NADLT MobileNetandBioInspired Jamalipour Oct2009

Contents
Mobile Communications Networks Mobile Communications Networks and NGMN

Why Bio-Inspired Networking?
− Evolving through Biologically-
Biologically-Inspired Technologies −
Bio-Inspired Defined
Bio-Inspired Techniques in Communications
New Elements Incorporating NGMN
Abbas Jamalipour, PhD; Fellow IEEE, Fellow IEAust
IEEE Distinguished Lecturer Closing Remarks
Email: a.jamalipour@ieee.org
October 2009
A. Jamalipour, 2009 Mobile Communications Networks: Evolving through biologically-inspired technologies 2
Mobile Communication Networks Communications Technologies
Emergence of several access technologies has resulted

Mobile communications networks are getting more and in a multitude of heterogeneous systems targeting
more complex with different service types, data rates, and users
1G to 2G migration: A transition from analog to digital
2G to 3G evolution: Popularity of Internet and need for higher mobile data
Variety of services they offer
rates
Variety of devices connected to the network Complementing service from several access technologies:
Variety of environment and channel conditions they work in Cellular: 2G (GSM and IS-95), 3G (UMTS and cdma2000)
High speed data networks: IEEE 802.11, HiperLAN
Variety of possible interconnections they have to make
WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX, MobileFi, …
and more recently, variety of network topologies they can use Digital broadcasting systems: DAB, DVB, DMB
The missing bit

A single architecture to integrate all these and future systems, enabling
users to have global reliable connectivity
A. Jamalipour, 2009 Mobile Communications Networks: Evolving through biologically-inspired technologies 3 A. Jamalipour, 2009 Mobile Communications Networks: Evolving through biologically-inspired technologies 4
Main Motivations for NGMN Universal Ubiquitous Coverage
Demand for better availability of services and applications Universal ubiquitous coverage across different radio
Global connectivity for any-type services at anytime, anywhere and technologies is the ultimate objective of the future mobile
anyhow
networks
Rapid increase in the number of wireless subscribers who want to
Answering the increasing demand for higher transmission rates
make use of the same handheld terminal while roaming
and flexible access to diverse services
Support for bandwidth intensive applications such as real-time
Offering a rich range of services with variable bandwidth and
multimedia, online games and videoconferencing as well as
service quality
traditional voice service (e.g., through VoIP)
Satisfying users’ mobility and traffic service requirements
The scalable and distributed next generation mobile network
Covering different geographic areas and accessing to different
architecture is expected to offer any-type services over a diverse set
types of service
of indoor, outdoor, pedestrian, and vehicular
The universal ubiquitous coverage need to be realized
These services will be offered over a large range of overlapping
access networks that offer different data rates, coverage, bandwidth,
through
delay and loss, and other QoS requirements Connectivity across multiple networks
Interoperability across different radio technologies
Next Generation Mobile Network Next Generation Mobile Network
To offer an integrated system NGMN will be an SS7 signalling

server farm,
gateways, proxies
To promote interoperability among networks integrated platform broadcast
PSTN, CS core
interconnecting multiple
To offer global coverage and seamless mobility gateways
networks for seamless
To enable the use of a universal handheld terminal user connectivity for MSC
To enhance service quality compared to current wired networks multimedia applications IP-based
core
firewall, GGSN,
gateway
anytime and anywhere SGSN
BSC router
GSM
ITU Recommendations Internet
NGMN to: access

points
private
be an open system private WLAN
It is the ultimate WPAN
be an access-independent to underlying transport technologies RNC
solution to the problem
be an access-independent with service oriented functionalities of ubiquitous mobile UMTS
include seamless mobility across networks communications!

public
WLAN
aim toward providing a guaranteed end-to-end service quality
Heterogeneous Mobile Technologies Networking Issues in NGMN
Communication networks differ based on their Internetworked routing

Air interface and spectrum requirements and address allocation HSS CN Destination
N/W
Offered services Resource management IMS

