Professional Documents
Culture Documents
psychological therapies
on drug misusing clients
Shamil Wanigaratne, Paul Davis, Kate Pryce and Janet Brotchie
Key findings
There is now a body of evidence supporting the effectiveness approaches appear to lead to improved outcomes for
of a range of psychological interventions, which target a client’s a number of subsets of clients, although they are not yet widely
drug using behaviour. Some form of psychological treatment available in the UK. Involving significant others has been shown
appears to lead to improved outcomes compared to none, but to be important in engaging and retaining younger drug users
it cannot be said that one form of psychological intervention is in treatment.
better for all clients than any other.
Variables associated with the client, the therapist and the
However, some interventions, such as motivational interviewing psychological process also make a significant contribution
(MI) and relapse prevention (RP), appear to be effective across to the effectiveness of psychological treatments.
a range of substances used. Contingency management
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
• Learning how to recognise, challenge and manage unhelpful preponderance of family therapy (FT) outcome research with this
or dysfunctional thoughts about substance use population has involved some version or expansion of structural
• Developing an emergency plan for coping with high-risk (Minuchin, 1974), strategic (Haley, 1980) or structural-strategic
situations when other skills are not working (Stanton, 1981) family therapy. Structural FT works towards
• Learning to recognise how one is “setting oneself up” altering family structure through in-session interactions between
to use substances family members. Strategic FT attends more to family interactions
• Generating pleasurable sober activities and relationships, outside the session, as well as the assignment of therapeutic
building a life worth living and attaining a lifestyle balance. tasks designed to alter these interactions. Key features are the
importance of a non-blaming, non-judgmental approach in
Community reinforcement dealing with families and an emphasis on behavioural tasks
A CBT approach originally developed for alcohol dependence. and behaviour change.
It involves specific types of counselling and skills training, tailored
The term family therapy has also been used to describe “family-
to the treatment goals of the client, and is based on the principle
involved treatment”, which encompasses work done with family
that individuals will have their own positive reinforcers in the
members to engage the client in treatment (e.g. unilateral family
community, which maintain their behaviour (both substance using
therapy) and a range of family involved behavioural treatments
and non-substance using behaviours). The outcome of altering
(e.g. a community reinforcement approach).
these reinforcement contingencies (and involving the client’s social
network in this process) is that the individual will make changes
in their lifestyle that will support the client’s goal of abstinence from
Social behaviour network therapy
This brings the client and significant others in their social
substance use.
environment into between four and eight 50-minute treatment
sessions. It is based on CRA, marital therapy, relapse prevention
Contingency management
and social skills training approaches, and aims to develop
Also known as voucher-based therapy, this is a treatment
positive social support for change in substance use and diminish
approach aimed at encouraging positive behaviour by providing
support for continuing use.
reinforcing consequences when a client meets treatment
goals (e.g. no illicit drug use) and by withholding these positive
consequences – or providing punitive measures – when the client
12-step approaches
These are the basis of the self-help philosophy of Narcotics
engages in undesirable behaviour (e.g. illicit drug use). Often, the
Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous. This approach regards
positive reinforcement for behaviour change is a voucher that can
addiction as a relapsing illness with complete abstinence as the
be exchanged for consumer goods of the client’s choice.
only treatment goal. As part of the process towards recovery,
individuals must acknowledge to themselves (and another
Counselling/supportive-expressive psychotherapy
people) the harm substance use has caused to themselves and
Counselling is a humanistic, client centred, non-directive
others and where possible make amends.
approach to the problems presented by an individual. It
is a systematic process, which gives individuals an opportunity
to explore, discover and clarify ways of living more resourcefully,
Non-specific factors
with a greater sense of wellbeing. Counselling may be concerned
While not the primary focus of this review, it is important
with addressing and resolving specific problems, making
to acknowledge that there is a growing body of research
decisions, coping with crises, working through conflict or
suggesting that non-specific factors make a significant
improving relationships with others. Supportive-expressive
contribution to the effectiveness of psychological treatments.
psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy adapted for drug
Client, therapist and process variables may all contribute
misuse treatment. Supportive techniques assist clients to feel
to the outcome of psychological treatments – who attends
comfortable in discussing personal experiences and expressive
treatment, who delivers psychological treatment and how
techniques help the identification and working through of
it is delivered may be as important as the model and content
personal relationship issues.
of the psychological therapy.
