proletarian revolution is directly related to the death
of the witch. In other words, Hansel and Gretel’s story has multiple
underlying messages, such as, Hansel and Gretel’s revolution as a
revival of proletarian consciousness, their struggle against the witch
as the working class people’s struggle to define their own value and
fight against ruling class’s exploitation; and their journey back home
with precious jewels as the complete victory of the proletariats by
abolishing bourgeoisie.
 

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References
Curtis, Michael. Marxism: The Inner Dialogues. 2nd ed. London: Transaction
Publisher, 1997. Print.
Eagleton, Terry. Marxism and Literary Criticism. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.
1976. Print.
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. “Hansel and Gretel.” The Norton Anthology
of Children’s Literature: The Traditions in English.Eds. Jack Zipes et al.
New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. 208-14. Print.
Halfin, Igal.From Darkness to Light: Class, Consciousness, and Salvation in
Revolutionary Russia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000.
Print.
Lukács, Georg. A Defense of History and Class Consciousness: Tailism and the
Dialectic. Trans. Ether Leslie. London: Verso, 2000. Print.
---. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics. Trans. Rodney
Livingstone. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. 1971. Print.
Martel, C. William. Victory in War: Foundations of Modern Strategy. 2nded. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.
Marx,Karl.“CapitalVolumeI.”n.d.https://www.marxists.org. 9th May 2014.
Web. <https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/
download/pdf/Capital--‐Volume--‐I.pdf>.
Pope, Rob. The English Studies Book: An Introduction to Language, Literature and
Culture. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2013. Print.
Zipes, Jack. Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales. 2nd
ed. Louisville: The University Press of Kentucky, 1979. Print.

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 Exploring Learning Culture in the
Higher Level Educational Institutions
in Nepal
- Netra Bahadur Subedi*

Abstract
Though learning culture in team has been a great support for promoting
and expanding any organizations in a sustainable manner, it is a known
fact that there is a very little learning culture in team in our educational
institutions in Nepal. It is apparent that higher-level educational institutions
in Nepal are unable to cope up with the new insights of learning culture.
This has hindered those institutions to adopt innovative ideas quickly
and transform them into Learning Organizations as per the need of time.
It is remarkable that the principal research issue of this study was
to explore the learning culture of higher-level educational institutions
of Nepal from the standpoint of learning organization by studying
concerned issues and challenges that revolve around the main issue. In
the course of doing this ethnographic research, I had reviewed very recent
and relevant literature comprising of research papers, policy documents
and literary genres like movies, that are directly associated to my study.
In this research, it was found that if not all, at least scholars in
Nepal are well aware about the concept of Learning Organizations and
Knowledge Management, though they do not use these terms directly.
I discovered that if some scholars conduct a detailed study of learning
culture of our higher-level educational institutions to make these topics
matters of everyday discussions in the academia, we could expect a lot
in promoting learning culture in our academia

Key Words: Building a shared vision, Knowledge Management, Learning

Organizations, Mental models, Organizational Learning,
Personal mastery, Systems thinking and Team learning.

Introduction
The principal aim of all educational institutions is to impart
knowledge to the needy people in the formal setting. It is an established
* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

214 ÷ bLklzvf
fact that only the good learners can impart quality education. Therefore,
it is important that the educational institutions should also be good
learners. I can say for sure that the people involved in imparting
knowledge learn new things in individual basis to strengthen their
everyday performance. But the prime concern of this research is to find
out whether they learn as an organization; whether they are learning
organizations or not.
Senge (1990, p. 14) defines learning organization as “an
organization that is continually expanding its capacity to create its
future”. According to Senge, in the learning organization, new and
expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, collective aspiration is set
free, and the organization is continually expanding its capacity to create
its future. “Learning” in his context does not mean acquiring more
information, but expanding the ability to produce the results people
truly want in life (Senge 1990, p. 142). Getting new knowledge alone
is not sufficient in this context. Expanding ability to produce desired
results is the prime concern of such learning. In this sense, new patterns
of thinking should be promoted with a view to expanding capacity for
better future.
Another term connected to Learning Organization is Knowledge
Management. King (2006) in his article entitled Knowledge Management
and Organizational Learning states through KM, organizations seek
to acquire or create potentially useful knowledge and to make it
available to those who can use it at a time and place that is appropriate
for them to achieve maximum effective usage in order to positively
influence organizational performance (p. 1) Knowledge management
is the necessary condition for any organizations to become Learning
Organizations.
Team learning is the process of aligning and developing the
capacity of a team to create the results its members truly desire (Senge
1990, p. 236). It involves mastering the practices of dialogue and
discussion, the two distinct ways that teams converse (Senge 1990,
237). People sublimate their personal self-interest and fragmented
departmental interests to work together to achieve the organization's
shared vision. Together they can achieve the organization's shared vision.

Need of this Study

Intelligent people have been involved in creating and
communicating knowledge for a very long period of time so far
as academics is concerned. This process encouraged the scientists,
philosophers, educators and other intelligent people to study and
use knowledge in scientific way. At the same time they have been
much concerned about improving the re-utilization of knowledge for

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centuries. A few decades ago the term knowledge management (KM)
was coined and it is regarded as complementary to organizational
learning (OL). Both of these terms fall under the broad heading
called Learning Organizations, which tries to create and obtain
potential knowledge that could be useful for the organization so as
to achieve maximum effectiveness for the final purpose of enhancing
organizational performance positively.
Despite the time immemorial history of journey of imparting
knowledge, it is often argued that our educational institutions have
very little learning culture in team. One of the reasons why many
organizations in the world have been able to promote and expand
themselves much faster and in a sustainable manner is because
they adopted a team learning culture so as to turn into Learning
Organizations. Higher level educational institutions in Nepal are
not able to cope up with the new insights of learning culture so as to
transform them as Learning Organizations. This is the reason why they
are not able to adopt innovative ideas quickly and transform them as per
the need of time. The question is why are they facing these problems? Is
it due to the lack of learning culture as educational institutions? These
and many such questions arise when we think of the issues of culture
of Learning Organizations. In this point, I found a knowledge gap that
gave me the relevancy of this research.
The principal research issue of this study was to explore the
learning culture of higher level educational institutions of Nepal from
the perspective of learning organization by studying the related issues
and challenges

Relevant Literature
Putting the prime factor that the educators should be learners
in consideration I attempted some very recent journal reviews in this
section. Apart from journals, other relevant materials also were part of
my research. These literatures opened an avenue to comprehend to what
extent the educators are learners and what role Learning Organization
plays in enhancing an organization in a sustainable manner. Out of the
vast array of literature I have synopsized few important and relevant
ones in this article.
According to Watkins and Marsick (1993), learning organizations
have a healthy relationship with their physical, social and cultural
environments. The learning organization acknowledges its dependence
on its environment. People are helped to see the impact of their work
on the entire enterprise. They scan the environment and use the
information obtained to adjust work practices. The organization is
linked to the community through continuous interaction. ( as cited in
Mbassana, (2014).

216 ÷ bLklzvf
 There is a very friendly association between learning organization
and physical and socio-cultural surroundings. So to speak, learning
organization largely depends on the surroundings. Individuals are
supported to notice the effect of their efforts on the complete projects.
Through regular and reciprocal actions, there is a direct connection
between learning organization and the group of people practicing
common ownership in a particular setting.
In 1993, Karan Watkins and Victoria Marsick (1993;2003) suggested that
“A learning organization is one that learns continuously and transforms
itself……it proactively uses learning in an integrated way to support
and catalyze growth for individuals, teams, entire organizations, and
the institutions and communities with which they are linked” ( as cited
in Sahaya, 2012).
A learning organization gets knowledge without a break
and modifies itself. At the same time it uses learning by creating
and controlling the situation and combing all aspects rather than
just responding to it. That is to say, the prime purpose of learning
organization is to help and to work as a catalyst for enlargement of
individuals, groups and the whole organization in association to other
institutions and communities.
Hal, 2010 states, in the past the parameter to measure success
of an organization was supposed to be the financial viability but with
the change of global scenario financial viability is not in the centre.
Instead intangible assets like knowledge and ideas emerged as more
reliable indicators of sustainability of an organization because today
this knowledge related capacity empowers any organizations to remain
competitive over time so as to gain sustainability.
According to a movie entitled Importance of Learning in
Organization (2014), Learning Organization helps the team create
learning environment, takes new knowledge for transferring, modifying
and expanding its capacity because only those organizations which
learn and transform and show leadership behaviour accordingly can
sustain in the long run. The movie focuses on the importance of learning
in any organizations. It is noticeable that Learning Organizations
encourage people to create learning environment because new
knowledge can be very useful to transfer, modify and expand the
capacity of an organization. So to speak, those organizations, which can
manage change timely showing leadership hehaviour can go ahead in
a sustainable manner.
Talking about the national goals of education policy document
states:
The national goals of education will be to help individual keep her/
his identity in the national and international context, to help her/him
lead a socially harmonious life in the modern world and to help in

bLklzvf ÷ 217
 modernization of the country by creating suitable human resources for
its development(MOE. (2010).
It is understandable that the nation has its education related
national goal to enable its citizens to keep their identity in the national
and international scenario so that they can lead respectable lives in the
modern world. This way, even our policy document categorically states
the importance of education in the modern world. This gives ample
lights that we should promote education in our society. And only the
learning environment can promote education

Theoretical Orientation of this Study

The theoretical orientation of this research was to systematically
associate the concepts of my research to the theory of Learning
Organization developed by Peter Senge. However, this perspective,
unlike in quantitative research, has been loosely connected among
theory, concepts and practices. I have explained it in detail through
language, which style is followed by many qualitative researchers.
Senge, in his landmark book “The Fifth Discipline” (1990)
identifies five disciplines that are critical to organizations today if they
are to cope with the rapid changes taking place in the world. Those five
disciplines are:
1. Systems thinking. 2. Personal mastery.
3. Mental models. 4. Building a shared vision.
5. Team learning.
Senge pays especially great attention to the systems thinking as
this is supposed to link all the others and is a cornerstone for developing
new kind of organizations. Systems thinking according to Senge (1990)
refers to a certain conceptual framework, which makes the pattern of the
events clear, and enables to change those patterns if needed. Members
of an organization think of all organizational processes, activities,
functions and interactions with the environment as part of a system.
In a similar fashion, according to Senge, personal mastery is the state
in which all members in an organization know that a person’s 'internal'
picture of their environment will shape their decisions and behaviour.
So to speak, the commitment by an individual to the process of learning
is known as personal mastery
Mental models are the internal images which impact people in
their understanding of the world and how they act. People have to make
these models explicit to be analyzed and exchanged. For that, open
communication with each other without fear of criticism or punishment
is needed. Building shared vision as the extension of personal visions
(Senge 1990, p. 235) is the key for gaining commitment of all members of
the organization, in order to make them excel and learn by themselves.

218 ÷ bLklzvf
 On the basis of aforementioned knowledge gap and theoretical
position, in my research, I have constructed the following theoretical
orientation.

Interpretivismm Ethnography

Theoretical Position Concepts

Systems thinking Learning Culture

Educational
Personal Mastery Institutions Wherewithal

Team Learning as Learning Library Capacity

Organizations
Mental Models Technology

Shared Vision Change

Innovation
Ontology-
Multiple Reality Ethnography

Here, I have presented a loosely connected concepts, theories,

philosophical position and methodology so as to develop a simple
conceptual and theoretical orientation that guided me about how I
could proceed and continue the journey so as to reach the destination
without any confusion.

Methodology
Interpretivism being my research paradigm, it was very
difficult for me to categorically talk about my research methodology
because there could so many possible methodologies to regulate my
research study under interpretivism. However, ethnography was
the leading methodology in my research. According to Creswell,
(2012), Ethnography designs are qualitative research procedures for
describing, analyzing, and interpreting a culture-sharing group’s shared
patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language that develop over time.
Central idea of this definition is culture, which is associated to human
behaviour and belief. According to Creswell it can include language,
rituals economic and political structures, life stages, interactions, and
communication styles. It is obvious, to understand the patterns of a
culture sharing group, the ethnographers really spend a considerable
amount of time in the field in the course of interviewing, observing,
and gathering field texts about the group to understand them in detail.

bLklzvf ÷ 219
I, as an ethnographer, had to spend a considerable amount of time for
this purpose. At the same time, my profession in the education field
gave me enough space and justification for doing this research applying
ethnography.
It is very difficult to state the key features of ethnography as it
has diverse ranges from the realist ethnography to case study to the
critical ethnography. However, according to Creswell (2012) following
are the key features of ethnography:
• Cultural themes
• A culture-sharing group
• Shared patterns of behavior, belief, and language
• Fieldwork
• Description, themes, and interpretation
• Context or setting
• Researcher’s reflexivity
It is crystal clear that my methodology would fit into the
chosen paradigm. So to say, my methodology of ethnography falls
under my chosen paradigm of interpretivism. However, methodology
of ethnography falls under other paradigms also like Criticalism,
Postmodernism and Integralism. These connections did not bar me from
applying ethnography as the methodology under my chosen paradigm.
Nonetheless, other methodologies also might have influenced my
research study because of their family resemblance. Study of the culture
of learning organization being my key study, ethnography became the
most appropriate methodology to apply in my study.

Data Production Strategy I Applied

Before talking about data production (collection and generation)
strategies, I would quote the following definition. According to Brewer,
(2000), “Data collection methods are meant to capture the "social
meanings and ordinary activities of people (participants) in naturally
occurring settings that are commonly referred to as "the field". Multiple
methods of data production may be employed to facilitate a relationship
that allows for a more personal and in-depth portrait of the participants
and their community. My strategies included participant observation,
field notes and interviews. For the purpose of trustworthiness and
transferability, with a view to collect and generate data I did the research
associated to my job. As an ethical researcher, I told my participant
about my purpose in advance and got necessary approval. At the
same time, I attempted to be "reflexive". According to Brewer, (2000),
“Reflexivity refers to the researcher's aim to explore the ways in which
[the] researcher's involvement with a particular study influences, acts
upon and informs such research.”

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 Interviews were taped and later transcribed for the purpose
of full presentation or “analysis”. Apart from interviews, note taking
continued throughout the “data” production period. Secondary field
texts and documents were also collected for the purpose of discovering
logical patterns and socio cultural aspects that provided insights into the
research topic. At the same time observation continued. The collected
information were gathered under certain themes and pattern “analysis”
was made to present them. I divided this strategy into the following
subheadings

Sampling
In the course of selecting research site and participants, I
applied purposive sampling. In this course, I selected three leading
educational institutions from Nepal. As it is often stated that there is a
vast difference between the educational culture in Kathmandu valley
and outside, I selected those institutions from Kathmandu valley and
from outside to make a detail study. Connected to these research sites
my participants were educational leaders, teachers, students, parents
and other concerned stake holders. In this course, principal leaders and
middle level managers were taken as the participants. Student leaders
and other general students were the other participants

Field Observation
On the basis of selected samples, I observed some higher level
educational institutions in Nepal and studied the overall activities there
from KM and LO point of view.