S-CSCF
Data rates and QoS requirements Home

N/W
Modulation and coding scheme Traffic and congestion MIP HA

I-CSCF
Core network functionalities control GGSN P-CSCF

PDSN MIP-FA
Signaling requirements between terminal and network Mobility among many Visitor
CDMA P-CSCF
MIP-FA
P-CSCF
Visitor UMTS
N/W
networks 2000
N/W
WiMAX
Core WiMAX
SGSN
Service across other networks is not guaranteed ASN G/W Visitor UMTS CN
Network address MIP-FA
Lack of interoperability Visitor UMTS CN
Lack of service agreement translation WiMAX

WiMAX
Network protocol
Users require translation
Different handheld terminals Data Flow
Signaling Flow via UMTS Interface
Separate subscriptions
Complex NGMN Design NGMN System Requirements
Architecture supporting heterogeneous networks

Adaptive protocol stack
Enhanced mobility management addressing different handoffs
Third party applications Application
and value added services
Security
Enhanced RRM techniques to admit horizontal and vertical handoffs
Network
Services &
OAM&P
Service control and mechanism Open Design Issues
coordination
Cross-layer
Mobility Mgmt.
essential for the smooth APIs
operation of the network
architecture
Resource Mgmt. Adaptive NGMN Architecture
Access independent network
QoS Mgmt. Cross layer coordination
functionalities in a transparent Vertical handoff
Convergence sublayer
manner hiding access specific
signaling requirements 2G 3G WLAN
Emerging
networks
Call admission control
Access network interfaces, Physical Mobile terminal
connecting reconfigurable
SDR-based end terminals
Broadband Convergence Network NGMN’s Inter-Domain Service
Broadband Convergence Network Service transition from fixed domain into mobile domain and vice
(BcN) is the way for the NGMN versa seamlessly
Integration of heterogeneous fixed No sensible change of service quality received by a user while
and mobile networks with varying moving from a fixed domain into a mobile domain
regional
transmission characteristics Fixed-to-mobile or mobile-to-fix domain
From one mobile network to another mobile network
Service independency to the radio access technology
Vertical metropolitan area No dramatic change in QoS particularly in data rate (i.e., the most humanly
Handover sensible quality measure)
Logically followed by the delay requirement
Such service availability will need modifications at all layers of the
Horizontal
campus-based network protocol stack
Handover
A system of authentication and authorization that supports access
in-car,
in-house, across different network is also needed
personal area
IP Architecture IP Architecture – Conventional
If we agree on the assumption that IP will be the core part Link layer (e.g. Ethernet): Providing connectivity to other network
of the next generation mobile networks, then the segments; i.e. not to hosts in different networks
traditional protocol architecture seems to be inadequate Network layer (e.g. IP): Delivering datagram packets across multiple
networks
A modular architecture designed based on stack of protocols
Using services provided by the lower module Transport layer
Providing new services to the upper layers TCP: Providing connection-oriented communication services, making
Communications mainly between adjacent layers communication reliable, avoiding network congestion
UDP: Providing simple and unreliable transport for quicker
Application communications (required for real-time applications)
RTP Where to put the main elements necessary for NGMN?
Transport (TCP) QoS: So that IP network could be used for voice, video, and other
Transport (UDP)
multimedia real-time services
Network (IPv4/IPv6) Mobility: Among APs of the same technology (micro-mobility) or across
LLC and MAC networks of different technologies (macro-mobility)
Physical Access
NGMN Protocols Re-Design Need IP Architecture – Modified
Adding mobility features at network layer

