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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Responding to Stress
10. List three categories of negative emotions commonly elicited by stress.
11. Discuss the role of positive emotions in the stress process.
12. Explain the effects of emotional arousal on coping efforts, and describe the inverted-U
hypothesis.
13. Describe the fight-or-flight response, and contrast it with the tend-and-befriend response.
14. Identify the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome.
15. Distinguish between the two major pathways along which the brain sends signals to the
endocrine system in response to stress.
16. Clarify the concept of coping.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES Item Number
1. Describe the nature of stress and discuss how common it is. 1, 2, 3, 4, TF1
2. Distinguish between primary and secondary appraisal of stress. 5, 6, 7, 8, SA1
3. Summarize the evidence on ambient stress. 9, 10, SG1
4. Explain how culture and ethnicity are related to stress. 11, 12, 13
5. Distinguish between acute, chronic, and anticipatory stressors. 14, 15, 16, SG2
6. Describe frustration as a source of stress. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21
7. Outline the three types of internal conflict, and discuss typical 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25,
reactions to conflicts. 26, 27, TF2, SA2
8. Analyze evidence on life change as a source of stress. 17, 18, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, SG3, TF3, TF4
9. Discuss evidence on pressure as a source of stress. 18, 33, 34, 35, 36
10. List three categories of negative emotions commonly elicited by 37, 38, 39
stress.
11. Discuss the role of positive emotions in the stress process. 40, 41, 42, SA3
12. Explain the effects of emotional arousal on coping efforts, and 43, 44, 45, 46, SG4
describe the inverted-U hypothesis.
13. Describe the fight-or-flight response, and contrast it with the 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
tend-and-befriend response. 53, SG5
14. Describe the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome. 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59,
60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65,
SA4
15. Distinguish between the two major pathways along which the 66, 67, 68, SG6, TF5
brain sends signals to the endocrine system in response to stress.
16. Clarify the concept of coping. 69, 70, SA5
17. Explain the phenomenon of choking under pressure. 71, 72, 73, TF6
18. Summarize evidence on how stress can affect cognitive 74, 75
functioning.
19. Identify the symptoms and causes of burnout. 76, 77, 78, 79, SG7, SA6
20. Assess the potential impact of stress on psychological health. 80, 81
21. Discuss the prevalence, symptoms, and causes of posttraumatic 82, 83, TF7
stress disorder.
22. Discuss the effects of stress on physical health. 84, 85, SG8, TF8
23. Articulate three ways in which stress might lead to beneficial 86, 87, SA7
effects.
24. Explain how social support moderates the impact of stress. 88, 89, 90, SG9, TF9,
SA8
25. Describe the hardiness syndrome and how it influences stress 91, 92, 93
tolerance.
26. Clarify how optimism is related to stress tolerance. 94, 95, 96, 97, SA9
27. Describe the potential problem of unrealistic optimism. 98, 99
28. Explain why traits cannot be target behaviors in self- 100, 101, TF10, SA10
modification programs.
29. Identify the three kinds of information you should pursue in 102, 103, SA10
gathering your baseline data.
30. Discuss how to use reinforcement to increase the strength of a 104, 105, SG10
response.
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31. Explain how to use reinforcement, control of antecedents, and 106, 107
punishment to decrease the strength of a response.
32. Analyze issues related to fine-tuning and ending a self- 108, 109
modification program.
Key: Multiple-Choice question numbers appear first, followed by Study Guide question numbers
(SG), True/False (TF), and Short Answer (SA).
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
ANS: c REF: 71
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: b REF: 71
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
ANS: a REF: 71
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: a REF: 71
OBJ: 1 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult
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6. Primary appraisal is an initial evaluation of whether an event is
a. imminent.
b. detrimental to one’s health.
c. relevant and stressful.
d. expected.
