Chemical Reaction

Formal Report submitted by:

Antonette B. Galay

Date Submitted: __________

Time Submitted: __________
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Introduction

Chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, a reactant, is converted

to one or more different substances. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. It
rearranges the constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products. The
evidences in identifying chemical reactions are evolution or bubbling gas, formation of
precipitates, change in color of solid or liquid, dissolution of solids into liquid and production of
light and heat.

Chemical equation delineates the happening in a chemical reaction. It identifies the

reactants and products in a substance and showing the Law of Conservation of Mass which
involves in a chemical reaction.

In this exercise, students are expected to determine the chemical equation of a certain
chemical reaction and balance the same, to classify a reaction, to create a demonstration that
presented a chemical change and to identify the common observation associated with a chemical
change.

Review of Related Literature

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical
substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the
positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no
change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a
chemical equation. A chemical reaction can be determined by easily observed physical effects,
such as the emission of heat and light, the formation of a precipitate, the evolution of gas, or a
color change.

These are the types of Chemical Reactions:

1) Combustion: A combustion reaction is when oxygen combines with another compound to

form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat. An
example of this kind of reaction is the burning of naphthalene:

C10H8 + 12 O2 ---> 10 CO2 + 4 H2O

2) Synthesis: A synthesis reaction is when two or more simple compounds combine to form a
more complicated one. These reactions come in the general form of:

A + B ---> AB
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One example of a synthesis reaction is the combination of iron and sulfur to form iron (II)
sulfide:

8 Fe + S8 ---> 8 FeS

3) Decomposition: A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction - a complex

molecule breaks down to make simpler ones. These reactions come in the general form:

AB ---> A + B

One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and
hydrogen gas:

2 H2O ---> 2 H2 + O2

4) Single displacement: This is when one element trades places with another element in a
compound. These reactions come in the general form of:

A + BC ---> AC + B

One example of a single displacement reaction is when magnesium replaces hydrogen in water to
make magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:

Mg + 2 H2O ---> Mg(OH)2 + H2

5) Double displacement: This is when the anions and cations of two different molecules switch
places, forming two entirely different compounds. These reactions are in the general form:

AB + CD ---> AD + CB

One example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead (II) nitrate with potassium
iodide to form lead (II) iodide and potassium nitrate:

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI ---> PbI2 + 2 KNO3

6) Reduction-Oxidation (REDOX) Reactions: Any reactions that involve transfer of electrons

or even changing oxidation number of elements. For example:

2 S2O32−(aq) + I2(aq) → S4O62−(aq) + 2 I−(aq)

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Methodology
The following materials, apparatus and equipment that we used in this exercise are
aluminum wire, watch glass, evaporating dish, iron stand, iron ring, wire gauze, alcohol lamp,
wash bottle, filter paper, red litmus paper, distilled water, 50-mL beaker, 250-mL beaker,
forceps, crucible tong, 6 M HCL, conc. HNO3, 6 M NaOH and test tubes, 1-cm copper wire,
knife, soft cloth, 250 g ice and droppers.

And these are the following procedure in this exercise:

A. Changing Copper to Copper(II) Oxide

1. The surface coating of a copper wire was carefully scraped out using a knife to
remove the dirt and other substances on the surface. And the observation
followed.
2. The Copper Metal was hold with a crucible tong and was heated into the alcohol
lamp for about 5 minutes. And the observation followed.
3. A 1.0 mL of 6 M HCL was place into a test tube, and the heated copper was
dropped into the HCL and fully immersed it in the HCL. And the observation
followed.
4. The liquid was decant into another clean test tube and reserved this for later
procedures. The remaining metal was clean with a plenty of water, dry this and
polish this into a soft cloth. And the observation followed.
5.
B. Changing Copper to Copper(II) Nitrate

1. The copper metal was placed into a 50-mL clean beaker. And placed this into
outside of the laboratory room, the next step was performed outside the laboratory
room to provide ventilation and to away from people.
2. The copper metal inside the 50-mL beaker was carefully added by the conc.
HNO3 and cover this by a watch glass. When the reaction subsides, the copper
metal inside the 50-mL beaker was continuing adding by the HNO3. And the
observation followed.
3. The remaining copper metal was removed from the 50mL beaker using a forceps,
and washed this under the tap for a minute, and reserved it for the next procedure.

C. Changing Copper(II) Nitrate to Copper(II) Hydroxide

1. A crushed ice was placed into a 250-mL beaker and pours a tap water until the
beaker was half filled.
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2. The Cu(NO3)2 solution was immersed into the beaker with an ice-water mixture,
and was added by a 6 M NaOH and stir this with a glass rod. A red litmus paper
was test using a wet rod tip, when the color of the litmus paper does’ not change,
we continue adding this by a 6 M NaOH and was test again by a litmus paper,
until the litmus paper turns to color blue.
3. The observations, evidences, balanced chemical reaction and the type of reaction
was followed.
4. The mixture was filter, and the filtrate was discarded into the sink. The precipitate
was placed into a clean beaker about 20 mL by flushing with the distilled water
from a wash bottle. And reserved it for the next procedure.