Physical layer
Multiple physical network interfaces (cellular, W-LAN, WiMax, …) Increasing address space and easing routing at IP layer
Modifying TCP for better performance at high error rate
Link layer environments (e.g. over wireless channel)
Establishment of concurrent connections via different access networks
Additional sub-layers for adaptive selection of a network and
Packet scheduling and optimum network selection mechanisms
associated MAC protocol
Network layer
Accommodating mobility in IP protocol Application
Faster and easier routing techniques with less signaling
RTP
IP global (and heterogeneous) address translations Modified TCP
Transport (UDP)
Transport layer
Network (MIPv6)
More wireless friendly transport protocols (than TCP and UDP)
Adaptive MAC and Scheduler/Selector
Application layer
W-LAN W-CDMA TDMA N-CDMA WiMax
Management of optimum compression and data rate control
IEEE UMTS GSM/ cdmaOne IEEE
802.11 GPRS 802.16
Protocol Stack Enhancement AdaptNet
Modifications of individual layer protocols so that the Making link, transport, and application layers adaptive
overall architecture can handle the heterogeneity (not changing the network layer) at mobile host
Also inclusion of some cross-layer interactions
Example: The AdaptNet Application layer
Handling data and bit error rate fluctuations of the wireless
channel by means of adaptive source and channel coding
Modification of overall protocol stack, removing the Transport layer
modularity character from it and allowing interaction of Use of an adaptive mobile-host-centric transport protocol called
Radial Reception Control Protocol
protocol layers with layers other than the adjacent one
Link layer
Use of an adaptive MAC for seamless medium access control
Example: The Cross-Layer architecture design
over heterogeneous networks
Use of an adaptive error correction scheme which changes the
coding rate in accordance with the channel condition
Cross-Layer Architecture Design Coordination Planes
Concept: By leaving protocol stack strictly modular, it Four separate vertical planes that coordinate the
will be inefficient with respect to performance, QoS, information exchange and actions to be done by
and energy consumption, etc. individual layer protocols
Solution: Proving information from non-adjacent
layers in a cross-layer structure QoS: For distribution of QoS requirements and constraints
and coordination of efforts by layers to achieve QoS
Security: For elimination of encryption duplication at several
Application layers
Ada ss Link
Mobility: Enhancing interactions among TCP, IP, and link
Transport
ion
rity
y
ilit
layers in handling mobility in different environments
QoS
ptat
u
Mob
ele
Sec
Network Wireless Link Adaptation: Providing adaptive bit error rate
Wir
and data rate depending on different wireless channel
Link conditions and different mobile environment
Cross-Layer Coordination Cross-Layer Coordination Methods
Cross-layer coordination between different entities within Interlayer Signaling Pipe Direct Connectivity
the architecture would be necessary in NGMN (ISP) Approach Approach
For wireless system discovery to provide a list of access networks and Cross-layer information (TCP/RLP - Direct connectivity among non-adjacent layers
their associated QoS parameters related) are stored in the wireless - Separate definition of APIs
extension header (WEH)
To support QoS enabled application, direct communication between
application layer and QoS sub-layer are essential Application
Application
To provide services in a visited network based on service policy and

Interlayer Pipe
TCP Transport
subscriber profiles signaling between mobility management sub-layer
IPv6 (WEH) Network
and services sub-layer as well as between services sub-layer with
resource management and QoS management sub-layer are essential RLC Link
When service is no more possible after a vertical handover PHY

WMAC
Also for accounting purpose using information related to the resources
used, QoS provided, time and duration of provision of network WPHY • How controllable QoS parameters form individual
layers translate into parametric quantities?
resources, etc • Interlayer Pipe passes through all layers • How to optimize the decision process?
• Suffers from longer processing delay
Cross-Layer Coordination Methods Cross-Layer Coordination Views
ICMP Approach Ad Hoc Network Approach

Use of
Use of watermark
watermark based
based mechanisms
mechanisms Cross-layer coordination not yet standardized
to initiate
to initiate ICMP
ICMP messages
messages whenever
whenever
network conditions
network conditions change
change
Information exchange
Information exchange through
through external
external servers
servers Room for contributions
Application report
Will be key to offering enhanced services
Application Adaptive application
Socket layer Table lookup server
TCP Mainly confined to the network level functionalities
Protocol specific
Transport
action Network
Therefore concentric to the network layer in the
Link Wireless
Network ICMP messages WCI server Access
PHY network proposed system model
Link
• May not be suitable for time-critical applications