ANS: c REF: 72
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: d REF: 72
OBJ: 2 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
8. The notion that "stress lies in the eye of the beholder" suggests that
a. coping strategies tend to vary from individual to individual.
b. people's appraisals of stressful events are highly subjective.
c. there are certain events that just about everyone finds stressful.
d. the appraisal of stress generally involves the use of visual imagery.
ANS: b REF: 73
OBJ: 2 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
ANS: c REF: 73
OBJ: 3 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
10. Crowding and noise have been identified as sources of ___________ that have been
found to be correlated with elevated stress hormones.
a. acute stress
b. traumatic stress
c. ambient stress
d. rational stress
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11. _______________ has been a major source of stress in many societies around the world.
a. Religious conflict
b. Cultural change
c. Intergenerational disagreement
d. Coping deficiency
ANS: b REF: 74
OBJ: 4 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
12. Which of the following may be a significant cause of stress for immigrants?
a. Covert discrimination
b. Overt interracial conflict
c. Acculturation
d. Effects of modernization
13. One challenge faced by members of ethnic minorities in dealing with everyday
discrimination is that manifestations of such discrimination are often
a. imaginary.
b. ambiguous.
c. minor.
d. consistent.
ANS: a REF: 75
OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
15. Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no apparent time limit are
referred to as
a. ambient stressors.
b. cultural stressors.
c. acute stressors.
d. chronic stressors.
ANS: d REF: 75
OBJ: 5 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
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16. Dealing with a rude store clerk and waiting for the results of an examination are two
examples of
a. acute stressors.
b. ambient stressors.
c. environmental stressors.
d. chronic stressors.
ANS: a REF: 75
OBJ: 5 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate
17. Which of the following is NOT a major source of stress described in your textbook?
a. Change
b. Internal conflict
c. Frustration
d. Socialization
18. The four major types of stress described in your textbook are
a. pressure, anxiety, environment, and social demands.
b. frustration, anger, pressure, and change.
c. frustration, internal conflict, pressure, and change.
d. internal conflict, pressure, anxiety, and social demands.
ANS: b REF: 75
OBJ: 6 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
ANS: c REF: 75
OBJ: 6 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
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21. _________ may be a common effect of environmental or ambient stress.
a. Conflict
b. Frustration
c. Change
d. Trauma
ANS: b REF: 75
OBJ: 6 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
ANS: a REF: 76
OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
24. You want to ask someone for a date, but you are afraid of being rejected. Which of the
following types of conflict applies to your situation?
a. Approach-approach
b. Avoidance-avoidance
c. Approach-avoidance
d. Frustration-aggression
ANS: c REF: 76
OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
25. You are a talented artist and good at mathematics. You enjoy both and don’t know which
to major in at college. Which of the following types of conflict applies to your situation?
a. Approach-approach
b. Avoidance-avoidance
c. Approach-avoidance
d. Frustration-aggression
ANS: a REF: 76
OBJ: 7 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
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26. Approach-avoidance conflicts often produce
a. vacillation.
b. frustration.
c. aggression.
d. self-directed anger.
27. Research supports a previous theory that internal conflicts generate considerable
psychological stress. The theorist who proposed this was
a. Freud.
b. Watson.
c. Selye.
d. Maslow.
ANS: a REF: 76
OBJ: 7 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
ANS: c REF: 77
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
ANS: c REF: 77
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: c REF: 77
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
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31. Research with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has shown that people with higher
scores
a. are less susceptible to stress.
b. know from experience how to handle stress.
c. tend to have pessimistic outlooks on life.
d. are vulnerable to physical and psychological problems.
ANS: d REF: 77
OBJ: 8 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
33. Whenever others expect you to conform to their expectations or perform in certain ways,
you tend to experience
a. anger.
b. conflict.
c. frustration.
d. pressure.
34. Which of the following researchers designed a scale to measure pressure as a form of life
stress?
a. Albert Bandura
b. Thomas Holmes
c. Neil Miller
d. Wayne Weiten
ANS: d REF: 79
OBJ: 9 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
35. Weiten's research on the stressful effects of pressure indicates that there is a strong
relationship between pressure and
a. the appraisal of stress.
b. measures of procrastination.
c. a variety of psychological problems.
d. stress-induced physiological arousal.