Interviews
Some educational leaders, managers, students, parents and
other educationists were interviewed with the help of unstructured
questionnaires, some of which have been presented briefly, below in
this article.

Data Collection Tools

Questionnaire: I developed a questionnaire form to collect “data”
related to existing situation of higher level educational institutions of
Nepal. The questionnaire was developed to address all the research
questions.
Unstructured Interview Guidelines: The in-depth interview was
conducted with the help of unstructured interview guidelines.
Observation checklist: The observation checklist was developed
after identifying KM and LO patterns.

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My Field Texts
In this article I have presented only a few relevant and remarkable
field texts constructed sitting together with my participants.
Last January, when I was moving around to find one of my
participants around Hattiban, in the premises of KUSOED, I came across
a smart Ph. D scholar from one of renowned educational institutions
in Nepal. We started discussing on the theme of learning as a team in
the educational institutions. I present it in the following narrative.
While asked how was the learning culture, as a team, in his organization,
he replied in negative. He said that they learn only in individual basis but not
as a team. He further added that the people in his organizations don’t know
much about the importance of learning culture in the organization. As a leader,
he told me that he had started it in his organization very recently. According
to him, he has been encouraging them for developing learning culture in the
organization. For this purpose he has already managed the prerequisites for
promoting the learning culture there. He further added that the most difficult
thing to deal with is the resistance to change. For this we need to work hard in
the beginning but, later on, things will go smoothly. There is nothing impossible
in the world
After hearing him, I reflected back to the event of one of the
educational institutions in Kathmandu valley some years back. My
friend, as a leader, had attempted to bring some innovative changes
in his organization. The changes, apart from others, comprised of
even learning culture. As soon the employees heard it, they discussed
amongst themselves and further convinced the middle level managers
against it. As a leader my friend had to play some crucial role to put
the matter in control.
In this scenario, connecting myself with my research question, I
reflected back to my encounter with one of my dear gurus from Ilam.
Me : Ilam campus has really grown big isn’t it? Sir!
My guru : yap, It has become really bigger in comparison to our time in
terms of quantity but people have lost their learning habits. The
students study guides and notes to pass the exams. Many of them
have not even seen their text books.
Me : But in our time, going to the college with books was mandatory
for all students. You made us go out of the class if we did not
have the text books, didn’t you sir?
My guru : yap, but you hardly came to the class without books. We had lots
of emotional attachment then. Today’s students are like machine.
Work is over relationship is also over. They are the travelers, who
forget the boatman after crossing the river.
Me : Yes sir, Um…… I heard that we are planning to turn our Ilam
campus into a university, is it so sir?

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My guru : yap, we are thinking, but it is long run goal. Beforehand we need
to develop reading habits among the teachers and students as a
team only then we can expect the sustainable development of our
campus. Learning culture is the most important aspect. If people
are really thirsty, we can provide safe water.
Me : But sir they like to study on individual basis if not as a team.
(Though I had learned some articles about Learning organizations,
I did not use the term there but it was there in my mind.)
My guru : As you know Individual learning does not even guarantee
individual progress but team learning guarantees the
organizational sustainability as well as individual progress.
You also come back to Ilam. Unlike in the past, there are many
opportunities now. If we turn into a university, people like you
need not go anywhere. But early bird picks the worm.( I translated
his Nepali proverb uthneko padi sutneko pado) If you come here
now, you may get that opportunity. If you delay, you may not.
Kathmandu has become really polluted and crowded now. You
come back.
Me : I’m also thinking about it sir. I’ve got lots of ties here. My relatives,
friends and even small property. I may come back sir.
My guru : Don’t delay. Time and tide wait for none. Now, I’ve small job to
do. Bye! see you.
Me : See you sir!

In this inquiry we hardly used any technical terms associated to

Learning Organization but my guru often used the term team learning
and its importance. This gave me enough insight that, at least scholars
in Nepal are well aware about the concept of Learning Organizations
and Knowledge Management. Learning culture can even improve the
eroding relationship amongst people particularly, between teachers
and pupils, as my guru is much concerned.
One evening, as I watched the movie, The Importance of Learning
in Organization (2014), I came to know how Learning Organization
would help the team create learning environment. According to the movie
Learning Organizations encourage people to create learning environment as
new knowledge is very helpful to expand the capacity of an organization in a
sustainable manner.

My Findings
We have a very long history of journey of imparting knowledge,
however, our educational institutions have very little learning culture
in team. Individual learning for personal mastery and personal benefits

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is continued for centuries. That tendency is even more applicable in the
today’s materialistic and individualistic world. Individual learning for
personal purpose does not help the organization directly.
One of the prime reasons why many organizations, particularly
educational institutions, in the world have been able to promote
and expand themselves much faster and in a sustainable manner is
because they developed learning culture so as to turn into Learning
Organizations. Connecting it to my research agenda, on the basis of my
finding, I can say for sure that higher level educational institutions in
Nepal are not able to cope up with the new insights of learning culture
so as to transform them as Learning Organizations.
It was found that these organizations are not able to adopt
innovative ideas quickly and make some timely changes. One of the
prime reasons why they are facing these problems is because they lack
learning culture as educational institutions
In this research, it was found that people hardly use any
technical terms associated to Learning Organization and Knowledge
Management but they often use the term team learning culture and its
importance. If not all, at least scholars in Nepal are well aware about
the concept of Learning Organizations and Knowledge Management.
I explored that if some scholars do a detail study of learning culture
and knowledge management strategy of our higher level educational
institutions and make these topics matters of everyday discussions in
the academia, there will be lots of development and promotion of our
higher level educational organizations; and at the same time many of
them will transform as Learning Organizations. Some of my participants
even expressed their hope that learning culture can even improve the
eroding relationship amongst people particularly, between teachers
and pupils.
I further explored that once our institutions turned into
Learning Organizations, they would modify themselves and expand
their capacity, Moreover, in the course of transforming themselves
as Learning Organizations, they automatically learn the skills of
Knowledge Management, which again is complementary to Learning
Organizations.

References:
Brewer, John D. (2000). Ethnography. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Creswell, John W.(2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating
quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Hal.(2010). The rlole of learning organizations in the growing discussion on social
responsibility. Vol. 2 (1)
Hammersley, Martyn and Paul Atkinson (2007). Ethnography principles in
practice. 3rded. London and Newyork: Routledge

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King, W. R. (2006). Knowledge sharing. In D. G. Schwartz (Ed.), The encyclopedia
of knowledge management (pp. 493–498). Hershey, PA: Idea Group
Publishing
Mbassana, M. E. (2014). Validating the dimensions of the learning organization
questionnaire (DLOQ) in the Rwandan context. Kigali: European Journal
of Business, Economics and Accountancy Vol. 2, No. 2.
MOE. (2010). A report on monitoring, evaluation and supervision. Kathmandu:
REMIS Sahaya, N. (2012). A Learning organization as a mediator of leadership
style and firms’financial performance. International Journal of Business and
Manegement; Vol. 7, No. 14. Canadian Center of Science and Education
Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline. New York: Doubleday Importance of learning
in organization (2014): An interview with David Garwin and Amy
Admonson. London: Ios.hbs.edu

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 Perspectives on Evaluation of Human
Resources Management (HRM)
- Ram Babu Nepal*

Introduction
A sound Human Resource Management (HRM) is the foundation
of success of all kinds of organization. Knowledge, skills, abilities,
values, attitudes and motives of employees directly make impact on
the capacity to deliver services in an economical, efficient and effective
manner and to build positive social image. Public trust on government
depends mainly on the capacity to implement public policies and
programs as planned, achieving results and treating people in a fair
and just manner. It requires competent people with service motive and
commitment to organization’s objective.
Building personnel competence and motivating them to make
optimum use of their talent are crucial for improving productivity
and serving people in a respectful manner. The lead role of Human
Resources (HR)in managing change, promoting innovation and
achieving organization’s objective have made imperative to pay greater
attention to strengthen HRM functions. Any initiatives aiming to reform
public sector may not achieve success without properly addressing HR
issues. Therefore, government is paying special attention on building
sound HRM system to ensure that right people are selected, assigned
right job, proper institutional arrangements are made to enhance
knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) and motivated/encouraged to
improve performance.
The focus of HRM function in government, public enterprises
and private sector may differ to some extent. However, some qualities
and competencies such as fairness, cost-efficiency, skill enhancement,
motivation and boosting morale for higher productivity are common
to all types of organizations.
* Member, Management Committee, Koteshwar Multiple Campus

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 This article aims to discuss HRM functions and the major points
to be considered in evaluating these functions.

HRM: What is it?

HRM is one of the key functions of every organization. It
enables organization to benefit from competitive advantage through
the deployment of right people for right job, advancing skills of
employees, motivating them and securing their commitment to make
organization efficient, responsive and effective.HRM does this mainly
by identifying HR needs, providing fair and equal opportunities to
eligible candidates, selecting appropriate candidate, developing
capacities and potentials of people through the application of techniques
that motivate people, boost morale and make learning opportunities
available. The techniques applied to enhance productivity and to
secure optimum contribution from employees should match to the
organization’s objective and the nature of business.
HRM is defined as follows:
a) The organizational function that deals with issues related to
people such as compensation, hiring, performance management,
organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee
motivation, communication, administration, and training.1
b) A strategic and coherent approach to the management of an
organization’s most valued assets – the people working there
who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement
of its objectives for sustainable comparative advantage.2
c) Human resource management is the process of recruitment,
selection of employee, providing proper orientation and
induction, providing proper training and the developing skills,
assessment of employee (performance of appraisal), providing
proper compensation and benefits, motivating, maintaining
proper relations with labour and with trade unions, maintaining
employee’s safety, welfare and health by complying with labour
laws of concern state or country.3
d) HR is considered as the total knowledge, skills, creative abilities,
talents and aptitudes of an organization's workforce, as well as
the values, attitudes, approaches and beliefs of the individuals
involved in the affairs of the organization.4
The objectives of HRM are to ensure effective utilization of
human resources, build effective working relationships between
1 http://humanresources.about.com
2 Michael Armstrong - A Handbook of Management Techniques, Kogan Page, 2001, p. 479
3 www.whatishumanresource.com
4 Begendra Raj Sharma Paudyal - Human Resource Management, KARMACHARI,
Bhadra 2070, p. 45

bLklzvf ÷ 227
employees working in different units/agencies and encourage
professional development of employees. HRM functions encompasses
planning and forecasting of immediate and future HR needs, setting
the conditions of service, identifying sources, selecting and recruiting
people with competencies required for specific position, motivating,
utilizing, developing people to meet changing needs of the organization
(training), managing performance, handling complaints and grievances,
administering compensation (entitlements and benefits) and rewarding.
Its main elements inter alia include:
 identifying and assessing HR requirements and prepare plan
to meet them;
 enabling organization to secure and retain skilled, committed
and motivated employees;
 creating and sustaining harmonious working relationships
among employees and encourage team spirit;
 promoting non-discriminatory adherence to the code of conduct
applicable to employees;
 ensuring that people are valued, motivated and rewarded for
good works and achievements;
 managing diverse workforce by taking into consideration the
reality of differences in employment needs, work styles and
aspirations;
 adopting and promoting an ethical approach (fairness, equity
and transparency) in managing people and addressing their
concerns; and
 providing broad range of HR services to maintain and improve
the physical and mental well-being of employees.
Managing HRis collective responsibility of supervisor, manager
and chief executive officer. They play distinct but closely related roles
in making HRM efficient and effective. Human Resources Department
(HRD) plays leading role in creating a favorable environment for a fair
and just HR system and ensuring compliance with rules, procedures
and best practices. In government, multiple agencies manage different
HR functions. For example, the Public Service Commission, the Cabinet
Secretariat, the Ministry of General Administration, line ministries,
concerned departments and individual offices and the Civil Service
Central Records Office (Nijamati Kitabkhana) are playing distinct
but complementary roles managing HR in Government of Nepal. In
addition, the Nepal Administrative Staff College (NASC), the Revenue
Administration Training Centre(RATC) and other specialized training
institutions are engaged in building capacities and skills. The clarity of
roles and responsibilities of different players and healthy functional
relationships between them are crucial for robust HRM system.Key

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features of HRM and their indicators and criteria of evaluation are as
follows:

Key features of an Criteria of evaluation

ideal HRM system

Comprehensiveness ♦ Clarity of the roles and responsibilities of the

agencies providing policy guidance on matters
related to HRM.
♦ Coverage of the HR policy and strategy.

Credibility ♦ Mechanisms and systems in place to ensure fair

and equal treatment of employees and justice in
HR issues.
♦ Transparency of the procedures governing HRM.
♦ Adequacy of the measures taken to communicate
HR systems and procedures to employees.

Control ♦ Effectiveness of measures in place to ensure

employee performance are consistent with work
plan and organization’s objectives.
♦ Efficiency and the coverage of reporting systems and
practices to ensure that HR issues are reasonably
reported.

Communication ♦ Relevance of the mode of communications used

to inform about the pertinent issues to employees
such as changes in HR plans, policies and receiving
their feedback.

♦ Efficiency of the mode of communications and their

effectiveness.

Capacity building ♦ Coverage and focus of the training and development

and creativity policy and strategy.
♦ Adequacy of resources allocated for training and
development and use of such resources.
♦ Impact of measures taken to empower employees
and to promote creativity.
♦ Suitability of arrangements in place to share
employee’s plans to improve performance,
management of resources and to achieve cost-
effectiveness.

Coherence: ♦ Coordination between HRM plans, initiatives and

organization’s performance targets and goals.
♦ Synergy between the roles and responsibilities of
various agencies in HRM.

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Cost-effectiveness ♦ Effectiveness of implementation of measures taken
to make HR competitive.
♦ Balance between the cost involved in delivering
services and the potential value and significance
of services.
♦ Results achieved from the implementation of the
commissions, task forces formed to strengthen HR
systems.
Fair and balanced ♦ Plans and policies to reward employees for good
performance.
♦ Mechanisms in place to ensure fairness in assessing
employee performance.
♦ Merit of the promotion system – considers essential
aspects, balanced and contributes to sustain
employee motivation.