PHY
• Suffers from longer processing delay

Broadband Wireless Internet Different Topologies
Cellular
Implementation of a true Broadband Wireless IP requires In line with current infrastructure and coverage
an efficient integration of heterogeneous BcN elements Ad hoc networks
Distribution of responsibilities of network elements
The path toward Broadband Wireless IP therefore To add coverage, capacity, and new services for example
crosses multiple networks with heterogeneous through vehicular communications (VANET)
characteristics consisting of several technologies with Wireless Mesh networks
multiple configurations consisting of In appose to the existing star topology of cellular networks
The main limitations of a wireless network is high level of
Cellular based networks (centralized) transmission power and multipath transmission
Ad hoc networks (decentralized) Wireless mesh network can remove those limits through
Covering short range, so low power transmission
Mesh networks (mixed centralized-decentralized)
No ugly towers
Mostly LoS, so no multipath transmission problem
Challenges Why Seek Inspiration from Biology?
Too much of complexity in the heterogeneous network Living organisms are complex adaptive systems
Resource management of multiple interconnected Artificial systems are going in that direction too
networks and their topology creation Look for new solutions to difficult problems
Traffic management and load balancing/sharing among
heterogeneous mobile and fixed networks Life has many self-* features which are also desirable in
Network optimization, organization of efficient artificial systems:
interconnection, and incorporation among multiple Self-organization
networks Self-adaptation
Self-healing ability
Biological systems may give some hints toward Self-optimization
dealing with these challenges … Self-robustness
NGMN and Biological Systems The Term “Bio-Inspired”
Heterogeneous networking technologies, devices, and Bio-inspired demonstrates the strong relation between
services keep changing in NGMN over the time A particular system or algorithm
which has been proposed to solve a specific problem
A centralized control/management tends to be an infeasible
approach for NGMN And a biological system
which follows a similar procedure or has similar capabilities
The dynamic NGMN architecture and protocols need to
have Bio-inspired computing represents a class of algorithms focusing on
efficient computing
scalability, self-organization, self-adaptation, and sustainability
e.g. in optimization processes and pattern recognition
By appropriately mapping key biological principles to
Bio-inspired systems rely on system architectures for massively
NGMN architectures it is possible to create a scalable,
distributed and collaborative systems
self-organizable, self-adaptable, and sustainable network
e.g. in distributed sensing and exploration
Such network is motivated by the inspirations from various
biological systems’ abilities to naturally adapt to the changing Bio-inspired networking is a class of strategies for efficient and
environment scalable networking under uncertain conditions
e.g. in delay tolerant networking
Biologically Inspired Problem Solving Why Bio-Inspired Networking?
Typical problems that can be tackled with bio-inspired Structural view: communication
solutions are characterized by the: is an intrinsic part of an
organization
Absence of a complete mathematical model Example organizations:

Large number of (inter-dependent) variables Brain (organization of neurons)
Animal “super organisms”
Non-linearity
(ant/bee colonies)
Combinatorial or extremely vast solution space Human society
Those natural and living
organizations seem better
organized than the current
Internet!
Design of Bio-Inspired Solutions Example of Bio-Inspired Research Fields
Identification of analogies Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs)

In swarm or molecular biology and ICT systems
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
Understanding
Computer modeling of realistic biological behavior Swarm Intelligence (SI)
Engineering Artificial Immune System (AIS)
Model simplification and tuning for ICT applications
Cellular Signaling Pathways
Identification of
Understanding Modeling of Engineering Model simplification
analogies
realistic biological and tuning for ICT
between biology
behavior applications
and ICT
Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs)
Mainly rooted on the Darwinian theory of evolution EAs can be categorized into the following Classes
An EA uses some mechanisms inspired by biological Genetic Algorithms (GAs)
evolution Evolution strategies
Reproduction, Mutation, Recombination, Selection Evolutionary programming
Genetic programming
EAs represent a set of search techniques used in
Classifier systems
computing to find the solutions to optimization problems
Examples
Simulated annealing
Generic probabilistic meta-algorithm for the global optimization
problem
Simulated hill-climbing
A mathematical optimization technique which belongs to the family
of local search
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
A Neural Network is a network of biological neurons A neuron k that connects n inputs can be described as:
ANNs are non-linear statistical data modelling tools
Neuron's bias (b)
Used to acquire knowledge from the environment Input: x1
Wt(w1) Activation/Squashing
(known as self-learning property) Input: x2 function
The weights of the neurons are determined in a learning w2

