Economic botany = uses of plants for human benefits = originated from Australia

= is the commercial exploitation of plants by people. 2 main varieties of cultivated rice:

Economic botany contributes significantly to
anthropology, biology, conservation, botany, and other 1. Asian rice = Oryza sativa for flooded field
fields of science. 2. African rice = Oryza glaberrima for dry field
Ethnobotany = indigenous uses, uses of plants that are 47% of workers in the Philippines are farmers on the
not available in the market field
= is the scientific study of the relationships that exist 2010 = Philippines is the #1 buyer of imported rice
between peoples and plants. because of politics
57 years old= average age of Filipino farmers
Humans -> Nomads -> Hunters and Gatherers ->
Farmers -> Agriculture Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) = It is the
redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to
Nomads = no permanent residence, because of source help the beneficiaries survive as small independent
of food. It is hard for them to transfer because of farmers, regardless of the “tenurial” arrangement. Its
population growth the food is easily depleted. Force goals are to provide landowners equality in terms of
them to plant their own food. income and opportunities, empower land owner
Farmers = because of population growth, undergo trial beneficiaries to have an equitable land ownership,
and error. enhance the agricultural production and productivity,
Agriculture = cultivation of plants. So that the plants will provide employment to more agricultural workers, and
be dependent on us. put an end to conflicts regarding land ownership.
= so many loopholes and exemptions
Criteria in selecting plant species that are good for = only agricultural land, divide into smaller titles
agriculture: Filipino farmers cannot borrow capital from banks to
start farming; no collaterals. They will borrow from the
1. Taste = should be edible, poisonous plants are Muslim (5’6)
not bitter
2. Large yield Oryza sativa = application of fertilizer and pesticide,
3. Easy germination removal of weeds
4. Stability = if no typhoons for 5 months. Harvest, cutting,
First cultivated crops = wheat, barley, beans lentils threshing, putting into sacks, and transfer into storage
Fertile Crescent = Iraq Division of harvest:
China = rice 60%-70% - to the land owner
Central America = corn, beans, squash, sweet potato, 40%-30% = palay sold by the farmers
cacao Caryopsis = will be milled to remove the shaft
South America = potato 1o (nutritious) 2o
Southeast Asia = banana, sugar cane, taro Milling --- palay --- shaft --- brown rice --- bran --- white
Benefits of farmers: Disadvantage of farmers: rice --- polishing --- polished white rice
They can support Hard labor (Less nutritious)
people Encourage pest and plant diseases 30%-40% = will be sold but due to high labor the farmer
Consistent food supply Need to provide irrigation, will sold it higher. The government/market will choose
Higher quality of food pesticides, and fertilizers the more cheap imported rice from Vietnam or Thailand
Practice crop rotation = to prevent pest and plant =highest quality rice but in discounted price the
diseases Philippine rice will be bought by Chinese business men
= the farmer will only pay for his debt/loan the cycle will
In the Philippines the main crop is in the Family Poaceae be repeated
(cereal or grass family)
Industrialized country:
3 staple foods of the world = rice, corn, and wheat
High agricultural land = less farmers, because of
Wheat = staple food for the most number of countries
technology
Rice = in terms of population most popular staple food
Limited agricultural land = more farmers, because of no
Wild rice = Zizania palustris
technology still traditional methods
Common crops in the Philippines = corn, sugarcane,
coconuts
3 leading fruits = banana, pineapple, mango
Leading producer of rice in the world = china, Egypt,
Australia, US.
In 1960 = the Philippines
Wheat:
Triticum durum = to produce pasta
Triticum aestivum = to produce bread and pastries
In the Philippines we do not grow wheat because of the
big brother teaches us that we can’t grow wheat. But
we can grow wheat it’s just so the Philippines will be
depended on imported products.
G8 countries doesn’t have coconuts, black propaganda
for the coconut oil
San Miguel = beer, but it is a archangel
Not all seen on TV is true because of the big brother
Filipino manufacturer of coconut oil change the name to
vegetable oil.
Filipino farmers doesn’t want their children to become
farmers but go abroad
Plant as medicine
1/3 of plant species have proven medicinal uses
More than 80,000 species of flowering plants have
proven medicinal value
25% of the total drugs in the Philippines came from
plants
More than 80% of the total drugs in highly developed
countries are composed of plant constituents
The trend now is back to basics use of alternative
medicine
Basis:
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) ->
 Below: (CAM)
- Complementary medicine = in complement of
western medicine
- Alternative medicine = in replacement of
western medicine
 Herbal medicine
Criteria: (plants that have medicinal value)
1. Taste = should have a bitter taste
Bitterness = poison = medicinal value (in less
concentration)
2. Widely distributed = available within the
community