Effectiveness of HRM depends mainly on its capacity to:

a) identify systemic weaknesses in different processes related to
HRM;
b) address issues that are impairing the quality and competence
of human resources;
c) develop appropriate policies and plans; and
d) monitor the implementation of HR policies and strategies.

Evaluation of HRM: Objectives, Scope and Methodology

Periodic and objective evaluation of HRM can ensure that
HRM is well-managed and prepared to meet potential challenges and
encourages the culture of taking responsibilities in the HRD, uniformity
and consistency in HR services, highlights changes needed and helps
making it robust and responsive. An objective review provides a view
on what the organization plans to be in the future and contributes in
identifying any gaps or lapses in the HRM system, policy and practice.
Evaluation of HRM focuses on the broader issues such as policies,
strategies, plans, defining the role of different stakeholders and the
impact on the achievement of results.
HRM issues can be reviewed at strategic or functional levels.
An efficient integration of the findings/observations of these levels can
provide a complete picture of condition and provide sufficient evidence
to analyze the relationship between cause and effect, to arrive at valid
conclusion and to offer practical recommendations. Criteria are crucial
to arrive at valid conclusions. Evaluation should be commenced only
after establishing appropriate criteria in consultation with management
and considering good practices. The main focus of evaluation is to
examine and determine to what extent employees were enabled to

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contribute achieving organization's objectives. Review of strategic
level focuses on broader issues such as HR policies, strategies, plans,
role identification of different stakeholders and the impact on the
achievement of results. At the functional level, the focus assessment will
be HRM practices in an organization, implementation of HR policies
and strategies and the assessment of their impact on performance,
motivation, morale, integrity and fairness etc. Evaluation should cover
the following, identify critical HR issues/problems, and recommend
measures:
 extent of compliance with related laws, procedures and
effectiveness of HR systems and procedures;
 adequacy (coverage and clarity) and relevance of HR policy
and strategy;
 efficiency in implementing HR strategy, policy and measures
identified to improve HR systems;
 state of provision and supply of sufficient and competent work
force to the organization; and
 the functional relationship between HRD and line managers in
implementing HR plans and schemes.
Planning is crucial to define the objectives, scope and
methodology and to conduct review in an economical, efficient and
effective manner. The plan of evaluation should focus mainly on the
following:
• understanding the essential elements of HRM i.e., policy,
applicable laws, regulations and rules, procedures;
• appraising the roles and responsibilities of different institutions
and officials in the process of HRM; and
• identifying potential risks, measures taken to manage them and
possible consequences.
Risks in the HRM may arise from a wide variety of sources
including the changes in technical, legal and social environment. HRD
in coordination line units should periodically assess risks and develop
appropriate mitigation measures to prevent organization from negative
consequences and to sustain organization’s capacity to grow and prosper.
The major issues covered by review are as follows:

a. Human resources planning (HRP):

Every organization needs people with right skills, knowledge
and abilities and in right number to meet obligations that are mandated.
Over and under staffing have serious implications on performance,
motivation and finance. HRP is an integrated process of analyzing
HR needs and identifying measures to meet those needs. It comprises
functions of defining and assessing of skill requirements for various

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positions, clear articulation (job analysis and preparation of job
description), identify current and future needs (demand forecasting)
and source of supply are the major functions of HRP. The development
of HR policy, demand and supply forecasting and identify strategies to
effectively implement the policy are the major tasks to be accomplished
during planning. Managers can rejuvenate organization and enable
adopting changes effectively with the help of an efficient planning
system. Cooperation and understanding between HRD, program
manager and governing body that reviews HR requests and approves
them are crucial for the rigorous assessment of HR needs. HR can be
supplied different ways. Depending upon the nature of organization
and business, there may be temporary need for specific period.
Increasing and decreasing the number of staff make serious implication
on performance, delivery of services and the achievement of results.
The main purpose of evaluating HRP is to assess how well the HRD
conducted analysis in coordination with the concerned units and
branches to ensure that the organization is not left with a shortage of
people with key skills to deliver its mandate. The evaluator of HRP
should determine whether:
 the procedures related to HRP are clear and complied with by
concerned entities;
 the issues related to the proper allocation of HR were effectively
addressed;
 the system of forecasting HR requirements was efficient and
effective; and
 the HRD conducted adequate analysis in consultation with line
agencies or units to ensure that the organization is not left with
of shortage of people to carry out specific tasks.

b. Recruitment, appointment, placement and transfer:

Employing right people for right jobs, assigning them suitable
responsibilities and enriching their capability and maturity by placing
them in right places to benefit from diverse work environment are
crucial to build employee capacity, broaden their understanding.
Career progression opportunity can ultimately make public service
more efficient. The main points to be considered in reviewing these
functions are as follows:
 Define requirements and prepare job descriptions – It is important
to be clear why a particular position is required and what will
be the duties and responsibilities of the position holder. Offices
requesting any position must be able to clearly state why certain
position is necessary and to provide reasonable justification for a
new position. Potential applicants assess themselves in the light

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 of job description. Development of job description is important to
attract right people for job. There is always a chance of receiving
applications from people who have no relevant experience and
competence if job description is not well formulated. In addition,
the assessment of application becomes more difficult or even
may be ineffective in the absence of clarity and preciseness in
defining jobs. HRD must work closely with respective unit in
developing job description.
 Process of selection – It encompasses functions related to the
announcement of vacancy and processes involved in selection
(review and analysis of applications, short listing of candidates,
tests and interview). In Nepal, the Public Service Commission
(PSC) plays a significant role in the selection, recruitment,
promotion and disciplinary action. Fairness of the process is
crucial for public trust. It the selection process is perceived as
a flaw, no matter the quality of candidate, people will doubt in
competencies and loose public trust.
 Placement and transfer - Placing or designating selected employees
in right place ensures efficiency and effectiveness. A reviewer
should determine whether selected people were placed
rightly. Transfer has been always a contentious issue in public
administration. People generally criticize for the arbitrary use of
authority in transfer. Reviewer should determine whether there
is a policy on transfer and complied with the policy. Employees
may have been are assigned temporarily for a long time without
formal decision transfer to avoid the issue of non-compliance
with established procedures for transfer. Such approach
aggravates the quality of administration and management. A
reviewer must take into consideration of approaches taken to
avoid procedures.
 Career progression - Every employee expects progress in his/
her job. It is crucial for motivation and provides mental energy.
Promotion is one of the most significant indicators of progression.
Every career may not have similar opportunity of promotion and
may adversely affect morale and motivation. A reviewer can
analyze effect of opportunities available for career progression
and consequences associated with lack of such opportunity.

c. Training and development:

The challenge of demonstrating better performance by delivering
services in a fair, efficient and effective manner, increasing use of
electronic tools, technical sophistication and adopting rapid change
in working environment have has raised the need of training and

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development programs. The task of management has become more
complex and challenging due to liberal social and economic policies.
Some jobs require mandatory continuing professional education
(CPE) to maintain professional competence. Regarding training and
professional development programs and activities, a reviewer should
determine whether:
 there is a comprehensive training and professional development
strategy to cater the need of different professional groups;
 training and professional development needs were properly
identified and analyzed;
 training programs are designed and developed in consultation
with relevant stakeholders to make it responsive to the need of
job and organization;
 training plans were communicated to stakeholders to facilitate
participation of prospective employees;
 training were delivered as planned;
 the evaluation of training was carried out and its contribution in
improving efficiency and effectiveness were assessed;
 the management and delivery of trainings was improved based
on the evaluation results and the lessons learned.

d. Performance management and appraisal system (PMAS):

Organizations use performance management (PM) as a strategic
approach to improve performance and to develop capabilities of
teams and individual employees. It is an ongoing process of involving
managers and staff members within a common framework to create
a work environment to enable them to perform best of their abilities
and to work together to achieve desired results. Periodic appraisal
of performance is crucial to correct deficiencies in the way of doing
things, to identify gaps between what should be and what actually is,
to meet accountability requirements and to ensure that actions are on
right direction.PM focuses on enhancing the potentials of employees,
their performance and links them to the organization’s strategies
and aims to enhance efficiency of systems and processes, to improve
motivation and morale and to identify appropriate measures and
strategies for training and development. “Performance management
is a process for establishing a shared understanding about what is to
be achieved and how it is to be achieved. It is an approach to managing
people that increases the probability of achieving success”.5 It is used
to achieve strategic goals consistently through formal and informal
motivation, monitoring, evaluation and rewarding of performance. It
integrates employee development with results-based assessment.
5 Performance Management Process Handbook, State of Oklahoma, Office of Personnel
Management, March 1999, p. 1

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 PM includes techniques and procedures of providing
information on the contribution of employees in achieving strategic
objectives of organization; achieving performance targets in most
cost efficient manner and providing a means to ensure fairness in
the assessment of performance. It builds an organization culture in
which individuals and groups take responsibility for the continuous
improvement of competencies, organization’s work processes and
to build a cohesive environment to efficiently meet stakeholder’s
expectations. It is not only the instrument of achieving results in
physical term but also the product of mental and physical effort applied
in carrying out tasks and creating favorable work environment. Free
and candid communication between manager and employee in
identifying and describing essential functions and establishing their
relationships with the organization’s mission; developing realistic
performance targets and goals; assigning responsibilities to different
functional units considering their scope or jurisdiction; measures to
improve and sustain performance; practical aspects in appraising
performance and career progression can help a great deal in improving
performance.
PMAS has been one of the contentious issues in the HRM system
because of its direct impact on promotion and career progression.
Common criticisms related to it include inconsistent application of
performance evaluation criteria (biasness), lack of objective monitoring
from top management on the criteria applied in appraising performance,
no clear link between skill development opportunities and the PMAS.
A reviewer may not ask on the merit of individual cases of PMAS but
can determine whether:
• guidelines are issued to appraise performance of various levels
of employees and provide necessary training;
• the responsibilities of employees, first and second line
supervisors are defined clearly;
• performance was appraised in a timely manner; and
• there is a mechanism to review appraisal system and settle
issues/disputes related to PMAS.

e. Compensation –
It implies the establishing policies and procedures of entitlements
and benefits (a wide variety of financial and non-financial incentives
provided to employees in return of services they render) and their
management. Privileges and immunities provided to employees due
to their specific responsibilities also form a part of compensation.
The schemes of compensation, fairness and efficiency in their
implementation substantially influence motivation and morale of

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employees. Schemes are decided at central level but the responsibilities
of their implementation are delegated to operating level entities.
Business organizations may have flexible schemes to compensate
good performance whereas government lacks such schemes. But the
compensation offered by government may be for a longer period such
as pension and coverage for health insurance at old age.
There is always high risk of misuse of compensation. Lapses in
recording leaves and weak monitoring from supervisors, creating false
list of employees and temporary workers and falsifying work hours are
the common risks, which may significantly increase cost to organization.
In auditing compensation scheme, an auditor should:
• assess the magnitude of risks considering the nature of business
of specific entity;
• identify control measures audit entity has in place to mitigate
those risks; and
• examine the efficiency of those measures and evaluate
effectiveness.

Concluding Remarks
Comprehensive evaluation of different aspects of HRM can be
a valuable support to government in building sound organizations,
raising public profile of a personnel management system and a major
instrument to streamline the processes that govern critical elements
of an organization that substantially contribute to the prospects of an
organization’s success. As substantial portion of budget is used for
human resources in most organizations, failure to manage HR will
have substantial negative effect on finance and achieving results.
Evaluation of HRM system should be developed taking into
consideration the major risks associated with efficient and effective
management of people. Evaluation may not address all matters related
to the management of people but it can provide indication to the areas
that needs serious attention by different levels of administration.
Evaluation should cover matters that are directly and indirectly
affecting the competencies of people and strive to identify corrective
measures to make its role more meaningful to society.
In Nepal, there is a lack of practice of evaluating HRM system
by external or independent evaluation. We are facing a number of
challenges in ensuring confidence in the system of governance. One of
its reasons is weak HRM system and lack of commitment to address
them in a systematic manner. Considering the current challenges
associated with HRM, a coordinated approach must be taken to make
our human resource competent and effective.

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 Situation of Adolescence Reproductive
Health in Nepal
- Ram Kumar Rai*

Reproductive health of adolescents is a common concern for

policy makers, service providers, academicians, and development
practitioners. This article gives emphasis on current sexual and
reproductive health status of adolescents in Nepal. In fact, Nepali
youth have begun to challenge the conventional values without social
and family acceptance. At the same time, service mechanisms are not
sufficiently institutionalized to address the need of young adolescents.
Hence, it is urgent to scale up the adolescent friendly services. Despite
improvements in lives of adolescent people, their vulnerability is
also increasing. Therefore, a service delivery mechanism addressing
the dynamics of young people is required to safeguard sexual and
reproductive health and rights of adolescents. Sexual and reproductive
rights are called upon in many international conventions, agreements,
laws and declarations. The right to sexual and reproductive health
provides that people are able to enjoy a mutually satisfying and safe
relationship free from coercion or violence. These rights provide a
framework within which sexual and reproductive wellbeing can be
achieved. Adolescents attempts to adjust with sexually maturing body,
learning to deal with sexual desires, confronting with sexual attitudes,
values, norms and practices, experimenting with sexual behaviors.
More often, they happen to put them at a crossroad of risks where they
need coping abilities and family supports to help them practice healthy
behaviors.
The International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD), 1994 has been successful to bring Sexual and Reproductive
Health concerns as an agenda of development, policy response, and
academic discourse. The ICPD has stressed on access to adolescent
* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

bLklzvf ÷ 237
friendly health services (UNFPA, 2004). As recognized by ICPD,
adolescents have particular health needs that differ in important ways
from those of adults. Nepal, as a co-signatory in 1994 to the Plan of
Action of the ICPD has committed itself to improving the reproductive
health status of the people throughout the nation.]

Introduction
Adolescence is important age group from various
perspectives as they enter the economic as well as socio-cultural
sectors. Adolescence is the period of physical, psychological, and
social maturing from childhood to adulthood. Generally, the term
"adolescents" refers to individuals between the ages of 10-19 years
(UNFPA, 1989). Adolescence is called a transitional period of life since
rapid changes in physical, social, mental and spiritual aspects take
place. It is the mental and psychological adjustment time. This period
is characterized by transformation, and maturation for adulthood.
Being a rapid dynamic transition period from childhood to adulthood,
adolescent are physically, psychologically and socially vulnerable
because the changing need and demand of body and mind, which is
quite different from that of child and adults (ICPD, 1994).
There are 1.2 billion adolescents aged 10–19 in the world which
accounts (17.5%) of the world’s total population. In the least developed
nations, this group comprises an even higher proportion (23%) of the
total population (UN Population Division, 2011). According to the
national population census of 2011, adolescents' population comprises
(24.2%) of the total population of Nepal. Because of population
momentum, the adolescent population will continue to grow for at
least twenty years. The distribution of adolescent population by the
type of residence (rural- urban) is illustrated in the table given below:

Table 1: Distribution of Adolescent Population by Residence and Sex,

Nepal 2011.
Adolescents Population (in percent)
Place of Residence
Male Female Total
Rural 22.9 25.9 24.5
Urban 23.4 22.0 22.7
Nepal 24.9 23.4 24.2
Source: CBS, 2013.