D. Changing Copper(II) Hydroxide to Copper(II) Oxide

1. The Cu(OH)2 mixture was gently heat and was stir his until the precipitate
changes color completely. And observations followed.
2. The mixture was filtered; the filtrate was discarded into the sink. The residue was
washed three times with 10 mL portions of hot water. And reserved it for the next
procedure.

E. Changing Copper(II) Oxide to Copper(II) Chloride

1. The CuO was placed in a dry test tube using funnel, and was added by a 6 M HCl
until all the precipitate on the filter paper was dissolved. And observations
followed.
2. The liquid obtained in a test tube was compared into another liquid test tube
which is the CuCl2. Observation followed. And reserve it for the next procedure.

F. Changing Copper(II) Chloride to Copper

1. A two pieces of aluminum wire was scraped by a knife. And observation

followed.
2. Each of aluminum wire was immersed into the two test tubes reserved in the
previous procedure. And observation followed.
3. Each aluminum wire was removed from the test tubes and was dry this in the air.
And we scraped the deposit and was placed into a container labeled as a Cu metal.
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Results and Discussion

A. Changing Copper to Copper(II) Oxide

 The copper is soft, it looks like shinny and brighter, it is a reddish orange
color, a metallic luster. And yes, there is a chemical reaction, because there’s
a change in color, when the copper was heat into the flame, it turns color
black, but if not still it looks like more shiny and brighter, it is still a reddish
orange color. The balance equation for this chemical reaction is
2Cu + O2 2CuO and this kind of reaction is Combustion Reaction

B. Changing Copper to Copper(II) Nitrate

 A copper scrap fill into the beaker, the copper is in excess, the copper nitrate
won’t have nitric acid in it. When we add Nitric Acid (HNO3) into the beaker,
the copper reacts to from copper Nitrate solution which the color is green and
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) the brown gas which is the TOXIC, produced by the
solution. Times goes by, the solution turns to color blue. The balanced
equation for this chemical reaction is
Cu + 4HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 and this kind of reaction is
Redox Reaction

C. Changing Copper(II) Nitrate to Copper(II) Hydroxide

 In a crushed ice into a 250mL beaker with a tap water, the Cu(NO3)2 solution
(Copper Nitrate) submerged into the beaker and added by a Sodium
Hydroxide (NaOH) until it produce a dark blue precipitate of copper
hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) is founded and that’s a chemical reaction. Afterward by
touching a red litmus paper, we test if its turn it into color blue. Sodium
Sulphate is also formed that’s why it needs to be filtered out. The balanced
equation for this is Cu(NO3)2 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2(s) + 2Na(NO)3 and this
kind of reaction is Precipitate Reaction.

D. Changing Copper(II) Hydroxide to Copper(II) Oxide

 After filtering out, the Cy(OH)2 boiled with constant stirring until the color
blue turns to into color black and turns again the color into more darker than
the normal black. And that is a chemical reaction. The balanced equation for
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this chemical reaction is Cu(OH)2 + H2O CuO + H2O and this kind of
reaction is Precipitation Reaction.

E. Changing Copper(II) Oxide to Copper(II) Chloride

 The color black precipitates filtered out and label this into (CuO) or Copper
Oxide, in a test tube with CuO precipitate added by 6 M HCl, the color black
turns into a greenish color or something yellow green and that’s the chemical
reaction. The balanced equation for this reaction is
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O and this kind of reaction is Precipitation
Reaction.
 The difference between the two liquid obtained in a test tube is there color,
one of the liquid obtained light yellow color and the other one liquid obtain a
green wish color. Both of them obtained a chemical reaction because of their
colors.
F. Changing Copper(II) Chloride to Copper

 From the two liquid obtained in a test tube, the one have the most reaction in
putting aluminum wire is the liquid that have a more copper, that’s why the
two test tubes contains not the same solution. The balanced equation for this
reaction is 3CuCl2 +Al 3Cu + 2AlCl3 and this kind of reaction is Redox
Reaction.

Conclusion

Therefore in this exercise we encounter different types of reaction, which are the
Combustion Reaction, Redox Reaction, and Precipitation Reaction, whereas the Combustion
reaction are always reactions between some fuel and gases, while the Redox reaction is a process
in which electrons are added to an atom or ion and the precipitation reaction involve the
formation of precipitate in a solution of a reactant.

References

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/108802/chemical-reaction

http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalreactions/a/reactiontypes.htm

http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/reactions/

http://www.chem.memphis.edu/bridson/FundChem/T17a1100.htp