ANS: c REF: 79
OBJ: 9 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult
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36. According to research, Janet has found studying for finals and her graduate exams so
stressful that the only behavior NOT likely to occur is
a. poorer academic performance.
b. escape behaviors such as drinking.
c. increased depression.
d. increased concentration.
ANS: d REF: 79
OBJ: 9 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate NOT: New
ANS: d REF: 80
OBJ: 10 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
38. ___________ are largely uncontrollable and are accompanied by physiological changes.
a. Conflicts
b. Pressures
c. Stressors
d. Emotions
ANS: d REF: 80
OBJ: 10 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
39. Research findings indicate that subjective cognitive appraisals may influence a person’s
__________ responses to stressors.
a. emotional
b. social
c. controllable
d. perceptual
40. Fredrickson et al. (2003) found that the frequency of pleasant emotions correlated
__________ with resilience and the frequency of negative emotions correlated
___________ with resilience.
a. positively; negatively
b. negatively; positively
c. positively; positively
d. negatively; negatively
ANS: a REF: 82
OBJ: 11KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult
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41. Research suggests that positive emotional reactions to stress may have the adaptive
quality of enhancing
a. fear reactions.
b. social, intellectual, and physical resources.
c. avoidance strategies.
d. use of defense mechanisms.
42. Research following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States found
that emotions of anger, sad, glad, hopeful, and content were statistically significant in
relation to
a. defense mechanisms.
b. resilience.
c. the parasympathetic system.
d. feelings of sympathy.
ANS: b REF: 82
OBJ: 11KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
43. The correlation between test-related anxiety and exam performance is thought to be
a. positive.
b. negative.
c. U-shaped.
d. nonexistent.
ANS: b REF: 82
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: b REF: 82
OBJ: 12 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult
45. Sometimes, anxiety helps us by motivating us to study for a test, but if we become too
anxious, we pass our optimal level of arousal and spend too much time worrying instead
of studying. This type of correlation is described as
a. a downward spiral.
b. the inverted-U hypothesis.
c. negative.
d. positive.
ANS: b REF: 82
OBJ: 12 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate
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46. Research on the inverted-U hypothesis is
a. in need of refinement.
b. inconsistent.
c. based on animal learning.
d. all of these.
ANS: c REF: 83
OBJ: 13 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult
49. The fight-or-flight response is a reaction that begins in response to a threat. This is a(n)
_________ reaction.
a. involuntary
b. voluntary
c. unusual
d. cultural
ANS: a REF: 83
OBJ: 13 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
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51. New research on gender and the fight-or-flight response indicates that
a. fighting may be more adaptive for females than males because females need to fight off
predators from their offspring.
b. fighting and fleeing may be less adaptive for females because both responses may
endanger offspring.
c. men are more likely to fight and women are more likely to flee.
d. men and women are equally likely to expend a lot of effort on the care of offspring in
times of stress.
ANS: b REF: 84
OBJ: 13 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
52. An alternative to the fight-or-flight response that may be present for females is the
a. tend-and-befriend response.
b. lock-and-load response.
c. freeze-and-free-up response.
d. cat-and-mouse response.
ANS: a REF: 84
OBJ: 13 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
53. In humans, the fight-or-flight response is less adaptive than it was in ancestral humans
because
a. our stresses are usually of short duration.
b. social evolution has surpassed biological evolution.
c. most modern human stresses can't be managed with these strategies.
d. modern humans don't have adequate equipment to fight or flee from threats.
ANS: a REF: 85
OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual DIF: Difficult
55. Being followed when walking home late at night or narrowly escaping a car accident are
experiences that would activate the
a. resistance reaction.
b. alarm reaction.
c. non-sympathetic nervous system.
d. exhaustion reaction.