The above table shows that (24.2 %) of the total population

is shared by adolescent population. In which, the percentage of
adolescents is higher (24.5 %) in the rural areas than in the urban areas
(22.7%). Moreover; in the urban area, the male adolescents' population

238 ÷ bLklzvf
(23.4%) has outnumbered the female population (22.0%) whereas
the female adolescents' population is more (25.9%) than their male
counterparts (22.9%) respectively.
During this period, menstrual cycle among girls also starts
at this stage and due to lack of knowledge, bad practice, and wrong
ideas regarding menstrual cycle and body change, girls become more
vulnerable to reproductive health diseases, abuse and the overall quality
of life worsens. In this period, the relationship will shift from parent
to friends; especially relationship is close with opposite sex friends.
There is a high chance of making wrong person as their partner and
friends, which may lead to habit of harmful practice like alcoholism,
smoking, drugs abuse etc. Synthesis of sex hormones and associated
bodily changes brings change in thinking, feeling, and behavior. The risk
taking behavior of the adolescents make them susceptible to contract
disease like STIs (NDHS, 2006).

Data and Sources

This article is primarily based on a desk review of literature on
the reproductive health status and behaviors of adolescents in Nepal.
A number of relevant materials and documents on this subject were
searched using social science databases. A dozen of publications and
reports that had relevant materials on this subject matter were also
reviewed. In addition, data in this article are precisely used from NDHS
2011 cited as Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) [Nepal], New
ERA & ICF International Inc. (2012), in short MoHP et al. (2012) and
NAYS 2010/11 cited as Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP)
[Nepal] (2012), in short MoHP (2012) unless stated otherwise.

Contextualizing Reproductive Health of Adolescence

Age at marriage
As marriage largely determines the onset of sexual activity, age
at marriage is considered as an important in this respect. Marriage
before the age of 18 is a reality for many young women. Child marriage
is actually a violation of human rights, compromising the development
of girls and often resulting in early pregnancy and social isolation.
The convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination
against women (CEDAW, 1979) provides guidance on marriage
including consent and a minimum marriage age of 18 years. Other
world conferences, over the last decade, affirm the rights of youth to
high quality reproductive health information, education and services
(UNICEF, 2005). Nepal is a country with a tradition of high marriage
rates. In Nepal, marriage marks an important transition in person's life.
Marriage is considered almost universal in the Nepalese context. In the
past, the tradition was marrying boys and girls at an early age, so it was
rare to find any person who was not married after the age of 20 years.

bLklzvf ÷ 239
 The recent amendment of Muluki Ain (civil code of Nepal) has
increased the legal age at marriage: 18 years with the parental consent
and 20 years without parental consent for both boys and a girl. NDHS,
2006 showed that among the women, (60 %) were married by age 18
and (78%) were married by age 20 where as men marry more than 3
years later than women do. Parents take all decisions on marriage,
often in utter disregard of their daughters. The age at marriage has
increased Socio- economic factors, including improved education,
increased urbanization, and access to transport and communication
have the potential to influence the age at marriage. The following table
illustrates the status of age at marriage of adolescent girls and boys:

Table 2: Marital Status of Adolescents sex, Nepal 2011.

Married Population (Age Group ) Male Female
10-14 years 0.5 1.1
15-19 years 7.1 23.1
Source: MoHP et al. (2012).

As seen from table above, child marriage is still a practice in

Nepal. The percentage of persons marrying after 15 years is significant.
The above table reveals that (7.1 %) of the male and (23.1%) of females
were found married at the age of 15-19 years respectively.

Contraceptive Use Pregnancy and Fertility
In many parts of the world, a great deal of pressure is placed on
couples to conceive early in their union to ensure the continuity of the
family line. As a result, many do not use contraception. Although the
knowledge of contraception is universal among young people, a large
majority of married adolescents still do not use contraceptives because
of their intentions of early childbearing, shyness, and difficulties to
obtain contraceptive devices. NDHS, 2011 shows that only (14 %)
currently married women aged 15-19 use modern contraception. This
situation contributing to high-unmet need of contraceptives (38%)
among the married adolescent girls.
Pregnant adolescents do not get early or adequate prenatal care,
possibly leading to higher mortality and morbidity. Teenage mothers
are likely to face more complications during pregnancy and childbirth,
which can be detrimental to the health and survival of both mother and
child. The nutritional status of most rural Nepali women of childbearing
age is extremely low. In general, women are not acknowledged to have
special dietary needs during pregnancy. Adolescent girls in Nepal suffer
tremendous nutritional deficiencies, which may affect their children,
resulting in low - weight births, disabilities, or even infant death. As

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they grow older, repeated pregnancies, anemia, continued malnutrition,
and excessive workloads can result in early death (UNESCO, 1996).
The NDHS, 2011 shows that (17 %) Nepalese adolescent girls aged
15-19 are already mother or pregnant; almost one quarter (20%) have
given birth before reaching age 18 while over half (50 %) have had a
birth by the age 20. Only one out of five adolescent mothers (20.7%)
are delivered at health facility, which is slightly higher than the overall
percentage of mother delivered at health facility (18%). These results
show that despite the improvements in demographic and reproductive
health indicators, young people are at comprehensive need of sexual
and reproductive health services.

Unmet Need for Family Planning

Contraceptive prevalence rate in Nepal has faced stalemate in
the last half a decade with increasing unmet need. Controversially,
despite the expansion of the government and non-government services
on family planning, the unmet need is still in rise. This simply indicates
gap in service delivery.

Table 3: Unmet need for family planning among currently married

youth women, Nepal, 2011.
Age of currently married women Unmet need (%)
15-19 42
20-24 37
Source: MoHP et al.(2012).

The above table shows that 15-19 years women have the highest
unmet need (42 %) followed by 20-24 years women (37%). There may
be several reasons why young people have high-unmet need. UNFPA
(2004) points accessibility, choices, client-providers interaction, spousal
or community support, follow-up and financial constraints as some
reasons for low use of family planning services. Family planning for
this group may not only have health benefits, it allows them to enjoy
autonomy and opportunity of education, employment, participation
and movement (Pokharel, 2008). There are also some gaps to be
addressed by the information and communication programs. For
instance, (21 %) of aged 15-19 years women have not heard and known
about family planning from the means of communication like radio,
television, newspaper, poster and street drama. Moreover, among the
contraceptive non-users (95%) of the adolescents of aged 15-19 years
women do not discuss about family planning methods with health
professionals at their visit to health services. These indicators are
demanding responsive and accountable service delivery systems to
reach the young people (MoHP et al. 2012).

bLklzvf ÷ 241
Adolescent Friendly Services
There is growing concern and demand for adolescent friendly
health services in the country because the present modality of care has
not made program to meet the health needs of adolescents. Adolescents
are likely to use available services if they are youth friendly. It means
if the services are accessible, affordable, confidential and able to meet
a range of health needs. Diagnosis and treatment services for STIs and
HIV/AIDS are provided by government and NGOs / INGOs. However,
these services are primarily focused to the adults and are not friendly
to the adolescents. They do not meet the basic needs of accessibility,
confidentiality, and affordability. Nor they are closely integrated with
the essential health care needs of adolescents and youth. However, there
has been rigorous effort form both government and non-government
sectors to enhance the health status of adolescent population form past
few decades.
Before ICPD 1994, adolescent specific health service was
virtually nonexistent in Nepal except few programs focusing on drug
abuse and HIV/AIDS. AS a signatory to ICPD program of action and
other international conferences, Nepal is committed to improve the
reproductive health of adolescent .The ninth five year plan and the
second long term health plan (1997-2017) have emphasized developing
especial programs for both population control and reproductive health
including adolescent health.

Maternal Health Care

Early childbearing is still prevalent in Nepal. Women who begin
fertility at younger age, particularly before 20 years, suffer from several
health risks with increasing risk to newborns. WHO (2008) reports that
early pregnancy leads to anemia, STIs, mental illness, unsafe abortion
complications and obstetric fistulae. Besides the endogenous biological
health factors, the exogenous socioeconomic and cultural factors
increase the health risk of young mothers and babies (Conde-Agudelo
et. al 2005).
Young mothers in Nepal need comprehensive reproductive
health services to prevent them from health hazards associated with
early reproductive practices. For example, among the young mothers
below 20 years, (10 %) did not receive prenatal care; (58 %) delivered
at home; 58 percent were assisted by traditional birth attendants
(TBAs) and 50 percent did not receive post-natal care. Reports also
show discouraging health seeking behaviors among young females. As
many as three quarters females (15-19 years) having at least one health
problem do not access to health services owing to either permission,
money, distance and accompany (MoHP et al. 2012).

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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), HIV and AIDS
Preliminary knowledge about STIs and HIV/AIDS is common
among Nepali young people. Having knowledge is prerequisite for
being safe but not sufficient. The risk taking behaviors, refraining from
health seeking behaviors and inaccessibility to health services mount
the relative risk of STIs and HIV/AIDS. For females, gender power
relations, cultural and social values restrict to negotiate and practice
safer sex. More females than males report of having these problems.
The severity increases when the youth have economic, education and
cultural disadvantages. Despite the massive investment in spreading
message, Nepali youth lack comprehensive and correct knowledge of
HIV/AIDS. Comprehensive knowledge is important for making HIV/
AIDS prevention program successful and promoting healthy sexual
behavior. It is also necessary to reduce HIV/AIDS related stigma
and discrimination. The NDHS, 2011 shows that only (26 %) females
and (34 %) males (aged 15-19) have comprehensive knowledge. By
comprehensive, we mean knowledge of mode of transmission, ways of
prevention and appropriate attitude about HIV/AIDS infected persons.

Knowledge and Attitude towards Family Planning and

Abortion
Although the Government of Nepal has legalized abortion under
certain legal and medical conditions in 2002, the information has not
been well spread to younger women. This has put them at risk of unsafe
abortion which is one of the major causes of maternal mortality and
morbidity in Nepal. The risk of unsafe abortion may jeopardize health
of many adolescents as their participation in premarital sexual activities
is alarmingly increasing. The NDHS, 2011 shows that 60 percent (15-
19) women do not know that abortion is legal in Nepal. This calls for
stakeholders to be more sensitive and focused to increase awareness
and access to the safe abortion services. Despite the improvements in the
level of education and access to information, young people have some
misconceptions about family planning, which eventually discourages
them to use contraceptives for better health. The survey shows that
(10 %) youth (15-24) believe contraceptive is women's business while
(20%) believe that using contraception may make women promiscuous.
These attitudes prevent women to enjoy sexual and reproductive health
rights.

Reproductive and Sexual Knowledge and Behavior

Adolescents of Nepal, especially in rural area have very little
knowledge regarding sexual and reproductive health. They are unaware
of the accompanying psychological changes and are more often unable

bLklzvf ÷ 243
to discuss these issues with their parents. Negative perceptions and
misinformation, endanger the reproductive health and wellbeing
of adolescent girls and expose them to reproductive tract infections
(RTIs), pelvic inflammatory diseases (PIDs) and other complications.
A reproductive health related knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP)
survey conducted by the PLAN International in Makawanpur district
found a high level of ignorance among the adolescence girls about
genital hygiene including safe sanitation practices during the menstrual
bleeding period which endanger the reproductive health and expose
them to RTIs, PIDs and other associated complications. Moreover, about
half of the sexually active adolescent boys did not believe that they
were at the risk of STIs or HIV and AIDS. It shows that young people's
premarital sexual encounters are unplanned. Over (67%) of adolescent
girls faced some kinds of menstruation related health complications.
Among them, a large majority of them experienced some symptoms
of urinary tract infection.
Although very little information exists on premarital, marital,
and extra marital sexual activity among adolescents due to social taboos
in Nepal; it appears that unmarried adolescents are becoming more
sexually active. According to the study conducted by CREPHA in five
selected border towns of Nepal revealed that (41%) of the unmarried
male adolescents aged 17-19 years were sexually active. Among them,
the first sex partner for (10%) was commercial sex worker and (54%) of
them had multiple sex partners. There is changing perceptions of Nepali
young people towards marriage and sexual behaviors. Such findings
have revealed several issues for policy and program response to ensure
safer sexual and reproductive health and rights. The Nepal adolescence
and youth survey (NAYS 2010/11) discloses that Nepali young people
are challenging the traditional practices and thereby engaging in
activities that Nepali society has reservation to accept(MoHP,2012).

Table 4: Percent distribution of adolescents age 10-19 by sex according

to perceptions on marriage and sexual behaviors, Nepal, 2011.

Perceptions on marriage and Male (%) Female (%)

sexual behaviors Age Age Age Age
10-14 15-19 10-14 15-19
Love marriage is appropriate 58 84 46 74
Living together before marriage
6 23 4 10
is acceptable
Premarital sexual intercourse is
7 15 6 11
acceptable
Source: MoHP et al. 2012.

244 ÷ bLklzvf
 Table 4 illustrates that Nepali young people are at a stage of
behavioral and perceptual transition. They have conflicting opinion
against the traditional Nepali society which needs to be safely
managed. This transition has also put them at risk because they also
have demonstrated several risky behaviors away from health scrutiny
and family observations. As expected, males demonstrate flexible
behavior compared to females. For example, male young people
accept love marriage, living together before marriage and premarital
sexual intercourse compared to female counterpart. This resembles
the Nepali social and cultural settings, which favors males. However,
the proportion of females accepting these behaviors also indicate their
changing preference out of the rigid traditional circle where virginity
of female has cultural, religious and social values (Crockett et al., 2003).
In addition, Table 5 shows the involvement of adolescents in
pre-marital sexual activities. The sexual practices of young people
show that they are at risk of sexual and reproductive health. Surveys
have shown that a significant number of both of the males and female
adolescents are involved in pre-marital sexual activities with more male
involvement.