Σ u f(u) Output: yk
…
process
wn Summing
They can be used to model complex relationships Input: xn junction
between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data
⎛ n ⎞
yk = f (uk ) = f ⎜⎜ ∑ wkj x j + bk ⎟⎟
⎝ j =1 ⎠
Swarm Intelligence (SI) SI – Example of Ant Colonies
An Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique based on the Ants solve complex tasks by simple local means
observations of the collective behavior in decentralized Ant productivity is better than the sum of their single
and self-organized systems activities
Ants are “grand masters” in search and exploration
Typically made up of a population of simple agents
interacting locally with one another and with their
environment (no centralized control)
Local interactions between autonomously acting agents

often lead to the emergence of global behavior
Examples: Ant/bee/termite colonies, bird flocking, animal
herding, bacteria growth, and fish schooling
SI – Example of Ant Colonies SI Properties
Properties of Swarm Intelligence
Agents are assumed to be simple

Indirect agent communication
Global behavior may be emergent
Specific local programming not necessary
Behaviors are robust
Required in unpredictable environments
Individuals are not important
“The emergent collective

intelligence of groups of simple
agents.” (Bonabeau)
What is Stigmergy? SI Example: Collective Foraging by Ants
Stigmergy is a mechanism of spontaneous, indirect Starting from the nest, a random search for the food is
coordination between agents or actions, where the trace performed by foraging ants
left in the environment by an action stimulates the
Pheromone trails are used to identify the path for
performance of a subsequent action, by the same or a
different agent returning to the nest
The significant pheromone concentration produced by
Produces complex, apparently intelligent structures, without
need for any planning, control, or even communication between
returning ants marks the shorted path
the agents
supports efficient collaboration between extremely simple
agents, who lack any memory, intelligence or even awareness of
each other Nest Food
Stigmergy is a form of self-organization first observed in

social insects
Principles of Swarm Intelligence Principles of Swarm Intelligence
What makes a Swarm Intelligent system work? Randomness allows new solutions to arise and directs
current ones
• Positive Feedback • Randomness
Ant decisions are random
• Negative Feedback • Multiple Interactions
Exploration probability
Positive Feedback reinforces good solutions Food sources are found randomly
Ants are able to attract more help when a food source is found
More ants on a trail increases pheromone and attracts even
more ants Multiple Interactions: No individual can solve a given
Negative Feedback removes bad or old solutions from problem. Only through the interaction of many can a
the collective memory solution be found
Pheromone decay One ant cannot forage for food; pheromone would decay too fast
Distant food sources are exploited last Many ants are needed to sustain the pheromone trail
Pheromone has less time to decay on closer solutions More food can be found faster
SI Routing Overview SI Application in MANET Routing
Ant-Based Control Routing in MANETs is an extension of Ant Foraging!

Ant Based Control (ABC) is introduced to route calls on a circuit- Ants looking for food…
switched telephone network. ABC is the first SI routing algorithm
for telecommunications networks Packets looking for destinations…
AntNet
AntNet is introduced to route information in a packet switched Can routing be solved with SI?
network
AntNet is related to the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm
for solving Traveling Salesman type problems Can routing be an emergent behavior from the
AntHocNet interaction of packets?
A MANET routing algorithm based on AntNet which follows a
reactive routing approach
Termite
Also a MANET routing algorithm
Ant-based Task Allocation Bee Colony Optimization (BCO)
Combined task allocation according to ACO paradigm The BCO algorithm is inspired by the behavior of a
has been investigated for MANETs honey bee colony in nectar collection
This biologically inspired approach is currently being employed
to solve continuous optimization problems
The proposed architecture for MANETs is completely training neural networks, job shop scheduling, server optimization
dependant on probabilistic decisions
BCO provides a population-based search
During the lifetime of the MANETs, nodes adapt the procedure in which individuals called
probability to execute one task out of a given set foods positions are modified by the
artificial bees with time and the bee’s aim
is to discover the places of food sources
with high nectar amount and finally the
one with the highest nectar
Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) Artificial Immune System (AIS)
Artificial bees fly around in a multidimensional search space and Artificial immune systems are computational systems
some (employed and onlooker bees) choose food sources inspired by theoretical immunology and observed
depending on their experience of and their nest mates, and adjust
their positions
immune functions, principles and models, which are
Some (scouts) fly and choose the food sources randomly without
applied to complex problem domains
using experience
If the nectar amount of a new source is higher than that of the The primary goal of an AIS is to efficiently detect
previous one in their memory, they memorize the new position and
changes in the environment from the normal system
forget the previous one
behavior in complex problem domains
Thus, ABC system combines local search methods, carried out by
employed and onlooker bees, with global search methods, managed
by onlookers and scouts, attempting to balance exploration and
exploitation process
Why the Immune System? AIS – Application Examples
Recognition Fault and anomaly detection

