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New Additional
Mathematics:
Cheat Sheet
For O Levels
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 1
1. Sets
A null or empty set is donated by { } or 𝜙.
2. Simultaneous Equations
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
1. 𝑎0 = 1
1
2. 𝑎 −𝑝 =
𝑎𝑝
1
𝑝
3. 𝑎 = √𝑎
𝑝
𝑝
𝑞 𝑝
4. 𝑎 = ( √𝑎 )
𝑞
5. 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
𝑎𝑚
6. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛
7. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
8. 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏 𝑛 = (𝑎𝑏)𝑛
𝑎𝑛 𝑎 𝑛
9. =( )
𝑏𝑛 𝑏
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 2
Logarithms
1. 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 ≫ 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = 0
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = 1
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑥
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑏
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 𝑎
1
7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏 =
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎
𝑦
8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥
1
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑏
log𝑐 𝑥
10. log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑐log 𝑐 𝑥 =
log𝑐 𝑏
x-intercept
Put y=0
Turning point
Method 1
−𝑏
x-coordinate: 𝑥 =
2𝑎
4𝑎𝑐−𝑏2
y-coordinate: 𝑦 =
4𝑎
Method 2
Express 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 as 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 by completing
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 3
Identities
𝑃(𝑥) ≡ 𝑄(𝑥) ⟺ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) For all values of x
Remainder theorem
If a polynomial f(x) is defined by (x-a), the remainder is R =f(a)
Factor Theorem
(x-a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 4
II. Divide the cubic equation with a, by synthetic division to find the
quadratic equation.
III. Solve the quadratic equation to find remaining two factors of cubic
equation.
For example:
6. Matrices
1. Order of a matrix
Order if matrix is stated as its number of rows x number of columns. For
example, the matrix (5 6 2) has order 1 x 3.
2. Equality
Two matrices are equal if they are of the same order and if their
corresponding elements are equal.
3. Addition
To add two matrices, we add their corresponding elements.
6 −2 −4 2 2 0
For example, ( )+( )=( ).
3 5 4 1 7 6
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 5
4. Subtraction
To subtract two matrices, we subtract their corresponding elements.
6 3 5 2 7 5 4 −4 0
For example: ( )−( )=( ).
9 14 −5 −4 20 1 12 −6 −6
5. Scalar multiplication
To multiply a matrix by k, we multiply each element by k.
2 4 2𝑘 4𝑘 2 6
For example, 𝑘 ( )=( ) or 3 ( ) = ( ).
3 −1 3𝑘 −𝑘 4 12
6. Matrix multiplication
To multiply two matrices, column of the first matrix must be equal to the
row of the second matrix. The product will have order row of first matrix
X column of second matrix.
2 4 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
3 2 1 4
For example: (1 3 ) ( ) = (𝑒 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ )
1 5 2 7
2 −1 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘 𝑙
To get the first row of product do following:
a = (2 x 3) + (4 X 1) = 10 (1st row of first, 1st column of second)
b = (2 x 2) + (4 x 5) = 24 (1st row of first, 2st column of second)
c = (2 x 1) + (4 x 2) = 10 (1st row of first, 3st column of second)
d = (2 x 4) + (4 x 7) = 36 (1st row of first, 4st column of second)
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 6
7. 2 x2 Matrices
1 0
a. The matrix ( ) is called identity matrix. When it is multiplied with
0 1
any matrix X the answer will be X.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
b. Determinant of matrix ( ) will be = | | = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑 𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑑 −𝑏
c. Adjoint of matrix ( ) will be = ( )
𝑐 𝑑 −𝑐 𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
d. Inverse of non-singular matrix (determinant is ≠ 0) ( ) will be :
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 𝑑 −𝑏
= ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
8. Solving simultaneous linear equations by a matrix method
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = ℎ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ
≫≫ ( ) (𝑦 ) = ( )
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑐 𝑑 𝑘
𝑥 −1
𝑎 𝑏 ℎ
(𝑦) = ( ) ×( )
𝑐 𝑑 𝑘
7. Coordinate Geometry
Formulas
To find the equation of a line of best fit, you need the gradient(m) of the
line, and the y-intercept(c) of the line. The gradient can be found by taking
any two points on the line and using the following formula:
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 7
The y-intercept is the y-coordinate of the point at which the line crosses
the y-axis (it may need to be extended). This will give the following
equation:
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
Where y and x are the variables, m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept.
Perpendicular bisector
Points of Intersection
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 8
8. Linear Law
To apply the linear law for a non-linear equation in variables x and y, express
the equation in the form
𝑌 = 𝑚𝑋 + 𝑐
9. Functions
Page 196 of Book
𝜃𝑖𝑠 + 𝑣𝑒
90
Sin All
2 1
180 0,360
Tan Cos
3 4
270
𝜃𝑖𝑠 − 𝑣𝑒
𝜃 is always acute.
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 9
Basics
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
sin 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
cos 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
tan 𝜃 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1
cosec 𝜃 =
sin 𝜃
1
sec 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
1
cot 𝜃 =
tan 𝜃
Rule 1
sin(90 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
cos(90 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃
1
tan(90 − 𝜃) = = cot θ
tan 𝜃
Rule 2
sin(180 − 𝜃) = + sin 𝜃
cos(180 − 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
tan(180 − 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
Rule 3
sin(180 + 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃
cos(180 + 𝜃) = −cos 𝜃
tan(180 + 𝜃) = +tan 𝜃
Rule 4
sin(360 − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
cos(360 − 𝜃) = +cos 𝜃
tan(360 − 𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 10
Rule 5
sin(− 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃
cos(−𝜃) = +cos 𝜃
tan(−𝜃) = −tan 𝜃
3𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 270° 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 360°
2
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 11
0! = 1
𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)!
𝑛!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟!
15. Differentiation
𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(𝑎𝑥 𝑚 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑎𝑚𝑥 𝑚−1 + 𝑏𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 12
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝛿𝑦 𝑑𝑦
≈
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑥
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = × 100%
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) = 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 0 and ≠ 0 when x =a then point (a, f(a)) is a turning point.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 13
𝑑
(sinn 𝑥) = 𝑛 sinn−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(cosn 𝑥) = −𝑛 cos n−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(tann 𝑥) = 𝑛 tann−1 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
(𝑒 ) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑑𝑥
A curve defined by y=ln(ax+b) has a domain ax+b>0 and the curve cuts the
x-axis at the point where ax+b=1
𝑑 1
(𝑙𝑛 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(ln 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 14
𝑑 𝑎
[𝑙𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
20. Integration
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 ⟺ 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 2 1
( 𝑥 + 𝑐) = 𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑛
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
𝑛 𝑚 )𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑏𝑥 𝑚+1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 = + +𝑐
𝑛+1 𝑚+1
𝑛
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛+1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
𝑏
𝑑
[𝐹(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) ⟺ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑐
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 15
𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ⟺ ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(−cos 𝑥) = sin 𝑥 ⟺ ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(tan 𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 1
[ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⟺ ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 1 1
[− cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⟺ ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 1 1
[ tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)] = sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ⟺ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
(−𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥 ⟺ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 16
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ −𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) ]𝑑𝑥
𝑎
22. Kinematics
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝑠 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet 17
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
1
𝑠 = (𝑢 + 𝑣)𝑡
2
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
23. Vectors
𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( ) then |𝑂𝑃
If 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is
Unit vector is the direction of 𝑂𝑃
1 1 𝑥
(𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑦)
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
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