Table 5: Distribution of adolescents by sex according to involvement

in premarital sexual activities, Nepal 2011.
Male (%) Female (%)
Premarital sexual activities
10-14 15-19 10-14 15-19
Ever fallen in love affair 3 36 3 20
Having sexual intercourse with lover
5 36 4 9
at the time of visit
Average number of lover by now 1.17 1.65 1.21 1.2
Source: MoHP et al. 2012.

The above table reveals that large proportion of adolescents are

engaged in premarital sexual intercourse which could be unsafe and
unplanned. It remarks that along with the transformation in social
values and structure, individual prefer freedom on decisions related
to marriage, sexual unions and practices. This may lead them to risky
sexual behaviors because of inadequate knowledge of safe practices,
inaccessibility to services and cultural and social limitations to negotiate
safer sex. Nepalese young people carry the message of such behaviors.
(Campbell, Reerink, Jenniskens& Pathak, 2003).

Policy Initiatives for Adolescence Reproductive Health
Government Initiatives
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health is an area in need of
research and evidence-based policies. Research, evaluation and better

bLklzvf ÷ 245
program monitoring can help identify gaps, create awareness and build
consensus among policy-makers that focusing on younger adolescents
is a relevant, actionable policy investment. Qualitative research and
evaluation methods are particularly suited to capturing adolescents'
opinions, emotions, values, expectations, and hopes.
In Nepal, the adolescent population constitutes a significant
proportion of the total population. They face many difficulties
relating to unwanted pregnancy, STIs, early child bearing, delivery
complication, including social and economic hardships. The ICPD
conference seeks to address adolescent sexual and reproductive health
such as unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, STIs including HIV and
AIDS through the promotion of responsible and healthy reproductive
and sexual behavior and provisions of appropriate service and
counseling suitable for that age group. In line with the overall approach
for the ICPD-1994, the government of Nepal recognized the need for
improving the nation's reproductive health services and eventually
formulated a national policy and strategies for reproductive health.
The new strategy is consistent with the 1991 health policy and 1997-
2007 second long- term health plan. In Nepal, integrated reproductive
health service will be delivered through the existing primary health
care system. A gender perspective, community participation, equitable
access, and intersectoral collaboration will be emphasized in all aspects.
The strategy encompasses intervention at various levels. In an attempt
to promote young people's health and address their health problems,
the government of Nepal needs to define priorities, develop common
targets and consensus to implement program strategies, as well as
to establish indicators for monitoring and evaluation of adolescent
reproductive health programs. In the planning process, the government
requires a situation assessment and problem analysis pertaining to
adolescents. While initiating national planning and polices for young
people's health and development, the government needs to take
necessary steps towards establishing a health co-coordinating the
programs and activities undertaken by various groups, institutions
and NGOs in meeting the needs of adolescents in the country.

NGO Interventions
Striving to create an environment favorable to address the
needs of adolescents, various NGOs, especially FPAN, are engaged in
organizing workshops and seminars for parliamentarians, the media,
women leaders, and social workers on advocating the reproductive
health needs for adolescents. A radio program called "Khuldili" is
also conducted through Nepal FM. This program helps to address the
sexuality and reproductive health related queries and curiosity among

246 ÷ bLklzvf
Nepalese teenagers and adolescents. Likewise, soon after the Cairo
Conference in 1994, FPAN organized workshops in all development
regions involving local government authorities and social workers.
The workshops strongly recommended introducing sex education
at districts levels. In order to prevent the consequences of unwanted
pregnancies, various NGO and private institutions have organized
advocacy programs. FPAN had been played a significant role in creating
pressure groups in the parliament, in the media, and in the society at
large to influence the government, policy makers and political leaders
to bring favorable policy changes for adolescence reproductive health.
Workshops on family planning and reproductive health as a basic
human right, had recommended, among other things that " abortion
of first trimester of pregnancy should be made legal if performed by
registered and trained medical professionals, and if the pregnancy is
unwanted ".
Most government programs are related to the awareness and
prevention of STIs and HIV/ AIDS. No adolescent - specific agency
exists in the public, private, or NGO sectors. Moreover, there are some
dozens of NGOs and INGOs actively involved in reproductive health
programs in Nepal. The projects and programs of these agencies are
among other things, reproductive care, child survival, safe motherhood,
family planning, and prevention education on HIV/ AIDs and STIs,
condom promotion including diagnosis and treatment of STI cases. A
few NGOs especially since 1994 ICPD are committed in addressing
the needs of adolescence. Some of the NGOs and INGOs like Asia
Foundation, Shrii Shakti, FPAN, ABC Nepal, SHATHI, WOREK, and
WICOM are advocating in the issues of violence against women, girls
trafficking, safe abortion, adolescence reproductive health and seeking
to eradicate the social barrier like son preference.

Conclusion
Tremendous problems are associated with the adolescence
reproductive health in Nepal. The problems like limited access to
food and health care to adolescent girls, high maternal mortality rate
due to early and frequent pregnancies, high infant mortality rate due
to low maternal age and low level of contraceptive prevalence rate
among the adolescent age group increasing STI cases. These include
lack of effective policies and programs and failure to involve young
people in existing promotional activities and lack of coherent policy
for protection and promotion of adolescent's reproductive health.
Neither young people nor adults realize the danger of adolescence
pregnancies to the health of both of the mother and babies. Educators,
parents, religious and local political leaders often lack sensitivity and

bLklzvf ÷ 247
awareness to the special problems of young adolescent people. In this
situation, a strong advocacy is now required to form the commitment to
address the needs of adolescents' health and development at national,
regional, community and family level, to build up partnership and
strengthen the capacity of the government, NGOs and private sectors
to adopt a sustainable and cost effective approach to adolescence health
and development and to increase involvement and participation of
adolescents. To boost up the situation of the adolescents' reproductive
health, emphasis should be given in the following areas of intervention:

Proper Counseling:
Early pregnancy and pregnancy related problems could be
prevented through counseling. Adolescents deserve right to detailed
knowledge and information relating to their development, health and
sexual issues particularly since they have higher chances of early age
pregnancy related complications and premature death. Hence, they
need one to one counseling, especially in the condition when they have
particular reproductive and sexual health problems. Counselors should
be provided with TOT, including the male and female reproductive
systems, physical, social, emotional, and psychological changes
during puberty, the process of conception, pregnancy, birth and sex
determination of an unborn baby, STIs, HIV and AIDS and population
dynamics.

Family and Teachers' Role:

This adolescence period is vulnerable period due to absence of
proper guidance and counseling. Family has a crucial role in shaping the
adolescents' behavior. They have to insure a safe secure and supportive
environment for the adolescents. A positive and encouraging attitude
has to be developed among the family members and the parents.
School teachers should be trained on adolescence health. Community
leaders and government should also play a vital role on adolescent
health care. Providing health education regarding sexual change,
sexuality and gender helps to reduce the stigma and misconception
associated with health problems and services. Involving adolescent
in developmental and decision-making activities increases adolescent
utilization of health care services and the ownership of program by
them. Sensitization of parents, teachers and social leader on the need
and issue of adolescent health and establishing the linkages between
health facilities and adolescents' clubs helps to increase the young’s
participation to the health and developmental activities and also to
health service utilization.

248 ÷ bLklzvf
Reproductive Health and Sex Education:
The more education a girl receives, the less likely she is to marry
as a child. Improving access to education for both girls and boys and
eliminating gender gaps in education are important strategies in ending
the practice of child marriage.
Recently, reproductive health and sex education have been
introduced in the school and higher education in Nepal. The
government of Nepal had decided to allow NGOs and private sector
agencies to work in the field of sexual and adolescent reproductive
health service in the country. The family life education program is
a significant intervention in the field of sex education. This program
should aim at providing family life education, sexual and reproductive
health service and other aspects of adolescent development and training
to encourage adolescents and youth to become leaders and volunteers.
Sex education including physical changes at puberty, psychological
changes in adolescence, the male and female reproductive systems,
facts about menstruation, virginity, nocturnal emission, masturbation,
homosexuality, ovulation, fertilization, , conception , birth and sex
determination of an unborn baby could be provided through secondary
schools and non formal education program.

Information and Supply of Contraceptives:

Since adolescents have right to have information and knowledge
about reproductive health and sexual issues, information on sexual
maturity, sexuality and gender information could be delivered through
various outlets including family planning clinics, Marie stops clinics,
family life education centers, health clinics, youth and women groups
and so on. Contraceptives can be used to postpone the first time
birth and prevent unwanted pregnancies. Contraceptives that are
suitable for the young people such as condoms, oral pills, injectables
and emergency contraception should be available to the adolescents.
However, unmarried adolescents are either restricted from the free
supply of contraceptives of their choice or are hesitant to seek them
because of the society's negative attitude. Only condoms are freely
available for everybody in the country because of their promotion for
HIV and AIDS prevention, while other contraceptive methods meant
for adolescents are not readily available.

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Pathak, R.S. (2006). Adolescent Reproductive Health and Rights in Nepal. Nepal
Population Journal, 12(11), 19-32.
Pokharel, T. (2008). Determinants and Advantages of Contraception Prevalence:
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Traditional Practice. New York: UNICEF.
UNFPA. (2004). The State of World Population 2004. New York: UNFPA.

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 Role of Media during Crisis and
Disasters
- Sabitri Dhakal*

People are curious by nature. They show inquisitive behavior

looking at a small thing or an event. As they look, either they make
a comment verbally or they just keep it within themselves or they
share it with some others. This inquisitive nature of human has led
them to make communication with one other. Communication can be
made verbally or non-verbally. In today’s time where it is difficult to
live without communicating with one other, communication can be
made through eye contacts, body languages, gestures, touch, sign and
symbols, drawing, graphic design, illustration, colors, tone of voice,
letters and documents, typed electronic documents, e-mails, text chats,
SMS, lectures, conferences and anything.
Communication plays a vital role in people’s life. It helps one to
understand what the other is telling about. One’s needs and concerns
can be communicated both through the oral and written forms. Man had
tried to communicate with the help of smoke signals, beating of drums,
et cetera when the modern devices and machines weren’t developed.
Cave paintings, hieroglyphic writings were accomplished to preserve
messages for upcoming generations. However, after the invention of
printing press in 1450 by German businessman Johannes Gutenberg
the ways of communication started changing. Stories of thousands
of others were set down on paper then after. At the start of the 15th
century, every English text had to be laboriously copied by hand. This
was a kind of disappointment for the growing middle class as they had
limited access to the written word. Initially invented for moneymaking
the printing press then came with mass production of books and set
about experimenting with printing methods. Spreading literature to the
masses it was an efficient, durable way, shoving Europe headlong into
* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

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the original information age — the Renaissance. After the invention of
printing press, the way of communication too started changing. Along
with changing time and inventions people became aware about the
ways of communication and this is why various forms of media have
come into existence till date.
People show their curious nature and have a hunger of getting
information. To help people in quenching such queries for information
media has always played a significant role. With the invention of radio,
television, computers among other electronic devices communications
reached a wider arena encouraging people to enjoy their right to
information. Media, regarded as a means of communication, shares
information with the public, informs them about the current affairs
happening all around the globe tries to entertain and includes public
in sharing their ideas. It also helps people to be updated and informed
about the current affairs. The role of media isn’t only limited to sharing of
information but it also helps to form opinions and make judgment about
different issues going around the locality and the world. The media
effects can be answered in terms of creating awareness, knowledge,
attitude and behavior change, impact on value systems and ideology
of society, creating tripartite relationship between media, audience and
society (Narula, 2004). Media helps in creating awareness to the public,
helps in debunking rumors while presenting facts and information
through the means of radio, television, newspapers, online among others.
There are varieties of outlets regarding communication and
sharing of information. Among them broadcast media transmits
information electronically. Film, radio, television, telegraph, telephone,
fax, gramophone, audio cassette recorder, recorded items all are means
of communication. These means of communication fall under the
categories of both broadcast and digital media. All these items share
information by broadcasting them while the digital media shares
information through internet. Be it an email, a website, social media
(such as facebook or twitter), internet based radio, television or news
portals they share information to the public. Magazines, newspapers,
books, comics, placards, brochures, and similar others in the printed
form transmit information to the public. They all fall under the category
of print media. Information also is shared through events, presentations,
public speaking and advertisement. All these sharing of information has
a purpose in it — communication. Communication is vital for all as it
plays a significant role in the process of development. Communication
is the primary channel through which development occurs (Narula,
2004). It also helps in involving the masses for national integrity and
unity. Media also plays an important role in social transformation. If
the people working in media are honest and responsible and know their

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respective duties, roles and responsibilities then the media can act as a
guiding force to build a nation. Communications media are important
to involve the masses towards achieving national aspirations. Next,
perhaps, to politics, the mass media is the most potent instrument of a
society for economic and social transformation (Kamath, 2002).
In the age when information is one of the important aspects
of life, media must provide authentic and timely information to
the public. Media plays an important role in sharing information,
educating, communicating, entertaining and motivating the public.
The major functions incorporate information, education, persuasion,
entertainment and socialization. Similarly, other functions incorporate
storekeeper and distributor of knowledge, role of advertiser, journalism
maker, role of mediator, and agents to change society (Acharya,
2009). Media also covers stories of human interest, reports news, gives
factual information and tries to work with the community. According
to the Missouri Group (2004), the media serve five functions: report
the news; monitor power; uncover justice; tell stories that interest the
public; and sustain communities by working as the nervous system of
the community.
Medias are all around and so are changes taking place. Be it a
political turmoil, unexpected changes and events taking place in the
society or the occurrence of natural disasters it is the media that reaches
the spots to bring information to the public. Media plays an important
role in our everyday lives but this role of media can be strongly felt
during the time of crisis and disasters. If any disasters occur then it
media that informs people about the cause and effects, offers ways of
preventive measures while debunking the rumors behind. It is media
that brings human, material, economic, environmental losses and
impacts of the disasters to the limelight. Natural disasters such as floods,
volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes
can occur without alarming the public and as it occurs it leaves a great
loss of lives and property. It is the role of media to bring issues from
the affected community using its own resources and manpower.
This research provides a welcome opportunity on the role of
media in sharing information, maintaining communication while
fulfilling its major roles and responsibilities during the time of crisis and
disasters. This research is a discerning account of such roles of media
during the time of emergencies, catastrophe, upheaval, devastation
and destructions either during flood, tsunami, volcano eruption or
natural disasters. It is the media that helps in imparting or exchanging
of information to the public from such sites. The purpose of this study is
to understand how media act to the disaster and emergency situations. It
attempts to understand the role of media throughout a natural disaster.

bLklzvf ÷ 253
The study is based on personal experience, observation and interviews
with people in disaster and sets out the role of media during disaster.
By exploring the roles and responsibilities of the media, their success
and failures during the emergencies and disaster best practices will
be established. However, this study will not analyze one to one roles
of forms of media. It also will not analyze the psychological state of
journalists and media persons during the time of disasters and crisis.
It also will not focus on internal crisis of the media houses.