Ability to recognize pattern that are different from previously
known or trained samples, i.e. capability of anomaly detection Data mining (machine learning, pattern recognition)
Robustness
Tolerance against interference and noise
Agent based systems
Diversity Autonomous control and robotics
Applicability in various domains
Reinforcement learning Scheduling and other optimization problems
Inherent self-learning capability that is accelerated if needed
through reinforcement techniques
Security of information systems
Memory Misbehavior detection for MANETs based on the DSR
System-inherent memorization of trained pattern protocol
Distributed
Autonomous and distributed processing
Human Immune System Danger Theory and NGMN
Mapping HIS to NGMN
Danger Zone (DZ)

The immune system is
distributed in several parts of the Governed
Mapping Dangerby Lymphotic laws
body
Distressed
Theory to NGMN cell sends initiation (alarm)
fault-tolerance (autonomous) signal (IS) to its neighborhood
enabling survivability The IS is captured by antigen presenting
cell (APC) – starts the Danger Theory
using selective response
Danger Zone (DZ) creation – handle the
having memory invaders locally
Only cells within the DZ get stimulated
Survivability Framework in NGMN Molecular and Cell Biology
Survivability Properties
Framework
Basis of all biological systems
Specificity of information transfer
Attack Detection Security Control Similar structures in biology and
Framework Framework
in technology
Æ Especially in computer networking
Initiation Recognition Attack Attack

Process Process Localization Recovery
Lessons to learn from biology
Efficient response to a request
Shortening of information pathways
Co-stimulation Intra-domain Inter-domain
Process Isolation Isolation Directing of messages to an applicable destination
Info Exchange in Cellular Environments Intracellular Signaling Pathways
Reception of signaling molecules (ligands such as hormones, ions, small molecules)
Signaling in biological systems occurs at multiple levels Transfer via

receptors on cell
and in many shapes surface
(1-a) Intracellular (3-b)
Signaling describes interactions between individual molecules signaling
molecules
Reorganization of
Communication with other
(2) intracellular
Main cellular signaling techniques cells via cell junctions
structure
Intracellular signaling Different
cellular answer After processing
The information processing capabilities of a single cell the information, a
Nucleus mRNA translation Nucleus specific cellular
Received information particles initiate complex signaling cascades into proteins
Gene answer is initiated
that finally lead to the cellular response DNA
transcription
DNA
Intercellular signaling Secretion of The effect could be

hormones the submission of a
Communication among multiple cells is performed by intercellular etc. (3-a) molecule
signaling pathways Neighboring cell
(1-b)
Objective is to reach appropriate destinations and to induce a
specific effect at this place Submission of signaling molecules
Intracellular Information Exchange Intercellular Information Exchange
Local: A signal reaches only cells in the neighborhood.