= can grow in a disturbed habitat
3. Cultural interpretation = perception of the
initial testing of the community. Positive
perception
WHO, DOH = tested scientifically
Experimentation --> clinical testing
No approved therapeutic claims = herbal supplements if
it did not undergo clinical testing
DOH came up oh 10 DOH endorsed medicinal plants
Republic act 8423 = Philippine institute of traditional
and alternative healthcare
President Fidel Ramos
DOH Sec. Juan Flavier
Mode of preparation:
1. Decoction = boiling of plant part. Ratio 1:2. Boil
in low heat do not cover while boiling for 15
minutes, use earthenware or glass. Only be
used in a day
= is a method of extraction by boiling of dissolved
chemicals from herbal or plant material, which may
include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes. Involves first
mashing and then boiling in water to extract oils,
volatile organic compounds and other chemical
substances
2. Infusion = just like tea. Add hot water, filter
then drink. Only be used in a day and must be
fresh.
= the process of extracting chemical compounds or
flavors from plant material in a solvent such as water,
oil or alcohol, by allowing the material to remain
suspended in the solvent over time
3. Tincture = instead of water use alcohol. Soak
plant part in alcohol if ointment, if taken
internally used vodka
= an alcoholic extract of plant or animal material or
solution of such, or of a low volatility substance (such as
iodine and mercurochrome). To qualify as an alcoholic
tincture, the extract should have an ethanol percentage
of at least 25–60%
4. Poultice = pounding plant parts
= a soft, usually heated substance that is spread on
cloth and then placed on the skin to heal a sore or
reduce pain
5. Extraction / Maceration = use mortar and pestle
then squeeze in cheese cloth
= extraction involves the separation of medicinally
active portions of plant or animal tissues from the
inactive or inert components by using selective solvents
in standard extraction procedures.
= in experimentation you will use solvent, ethanol for
extraction, then apply rotary evaporation process.
Guidelines for herbal medicine
1. The source of herbal medicine is far from
polluted area
2. The plant is grown organically
3. You must harvest every morning and sunny
= Not in the afternoon and raining because there is no
transpiration and absorption of water. Plants are
plasmolyzed
= In the morning and sunny because there is greatest
transpiration and more absorption of nutrients. Plants
are turgid
Always used fresh and matured parts it contains
medicinal compounds
They are immobile (sedentary) to produce primary and
secondary metabolites to protect themselves
DOH endorsed plants:
1.) Lagundi = Vitex negundo
Family: Lamiaceae
Common names: Lagundi
Indication: Asthma and cough
Parts used: Leaves and flowering
tops, fruits
Preparation: Decoction
2.) Kulasimang-bato = Peperomia
pellucida
Family: Piperaceae
Common names: pansit-pansitan
Indications: arthritis and gout
Parts used: aerial plant parts, the shoots not the roots
Preparation: Raw
3.) Guava = Psidium guajava
Family: Myrtaceae
Common names: Guava, bayabas
Indications: antiseptic, disinfectant
and treatment of wounds. Tooth
decay and toothache
Parts used: Leaves, fruits
Preparation: Decoction and Poultice
4.) Bawang = Allium sativum
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Common names: Ajos (Bisaya); garlic
Indications: for high blood
cholesterol and high blood pressure
Parts used: Leaves and bulbs (cloves)
Uses & Preparation: Fry, Boiled, and Blanched
4.) Yerba Buena = Mentha
cordifolia
Family: Lamiaceae
Common name: Peppermint
Indications and preparations: for
body pain/ache as analgesic
Parts utilized: leaves, sap of plant
Uses & Preparation: Extraction and Decoction
6.) Sambong = Blumea balsamifera
Family: Asteraceae
Common names: Sambong (Tagalog);
Indications: Diuretic, treatment of
UTI, anti-inflammatory
Parts used: Leaves and flowering tops
Preparation: Decoction
7.) Akapulko = Cassia alata
Family: Fabaceae
Common names: bayabas-bayabasan
Indication: treatment of ringworm
(buni) and fungal infection (alipunga)
Parts used: Leaves and fruit
Preparation: Poultice and Extraction
8.) Niyog- Niyogan = Quisqualis
indica
Family: Combretaceae
Common names: Tartaraok (Tagalog);
Chinese honeysuckle,
Indications: treatment of worms (ascaris) roundworms.
Migrate to the anus from the small intestine
Parts used: Seeds, Fruits
Preparation: Poultice
9.) Tsaang Gubat = Ehretia
microphylla
Family: Boraginaceae
Common names: forest tea, wild tea.
Indications: treatment of stomachache and indigestion.
Prevent tooth decay (high fluoride)
Parts used: Leaves
Preparation: Decoction
Float = you are not constipated = pointed end
Sink = you are constipated = squared end
10.) Ampalaya = Momordica
charantia
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common names: Ampalaya
(Tagalog)); bitter gourd,
Indications: lowers blood sugar levels. Treatment for
diabetes
Parts used: Young leaves and fruits (fresh matured)
Preparation: Decoction
If medicinal plant is harvested above the soil it is best
eaten Raw. Except Tomato fruit must be heated so that
lycopene will be released
If medicinal plant is harvested below the soil it is best
eaten when heated
Ripe fruits = riched in vitamins
Unripe fruits = riched in medicinal properties