Disasters
Disasters be it a natural one or the results of human errors arise
time and again. Be it flooding, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis or
tornados they have a tremendous effect on human life with a huge
loss of life and property. As human are living in the disasters prone
areas the aftermaths of such calamities can’t be avoided despite human
efforts as they occur without alarming us. Such calamities reoccur and
the histories have proven so. To add, calamities are recurrent features of
human life. As the calamities occur people are affected psychologically,
physically and socially. They live in a kind of trauma even after years
of occurrence of such disasters. Yet at the same time they need brief
information about the disasters. This is why media responses as quick
as possible after hearing news about the disasters.
Communication is an important part to prevent disaster. Many
channels such as visible or audible signals, leaflets, announcements by
speaker cars and public events are used before and during a disaster.
Among such channels mass media such as newspapers, television, radio
and increasingly important the internet plays a crucial role in the time
of crisis and disasters.

Media Response to Disasters

When disasters strike, the first thing media does is to obtain
more information about the disaster by going through their old similar
reports, dispatching reporters and photographers to site where the
disaster has occurred. “It is now fairly well established what media
do when disaster strikes. The media hear of the event, try to obtain
more information, use their own files to add background to their
stories, dispatch reporters and report anything they are told. Often
they devote all their air time or much of the space available to that
single story (Scanlon and Alldred, 1982). To gather material the media
can draft anyone available at the time being. When two teenagers
killed 15 students – including themselves — and wounded 13 others
at Columbine High School in Colorado, KCNC-TV in Denver used
every staff member available for its 13 hours of non-stop coverage:

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Well over 150 newsroom regulars and extras pitched in to make the
extensive coverage possible. Off-duty employees came into the station
without being summoned and took up posts. Newsroom hierarchies
were discarded. Everyone, intern and news director alike, answered
phones and responded when a need arose (Dean, 1999, p. 24).
Similar scene was seen in Nepal when the April 25, 2015
earthquake rocked the nation. Medias in the country used every staff
member available. We were gathered outside our office and divided
our work. Our office building was destroyed so we decided to work
from our press at Pepsicola. I and my colleague Jagdishwor Pandey
were assigned to collect numbers of people who have lost their life and
those who were injured in the earthquake. When we came back from
the Mahanagariya Prahari Aayukta(Metropolitan Police Range) we saw
that Kantipur television was going live from the road. Colleagues from
ekantipur were typing and posting news from the road (Baskota, 2015).
Either all of the employees are available or not media tries its best
to bring information for the public so as to give factual information as
the public really does not know the impacts and effects of the disasters.
The duration for the coverage of news on disasters remains for a longer
time. The news coverage isn’t fulfilled with a single issue. If a disasters
occurs the news about disasters remain quite longer than the everyday
news. Similar happened after the September 11 attack on America. The
morning of September 11, 2001, changed the amount of attention in the
media and the media literature given to untoward events. Jack Lule
found that New York Times editorials were consumed by the attack
for more than a month afterwards (Lule, 2002). From 12 September to
12 October the paper published eighty-four editorials, usually three a
day. Of these eighty-four, fifty-eight (69 percent) were directly related
to the consequences and aftermath of the terrorist attacks. For the first
eight days after the attack, every editorial confronted some feature
of September 11. No other issue was worth of consideration. And for
seventeen days, the only other issue that merited attention was the
New York mayoral race to decide the successor to Rudy Giuliana, a
race ultimately shaped by the attacks (Lule, 2002, p. 280)

Warnings and Rumor Control

Whenever there are any kinds of disasters rumors immediately
follow them. It travels faster than the air to fuel fear in public. Rumors
spread like wildfire. The earthquake of April 25, in Nepal did not
only shook the very ground beneath our feet, it also set the rumors in
people. Already panicked people were listening to all those gossip news.
Rumors such as tiger on the loose, the moon is upside down, be ready
for the 9 Richter big one, volcano eruption, locals died drinking water

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that spouted from the ground spread in such a way that people in media
continuously broadcasted news on warning people and threw light on
those rumors. Passing on warnings is without doubt, the clearest and
most consistent role [of mass media] in a disaster (Quarantelli, 1991, p. 23).
Warnings are effective only if they are specific about the threat,
specific about who is affected and specific about what to do and –
because persons hearing a warning from one source are inclined to
check with another – they are effective only if they come from all
possible sources. At Mount St. Helens, Perry and Green found that
80 per cent of those who received a warning tried to confirm it with
another source (Perry and Greene, 1983, p. 66).
The media can also be critical in putting down rumors. When
a severe windstorm hit Nova Scotia, there was a rumor that the ferry
between North Sydney and Port aux Basques, Newfoundland, had
sunk. The rumor stopped when the mayor sent a reporter from the one
radio station still on the air to interview the ferry captain at the docks.
The captain said that the voyage had been a rough one but his ship was
fine (Scanlon, 1977). That killed the rumor.

Human Interest Stories

Media tries to bring stories, which are usually ignored. It doesn’t
only give an overview of what happened but also focuses in the feature
stories. Taking interviews with the victims the people in media try to
being in limelight about their sufferings, the challenges they met, their
life before, during and after the disaster. They try to bring issues, which
often go ignored. Life Magazine did that on the Viet Nam war when it
ran the photo of every service person killed in a single week. The New
York Times did that after 9/11 when day after day it ran photos and
brief articles about those who died as a result of the terrorist attack,
material later incorporated into a book (New York Times, 2003). The
morning of September 11, 2001, changed the amount of attention in the
media and the media literature given to untoward events. Jack Lule
found that New York Times editorials were consumed by the attack
for more than a month afterwards (Lule, 2002).
We too have seen photos and feature stories of earthquake
occurring in the daily broadsheets, radio programs, online stories and
other forms of media till two months after the occurrence of April
25 earthquake in Nepal. The editorials too were consumed of the
devastations of earthquake.

Post Disaster Recovery

Media positively affects social and civic participation. It also
helps in post disaster recovery. It also helps to recover people from

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the trauma of disasters with the help of its feature stories, related news
pieces and reports.

Conclusion
Media plays an important role during crisis and disasters. It
plays a critical role before, during and after the occurrence of such
incidents. Media helps in controlling rumor, and also helps in warning
people about the possible disasters. It is the single source for public.
Any misunderstandings, distortion of news are effectively handled by
media. However, media needs to be monitored and handled with care
because it the single most source for public to know the truth. Moreover,
if an organization distorts the truth or does not deliver trustworthy
information then the management of crisis is lost.

References
Acharya, BB. (2009). A Textbook on Mass Communication and Journalism.
Kathmandu: Pradhan Book house.
Baskota, Pratima. (2015, May 1). Gharighari Aaune Aama ko Phone. Kantipur,
p. 8.
Kamath, MV (2002). Professional Journalism. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House Pvt Ltd.
Lule, Jack (2002) Myth and Terror on the Editorial Page: The New York Times
Responds to September 11, 2001 Journalism & Mass Communication
Quarterly 79, (2), 275-309
Missouri Group. (2004). Telling the story: The convergence of print, broadcast and
online media (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press.
Narula, Uma. (2004) Mass Communication Theory and Practice. New Delhi: Har-
Anand Publications Pvt Ltd.
New York Times (2003) Portraits: 9/111/01: The Collected ‘Portraits of Grief” from
the New York Times New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Perry, Ron and Marjorie Greene (1983). Citizen Response to Volcanic Eruptions:
The Case of Mount St. Helens. New York: Irvington Publishers.
Quarantelli, E. L. (1991) Lessons From Research: Findings on Mass Communications
System Behavior in the Pre, Trans and Postimpact Periods Newark: Disaster
Research Center.
Scanlon, T. Joseph (1977). Post-Disaster Rumor Chains: A Case Study
International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 2, 121-126.
Scanlon, T. Joseph and Suzanne Alldred (1982). Media Coverage of Disasters:
The Same Old Story Barclay G. Jones and Miha Tomazevic, eds. Social
and Economic Aspects of Earthquakes Ithaca: Cornell University and
Ljubljana: Institute for Testing and Research in Materials and Structures,
363-375.

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 Relevance of Confucianism to the
Western Model of Democracy: A Study
in Chinese Context
- Sedhu Nath Dhakal*

Introduction
Does Confucianism promote democracy? Yes, it does.
Confucianism supports to promote the democratic system, and
democracy makes the Confucianism stronger and updated. Democracy
and Confucianism are not antagonistic; rather they are supportive
and compatible to one another. Confucianism doesn't block the
democratic system because it has accepted and adopted most of the
modern democratic principles for the welfare of the people and the
nations. Confucianism has been adopted as a political and philosophic
principle in China and some other East Asian countries where there
is rapid development and economic progress and these countries are
now competing to the western countries. Democracy, rule of law, and
capitalism are the basic tenets of modernity that almost all the nations
have adopted nowadays, and Confucianism is relevant to all of these.
This article aims to show the compatibility between Confucianism and
democracy by highlighting the principles of Confucianism that are
more relevant to democracy. Maintaining rule of law, peace and order,
welfare of the citizens, formation of government to address the rights
and prosperity of the people, corruption control, and check and balance
of the government are some of the essential principles of democracy,
which are the basic notions of Confucianism.

Confucianism
Confucianism is a philosophy developed by Confucius (Master
Kong (551 - 479 BC), which is based entirely on love, kindness, mutual
respect, and an appreciation for character virtues. It is developed on
the belief that society can flourish only when people learn to interact
* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

258 ÷ bLklzvf
positively with each other maintaining communal harmony. The basic
tenets of Confucianism were collected and developed by Mencius
(Master Meng 390 - 305 BC), a contemporary of Confucius' grandson.
Confucian principles are collected in The Analects of Confucius and The
Works of Mencius. Some of the basic notions of Confucianism are: good
governance based on the societal rectification, meritocracy, ethical and
moral leadership to rule the state, self-cultivation and mediation, and
maintaining social harmony. Self-cultivation leads to social harmony
and development.
Confucianism focuses on humanness, Ren and behavioural
propriety, Li. Ren is the moral quality characteristics of humanity (Lai,
21), which means the ethical characteristics in an individual. Love and
kindness makes a person a perfect human. It is a love to all humanity.
This characteristic is understood in many ways, but Karyan L. Lai
argues that it is an inborn disposition or a feature of collective socio
- political life (21). As Confucians believe Ren is associated with five
attitudes: deference, tolerance, making good on one's word, diligence
and generosity [Analects 17:6] (qtd. in Lai 24) Ren is related to justice
and righteousness in human beings. To simplify these terms Ren is
humanness whereas Li is behaviour. Ren is nature that is inside and Li
is nurturing which is cultivated from outside. Ren is manifest and Li is
practice. Ren and Li are inextricably interdependent concepts (Lai, 30).
According to Confucian notion, the ruler should have the
Ren, which means the feeling of indiscriminate love, humanity,
compassion, sympathy, equality. There is a feeling in Confucianism
that you should not do something to other that you cannot think to
be done to yourself. It applies mostly to the rulers in a state. There
should be feeling of mutual relationship to each other with brotherly
respect. Good governance is possible only when there is the concept
of moral self - cultivation. The choice of government is on the basis of
the ethical merits. It focuses on the character development.
Both Mencius and Xunzi played important role to flourish
Confucian philosophy. Mencius believed that human nature is
originally good. He opines, "Humans are born as a blank state, a
tabula rasa. They become good or bad depending on the influences
around them" (qtd. in Lai, 37). But Xunzi believed that human beings
are morally bad, that should be corrected. Evil characters should
be corrected from further regulation of law that he called fa. Both li
(appropriate behaviour) and fa (standards and penal law) are essential
in maintaining good characters in human beings.
Confucianism became an official ideology in Han dynasty
period (140 - 87 BC). All the governments in China more or less
adopted the ideals of Confucianism directly or indirectly. Slowly, it

bLklzvf ÷ 259
was adopted in other countries in the East Asia. In The Contemporary
Relevance of Confucianism, Deniel A. Bell and Hahm Chaibong write;
For the next two thousand years, the country's best minds sought
to interpret and modify Confucianism to make it more relevant
in particular situations with novel features. By the late nineteenth
century, the whole East Asian region was thoroughly 'Confucianized'.
That is, Confucian values and practices informed the daily lives of
people in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, and whole systems of
government were justified with reference to Confucian ideals. (1)
Nowadays the notions of Confucianism have become essential
not only in the aforementioned countries in all aspects of their lives,
but also in many other countries of the world.

Democracy
Democracy is defined as the form of government in which there
is direct involvement of the citizens in forming it, which should be
responsible for the welfare of the people of that nation. It is believed
that democracy started from Greece. The first democratic government
was thought to have been established in Greek cities during the sixth
and fifth century BC. But it was not stable. In Rome in around eleventh
century people tried to maintain democratic system, but it could not
become full democracy. In England by overthrowing King James II
from his reign in 1689 A. D. British people could form parliamentary
government. But everybody should believe that among all forms
of government, democracy is the most recent one. Abhram Lincoln
defined it as "the government of the people, by the people and for
the people' (qtd. in Doren, 301). It means the government should be
of all the people of the state, not a single person is left out. People
select their representative themselves to rule the nation. If the rulers
go beyond their expectations, they have rights to withdraw from the
power. The government in democratic system should be responsible
towards the people; it is for the people.
Almost all the democratic thinkers give emphasis on
the welfare of the people in the democratic system because the
government itself is made by the people. When there is participation
of the people, it can never be against the people. If it goes beyond
people's welfare, the people may form another government in favour
of them by overthrowing it. So, democracy is considered the best
form of government around the world. Majority of the nation in the
world have been practicing democracy, and the remaining are also
in the process of adopting it. In democracy, there is equality to all
the people throughout the state. Thomas Jefferson, ex president of the
United States declared in the Declaration of Independence (1776), "All

260 ÷ bLklzvf
men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable rights" (qtd. in Doren 300). It is believed in the democratic
system that there won't be any form of discrimination among the
people because of their differences. All should enjoy the facilities and
rights endowed by the government. In the eyes of government, all
citizens are equal.
Democracy is a system of governing the nation by compulsorily
following some basic principles such as peace and security, rule of
law, human rights, child franchise, end of all form of discrimination,
equality to all the citizens, and most importantly following periodical
election system. About the characteristics of democratic system, Judith
Large and Timothy D Sisk write,
Democracy has been understood as an instrument for managing
conflicting interests in non - violent ways, through electrical systems,
checks and balances, power sharing, institutional design, political
rights, the rule of law, mechanisms for representation and participation
of the citizenry. It is now vital to establish and operationalize the
linkages between democracy, conflict and human security (3).
In democracy, government should be responsible for
maintaining peace and security to all the people by managing all
forms of conflicts. There should be guarantee of human rights to all the
people. They further argue ‘the credibility of democracy as a political
system depends on how it works - practices - and on whether it can
deliver’ (3). In these days, democracy must be able to fulfil human
rights and participation of people for the governance system, meet
the challenges of poverty, inequality, and maintain peace security and
social harmony. Election with full participation of the people, legislative
bodies from the representative of the people through election,
judicial structures are the minimum bases of all democratic system.
Democracy is one of the best models of governance adopted
by almost all the countries nowadays. It has been popular throughout
whole Europe and the United States, which are well developed,
and are controlling the whole world advocating the importance of
democracy. Periodical election, transparency, governance according
to the set of systems, honesty among the political leaders, rule of
law, human rights and child franchise, and liberalism are the basics
of democratic system these countries have been implementing. Other
countries in the world also are nowadays adopting such principles.