Family therapy
A term used to describe a number of different versions of family
Factors associated with the therapist
Research on empathy, warmth and genuineness – the core
intervention that have proved effective in engaging and retaining
conditions for psychological therapy – is voluminous and has
substance users and their families or network. The
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
Appendix
Summary of evidence on the effectiveness of psychological – Type II evidence: Evidence from at least one controlled trial
interventions by substance treated, type of intervention and level/ without randomisation
strength of evidence
– Type III evidence: Evidence from descriptive studies, such
as comparative studies, correlation studies and case
control studies
The tables below provide the following information:
– Type IV evidence: At least one well designed observational
• The types of psychological therapies that have been shown
study
to be effective by substance treated
• A comment on the context in which effectiveness was – Type V evidence: Expert opinion, including the opinion of
shown, where relevant service users and carers.
• The type of evidence (methods used) and “strength” of the
• A short reference for each study (a full reference can be
conclusions and recommendations that can be made. These
found at the end of the briefing).
are as follows:
– Type I evidence: Evidence from meta-analysis of
randomised control trials (RCTs) or at least one RCT
CBT No difference between twice weekly CBT and a more Type l Avants et al. (1999)
intensive 5-day a week day programme, but CBT
significantly more cost-effective
Relapse prevention RP combined with Community Reinforcement Approach Type I Abbot et al (1998)
(CRA) more effective then CRA alone
Community CRA more effective than standard treatment Type I Abbot et al (1998)
reinforcement
CRA more effective than standard treatment Type I Gruber et al. (2000)
approach (CRA)
Counselling
Individualised drug Counselling together with methadone produced significantly Type I McLellan et al (1993)
counselling greater improvements in reducing illicit opiate use compared
to methadone only. The addition of other psychosocial
services further improved outcome
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
Family therapy
Family-Couples Meta-analysis of 1571 cases showed family-couples Type l Stanton & Shadish
interventions interventions superior to individual counselling, peer group (1997)
therapy and family psychoeducation
Family therapy More drug free days at follow-up than supportive Type I Yandoli et al (2002)
psychotherapy, but equivalent outcome with ‘low
contact’ intervention.
Stanton, Todd et al
Family therapy more effective than nonfamily in Type II
(1982)
preventing early dropout
Behavioural family On several outcome measures BFC with individual treatment Type I Fals-Stewart & O’Farrell
counselling (BFC) and naltrexone was more effective than individual-based (2003)
counselling with naltrexone
Behavioural couples BCT patients had higher proportion of days abstinent from Type I Fals-Stewart et al (1996)
therapy (BCT) drugs. BCT markedly increased savings in social costs
(including health care and crime) during 1-year follow-up.
Structural – strategic Showed better outcomes than standard treatment Type II Stanton, Steier, Cook &
family therapy Todd (1984)
Multiple family therapy More effective than standard care. Type III Kosten, Jalali, Hogan,
Kuber (1983)
Psychodynamic
Supportive-expressive In methadone maintenance clients, those receiving expressive Comparison Woody et al (1995)
psycho-therapy psychotherapy required less methadone, used less cocaine study with drug
and maintained gains, in comparison to those who received counselling
drug counselling
CBT
CBT CBT has good short term outcomes Type II Vorma et al (2002)
Group CBT In patients with panic disorder, slow reduction in dose with Type I Otto et al (1993)
CBT resulted in significantly more completed reductions than
slow dose reduction without CBT
Brief psychological 16% of 3,234 patients managed to discontinue use after 8 Type III Holden et al (1994)
interventions including months (Audit of 15 general practices)
CBT & counselling
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
CBT Qualitative review of RCTs of CBT with cocaine users Type l Carroll (1998)
Relapse prevention Positive outcomes maintained at one year follow-up for Type II McKay et al (2002)
cocaine addicts, compared to pharmacotherapy
Type I Carroll et al (1994)
Motivational RCT of 105 cocaine users. Those who received MI increased Type l Stotts et al (2001)
Interviewing (MI) use of coping strategies and had fewer cocaine-positive
urines samples on beginning detox.
Behavioural Successive approximations to clean urine effective with an Type l Preston et al. (2001)
programme escalating-value voucher scheme
(contingency
Five times more likely to be retained in treatment compared Type II Kirby et al (1998
management with
to 12 Step counselling group
positive incentives)
Behavioural programme with vouchers for non-drug use Type I Higgins et al (1994)
had significantly better outcomes than behavioural
programme alone
Counselling
Cocaine use reduced during court-enforced counselling Type III Kletter (2003)
Matrix model
A combination of a
Comparative Rawson et al (1995)
number of approaches
study
including; relapse
prevention, family &
group therapies, drug
education and self-help
participation, with strong
therapist relationship
12 Step
Crits-Christoph et al
12 step-approach In a comparison of 4 treatments: all treatments were effective, Type I
(1999)
clients receiving 12 step individual counselling were more
likely to achieve and maintain abstinence
Family therapy
Behavioural couples BCT patients had higher proportion of days abstinent from Type I Fals-Stewart et al (1996)
therapy (BCT) drugs than standard-treatment controls. BCT markedly
increased savings in social costs during 1-year follow-up.