ANS: b REF: 84
OBJ: 14 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
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56. ___________ is credited with formulating the theory of stress reactions called the general
adaptation syndrome.
a. Hans Selye
b. Neal Miller
c. Walter Cannon
d. Michael Scheier
ANS: a REF: 84
OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
57. Selye exposed lab animals to various stressors and found that
a. each individual animal responded to stress differently.
b. each type of stress caused a particular physiological response.
c. patterns of physiological arousal were similar, regardless of the type of stress.
d. patterns of physiological arousal seemed to depend on the intensity of the stress.
ANS: c REF: 84
OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
60. In the __________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the body attempts to adapt
to continued stress.
a. alarm
b. exhaustion
c. resistance
d. extinction
ANS: c REF: 84
OBJ: 14 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
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61. You hate mathematics and feel a knot forming in your stomach when you read in the
college catalog that Calculus I is required for your chosen major. You are in the
_____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. alarm
b. exhaustion
c. resistance
d. extinction
ANS: a REF: 84
OBJ: 14 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
62. You realize that no matter how much you hate mathematics, you will not be able to drop
out of calculus class this semester if you want to go to the graduate school of your choice.
You hunker down for a miserable semester of hard and studious labor. You are in the
____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. alarm
b. exhaustion
c. resistance
d. extinction
63. After barely squeezing through Anatomy 101 with a passing grade, you sleep 16 hours a
day for the first 10 days of summer break and refuse to see any of your friends. You are in
the ____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. alarm
b. exhaustion
c. resistance
d. extinction
ANS: b REF: 85
OBJ: 14 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
ANS: c REF: 85
OBJ: 14 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate
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65. Which of the following is least likely to have a negative impact on the immune system?
a. Caring for an elderly parent
b. Receiving long-term disability following an automobile accident
c. Remaining in a hostile work environment while waiting for a better job opportunity to
come along
d. Spending the weekend with hostile family members
ANS: d REF: 85
OBJ: 14 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Difficult
66. ______ are hormones that help mobilize the body for action.
a. Amphetamines
b. Immunosteroids
c. Catecholamines
d. Neurotransmitters
ANS: c REF: 85
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
ANS: a REF: 86
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
68. Mounting evidence from research indicates that stress may ______ the functioning of the
immune system.
a. stimulate
b. destroy
c. suppress
d. enhance
ANS: c REF: 86
OBJ: 15 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
69. _______ involves active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands of stress.
a. Coping
b. Adjustment
c. Stress tolerance
d. General adaptation
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70. By definition, coping efforts are
a. not necessarily adaptive or maladaptive.
b. necessarily healthy.
c. permanent.
d. effective.
ANS: a REF: 87
OBJ: 16 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: a REF: 88
OBJ: 17 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
72. Recent research on the effect of pressure on task performance in "normal" subjects
suggests that
a. choking under pressure is fairly common.
b. choking under pressure is just an excuse.
c. choking under pressure is a phenomenon unique to amateur performers.
d. normal people are less likely to choke under pressure than are professional athletes.
ANS: a REF: 88
OBJ: 17 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
73. Your friend Terry, who has been practicing free-throw shots in the backyard, just won the
chance to shoot a half-court basket for a $10,000 prize at a professional basketball game.
Research indicates that Terry is
a. more likely to make the shot in front of a large crowd than in the backyard, because the
added pressure increases the ability to filter out distractions.
b. less likely to choke under the pressure than a professional athlete, because professionals
have their job on the line.
c. very likely to choke under pressure.
d. likely to catch a cold just before the game because of a reduced immune system from the
acute stress.
ANS: c REF: 88
OBJ: 17 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate
74. Research findings indicate that on a cognitive task, stress may increase one's tendency to
a. systematically review options.
b. jump to conclusions too quickly.
c. consider a variety of options.
d. organize information into categories.
