Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"
# $ % & $
!
" #$ % && '
' ( ! "
' ( )
!"
# $ % $
( &) &* + (
(
+, & #
'( #- '
#- '
+* (
) + $ ++ (σ ) + =. #'
∂σ /∂ + =. # +'
( )
σ
! "!
#"
$ &
&
$ %
() { (ε ) } = (ε ) { (ε ) }
&
∆ ε + + #'
(ε )
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
ε + ε '' − ε' − ε ' =. # +'
∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ' ∂ ∂ '
∆ε { (ε ) } (ε )
(
! ' "!
) "
* $
$ %
υ
σ = % ε+
− υ
(ε ) * ε=
+
{( +ν )σ − υ (σ ) *} #'
υ
σ =
+
ε +
( +ν )
ε δ ε =
+
{( + ν ) σ − υσ δ } # +'
! "!
) "
0 !
1 *( 1 -
2" 3
#6'
4 25 3σ
& '
- + & 5 (
& 7 8 9 -
) & (
& - & 8 ( -
& * ( : (
# ' ( &) &*
1
- - & 8 ) +*
! * ( 7 9( 1
( ! (
7 9( 1 1
# , '
+ , -& )
; + 3 8<
# +' ! = -
> ? # +' + -
+ (
# +'
∂ ∂ σ ∂ σ
ε = ( +ν ) −υ δ
∂ '∂ ' + ∂ '∂ ' ∂ '∂ '
( δ ! -*
@ - + (
- > ?(
+ # +' A * +
∂ ∂ ∂ σ
ε ' =− ( +ν ) +υ
∂ ∂ ' + ∂ ∂ ∂
+ + -
∂ σ ∂ σ '' ∂ ∂ ν ( +ν ) ∂
( +ν ) + + ( +ν ) + + δ =.
∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ( −ν ) ∂
,
) + $ ++
{ (σ ) } + ( { }
&
( +ν ) ∆σ + +ν ) + + *= . #B'
# )
C ( +
1
( +ν ) ∆σ + { (σ ) } = . #D'
! #D' + E FG
H & G.. ) -
E 8H & (
#D'
∂ σ ∂ σ ''
( +ν ) + =.
∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂
1 )* G #2 ( ,2 ' 3
#2,2 '( +
( +ν ) ∂ σ +
∂ σ ''
= ( +ν )
∂ σ
= . → ∆σ =.
∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂ ∂ '∂ '
∆σ =. #I'
! # ' & #1 !
' A #D' #I'
+&
-
∆∆σ = . #F'
! . / ) 0(1
"!
0 2
1"3 4
"5 2 ) )
"
& * - $. -
A & +
+* *
( +
∂σ
(σ ) + =.
∂
+ =.
! > ? -
{
σ = % ε + υ /( − υ ) (ε ) *} !
+
∂ε ν ∂ε ''
+ + =.
∂ − ν ∂ %
! -
6
∂ ∂ ∂ ν ∂ ∂ '
+ + + =.
∂ ∂ ∂ − ν ∂ ∂ ' %
ε ''
ε
& J + 1
K & +
-
!
∂ ∂ ∂ '
+ + =. #G'
∂ ∂ − ν ∂ ∂ ' %
ε ''
) + $ ++
∆ + ( ) + =. #G+'
− ν %
3 ! & ∆
(
−ν
( ) − ( ) =. # .'
− ν
& ) ) $
L ( 818 = (7 ) !
( 1 ( 1
( 1 1 M
1 ( - ( )
8
= (7 ) (
(7 )
∆ + ( ) + =.
− ν %
/ 0 - - -
. * $ $ $ $
! )* - !
&
! /% &
#9'
Ω 1 & 1
&
#9' ∂Ω 3 #9'
& { #9'
#. '
(&
#9'
} = Ω 1 &
1 &
#. ' = * ∂Ω 3 #. '
& { #. '
(& }
#. '
A &
#9' + #. ' &
{ #9'
+
#. '
(&
#9'
+ & #. ' }
- &
( + ( +
+ 1 (
* (
= * + 4 4
4
:
"
0( ) L = (
+* + : ( ) -
:* # .'
= +
+ +* - # +*
;
> N'
- (
. 0 12 &&3
Ω 1 & 1
& ∂Ω 3 & !