Tissue 1
The signal induces a signaling cascade in each target DNA DNA
cell resulting in a very specific answer which vice versa
affects neighboring cells Tissue 2
DNA
Signal
(information) DNA
Receptor
Gene transcription Remote: A signal is released in the od
results in the Blo
formation of a
blood stream, a medium which carries it
DNA specific cellular to distant cells and induces an answer
response to the in these cells which then passes on the DNA
signal
information or can activate helper cells Tissue 3
(e.g. the immune system) DNA
Lessons to be Learnt Adaptation to Networking
The adaptation of mechanisms known from molecular Local mechanisms Remote mechanisms
and cell biology promises to enable more efficient Adaptive group formation Localization of significant relays,
information exchange Optimized task allocation helpers, or cooperation partners
Semantics of transmitted
New concepts for behavior patterns of network nodes Efficient group communication
messages
Data aggregation and filtering
Improved efficiency and reliability of the entire communication Reliability and redundancy
Cooperation across domains
system Internetworking of different
Flexible self-organizing infrastructures technologies
Authentication and authorization
Main concepts to be exploited in the context of
communication networks
Signaling pathways based on specific signal cascades with
stimulating and inhibitory functionality used for intracellular
communication
Diffuse (probabilistic) communication with specific encoding of
the destination receptors for intercellular communication
New elements incorporating the NGMN Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks
Some examples include: Sensor clustering for efficient routing

Layered topology design for better
data aggregation
Secure sensor networking
Wireless sensor networks
Monitoring elements for NGMN efficient operation
CH3
Mobile and vehicular ad hoc networks CH5 CH4

Sink
CH2
CH 1
ds1 Destination
Increasing the coverage and capacity of the NGMN FL2
n1
d1
n1
Wireless mesh networks

n5 n4 n1 source
Cluster
Node n3
n3
Increasing reliability and providing an alternative backbone n2
FL1 n2
Source
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Multi-layered Wireless Mesh Networks
North
Group 2 Developing a
ITS and
Vehicle A new backbone
infotainment S2
Internet
S3
network for the
applications of Group 3 Group 1
S1 Internet IEEE 802.20 Tower
V2V and V2I S4

IEEE 802.20 Tower
Router Router
N
IEEE 802.20 Tower
Group 4 Applications: Router Router
F Router Router
Emergency
IEEE 802.20 Tower
ion
B
D Destinat Router Router
Fault tolerance
A
Source C
Increased Fixed Links
throughput 802.20 Cover

area
Reliability Wi-Fi Cell
Closing Remarks Mobile Networks & Topologies
Networks
Advanced cellular networks
GSM, GPRS, UMTS, cdmaOne, cdma2000, HSDPA, LTE, …
Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11 family
Wireless MAN IEEE 802.16 family
Other emerging technologies
Topologies
Cellular based systems (centralized)
Ad hoc networks fixed vehicular nodes (decentralized)
Mesh networks (mixing centralized and decentralized)
NGMN Developments Bio-Inspiration Role
Development trend of NGMN and Wireless IP has been

separated into two distinct ways: Very little number of studies on biologically inspired
Cellular based – moving from CS to PS and all IP-based network models exist in the literature
IP-oriented standards oriented around IEEE 802.1x and 802.2x Available models mainly imitate some biological coordination
No matter how these rather exclusive directions develop, the aspects
future of mobile data will hang around a heterogeneous
solution that will include both approaches As for the nature, however, they could have great
Providing QoS and security in NGMN and Wireless IP will be potential to assist with better and more efficient network
the task of all layers of the network protocol stack, with management in mobile communications networks,
particular attention at the higher layers in order to be aligned particularly for the future dynamic non-centralized
with the heterogeneous nature of the future networks heterogeneous NGMN environment
Bandwidth and resource management of large number of
To provide scalability, self-organization, self adaptation,
network users will eventually push W-LAN and W-MAN
sustainability, and added network security
standards into licensed spectrum
Mobile Communications Networks

Evolving through biologically-
biologically-inspired technologies
Thank You
AJ
Abbas Jamalipour
October 2009 a.jamalipour@ieee.org
A. Jamalipour, 2009 Mobile Communications Networks: Evolving through biologically-inspired technologies 75

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Contents

Mobile Communications Networks  Mobile Communications Networks and NGMN

A. Jamalipour, 2009 Mobile Communications Networks: Evolving through biologically-inspired technologies 2

Mobile Communication Networks Communications Technologies

 Emergence of several access technologies has resulted

 The missing bit

Next Generation Mobile Network Next Generation Mobile Network

 To offer an integrated system NGMN will be an SS7 signalling

NGMN to: access

 include seamless mobility across networks communications!