Plant as materials
- Wood and non-wood
- Bark = composed of secondary phloem
- Wood = composed of secondary xylem
- Produced from vascular cambium. And produced Matter contracts when cooled and expands when
annually heated
Except for wood it expands when cooled and contracts
when heated in sapwood

Mabolo = Diospyros blancoi

Family: Ebenaceae
= best for furniture and chess pieces

Mahogay = Shorea sp.

Lauan = Shorea negrosensis
- Soft = uniform structure = Tracheids Family: Dipterocarpaceae
- Hard = complex structure = Vessel Elements - Reddish color
- Tracheids = tapered ends, gymnosperms Yakal = Shorea astylosa
- Vessel Elements = not tapered ends, angiosperms Family: Dipterocarpaceae
- Golden or yellowish in color
- Best for furniture and construction material

Narra = Pterocarpus indicus

Family: Fabaceae
= most expensive wood product, has a narrow sapwood
= will grow for 40 years

Acacia = Acacia verticillata

1. Monocot = coconut (Arecaceae) Family: Fabaceae
2. Dicot = - Most common timber in the Philippines
- Sapwood – gymnosperms - Used as plates and bowls and decorative
o Protected by the bark materials
o Transport of food and water
o Living xylem and phloem Teak = Tectona grandis
- Hardwood - angiosperms Family: Lamiaceae
o Termite proof - Best timber, almost waterproof
o Dead cells
o Stability for the plant Gamhar = Gmelina arborea
o More durable, Best for furniture and Family: Lamiaceae
construction materials - Takes 2 to 3 years to grow
Characteristics of dicots: - Fast growing tree
o Secondary tissues
o Lateral meristem Pili = Canarium luzonicum (ovatum)
o Vascular cambium Family: Burseraceae
Growth ring and some monocot has wood Santol = Sandoricum koetjape
Family: Meliaceae
- Both are very nice grains for decorations
Pine tree = Pinus sp.
Family: Pinaceae
- Good for furniture because of its smoothness, it is a
soft tree
- Softwood – no knots
- Knots – undeveloped branches/buds, reduces the
stability of the wood, and good for decoration
o Can only be seen in angiosperms
(hardwood)
Coconut word or coco lumber = Cocos nucifera
Family: Arecaceae
- Used for construction as supporting materials
because it is cheap. a monocot wood
The rest of all dipterocarps are hardwood
Non-wood products
Bamboo = Bambusa sp.
Family: Poaceae
- From grass family (32 species)
- Largest and tallest grass
- Best for furniture and boat-making because of its
light density
Palm tree =
Family: Arecaceae
 Can be a climbing palm, Rattan
 62 species, 12 are commercially available for
exporting
- Rattan = Calamus manillensis
- Family: Arecaceae
- Genus Calamus – best for furniture making
 Can be a erect palm, Nipa (kaong, anahaw, buri)
- Nipa = Nypa fruticans
- Family: Arecaceae
- Used as walls and roof, the bahay kubo
- Used as baskets, hats, mats, broom or fuel
Anahaw = Livistona rotundifolia
Family: Arecaceae
 Used as fans and roofing materials
 Used as baskets, hats, mats, and ornaments
Kaong = Arenga pinnata
Family: Arecaceae
- The leaves are used as roof material
- Used as a basket, hats, and mats
- Sap = used as a vinegar, sugar, wine, alcohol by
fermentation
- Source of kaong fruit
Buri = Corypha elata
Family: Arecaceae
- Largest palm tree
- Sap = used as a vinegar, sugar, wine, alcohol by
fermentation
- Leaves = used as rag making, ropes, mats, and bags
Resin
Plants secrete resins and rosins for their protective
benefits. They confound a wide range of herbivores,
insects, and pathogens; while the volatile phenolic
compounds may attract benefactors such as parasitoids
or predators of the herbivores that attack the plant
- The sap obtain from plants:
o Almaciga trees
o Pine trees
o Apitong trees
- Used to make several material such as: rubber
