Introduction To OB

Organizational
Behaviour
Dr. Saket Jeswani
SOM BBA, Sem - 3 OPJU, Raigarh

[DR. SAKET JESWANI]
Introduction
to
Unit - I
Organizational
Behavior
BBA Sem - 3 [2017]
Dr.Saket
Dr. Saket Jeswani,
Jeswani,Associate Professor,
Associate SOM, OPJUSOM, OPJU, Raigarh
Professor, Page 1
Unit - 1
Introduction
to
Organizational Behavior
Dr. Saket Jeswani

Associate Professor,
SOM, OPJU
Behavioural Sciences
(The science of behaviour)
• Sciences concerned with the study, observation and explanation of
human behaviour either in single individual or in groups.
• Behavioural sciences also concerned with the study of individual

differences in relationship.
• Behavioural sciences encompass all the disciplines that explore the

activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world.
• It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human behaviour.
“Behavior Science is a systematic study of the actions and

attitudes that people exhibit within organizations.”
- Stephen P Robins
Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU
Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 2

Spectrum of Behavioural Sciences
Psychology
Anthropology Behavioural Sociology

Sciences
Social
Psychology
Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 4
Psychology
(Individual Attitude)
• It is the science that tries to measure, explain and change
the behavior of humans.
• Early industrial or organizational psychologists were

concerned with problems of tiredness, boredom and other
factors that affect performance.
• But now, they are concerned with emotions, perception,

personality, needs, leadership job stress, etc.
What are different types of psychology?

Sociology
(Group Behaviour)
• It is the study of the social system in which the individual

lives.
• It studies people with respect to others.
• Sociologists make an important contribution to OB
through their study of group behavior in organizations.
Social Psychology
(Group Attitude)
• It mixes the concepts of psychology and sociology.

• It focuses on 3 aspects:

Anthropology
• Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans

within past and present societies.
• Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the
norms and values of societies.
• Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects
social life.
• They help in understanding differences in fundamental
values, attitudes and behavior of people in different
countries and different organizations.
Spectrum of Behavioural Sciences

Models of Behavioral Science
• We assume that behavior is caused and this assumption is true.
• Behavior takes place in the form of a process.
• Four models of behavior process have been developed.
S-R
Model
S-O-B-C S-O-R
Models
Model Model
S-O-B-A
Model
S – R Model
• S-R model of human behavior suggests that the behaviour is caused by
certain reasons.
• The reasons may be internal feeling (motivation) and external
environment (stimulus).
• A stimulus is an agent, such as, heat, light, piece of information, etc.,
that directly influences the activity of an organism (person).
Passive

S - O - R Model
• S-O-R model of human behaviour is achieved by inserting O (organism)

in the classical S-R model.
• The S-O-R model is based upon the stimulus processed by the
organism and followed by a behaviour.
• This O is not passive and immobile as assumed in S-R model. Rather
the O is viewed as mediating, maintenance and adjustive function
between S and R.
Active
S - O - B - A Model
• S-O-B-A model is a comprehensive model of human behaviour which
combines the S-R situation and human being. But O in this model is not
passive or immobile, but it is mediating, maintenance and adjustive function
between S and R.
• The A stands for accomplishments and consequences. When behaviour, in
turn, acts on the outside world, it leads to accomplishment. It is assumed that
the accomplishments may further change the stimulating conditions and
thereby influence the subsequent behaviour or it may create new stimulus
leading to new behaviour.

S - O - B - C Model
• S-O-B-C model incorporates a more complex mechanism of human behaviour
which modifies and extends S-O-R model.
• In this model, S stands for the situation which is more comprehensive than
stimuli of S-O-R model and incorporates all aspects of the environment -
immediate stimulus, physical environment and socio-cultural environment.
• O is the organism but does not only represent the physiological being as in the
S-O-R model, but also the psychological being which is more complex.
• B stands for pattern of behaviour both overt and convert.
• C stands for contingent consequences both overt and covert.
Model of Organizational Behaviour

Real Life Situations…
• Have you ever faced a person whom you failed to understand?

• Have you ever been misunderstood (as a person)?
• Have you ever been frustrated by people who looked, behaved,
thought or felt very different than you?
• Have you ever looked down on someone who behaved, thought or
felt differently?
Understanding individual behavior as an input-output

system
An individual Behavior has a cause and effect Relationship
1. To understand behavior one has to understand the cause. According to

this proposition a stimulus is responsible for causing individual behavior.
2. Thus, Behavior is function of enduring Qualities of personality and is

result of psychological concept like Belief, attitude etc.

Understanding Human behavior
The Question is
Why do people behave the way they do?
1. Biological approach to understanding human behaviour

2. Psychodynamic approach to understanding human
behaviour
3. Behaviourist approach to understanding human
behaviour
4. Cognitive approach to understanding human behaviour

Assumptions of Human Behavior
There are two proposition for understanding Human Behavior
Human Behavior is function of the individual and the

Environment.
Individual factor like skill, Efficiency, Experience,

Health, Attitude, Perception , Leaning influences,
willingness to do the work.
The Environment like working condition,

Reward Policy, interaction with peers,
supervisor, subordinate also affect the
behavior.
Individual
Behavior
Input Level Output Level
Performance,
Individual Group Organizational
Behavior Behavior Behavior Job
Satisfaction,
Turnover.
Absenteeism,
Organizational
citizenship

Individual
Behavior
Personal Environmental Organizational
Biographical Learnt
Foundations of Human Behavior

• Biographical
• Ability characteristic
• Intellectual • Age
• Number aptitude • Gender
• Reasoning , etc. • Race
• Multiple Intelligence • Tenure
• Cognitive
• Social
• Emotional
• cultural
• Physical

Group Behaviour
Environment
Government, Society,
Economy
People Technology
Individual / Group Machinery Computers
Structure
Jobs
Relationships
Organizational Behavior
28

Organization & Organizational Behaviour
• Organization: A consciously coordinated social unit, composed of

two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis
to achieve a common goal or set of goals.
• “Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the

impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior
within an organization, then applies that knowledge to make
organizations work more effectively.”
- Robbins
OB in Present Times
• Only a single theory cannot improve organizational

functioning and effectiveness.
• Today, the focus is on understanding the situational

factors and how they affect a behavior pattern of
individuals.
• Hence, contingency approach is suggested.