ANS: b REF: 88
OBJ: 18 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
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75. Which of the following was NOT cited in your text as a disruptive effect of severe stress
on cognitive functioning?
a. Inability to integrate new information
b. Reduced working memory efficiency
c. Inability to deal with interpersonal issues
d. Poorly organized view of options
76. Physical and emotional exhaustion and a lowered sense of self-efficacy due to work-
related stress is called
a. burnout.
b. reaction formation disorder.
c. the general adaptation syndrome.
d. posttraumatic stress disorder.
ANS: b REF: 88
OBJ: 19 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Easy
ANS: b REF: 89
OBJ: 19 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: d REF: 89
OBJ: 19 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
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80. Research reveals that stress often contributes to the onset of which of the following?
a. Depression
b. Schizophrenia
c. Eating disorders
d. All of these
ANS: d REF: 91
OBJ: 20 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
81. Mark has been working in a men's clothing store for over a year. Most days, he is the
only employee present and does all tasks and sales on his own. The owner of the store
rarely stops by, and when he does, he complains that Mark has not sold enough. Mark
may have some psychological problems due to chronic stress. Which of the following is
an unlikely reaction?
a. Insomnia
b. Sexual difficulties
c. Homicidal feelings
d. All of these
ANS: c REF: 89
OBJ: 21 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
83. Which of the following appears to be a key factor in predicting who is most likely to
develop PTSD following a traumatic event?
a. The age of the victim
b. The place of the traumatic event
c. The intensity of the traumatic event
d. Biological aspects of the individual
ANS: d REF: 91
OBJ: 22 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
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85. Psychosomatic disease ______ because of research on stress.
a. has fallen into disuse
b. is popular
c. is unrelated to stress
d. none of these
86. Which of the following is NOT a beneficial effect that may result from stress?
a. Satisfies the need for stimulation and challenge
b. Increases optimism
c. Promotes personal growth
d. Inoculates against later stresses
ANS: b REF: 93
OBJ: 23 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
87. The school of modern psychology that was developed to offset the perceived emphasis in
psychology on pathology and suffering is called
a. psychodynamic psychology.
b. behaviorism.
c. positive psychology.
d. coping psychology.
ANS: c REF: 93
OBJ: 23 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
88. ______ variables are factors that can soften the impact of stress on physical and mental
health.
a. Intervening
b. Dependent
c. Moderator
d. Extraneous
ANS: c REF: 94
OBJ: 24 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
80
90. Who of the following people is most likely to develop stress-related illness?
a. Susan, who lives alone but volunteers at the local skilled nursing home two times per
month
b. John, who lives with two good friends from high school
c. Jaime, who lives with a quiet roommate, belongs to a big family, works for a growing
company, and is described as a very “sociable” guy by all who know him
d. Dora, who lives alone, works from her home, and prefers to keep to herself
ANS: d REF: 95
OBJ: 24 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate
ANS: c REF: 96
OBJ: 25 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
92. Which of the following executives is NOT exhibiting a quality related to hardiness?
a. Al is very committed to his work and sees his job as a part of his identity.
b. Bob finds a way to reframe problems at work as challenges rather than burdens.
c. Clara loves the challenge at work of meeting deadlines that are outside of her control.
d. Drew sees everything as a competition and works hard to outdo all of the other
employees.
93. A behavior pattern marked by commitment, challenge, and control that appears to be
related to stress resistance is called
a. hardiness.
b. optimism.
c. autonomic passivity.
d. autonomic reactivity.
ANS: a REF: 96
OBJ: 25 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
ANS: b REF: 96
OBJ: 26 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
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95. People who exhibit an optimistic explanatory style tend to attribute setbacks to
a. others’ shortcomings.
b. temporary situational factors.
c. a bad home environment.
d. personal traits.
ANS: b REF: 96
OBJ: 26 KEY: Factual DIF: Moderate
ANS: a REF: 96
OBJ: 25 KEY: Factual DIF: Easy
ANS: d REF: 97
OBJ: 26 KEY: Conceptual DIF: Moderate
99. Jane believes she is unlikely to get lung cancer because she has decided to only smoke
until she finishes college and she has heard that only smoking for a few years eliminates
the risk of lung cancer. Her attitude is an example of
a. pessimistic explanatory style.
b. optimistic explanatory style.
c. unrealistic optimism.
d. ambiguous style.