- Plant resins are valued for the production of
varnishes, adhesives, and food glazing agents. They
are also prized as raw materials for the synthesis of
other organic compounds and provide constituents
of incense and perfume.
Cotton / clothing: Gossypium hirsutum
Family: Malvaceae
- is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or
protective case, around the seeds of cotton plants
of the genus Gossypium in the family of
Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose.
Under natural conditions, the cotton balls will tend
to increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Paper
- Formed from wood pulp or plant fiber, paper is
chiefly used for written communication. The earliest
paper was papyrus, made from reeds by the ancient
Egyptians.
- Coniferous trees, such as spruce and fir, used to be
preferred for papermaking because the cellulose
fibers in the pulp of these species are longer,
therefore making for stronger paper. These trees
are called "softwood" by the paper industry.
Past and Future Uses of Herbal Medicine in the
Philippines
By: Dr. Jaime Galvez Tan
The Best 100 Philippine Medicinal Plants Book
Create Communities of Wellness in the marginalized
communities in the PH!
The Best 100 Philippine Medicinal Plants by = Jaime Z.
Galvez Tan, MD, MPH and Isidro Sia, MD, PhD
Medicinal Plants: Philippines’ Natural Living Treasures
- Around 1,500 medicinal plants from more than
13,500 plant species in the Philippines of which
more than 3,500 are considered indigenous
- Only 120 medicinal plants (12.5%) have been
scientifically validated for safety and efficacy
- Only 10 medicinal plants have been promoted by
DOH since 1993 and PITAHC (Philippine Institute for
Traditional and Alternative Health Care) since 1997
The Philippine Herbal Market 1
- Estimated at PhP 1.2 Billion annually (compared to
PhP 138 Billion in sales in 2013 of synthetic drugs.
IMS data.)
- There are now 7 brand names of Lagundi (Vitex
negundo) in the market: 2 brand names of Sambong
(Blumea balsamifera) and 3 brand names of
Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)
- Other commercial products are sold as nutritional
supplements or tea beverages.
Other Philippine medicinal plants currently sold at the
retail market are:
- Malunggay - Moringa oleifera
- Virgin Coconut Oil - Cocos nucifera
- Banaba - Lagerstroemia speciosa
- Luya - Zingeber officianale
- Turmeric/Luyang dilaw - Curcuma longa
- Mangosteen - Garcinia mangostana
And others are tea blends of various medicinal plants
under different brand names.
- For perfumery and fragrance: Ylang-ylang Cananga
odorata, Patchouli Pogostemon kablin and
Citronella Andropogon citratus
- For branded, commercial flavors and spices: black
pepper, siling labuyo, ginger, garlic, onions
- Personal and body care products e.g. soap,
shampoo, lotion from medicinal plants Gugo, Aloe
vera, Papaya (Carica papaya), guava (Psidium
guajava), Citronella, Lauat, Virgin Coconut Oil
The Philippine Herbal Market –Policy Framework
- The Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act
(TAMA) of 1997 that created the PITAHC (Philippine
Institute for Traditional and Alternative Health Care)
- FDA Administrative Orders on Herbal Medicines as
Drugs, as Traditional Medicines and as Folk
Medicines
- Research and Development Support from PCHRD-
DOST and the Philippine National Health Research
System (PNHRS)
8 Global Uses of Medicinal Plants
1. Phytomedicines and phytochemicals
2. Nutraceuticals
3. Personal Care Products and Cosmetics
4. Spa Health and Spa Medicine
5. Culinary: Flavors and spices
6. Fragrance and perfumer
7. Bio-pesticides
8. Veterinary Medicines
8 Global Uses of Siling Labuyo = Capsicum frustecens
