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Analogue Electronics
Chp. 10:
Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amp)
Rosmina Jaafar
Introduction
Input 1
Output
Input 2
= AO (Vin − 0 )
= AOVin
Vout
Gain = = AO
Vin
Vout
Solve for the gain
Vin
= AO ( 0 − Vin )
= − AOVin
Gain =
Vout
= − AO
Vin
Common-Mode Operation
V1 + V2
Common input signal, vc =
2
Ad
Common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), CMRR =
Ac
Ad
CMRR ( log ) = 20 log10
Ac
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
vo = Ad vd + Ac vc
Ac vc
= Ad vd 1 +
Ad vd
1 vc
= Ad vd 1 +
CMRR vd
• Open-loop
– configuration where there is no feedback from output
back to the input.
– In the open-loop configuration the gain can exceed
10,000.
• Closed-loop
– configuration reduces the gain.
– In order to control the gain of an op-amp it must have
feedback.
– This feedback is a negative feedback.
– A negative feedback reduces the gain and improves
many characteristics of the op-amp.
How to use op-amp
Basic op-amp
connection
Op-amp ac equivalent
circuit
AOL = open loop gain for the op-amp
Ri = input impedance
Ro = output impedance
Vo = AOLVi
Vo
Since AOL is large (∞), Vi = ≈0
AOL
V1 − Vi Vi Vi − Vo
− =
R1 Ri Rf
V1 −Vo
Because Vi = 0, therefore =
R1 R f
Vo Rf Rf
and =− . Voltage gain is Av = −
V1 R1 R1
Inverting amplifier
Noninverting amplifier
Summing amplifier
Unity follower
Integrator
Differentiator
Inverting Amplifier
Rf
Vo = − V1
R1
R1 Rearrange
Vo R1 + R f Rf
V1 = Vo = =1+
R1 + R f V1 R1 R1
Vo
Gain = =1
V1
Because the op-amp has a high input impedance, the multiple inputs
are treated as separate inputs.
Summing Amplifier
V1 V2 V3
I1 = , I 2 = , I3 =
R1 R2 R3
I f = I1 + I 2 + I 3
Vo = − I f R f
Since V+ = 0 grounded.
Therefore V− = V+ = 0
IC + I R = 0
dVout Vin
C + =0
dt R
1
dVout =− Vin dt
RC
t
1
Vout ( t ) = − ∫
RC 0
Vin ( t ) dt + Vout ( 0 )
• R2 > R
Summing integrator
1 1 1
vo (t ) = −
R1C
∫ v1 (t ) +
R2C ∫ v2 (t ) +
R3C ∫ v3 (t )
Differentiator
V+ = 0 Grounded
V− = V+ = 0
IC + I R = 0
dVin
Vout = − RC
dt
A = A1 A2 A3
Rf Rf Rf
A1 = 1 + A2 = − A3 = −
where R1 R2 R3
Multiple-Stage Gains
Rf
A1 = −
R1
Rf
A2 = −
R2
Rf
A3 = −
R3
Ideal vs. Real Op-Amp
Vo = A (V+ − V− )
R1
V+ = VIO and V− = Vo R1R1++RRf f
R1 + R f V = V=IOVIO
o (offset)
Vo(offset)
RR11
R1
Vo = A VIO − Vo
R1 + R f
* The VIO is the amount of
voltage that must be
A A applied to one of the inputs
Vo = VIO ≈ VIO
R1 R1 to zero the output
1+ A A
R +R
1 f R1 + R f
Input Offset Voltage (VIO)
The op-amp output should be zero when
the input is zero. But this is only in an
ideal situation. In reality, the input
stages of the op-amp is not balanced.
Vo = A (V+ − V− )
R1
V+ = VIO and V− = Vo R1R1++RRf f
R1 + R f V = V=IOVIO
o (offset)
Vo(offset)
RR11
R1
Vo = A VIO − Vo
R1 + R f
* The VIO is the amount of
voltage that must be
A A applied to one of the inputs
Vo = VIO ≈ VIO
R1 R1 to zero the output
1+ A A
R +R
1 f R1 + R f
Example 10.8
Calculate the output offset voltage of the circuit below. The op-amp
spec lists VIO = 1.2 mV
R1 + R f
Vo (offset) = VIO =
R1
2kΩ + 150kΩ
(1.2mV) = 91.2mV
2kΩ
Reducing output offset voltage
Output Offset Voltage Due to Input Offset Current (IIO)
+ + Rf
V = I RC 1 +
o IB
R1
− − Rf
V = I R1 −
o IB
R1
Rf − Rf
Vo ( offset due to I +
IB and I −
IB ) = I RC 1 + R
+
IB − I IB R1
1 R1
Output Offset Voltage Due to Input Offset Current (IIO)
Vo ( offset due to I IO ) = I IO R f
Total Offset due to VIO and IIO
• An op-amp is a high-gain,
wide-bandwidth amplifier.
• This operation tend to be
unstable (oscillate) due to
positive feedback.
• To ensure stable operation,
op-amps are built with internal
compensation circuitry, which • In most op-amps, roll-
causes the very high open- off occurs at a rate of
loop gain to diminish with 20 dB per decade or 6
increasing frequency. This dB per octave.
gain reduction is referred to
as roll-off.
Op-Amp Specifications – Frequency Parameters
• Slew rate = maximum rate at which op-amp output can change in volts
per microsecond (V/µs).
∆Vo
SR = (in V/µs)
∆t
• If the rate of voltage change > slew rate, the output would not be able
to change fast enough and would not vary over the full range expected,
resulting in signal distortion and clipping
• Low power op-amps have SR less than 1 V/µs (e.g. SR for 741 = 0.5
V/µs).
• High speed op-amps have SR about 100 V/µs (e.g. SR for LM6165 =
300 V/µs )
SR
ω≤
Vp
SR 0.5V / µs
ω≤ = = 1.1 × 106 rad / s
Rf 240kΩ Vp 0.48V
A= = = 24
R1 10kΩ
– Absolute Ratings
– Electrical Characteristics
– Performance
Absolute Ratings
These are
common
maximum ratings
for the op-amp.
Electrical Characteristics
Note: These ratings are for specific circuit conditions, and they often
include minimum, maximum and typical values.
Op-Amp Performance