 aim toward providing a guaranteed end-to-end service quality

 Communication networks differ based on their  Internetworked routing

 Offered services  Resource management IMS

 Data rates and QoS requirements Home

 Modulation and coding scheme  Traffic and congestion MIP HA

 Core network functionalities control GGSN P-CSCF

 Lack of interoperability Visitor UMTS CN

 Lack of service agreement translation WiMAX

Complex NGMN Design NGMN System Requirements

 Architecture supporting heterogeneous networks

IP Architecture IP Architecture – Conventional

 Adding mobility features at network layer

Protocol Stack Enhancement AdaptNet

Network  Wireless Link Adaptation: Providing adaptive bit error rate

Cross-Layer Coordination Cross-Layer Coordination Methods

 To provide services in a visited network based on service policy and

 When service is no more possible after a vertical handover PHY

ICMP Approach Ad Hoc Network Approach

• May not be suitable for time-critical applications

• Suffers from longer processing delay

Broadband Wireless Internet Different Topologies

NGMN and Biological Systems The Term “Bio-Inspired”

 Absence of a complete mathematical model  Example organizations:

Design of Bio-Inspired Solutions Example of Bio-Inspired Research Fields

 Identification of analogies  Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs)

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

 The weights of the neurons are determined in a learning w2

 Local interactions between autonomously acting agents

SI – Example of Ant Colonies SI Properties

 Properties of Swarm Intelligence

 Agents are assumed to be simple

“The emergent collective

 Stigmergy is a form of self-organization first observed in

Principles of Swarm Intelligence Principles of Swarm Intelligence

 Ant-Based Control  Routing in MANETs is an extension of Ant Foraging!

Ant-based Task Allocation Bee Colony Optimization (BCO)

Why the Immune System? AIS – Application Examples

 Recognition  Fault and anomaly detection

Mapping HIS to NGMN

Danger Zone (DZ)

Survivability Framework in NGMN Molecular and Cell Biology

Initiation Recognition Attack Attack

Reception of signaling molecules (ligands such as hormones, ions, small molecules)

 Signaling in biological systems occurs at multiple levels  Transfer via

 Intercellular signaling Secretion of  The effect could be

Intracellular Information Exchange Intercellular Information Exchange

 Local: A signal reaches only cells in the neighborhood.

New elements incorporating the NGMN Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Networks

Some examples include:  Sensor clustering for efficient routing

 Mobile and vehicular ad hoc networks CH5 CH4

 Wireless mesh networks

V2V and V2I S4

Group 4  Applications: Router Router

throughput 802.20 Cover

Mobile Communications Networks Mobile Communications Networks and NGMN

Emergence of several access technologies has resulted

The missing bit

To offer an integrated system NGMN will be an SS7 signalling

include seamless mobility across networks communications!

aim toward providing a guaranteed end-to-end service quality

Communication networks differ based on their Internetworked routing

Offered services Resource management IMS

Data rates and QoS requirements Home

Modulation and coding scheme Traffic and congestion MIP HA

Core network functionalities control GGSN P-CSCF

Lack of interoperability Visitor UMTS CN

Lack of service agreement translation WiMAX

Architecture supporting heterogeneous networks

Adding mobility features at network layer

Network Wireless Link Adaptation: Providing adaptive bit error rate

To provide services in a visited network based on service policy and

When service is no more possible after a vertical handover PHY

Absence of a complete mathematical model Example organizations:

Identification of analogies Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs)

The weights of the neurons are determined in a learning w2

Local interactions between autonomously acting agents

Properties of Swarm Intelligence

Agents are assumed to be simple

Stigmergy is a form of self-organization first observed in

Ant-Based Control Routing in MANETs is an extension of Ant Foraging!

Recognition Fault and anomaly detection

Signaling in biological systems occurs at multiple levels Transfer via

Intercellular signaling Secretion of The effect could be

Local: A signal reaches only cells in the neighborhood.

Some examples include: Sensor clustering for efficient routing

Mobile and vehicular ad hoc networks CH5 CH4

Wireless mesh networks

Group 4 Applications: Router Router

Reliability Wi-Fi Cell

Development trend of NGMN and Wireless IP has been