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100. Bob is working on behavior self-modification because he would like to be less irritable at
work. His attempts are ______ because he has focused on a personality trait.
a. unlikely to succeed
b. likely to succeed
c. unrelated to his success
d. none of these
101. The best way to approach self-modification is to focus on _____ rather than _____.
a. specific behaviors; personality traits
b. personality traits; specific behaviors
c. infrequent responses; specific behaviors
d. personality traits; typical responses
102. To gather baseline data for self-modification, you should do all but which of the
following?
a. Determine the initial response level
b. Monitor events immediately after the target response
c. Monitor typical consequences
d. You should do all of these
103. Mary has noticed that when she watches an exciting basketball game, she eats more
snack food. She has identified
a. an initial response level.
b. an antecedent.
c. a typical consequence.
d. her baseline data.
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105. Robert has decided to reinforce his increased study time target by adding a star to a chart
every time he studies one hour. He has decided that every 20 stars, he can do an activity
with his friends for four hours. His idea is a form of
a. shaping.
b. self-denial.
c. token economy.
d. satiation.
107. Denise has decided to decrease her target behavior of unhealthy eating by avoiding the
fast-food and cookie aisles of the grocery store. She is using the method of
a. control of antecedents.
b. reinforcement.
c. shaping.
d. punishment.
108. Some behavior modification programs have common flaws. Rory found that she had too
long of a delay between behavior and reinforcement. She should
a. give up.
b. fine-tune her program.
c. suck it up and keep trying.
d. depend on weaker reinforcers.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS FROM STUDY GUIDE
3. Research on life change and stress began when Thomas Holmes, Richard Rahe, and their
colleagues set out to explore the relation between stressful life events and
a. frustration.
b. aggressive behavior.
c. physical illness.
d. schizophrenia.
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6. When a person experiences stress, the brain sends signals to the endocrine system along
two pathways. The structure that appears to initiate action along both pathways is the
a. adrenal gland.
b. catecholamine.
c. hypothalamus.
d. pituitary gland.
8. Stress is associated with the onset and course of which of the following illnesses?
a. Stroke
b. Cancer
c. Heart disease
d. All of these
9. Which of the following statements regarding the effects of social support on stress is
NOT accurate?
a. Social support is favorably related to physical health.
b. Social support is beneficial only when it is provided by immediate family members.
c. Providing social support to others can have psychological and physical benefits.
d. Social support may serve as a protective buffer from stress.
10. A token economy is a system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later
for a variety of genuine
a. placebos.
b. reinforcers.
c. antecedents.
d. contingencies.
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TRUE/FALSE
1. Everyday hassles have NOT been found to be predictive of mental or physical health.
3. Individuals who score low on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale are more likely to
develop illnesses than those who score high.
5. Corticosteroids help inhibit tissue inflammation in case of injury during times of stress.
7. The types of traumas that can cause PTSD are more common than most people realize.
9. Strong social support has been found to be a key factor in reducing the likelihood of
PTSD among Vietnam War veterans.
SHORT ANSWER
1. Explain what is meant by the statement, "Stress is in the eye of the beholder."
2. Briefly describe the three types of conflict and give an example of each. Which type of
conflict is most likely to produce vacillation? Why?
6. Describe burnout and its possible causes. Do you think it's possible for college students to
suffer from "academic burnout"?
7. Define the term “positive psychology” and explain the rationale for this movement.
8. Briefly explain how social networks can be beneficial or detrimental to efforts to cope
with stress.
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9. Define the term “explanatory style.” What are some of the things that optimists do that
are helpful in coping with stress?
10. Give an example of a self-modification program. Label and describe the target behavior
and the three areas of baseline data for your example.
ANS: Answer not provided REF: 97-99 NOT: New OBJ: 28 and 29
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