& ( & ε= { #'+[ # '] /
&
} &
1 ε > ? -
- & { #'(ε #'(σ #'
} { # '(ε # '(σ # '
}
& Ω( & <σ = < !
- & { #'− # '(ε #' −ε # '(σ #' −σ # '
}
& 1
& =. <σ = =. <
(σ #'
−σ
#'
)=. Ω
(σ #'
−σ
#'
) =. 3σ
- &
H (
&
> =
7
(σ #'
−σ
#'
) / (σ #'
−σ
#'
)
0 O
σ #' − σ # '
! 8 =
+ - & * + : (
+ &) &*
1 - *
+ - 0(
* (
1 * + +
1 ++ !)
# 2 , '
; + 3 8<
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
ε + ε '' − ε' − ε ' =.
∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂ (ε ) ∂ ∂ ' ∂ ∂ '
∆ε
{ (ε ) } (ε )
()ε
! ' 0 1 "!
) "! = -
> ?
ε =
+
{( + ν ) σ − υσ δ }
* 0 1 + -
+ !
∂ ∂ σ ∂ σ
ε = ( +ν ) −υ δ
∂ '∂ ' + ∂ '∂ ' ∂ '∂ '
( δ -*
+ ( - +
> ? !
> ?
( − ν )σ '' ( − ν )σ ( − ν )σ
ε '' = ( + ν )σ '' − υσ δ '' = = =
+ + + +
! ) 0'4 1 "A
-* +
∂ ( − ν ) ∂ σ ''
ε '' =
∂ ∂ + ∂ ∂
- + ( -
> ?(
+
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂σ' ∂ σ
ε'= {( + ν )σ ' − υσ δ '} = + ( +ν ) −υ δ'
∂ ∂ ' +∂ ∂ ' ∂ ∂ ' ∂ ∂ '
∂ ∂σ ' ∂ σ
= ( +ν ) −υ
+ ∂ ∂ ' ∂ ∂
! ' 0 1 "! -
+
∂σ ∂ ∂σ' ∂
(σ ) + =.→
∂
+ = . PL
∂ ∂ '
=−
∂
A * +
∂ ∂ ∂ σ
ε ' =− ( +ν ) +υ
∂ ∂ ' + ∂ ∂ ∂
+
∂ ∂ ∂ σ
ε ' =− ( +ν ) +υ
∂ ∂ ' + ∂ ∂ ∂
! +
∂ σ ∂ σ ∂ σ ''
( +ν ) −υ δ +( − ν)
∂ '∂ ' ∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ σ ∂ ∂ σ
+ ( +ν ) +υ + ( +ν ) +υ =.
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ σ ∂ σ ∂ σ '' ∂ ∂
( +ν ) −υ δ + + ( +ν ) + =.
∂ '∂ ' ∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
(
! 1G #2 (,2 ' 3 +
& ( + =
,
∂ σ ∂ σ ∂ σ '' ∂ ∂ σ ( +ν ) ∂
( +ν ) −υ + + ( +ν ) =.→ =
∂ '∂ ' ∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ' ∂ ' ( −ν ) ∂
! * + =
∂ σ ( +ν ) ∂
=
∂ ' ∂ ' ( −ν ) ∂
+ + -
∂ σ ∂ σ '' ∂ ∂ ν ( +ν ) ∂
( +ν ) + + ( +ν ) + + δ =.
∂ '∂ ' ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ( −ν ) ∂
) + $ ++
{ (σ ) } + ( { }
&
( +ν ) ∆σ + +ν ) + + *= .
& 2 3
! +
∂σ /∂ + =. ! > ?
-
σ = % {ε + ν /( − ν ) ε ''δ } ! +
∂ε ν ∂ε ''
+ + =.
∂ − ν ∂ %
! -
ε = ( ∂ /∂ +∂ /∂ )/
∂ ∂ ∂ ν ∂ ∂ '
+ + + =.
∂ ∂ ∂ − ν ∂ ∂ ' %
ε ''
ε
& J + 1
K
&
∂ ∂ ∂ ν ∂ ∂ '
+ + + =.
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ − ν ∂ ∂ ' %
ε '' ε ''
+ -
!
∂ ∂ ∂ '
+ + =.
∂ ∂ − ν ∂ ∂ ' %
ε ''
) + $ ++
∆ + ( ) + =.
− ν %
3 ! & ∆
(
∆ = ( ) − ( )
−ν
( ) − ( ) =.
− ν