1. Phytomedicines and phytochemicals
2. Nutraceuticals
3. Personal Care Products
4. Spa Health n Medicine
5. Culinary Spice n Flavor
6. Fragrance n Perfume
7. Biopesticides
8. Veterinary medicines
9. Capsaicin as analgesic n anti-inflammatory drug
10. Leaves as Multi-vitamins
11. As a shampoo and lotion
12. Oil extract as massage oil
13. World renown “hot”spice
14. Volatile oils as fragrance
15. Anti-ants and cockroaches
16. Anti-inflammatory medicine
15 Most Marketable Medicinal Plants:
1. Lagundi (Vitex negundo)
2. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)
3. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)
4. Yerba buena (Mentha cordifolia)
5. Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata)
6. Malunggay (Moringa olifera)
7. Balbas pusa (Orthosiphon aristatus)
8. Banaba (Lagerstroema speciosa)
9. Takip-Kohol (Centella asiatica)
10. Saluyot (Corchorus olitorius)
11. Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida)
12. Akapulko (Cassia alata)
 13. Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera)
14. Sabila (Aloe vera)
15. Tanglad (Andropogon citratus)
Lagundi - Vitex negundo
 Excellent for asthma, cough, upper and lower
respiratory tract infections
 Considered replacement of the synthetic drug
dextrometorphan, an anti-tussive in the public
health system
 Being promoted by the Dept of Health
 Registered under BFAD as medicine
 There are 7 brands of Lagundi in the market today.
Sambong - Blumea balsamifera
 A very efficient dissolver of kidney stones
 A good diuretic and anti-edema; can be used as an
anti-hypertensive
 Encouraging results from double-blind, placebo-
controlled, randomized studies
 Promoted by the National Kidney and Transplant
Institute (NKTI) and DOH
 Registered with the BFAD as a medicine
Ampalaya – Momordica charantia
 Excellent for diabetes because it enhances insulin
secretion by the islets of Langerhans
 Reduces glycogenesis in liver tissue
 Enhances peripheral glucose utilization
 Increases serum protein levels
 Restores the altered histological architecture of the
islets of Langerhans
Pansit-pansitan – Peperomia pellucida
 Clinically proven to be good for gout and arthritis
 It has been found to have anti-inflammatory and
analgesic activity
 LD50 studies show very low toxicity for both
animals and humans.
Yerba buena - Mentha cordifolia
 A very good analgesic; Excellent for headaches and
body pains without the side effects on the kidney
and liver compared to synthetic analgesics.
Considered as a drug after human clinical trials
Malunggay - Moringa oleifera
 The best vegetable in the world. It contains all the
vitamins, minerals, most amino acids and anti-
oxidants that we need everyday.
 Malunggay studies show chemopreventive potential
against cancer
 Contains the anti-oxidant enzyme, glutathione
Balbas-pusa – Orthosiphon aristatus
 Balbas pusa leaves are well known for its anti-
hypertensive qualities due to its high percentage of
potassium and a bitter alkaloid, orthosiphonin plus
methylpariochromene A (MRC
 Vasodilating action, decrease in cardiac output, and
diuretic action when given to stroke-prone
hypertensive rats
Siling labuyo - Capsicum frutescens
 A very good analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-
cancer
 Siling labuyoc ontains a powerful phyto-chemical -
capsaicin
 Stimulates the sexual appetite
 Traditionally used for toothache, arthritis, and
rheumatism
Luyang Dilaw - Curcuma longa
 Contains curcumin and curcuminoid well known for
its anti-cancer properties the W.H.O. acknowledges
it as a gastro-intestinal protective herb Luyang dilaw
is a very good anti-inflammatory agent Its melts gall
bladder stones; treats fatty liver; lowers bad
