KKKL2123 Signals and Systems

(Isyarat dan Sistem)

Signals and Systems

Anuar Mikdad Muad

anuar_muad@ukm.edu.my
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi,
Selangor, MALAYSIA.
Signal acquisition into a computer; Analog, discrete, and digital signals
 Size of a signal
• Measured by signal energy Ex

Ex   x 2  t  dt


• Generalized for a complex valued signal to


Ex   x  t  dt
2



• Energy must be finite, which means

Signal amplitude  0 as |t|  

 Size of a signal
• If amplitude of x(t) does not  0 when t  , need to measure power Px

1 T2 2
Px  lim  x  t  dt
T  T T 2

• Generalized for a complex valued signal to

2
1 T2
Px  lim  x  t  dt
T  T T 2
 Size of a signal
• Signal with finite energy (zero power)

x t 

• Signal with finite power (infinite energy)

x t 
 Signal operations

• Time shifting
• Time scaling
• Time reversal
• Combined operations
 Time shifting
x t 
y(t )  x(t  t0 )
t0 > 0  shift toward right
t0 < 0  shift toward left

 t   x t  T 
• Signal may be delayed by time T

 t  T   x t 

x t  T 
• or advanced by time T

 t  T   x t 
 Time scaling
x t 

• Signal may be compressed in time

(e.g. by a factor of 2)

t   t   x  2t 
    x t 
2

• or expanded in time
t
(e.g. by a factor of 2)  t   x  
2 
  2t   x  t 
 Time reversal

x t 

• Signal may be reflected about the

vertical axis (i.e. time reversed)

  t   x  t 

  t   x  t 
 Combined operations
Combination of time shifting and time scaling:
Must be performed in a correct order.

y (t )  x(at  b)

Operation order:

1st step: time shifting

v(t )  x(t  b)

2nd step: time scaling

y (t )  v(at )  x(at  b)
Example

Time Shifting and Time Scaling for Continuous-Time Signal

Consider the rectangular pulse x(t). Find y(t)=x(2t + 3).

Case 1: Shifting first, then scaling

Case 2: Scaling first, then shifting
Shifting first, then scaling

The proper order in which the operations of time scaling and time shifting
should be applied in the case of the continuous-time signal of Example 1.5.
(a) Rectangular pulse x(t) of amplitude 1.0 and duration 2.0, symmetric
about the origin. (b) Intermediate pulse v(t), representing a time-shifted
version of x(t). (c) Desired signal y(t), resulting from the compression of v(t)
by a factor of 2.
Scaling first, then shifting

The incorrect way of applying the combined operation. (a) Signal x(t).
(b) Time-scaled signal v(t) = x(2t). (c) Signal y(t) obtained by shifting
v(t) = x(2t) by 3 time units, which yields y(t) = x(2(t + 3)).
 Classification of signal

• Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

• Analog and digital signals
• Periodic and aperiodic signals
• Energy and power signals
• Deterministic and probabilistic signals
• Causal and non-causal
• Even and odd signals
Continuous-time and discrete-time signals

Continuous-time signals: x(t) Discrete-time signals:

Representation of x(t) as a discrete-time
signal x[n].

x  n   x( nTs ), n  0,  1,  2, .......
where t = nTs
Analog and digital signals
 Periodic and aperiodic signals
• A signal x(t) is said to be periodic if for some positive constant T0.

x t   x t  T  for all t
T  T0 , 2T0 , 3T0 , ......

• The smallest value ofT0 that satisfies the periodicity condition of this equation
is the fundamental period of x(t).

1
T  T0  Fundamental period f 
T

2
Angular frequency:   2 f 
T
Deterministic signals and random signals

A deterministic signal can be describe either in a mathematical form or

graphical form.

x(t) = sin0.2t + 2*cos(0.6t)

A random signal cannot be predicted precisely, but known in terms of

probabilistic description.
 Even and odd signals
Symmetric about vertical axis
Even signals: x ( t )  x ( t ) for all t

Odd signals: x ( t )   x ( t ) for all t

Antisymmetric about origin

xe xo

t t

x(-t) = x(t) x(-t) = - x(t)

Consider the signal

 t 
sin   ,  T  t  T
x(t )    T 
 0 , otherwise

Is the signal x(t) an even or an odd function of time?

Solution
  t 
sin    ,  T  t  T
x( t )    T 
 0
 , otherwise
odd function
 t 
  sin  ,  T  t  T
= T 
 0
 , otherwise
=  x( t ) for all t
Even-odd decomposition of x(t):

x(t )  xe (t )  xo (t )

where xe (t )  xe (t ) and xo (t )   xo (t )

x (  t )  xe (  t )  x o (  t )
 xe ( t )  x o ( t )
1
xe   x(t )  x(t ) #
2
1
xo   x(t )  x(t ) #
2
Example
Find the even and odd components of the signal

2t
x(t )  e cos t

solution
x(t )  e2t cos(t )
=e2t cos(t )

1
Even component: xe (t )  ( e2t cos t  e2t cos t )
2
 cosh(2t ) cos t

Odd component:
1
xo (t )  (e2t cos t  e2t cos t )  sinh(2t ) cos t
2
 Signal functions

• Unit step function

• Exponential function
• Unit impulse function
 Unit step function

Continuous-time case:

u (t ) 1, t  0
0, t  0
Step function

x  t   u (t  2)  u  t  4 
 Ramp function

Continuous-time case:

 t, t  0
r (t )  
0, t  0

or
Ramp function of unit slope.
r (t )  tu (t )
 Exponential function
Exponential Signals x(t )  Bea t
1. Decaying exponential, for which a < 0
2. Growing exponential, for which a > 0

(a) Decaying exponential form of continuous-time signal. (b) Growing exponential

form of continuous-time signal.
Unit impulse function

 t   0 t0


   t  dt  1 Dirac delta function