Bower family therapy Better outcomes than standard treatment Type I McLellan et al (1993)
cocaine
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
CBT
Relapse prevention Group intervention as effective as social support group in Type I Stephens et al (1994)
significantly reducing use at 12 month follow-up.
Family therapy
Multisystemic family 4-year follow-up showed individual counselling patients Type II Henggeler et al (1991)
therapy four to five times more likely to be arrested for a substance
abuse related offence than those in family therapy
Conjoint family therapy CFT & OPFT shown to be effective Type II Szapocznik, Kurtines,
(CFT) + one-person Foote, Perez-Vidal &
family therapy (OPFT) Hervis (1983)
CBT
Better outcomes in residential alcohol treatment Type I Brown & Williams (1993)
Cognitive behavioural Meta-analysis. 6 of the top ten treatments (from a total of 46 Type l Miller & Wilbourne
therapy treatment modalities) were CBT interventions 2002)
Project MATCH found CBT, MET & 12 step treatment equally Type I Project MATCH Study
effective Group (1997)
Qualitative review of RCTs showing efficacy of CBT Kadden, R., Carroll, K.,
Donovan,D. et al (1999)
Motivational Project MATCH found CBT, MET & 12 step treatment equally Type I - RCT Project MATCH Study
enhancement Therapy effective
Group (1997)
(MET)
Type I Miller (1996)
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
Relapse prevention Composite intervention based on Marlatt & Gordon (1985) Type I Irvin et al (1999)
model. Particularly effective for alcohol problems combined
with adjunctive medication
Social skills training Less effective with neuropsychologically impaired patients. Type I Smith & McCrady (1991)
Counselling
General alcohol Combination of psycho-education & humanistic approaches. Type I Finney & Monahan
counselling Effective compared to those with no treatment/ waiting list; (1996);
Comparative
Less effective that CBT & 12 Step approaches
studies & RCTs Holder et al (1991)
Family therapy
Family-involved More effective in motivating patients to enter alcohol Type l Edwards and Steinglass
therapies treatment and marginally more effective in alcohol outcomes (1995)
Type IV
than individual treatment
Chan (2003)
Multisystemic family More effective than usual probation services and individual Type II Henggeler et al (1991)
therapy counselling
12-step approaches
Interventions based on Project MATCH found CBT, MET & 12 step facilitation therapy Type III Gossop et al (2003)
the 12 Step approach equally effective. However 12 Step Facilitation
Project MATCH Study
Therapy patients functioned better with respect to secondary Type I Group (1997)
outcome variables
A large number of studies that have looked at the effectiveness (Higgins et al. (1993), Kirby et al. (1999), Higgins et al. (2000),
of psychological interventions with poly-drug users. Community Rawson et al. (2002), Epstein et al. (2003), Bickel et al. (1997),
reinforcement approaches and contingency management have Gruber et al. (2000).
been shown to be superior to drugs counselling and 12 Step-
based counselling approaches
A range of family interventions have also been shown to be Henggeler et al 1991, Liddle et al 1993, Benir et al 1993,
effective for poly-drug using individuals McLellan et al 1993).
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
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The effectiveness of psychological therapies on drug misusing clients
Reader information
Document To provide managers and commissioners of Description A range of psychological interventions, which
purpose drug treatment with a review of psychological target a client’s drug using behaviour, have
interventions aimed at drug users and their been shown to be effective on drug
effectiveness across different client groups. misusing clients
Title The effectiveness of psychological therapies Contact details National Treatment Agency for
on drug misusing clients Substance Misuse
Until 16 July 2005: 5th floor, Hannibal House,
Authors Shamil Wanigaratne,1, 2 Paul Davis,2, 3 Kate Elephant and Castle, London SE1 6TE.
Pryce and Janet Brotchie.
4 5
Tel 020 7972 2214. Fax 020 7972 2248.
From 18 July 2005: 8th floor, Hercules
1
National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College,
House, Hercules Road, London SE1 7DU.
University of London
Tel 020 7261 8801 Fax 020 7261 8883
2
British Psychological Society Faculty of Addictions Email nta.enquiries@nta-nhs.org.uk
www.nta.nhs.uk
3
Camden and Islington Mental Health and Social Care Trust
4
South London and Maudsley NHS Trust
Gateway/ROCR The NTA is a self-regulating agency in relation
5
National Treatment Agency approval to the Department of Health Gateway
Publications
All NTA publications can be downloaded from www.nta.nhs.uk. To order additional copies of this report, complete the online order
form at www.nta.nhs.uk or email NTA@prolog.uk.com or telephone 08701 555 455 and quote product code: RB11
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