Confucian Relevance to Democracy

Confucianism and democracy are supportive to one another.
Both adopt minimum standard of good governance system focusing
on the welfare of the people maintaining peace and security. The basic

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tenets of Confucianism are to maintaining social harmony, rule of
law, peace and security, ethical values and meritocracy of the rulers.
Confucianism is always supportive of democratization (Juntao, 69). It
applies the democratic principles for the welfare and development of
the country and its people. He further writes in his essay, 'Confucian
Democrats in Chinese History, 'The traditional cultures that adopted
the principles of Confucianism may be used as a means of promoting
democratization' (69).
Confucianism is not a stable philosophy with the universal ideas
that were adopted in its origination period. It has been redefined and
contextualized by different dynasty rulers, and the thinkers and they
adopted its principles in their own contexts. Majority of the Chinese
rulers who adopted the Confucian notions gave priority to meritocracy
and the ethical values as the merits of government. They focused on
self-cultivation and character development of the people including the
rulers. Not only in China, Confucian ideals and thoughts have been
adopted by other East Asian rulers to justify their rule a 'democratic'.
"Most notoriously, Singapore's senior statesman Lee Kuan Yew has
invoked Confucian values - under the guise of 'Asian values' - with the
apparent aim of justifying constrains on the democratic process" (Bell
and Chaibong, 3). Almost all the people in the East Asian countries like
Korea, Japan, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, Mongolia, and Malaysia
also start proudly adopting Confucian principles in their day-to-day
affairs. There is stability of the government and incensement of per-
capita income by improving the quality of life to the people in the
countries who adopted Confucian values.
China has implemented Confucian education in the families,
schools and other institutions with the aim of promoting the moral
values and concept of communal harmony. It helps in maintaining
meritocracy in the government system. Confucian rulers' political
legitimacy in China depended on correctly regulating their conduct
according to le and this meant that rulers had to pay the utmost attention
to detailed specification and correct observance of ritual propriety (Bell
and Chaibong, 7). If the rulers do not follow such principles, they are
checked and overthrown from the government. Many philosophers
opine that democracy is not only having the election and changing
the government. Bell and Chaibong support this argument and write,
'Democracy, however, is neither stable nor necessarily desirable if it is
limited to the minimal idea of free and fair competitive elections (11).
Supporting this opinion, Chang Yun-Shik, a Korean professor, argues
that personalist democracy is better than individualist democracy. He
meant to highlight the democratic system with Confucian principles
by the term personilist democracy, which maintains peace and security,

262 ÷ bLklzvf
law and order, welfare and rights of the people, political stability, and
check and balance of the government.
Wang Juntao, a professor at Columbia University opines that
majority of Chinese democratic leaders (Kang Youwei, Zhang Jian, Sun
Yatsen, Liang Qichao, Zhang Junmai, Wang Xixhe, and Chang Ximing)
tried to revive Confucianism in order to support democratization
( qtd in Bell and Chaibong, 9). Several of them got traditional
Confucian education and they argued that 'democratic institutions
such as parliamentary systems, elections, and equal rights are natural
extensions of Confucianism' (qtd in Bell and Chaibong, 9). For example,
according to Sun Yatsen, there are three principals in a nation in a good
government: nationalism, citizen rights, and welfare of human beings.
These are the Confucian principles developed by Mencius.
There is certain mechanism to check and control the rulers even
without the common peoples' access. Jongryn Mo, a Korean professor
opined for the need of 'Censorate, which is compatible to Confucian
culture' Confucianism' (qtd in Bell and Chaibong, 10). When there is
check and balance system the government can be overthrown if it is
not responsible for the people. This mechanism has made Confucian
ideology about ruling the nation more democratic as the western
democrats think about.
There is a conventional view that Confucianism is an ideology
that encourages and supports autocratic system. Some argue that
Confucianism is a cause of China's block towards democracy just like
it was thought that Catholicism was in the western democracy. But it
is not the reality. Confucianism supports democracy in many ways.
Chang Yun Shik, a professor of sociology in British Columbia argues; 'In
Korean context, Confucianism in fact helped to bring about a transition
to a democratic form of government' (qtd in Bell and Chaibong, 10).
There is democracy within Confucianism, and democracy also doesn't
oppose the Confucianism.

Conclusion
Democracy easily flourishes on Confucianism and Confucian
principles are adopted on democratic system. There is always a very
close interconnection between these two philosophy and government
system. Democracy gets perfection when it adopts the basic principles
of Confucianism and Confucianism becomes more relevant because it
incorporates democratic principles. It has been proved in China and
some other East Asian countries that adopting Confucian doctrines
they are progressing a lot to compete with the capitalized global
world. Confucianism directly supports to the democracy since they
are compatible to one another.

bLklzvf ÷ 263
References:
Bell, Deniel A and Chaibang Hang. The Contemporary Relevance of Confucianism.
ed. Bell Deniel A and Chaibang Hang. Confucianism for the Modern World,
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Doren, Charles Van. A History of Knowledge. New York: Ballantine Books, 1991.
Juntao, Wang. Confucian Democrats in Chinese history. ed. Bell Deniel A and
Chaibang Hang. Confucianism for the Modern World , New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Lai, Karyn L. An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2008.
Large, Judith and Sisk Timothy D. Democracy

264 ÷ bLklzvf
 Knowledge and Attitude towards
Sexual and Reproductive Health
Among Secondary level School Students
- Urmila Sunuwar*

Background
Nepal is a developing country which is facing many problems
in public health. Particularly in sexual and reproductive health, most
of the adolescents have little knowledge regarding reproductive health
in Health, Population and Education (HPE) curriculum. Adolescent’s
sexual health is pitiable due to lack of proper information on sexual
and reproductive health.
According to World Health Organization (WHO) “Reproductive
health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of diseases or infirmity in all matters relating to the
reproductive system and to its functions and processes” thus, reproductive
health implies people being able to satisfying the sex life and they
should be capable to reproduce and the freedom to decide WHEN and
HOW often to do so. The attainment of reproductive health enables
women for safely pregnancy, child birth, and for the healthy baby.
Adolescents at schools, experience many traumatic situations,
including feeling of neglected as well as sexually, physically and
emotionally abused. This may distort their understanding on sex,
sexuality and personal relationship, which result in low self-esteem
and inappropriate sexual behavior. They may lose the confidence to
negotiate and sustain positive personal relationships. The young people
need consistent guidance and support about sex and relationship from
their parents, elders or peer groups but the parents are less likely to do
so because of the socio-cultural thoughts and values.
Sex is a common human behavior; however, in our society people
don’t enjoy talking about it. They talk very little about the sex or sex
education. It is a subject that is considered to be a very confidential
* Lecturer, Koteshwor Multiple Campus

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matter because of social taboos and wrong impression about sex and
sexual organs. Young and adults are not only ignorant about sex,
sexuality and reproductive health, but also have a misconception on
it. To find the detail figure about this issue, a study was carried out in
Kathmandu.

Method
The present study was descriptive and cross sectional in nature.
This study was carried out in six secondary schools of Kathmandu
Metropolitan city ward no. 7 and 14. This study covered students of
grade 9.
Thirty students (15 boys and 15 girls) were chosen from each
school. The total sample size was 180 adolescents (90 boys and 90 girls).
90 students (45 boys and 45 girls) were covered from the public school
and remaining 90 (45 boys and 45 girls) students were covered from
the private school. Random sampling technique was used to select the
school and students.
A set of self-administered questionnaire was developed. Boys
and girls students were kept in separate class. After that, a set of
questionnaire was distributed to the students. Attention was paid to
avoid coping from their peers.

Background of the Students

A total of 180 students of grade 9 were participated in this study.
Among them 90 students were from Private school and the rest (90
students) were from public school.
As presented in table above, regarding the age group, overall
more than a quarter (26.7%) students (22.2% male and 31.1% female) of
private school were age of below 15 years, 60.6% students (65.6% male
and 55.6% female) were age of 15-16 years, and 17 and above were 12.8%
(12.2% male and 13.3% female). Similarly, it was found that students
from public school were older than students from private school. For
example, more than fifty students (23%) were aged 17 and above were
from public school while the percentage of students aged 17 and above
and studying in private school was very low (2.2%).

Table: Percentage distribution of students by demographic and socio-

economic characteristic
Both Public &
Private school Public school
Characteristics Private
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Age group
<15 years 42.2 46.7 44.4 2.2 15.6 8.9 22.2 31.1 26.7

266 ÷ bLklzvf
15-16 years 57.8 48.9 53.3 73.3 62.2 67.8 65.6 55.6 60.6
17 and above 4.4 2.2 24.4 22.2 23.3 12.2 13.3 12.8
Caste
Newar 20.0 11.1 15.6 13.3 11.1 12.2 16.7 11.1 13.9
Chhetri 37.8 20.0 28.9 33.3 20.0 26.7 35.6 20.0 27.8
Brahman 20.0 40.0 30.0 11.1 24.4 17.8 15.6 32.2 23.9
Janajati 17.8 28.9 23.3 31.1 20.0 25.6 24.4 24.4 24.4
Dalit 2.2 15.6 8.9 1.1 7.8 4.4
Madheshi 4.4 2.2 8.9 8.9 8.9 6.7 4.4 5.6
Religion
Hindu 84.4 77.8 81.1 82.2 84.4 83.3 83.3 81.1 82.2
Buddha 13.3 15.6 14.4 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 14.4 13.9
Christian 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.7
Kirat 4.4 2.2 4.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
Types of family
Nuclear 68.9 82.2 75.6 71.1 77.8 74.4 70.0 80.0 75.0
Joint 31.1 17.8 24.4 28.9 22.2 25.6 30.0 20.0 25.0
Family size
<4 person 28.9 51.1 40.0 28.9 37.8 33.3 28.9 44.4 36.7
4-5 53.3 40.0 46.7 40.0 42.2 41.1 46.7 41.1 43.9
6-8 4.4 6.7 5.6 17.8 13.3 15.6 11.1 10.0 10.6
More than 8
13.3 2.2 7.8 13.3 6.7 10.0 13.3 4.4 8.9
persons
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180

Overall more than one fourth students were from Chhetri (28%)
followed by Janajati (24.4%) and Brahmin (23.9%). Similarly, 13.9%
students (16.7% male and 11.1% female) were from Newar caste; 5.6%
(6.7% male and 4.4% female) were Madheshi and 4.4% (1.1% male and
7.8% female) were Dalit. In regards to caste, not much difference was
observed between private and public school students.
It was found that overall more than four in five students of private
schools (82.2%) were reported that they follow Hindu religion, 13.9%
follow Buddha religion, 2.2% follow Kirat religion and 1.7% follow
Christianity. overall three of fourth (75.0%) of the students (70.0% male
and 80.0% female) lived in nuclear family and the rest of the students
(24.4%) live in extended family. In the family size of students, about
two-fifth (36.7% ) students (28.9% male and 44.4% female) have the
family size below 4 members while about a tenth students (8.9%) had
more than 8 family members.

bLklzvf ÷ 267
Table 2: Percentage distribution of students according to their mass
media exposure
Mass media Private school Public school All Total
exposure Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Radio exposure
Frequently 8.9 20.0 14.4 31.1 22.2 26.7 20.0 21.1 20.6
Some Time 66.7 51.1 58.9 62.2 62.2 62.2 64.4 56.7 60.6
Very Less 20.0 15.6 17.8 2.2 11.1 6.7 11.1 13.3 12.2
Never 4.4 13.3 8.9 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 8.9 6.7
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
TV exposure
Frequently 73.3 77.8 75.6 44.4 62.2 53.3 58.9 70.0 64.4
Some Time 24.4 20.0 22.2 46.7 26.7 36.7 35.6 23.3 29.4
Very Less 2.2 2.2 2.2 8.9 11.1 10.0 5.6 6.7 6.1
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
Newspaper exposure
Frequently 28.9 35.6 32.2 60.0 37.8 48.9 44.4 36.7 40.6
Some Time 62.2 57.8 60.0 33.3 42.2 37.8 47.8 50.0 48.9
Very Less 8.9 6.7 7.8 2.2 17.8 10.0 5.6 12.2 8.9
Never 4.4 2.2 3.3 2.2 1.1 1.7
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180

Overall almost all respondents (96.1%) have the access of some

type of communication medium. This was reported 95.6% male students
and 100% female students who studying in private school had the access
of communication means and 95.6% male students and 93.3% female
students who are studying in public school had such access. Similarly,
in overall 20.0% students (20.0% male and 21.2% female) reported that
they listened to radio frequently while 60.6% students (64.4% male and
56.7% female) replied sometime. It is notable that almost two-third of
the student watched TV frequently. The percentage of students who are
studying in private school (76%) is higher than public school (62%). On
the other hand, a higher percentage of students who were studying in
public school (10%) than private school (2%) reported that they watched
TV rarely Newspaper exposure is low compared with TV and radio
exposure.

268 ÷ bLklzvf
Knowledge about Male Reproductive Organs
Overall 84.4% students (92.2% male and 76.7% female) replied
that they had knowledge about male reproductive organ. Chi-square
test was performed to observe the association between knowledge
about male reproductive organ and many other independent variables.
As mentioned above, more than 84% students had knowledge about
male reproductive organ. Knowledge about male reproductive organ
significantly varied with types of school, sex of the respondents
and age of respondents. However, caste, religion, type of family
and family size were not significant with the students' knowledge
about male reproductive organ. For example, a significantly higher
(p<0.001) percentage of students who were studying at public
school (98%) compared with private school (71%) had knowledge
about male reproductive organ. It is also notable that significantly
higher male (p<0.001) compared with female had knowledge about
male reproductive organ. Similarly, a significantly (p<0.001) higher
percentage of students aged 17 and above (96%) compared to students
aged less than 15 years (77%) had knowledge about male reproductive
organ.