Why Organizational Behavior Matters
• OB matters at three critical levels.
Model of OB
•Dependent variable: A response that is affected by an

independent variable.
•Independent variable: The presumed cause of some change
in the dependent variable.
Productivity
Commitment
Dependent
Variables
Turnover
Satisfaction

Basic OB Model
Styles of OB
Different Styles of OB
Autocratic
Custodial
Supportive
Collegial

BASE Autocratic Custodial Supportive Collegial
Model
Economic
Depends on Power Leadership Partnership
resource
Managerial
Orientation Authority Money Support Team work
Employee
Orientation Obedience Security Job Responsibility
Employee
Dependence on Dependence on
Psychological Participation Self Discipline
boss Organization
results
Performance
Passive Awakened Moderate
result Minimum
Cooperation Drives Enthusiasm
Human Resource Approach

Give a person a fish, you feed him for a day, Teach a
person to fish, you feed that person for life !
• Employee growth and development is encouraged.

• Helps employee become better and more responsible.
• It believes better people achieve better results

Contingency Approach
• Different managerial behaviors are required by different
environments for effectiveness.
• Interdisciplinary, research oriented.
• Each situation must be analyzed carefully to determine
the significant variables in order to establish the kind of
practice that will be most effective.
• It encourages situation analysis every time before
actions.
Result Oriented Approach
• How efficiently one produces the output.

• Result oriented is a term used to describe an individual
or organization that focuses on outcome rather than
process used to produce a product or deliver a service.

System Approach
• The manager is compel to take holistic view of the
organization
• The system viewpoint should concern for every person in
the organization
– There are many variables within a system
– The part of a system are interdependent
– Systems generally require inputs, engage in some process, and
produce outputs
– The input – process –output mechanism is cyclical and self
sustaining
– System produce both positive and negative results
EXERCISES
• Which skills do you think are the most important

ones for being an effective employee?
• What are the three key levels of analysis for OB?
• Which type of organizations did you have the most

experience with? How did that affect your
understanding of the issues in this chapter?

GROUP EXERCISE
• Please think about the best and worst jobs you have
ever had. If you have never had a job, think of a school
project instead. What made the job or project great or
horrible?
• Now get into a small group of students and share your

experience with them. Listen to what others are saying
and see if you see any themes emerge. For example,
what are the most common features of the best jobs?
What are the most common features of the worst jobs?
Case - ETHICAL DILEMMA
• You are currently a department manager and Jim is your “trusted assistant.” You
have very similar working styles, and you went to the same college and worked
in the insurance industry for several years. Before working in this company, you
both worked at a different company and you have this shared history with him.
You can trust him to come to your aid, support you in your decisions, and be
loyal to you. Because of your trust in him, you do not supervise his work closely,
and you give him a lot of leeway in how he structures his work. He sometimes
chooses to work from home, and he has flexibility in his work hours, which is
unusual in the department.
• Now you decided to promote him to be the assistant department manager.

However, when you shared this opinion with someone else in the department,
you realized that this could be a problem. Apparently, Jim is not liked by his
colleagues in the department and is known as an “impression manager.” Others
view him as a slacker when you are not around, and the fact that he gets the
first pick in schedules and gets the choice assignments causes a lot of
frustration on the part of others. They feel that you are playing favorites.
• Discussion Questions:
– What would you do?
– Would you still promote him?
– How would you address this unpleasant situation within your department?


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Organizational

SOM BBA, Sem - 3 OPJU, Raigarh

BBA Sem - 3 [2017]

Dr. Saket Jeswani

• Behavioural sciences also concerned with the study of individual

• Behavioural sciences encompass all the disciplines that explore the

“Behavior Science is a systematic study of the actions and

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 2

Anthropology Behavioural Sociology

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 4

• Early industrial or organizational psychologists were

• But now, they are concerned with emotions, perception,

What are different types of psychology?

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 5

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 3

• It is the study of the social system in which the individual

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 6

• It mixes the concepts of psychology and sociology.

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 7

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 4

• Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 8

Spectrum of Behavioural Sciences

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 9

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 5

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 11

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 12

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 6

• S-O-R model of human behaviour is achieved by inserting O (organism)

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 13

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 14

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 7

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 15

Model of Organizational Behaviour

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 16

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 8

• Have you ever faced a person whom you failed to understand?

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 18

Understanding individual behavior as an input-output

An individual Behavior has a cause and effect Relationship

1. To understand behavior one has to understand the cause. According to

2. Thus, Behavior is function of enduring Qualities of personality and is

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 19

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 9

Why do people behave the way they do?

1. Biological approach to understanding human behaviour

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 20

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 21

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 10

There are two proposition for understanding Human Behavior

Human Behavior is function of the individual and the

Individual factor like skill, Efficiency, Experience,

The Environment like working condition,

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 22

Input Level Output Level

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 23

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 11

Personal Environmental Organizational

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 24

Foundations of Human Behavior

Dr.Saket Jeswani, Asso.Prof, SOM, OPJU 25

Dr. Saket Jeswani, Associate Professor, SOM, OPJU Page 12