cholesterol and triglycerides
 The best spice in the world!
Takip-Kohol - Centella asiatica
 The W.H.O. recognizes its brain and nervous system
protective powers;
 Takip kohol is a memory enhancer for both children
and adults.
 It is effective as an anti-dementia and anti-
Alzeimers;
 Potentially good for Parkinson’s Disease and ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Banaba - Lagerstroemia speciosa
 Banaba is well known for its anti-cholesterol
properties and its use for urinary tract infection;
 Japan imports banaba leaves from the Philippines
and markets it as an anti-diabetic and as a slimming
herb due to its anti-cholesterol properties.
Coconut - Cocos nucifera
 The Best Oil in the World
 Coconut oil contains lauric acid which is anti-
bacterial, anti-viral and anti-fungal.
 Coconut oil is the best frying oil since it does not 10 Challenges to All Filipinos for Inclusive Economic
create any free radicals when heated; Growth
 Virgin coconut oil is a very good skin moisturizer 1. Identify idle plots of land that can be used for
 VCO lowers bad cholesterol and increases good planting more Philippine Medicinal Plants (PMP).
cholesterol 2. Work on improving the quality of the plantations
(certifications as organic and quality farms).
Ginger Liniment 3. Ensure that there is no shortage of supply (raw or
Preparation processed).
1. Grate ginger and combine with coconut oil in a small, 4. Invest in world-class manufacturing and processing
nonmetallic saucepan. facilities (packaging, spray drying, extracting,
2. Cover and simmer over low heat for 20 to 30 powdering, blending, tablet and capsule making).
minutes. 5. Focus on innovating and creating new, unique, and
3. Remove from heat and steep for another hour. relevant products that use PMP.
4. Strain oil to remove bits of ginger. 6. Create a campaign that will highlight and promote
To use, gently massage the oil into affected area twice a the benefits Philippine Medicinal Plants (PMP).
day until symptoms disappears. 7. Develop a training program for starting-up,
managing, and governing businesses that involve
My Most Common Herbal Medicines Formulations Philippine Medicinal Plants (PMP).
For cough and colds: salabat with calamansi and honey; 8. Integrate the use of Philippine Medicinal Plants
dahon o hilaw ng bunga ng sampalok (PMP) in your everyday life.
For diabetes: ABCD –Ampalaya, Banaba, Camote and 9. Invest in the continuous research of Philippine
Duhat Medicinal Plants (PMP)
For anti cholesterol and gall stones: luyang dilaw, 10. Explore opportunities to export raw materials and
banaba and garlic finished goods (global market)
For diarrhea: ABC –leaves of the avocado, bayabas and
caimito HEALTH IN THE HANDS OF THE PEOPLE by: Jaime Z.
For Anti-asthma –lagundi, young shoots of mango Galvez Tan, MD, MPH
leaves, ginger
For Urinary Tract Infection –sambong, buko juice,
pandan, buhok ng mais and tanglad
For Anti-hypertensive –balbas pusa, sambong, tanglad,
pandan
For heart diseases and kidney failure: KKMSS, shoots of
kamote, kolitis, malunggay, sili and saluyot plus total
abstinence from animal flesh
For fever: alagaw, tanglad, yerba buena
For hyperacidity: luyang dilaw, cabbage juice, aloe vera
juice and okra
For liver diseases: sampa-sampalukan, luyang dilaw,
labanos, takip kohol
For dementia and Alzeimer’s Disease :
 Virgin coconut oil –one tablespoon 3x a day
 Turmeric or luyang dilaw –3 middle finger-sized
pieces, boil in 6 glasses over low flame for 15
minutes. Divide remaining decoction into 3 doses.
Drink 3x a day. Can be combined with honey and
calamansi.
 Takip kohol (centella asiatica) 7 fresh leaves eaten
raw or as a salad, 3x a day.