Table 3: Background characteristic of students by knowledge about

Male reproductive organ
Knowledge about Male
Total
Reproductive Organ
Yes No N %
Type of School Private school 71.1 28.9 90 100
(p=0.000) Public school 97.8 2.2 90 100
Sex of the Male 92.2 7.8 90 100
respondents
(p=0.004) Female 76.7 23.3 90 100

Age group of <15 years 66.7 33.3 48 100

respondents 15-16 years 89.9 10.1 109 100
(p=0.000) 17 and above 95.7 4.3 23 100

Caste Brhamin/Chhetri 79.6 20.4 93 100

(p=0.122) Janajati 86.4 13.6 44 100
Other caste 93.0 7.0 43 100
Religion Hindu 83.8 16.2 148 100
(p=0.599) Non-Hindu 87.5 12.5 32 100
Types of family Nuclear 85.9 14.1 135 100
(p=0.342) Extended 80.0 20.0 45 100

bLklzvf ÷ 269
 <4 person 78.8 21.2 66 100
Family size
4-5 89.9 10.1 79 100
(p=0.184)
6-8 89.5 10.5 19 100
More than 8
75.0 25.0 16 100
persons
Total 84.4 15.6 180 100

Knowledge about Female Reproductive Organs

Overall less than two in three (63.9%) students (56.7% male and
71.1% female) replied that they had knowledge on female reproductive
organs. However remaining 36% students (43.3% male and 28.9%
female) reported that they do not have knowledge about the female
reproductive organs. It is notable that a higher percentage of both male
and female students who studied in public school than private school
had knowledge on female reproductive organ. For example, 78.9%
students (66.7% male and 91.9% female) demonstrated that they have
knowledge about female reproductive organs while in the private
school, 48.9% students (46.7% male and 51.1% female) had knowledge
on it.

Table 4: Background characteristic of students by knowledge about

female reproductive organ
Knowledge about Female
Background characteristics Total
Reproductive Organ
Yes No N %
Type of School Private school 48.9 51.1 90 100
(p=0.000) Public school 78.9 21.1 90 100
Sex Male 56.7 43.3 90 100
(p=0.044) Female 71.1 28.9 90 100

Age group <15 years 45.8 54.2 48 100

(p=0.007) 15-16 years 68.8 31.2 109 100
17 and above 78.3 21.7 23 100

Caste Brhamin/Chhetri 58.1 41.9 93 100

(p=0.108) Janajati 63.6 36.4 44 100
Other caste 76.7 23.3 43 100
Religion Hindu 62.8 37.2 148 100
(p=0.528) Non-Hindu 68.8 31.3 32 100
Types of family Nuclear 63.7 36.3 135 100
(p=0.929) Extended 64.4 35.6 45 100

270 ÷ bLklzvf
 <4 person 59.1 40.9 66 100
Family size
4-5 69.6 30.4 79 100
(p=0.533)
6-8 63.2 36.8 19 100
More than 8
56.3 43.8 16 100
persons
Total 63.9 36.1 180 100

As mentioned above, less than two third (64%) students had

knowledge about female reproductive organ. Knowledge about female
reproductive organ significantly varied with types of school, sex of
respondents and age of respondents. Likewise, knowledge about male
reproductive organ, caste, religion, type of family and family size were
also not significant with the knowledge about female reproductive
organ. For example, a significantly higher (p<0.001) percentage of
students who were studying at public school (79%) compared with
private school (49%) had knowledge about female reproductive organ.
It is found that significantly higher (p<0.001) percentage of female (71%)
compared with male (57%) had knowledge about male reproductive
organ. Furthermore, significantly (p<0.001) higher percentage of
students aged 17 and above (78%) compared to students aged less than
15 years (46%) had knowledge about female reproductive organ.

Knowledge about Family Planning Method

Knowledge about family planning methods was assessed
in this study. The study showed, all most all students (total 96.7%;
94.4% male and 98.9% female) reported that they heard about family
planning method. There is no significant difference between male
and female students as well as students in private and public schools.
Students' knowledge on condom was further assessed whether condom
is temporary or permanent method. Although majority of students
reported that condom is temporary method, still substantial proportion
of students (8%) reported it is permanent method. Reporting condom
is temporary method is high in private school compared with public
school.

Table 5: Percentage distribution of students according to their

knowledge about family planning method
Private school Public school All Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Heard about Family planning method
Yes 97.8 97.8 97.8 91.1 100 95.6 94.4 98.9 96.7
No 2.2 2.2 2.2 8.9 4.4 5.6 1.1 3.3

bLklzvf ÷ 271
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
Condom is..
Temporary 97.7 95.5 96.6 90.2 84.4 87.2 94.1 89.9 92.0
Permanent' 2.3 4.5 3.4 9.8 15.6 12.8 5.9 10.1 8.0
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 44 44 88 41 45 86 85 89 174

Knowledge about Sexually Transmitted Disease

Students were asked whether they heard about sexually
transmitted disease or not. It is found that overwhelming majority of
them (95%) heard of sexually transmitted disease. A slightly higher
percentage of male (96%) than female (94%) reported that they heard
sexually transmitted disease.
In the current study, knowledge about STD was grouped into
three sub-type i.e. Transmitted by talking with person, Transmitted by
sexual intercourse and both. It is encouraging to note that almost all
students (95%) reported that STD is transmitted by sexual intercourse,
a higher percentage of students in public school than private school.
Very few students reported that it can be transmitted by talking with
person and both (by talking and by sexual intercourse).

Table 6: Percentage distribution of students according to their

knowledge about Sexually transmitted diseases
Private school Public school All Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Heard about Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Yes 97.8 91.1 94.4 93.3 97.8 95.6 95.6 94.4 95.0
No 2.2 8.9 5.6 6.7 2.2 4.4 4.4 5.6 5.0
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
STD is..
Transmitted
by talking with 4.5 2.4 2.3 1.2
person
Transmitted
by sexual 86.4 97.6 91.8 97.6 97.7 97.7 91.9 97.6 94.7
intercourse
All of the them 9.1 2.4 5.9 2.4 2.3 2.3 5.8 2.4 4.1
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 44 41 85 42 44 86 86 85 171

272 ÷ bLklzvf
Awareness about HIV/AIDS
It is notable that all male and female in both private and public
school except 2 percent male in public school reported that they heard
about HIV/AIDS. Students reported sources of knowledge of HIV/
AIDS such as through "Radio", "TV", "Newspaper", "friends", "teacher",
"community health workers", "health post", and "other" sources.
Teachers as source of HIV/AIDS information were reported by more
than two thirds of students (73%). A higher percentage of students in
private school (80%) than public school (66%) reported the teacher as a
source of information. Almost one fifth of the students (18%) reported
TV as source of HIV information. Similarly, few students reported Radio
(6%), friends (6%) newspaper (4%) etc. as source of information.

Table 7: Percentage distribution of students according to their

awareness of HIV/AIDS and source of knowledge
Private school Public school Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Heard about HIV/AIDS
Yes 100 100 100 97.8 100 98.9 98.9 100 99.4
No 2.2 1.1 1.1 .6
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
Source of knowledge*
Radio 2.2 4.4 3.3 8.9 8.9 8.9 5.6 6.7 6.1
TV 31.1 2.2 16.7 15.6 24.4 20.0 23.3 13.3 18.3
Newspaper 2.2 1.1 8.9 6.7 7.8 4.4 4.4 4.4
Friends 6.7 8.9 7.8 8.9 4.4 7.8 4.4 6.1
Teachers 77.8 82.2 80.0 60.0 71.1 65.6 68.9 76.7 72.8
Local health
2.2 1.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 2.2 3.3 2.8
workers
Health post 2.2 1.1 6.7 3.3 3.3 1.1 2.2
Other 2.2 4.4 3.3 1.1 2.2 1.7
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
* Percentages total may exceed 100 due to multiple responses

Knowledge on HIV Transmission

Knowledge about HIV transmission was assessed by asking
whether HIV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse using
condom, sharing the food, and mosquito bite. It is notable that most of
the students in both public and private school had accurate knowledge
on HIV transmission. The majority of the students (90%) reported
that HIV cannot be transmitted by sexual intercourse if the person

bLklzvf ÷ 273
use condom in proper way and every sexual intercourse. A higher
percentage of both male and female students of private school had
knowledge about it than students of public school. Similarly, more
than 83 per cent reported that HIV/AIDS cannot be transmitted by
sharing the food with infected person. However, almost one tenth of
the students had misconception on it. It is notable that misconception
regarding mosquito bite and HIV transmission was high among
students: three in five students (62%) reported that HIV/AIDS can be
transmitted through mosquito bite. The percentage of female was higher
than male students in both private and public school, who reported
that the HIV/AIDS can be transmitted through mosquito bite.

Table 8: Percentage distribution of students according to their

knowledge about HIV transmission
Private school Public school All Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Is HIV/AIDS transmitted from the infected person when sexual intercourse
is done using condom?
Yes 4.4 2.2 3.3 6.7 24.4 15.6 5.6 13.3 9.4
No 95.6 97.8 96.7 93.3 75.6 84.4 94.4 86.7 90.6
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
Is HIV/AIDS transmitted by sharing the food?
Yes 11.1 5.6 11.1 6.7 8.9 11.1 3.3 7.2
No 86.7 77.8 82.2 77.8 88.9 83.3 82.2 83.3 82.8
Don't Know 2.2 22.2 12.2 11.1 4.4 7.8 6.7 13.3 10.0
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180
Is HIV/AIDS transmitted by mosquito bite?
Yes 55.6 82.2 68.9 46.7 64.4 55.6 51.1 73.3 62.2
No 44.4 17.8 31.1 53.3 35.6 44.4 48.9 26.7 37.8
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180

Perception regarding HIV/AIDS has become major problem

in Nepal
The perception of students on whether or not HIV/AIDS is
a major problem in Nepal was examined. High majority (85.6%) of
students (81.1% male and 90.0% female) reported that they "agreed"
that HIV/AIDS is a major problem in Nepal. However, 14.4% students
(18.9% male and 10.0% female) were not agreed on it. A higher

274 ÷ bLklzvf
percentage of female (90%) than male (81%) agreed that HIV/AIDS
has become major problem in Nepal. Similarly, a higher percentage
of students who were studying in private school (93%) public school
(78%) agreed on it.

Table 9: Percentage distribution of students according to their

perception regarding HIV/AIDS has become major problem
in Nepal
Private school Public school All Total
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Perception regarding HIV/AIDS has become major problem in Nepal
Agree 93.3 93.3 93.3 68.9 86.7 77.8 81.1 90.0 85.6
Disagree 6.7 6.7 6.7 31.1 13.3 22.2 18.9 10.0 14.4
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
N 45 45 90 45 45 90 90 90 180

Summary and conclusions

Sexual and Reproductive Health is one of the most important
areas of health education. Sexual and reproductive health is a state of
complete physical, mental, and social well being. The international
conference on population and Development, 1994 stressed that
everybody must be informed and has access to safe, effective affordable
and acceptable methods of health of health services to attain a satisfying
and safe sexual and reproductive life (UN, 1994: 29)
In the developing country where electronic communication
media are not accessible for every part of the country, formal or informal
education instructor can spread their information about sexual and
reproductive health knowledge. It is important to access the current
level of knowledge of secondary level school students on sexual and
reproductive health. The analysis of this study is based on the data
obtained from 180 respondents (90 male and 90 female) in Kathmandu
metropolitan city's school. Out of the 6 samples, 3 Public and 3 private
school students were covered in this study.
The descriptive survey method was used to collect the data. The
study was based on primary sources of data. The primary and secondary
level school students were available for study. The related secondary
data; collected by different authentic report, and journals etc were also
presented on the process.
In conclusion, the findings of Knowledge and attitude towards
sexual and reproductive health among secondary level school students
pointed out that the students need a specific package on Sex and
Reproductive Health education in school curriculum so that they could

bLklzvf ÷ 275
gain more information about sexual and reproductive health issues.
Furthermore, teachers who are responsible for day-to-day teaching
activities on the sexual and reproductive health in the school seem
poor on subject matter or they might have hesitation and shyness on
the subject. The data show that, the students do not have sufficient
knowledge on sexual and reproductive health related issues. So,
teachers should encourage the students to discuss on the subject matter
not only within the school environment, but also in family as well as
community.

Recommendations
Based on findings of this study, the following recommendations
have been developed to address the low level of knowledge and poor
attitude on sexual and reproductive health issues. This study finds low
level of knowledge on SRH issues. Program should focus to increase
knowledge on SRH issues of students. Most of the girl students felt
uncomfortable while teaching reproductive health education in the
class. Teacher should teach in friendly environment so that students do
not feel uncomfortable while in the class. Teachers should be provided
the opportunities to specific training about current knowledge explored
globally and locally.
Additionally, some modern teaching-learning methodologies
should be adopted to upgrade the teachers' skills and practices so that
students should not feel uncomfortable in the reproductive health
class. Concerned authorities should run an assessment programme to
evaluate the effectiveness of the curriculum of sexual and reproductive
health of secondary school. Students should be encouraged to discuss
about sexual and reproductive health within the school environment
and community circles.

References:
Akbari, E. (1997), Knowledge Attitude and practice of female and male (10-
19 y/o) adolescents about health of puberty, Tehran, Department of
Family Health.
Ghimire and Uttam. (2004), Adolescnt Girl’s Perspective on Reproductive
Health. An Unpublished Master’s Thesis submitted to health and
physical education department TU.
Greece. M.E. 2002, in this generation sexual and reproductive health policies
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Gurubacharya, V.L,. (1994), Report on Rapid Need Assessment Reproductive
Health and Sex Education Kathmandu.
Rabieipoor, Sohelia:, Taskin, Lale and Mikaili peyman (2011), Empowering
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reproductive health by peer education method. Annals of Biological
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Reproductive Health Research (2003). In: UNAIDS (2004). Report on the global
AIDS epidemic: 4th global report.
Simbar, M:, Tehrani, F.R. and Hashemi, Z. (2005). Reproductive health
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UN (1994), Adolescents Reproductive Behaviour, Evidence from Development
Countries Population Studies. New York.
UNAIDS (2004), Report on the global Aids epidemic: 4th global report. Geneva:
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WHO (1989), The Report on the health of Adolescent: A Strategy for Action
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