Angle Modulation (FM/PM)

by Erol Seke

For the course “Communications”

OSMANGAZI UNIVERSITY
 Changing the frequency and phase angle of the carrier signal with the message
signal are called “Frequency Modulation” (FM) and “Phase Modulation” (PM)
respectively. The class of such techniques is called “Angle Modulation”.

u (t ) = Ac cos(ω (t )t + p(t )) or u (t ) = Ac cos(θ (t ))

dθ (t ) 1 dθ (t )
ωi (t ) = instantaneous frequency f i (t ) =
dt 2π dt

u (t ) = Ac cos(ωc t + φ (t )) dφ (t ) 1 dφ (t )
so ωi (t ) = ωc + or f i (t ) = f c +
dt 2π dt
center frequency deviation around center

phase deviation constant for PM

Let m(t ) be the message signal φ (t ) = k p m(t )

frequency deviation constant for FM

dφ (t )
ωi (t ) − ωc = kω m(t ) =
dt
 ⎧ ⎧ d
⎪⎪
k p m(t ) , PM ⎪k p dt m(t ) , PM
φ (t ) = ⎨ d ⎪
or φ (t ) = ⎨
⎪2πk t m(τ )dτ dt ⎪ 2πk m(t )
⎪⎩ f ∫ , FM , FM
−∞ ⎪ f
⎩

m(t ) FM modulator

m(t ) ∫ ⋅ dt PM modulator

m(t ) PM modulator

d
m(t ) FM modulator
dt
Example : Tone signal x(t ) = A cos(ωmt ) is given. Find FM and PM waveforms.

φPM (t ) = k p x(t ) = k p A cos(ωmt ) (PM)

t
kω A
φFM (t ) = kω ∫ x(τ )dτ = sin(ωmt ) (FM)
−∞
ωm

u (t ) = Ac cos(ωc t + k p A cos(ωmt )) (PM)

therefore
kω A
u (t ) = Ac cos(ωc t + sin(ωmt )) (FM)
ωm

PM FM
Example : Rectangular wave.
FM

Note that neither FM nor PM changes the

amplitude of the carrier.

FM changes the frequency

PM changes the phase of the carrier

PM

Remember that when there is only a finite

number of frequency values, it is FSK.
When there is only a finite number of
phase values, it is called PSK.
 Spectral Characteristics of Angle Modulated Signals

Let u (t ) = Ac cos(2πf c t + β sin( 2πf mt ))

⎧ k p max{| m(t ) |} PM
⎪
Modulation index = ⎨ k f max{| m(t ) |}
⎪ FM
⎩ 2πf
j 2πf ct jβ sin( 2πf mt ) m
u (t ) = Re{ Ac e e }

Since u (t ) is periodic it can be represented by Fourier series

1/ f m

∫
jβ sin( 2πf m t ) − jn 2πf m t
Cn = f m e e dt
0
Let u = 2πf mt
2π
1
∫
j ( β sin( u ) − u )
Cn = e du This integral is called the Bessel function
2π 0
of the first kind of order n
J n (β )
∞
The Fourier series is e jβ sin( 2πf m t )
= ∑ n
J (
n = −∞
β ) e j 2πnf m t
 ⎧ ∞
j 2πf t ⎫
Therefore
u (t ) = Re⎨ Ac ∑ J n ( β )e j 2πnf mt e c ⎬
⎩ n = −∞ ⎭
∞
u (t ) = ∑A J
n = −∞
c n ( β ) cos(2π ( f c + nf m )t )

Actual bandwidth of FM/PM is infinite. So we usually define a finite “effective bandwidth”

Bessel function can be represented by a series expansion

(−1) k ( β2 ) n + 2 k
∞
J n (β ) = ∑
k =0 k!(k + n)!

βn
For small β J n (β ) ≅ n
(approximation)
2 n!
For n>2 J n (β ) is negligible.

Therefore only the first sideband corresponding to n=1 is of importance.

The effective bandwidth of an angle modulated signal is, in general, given by

Bc = 2( β + 1) f m which contains the 98% of the signal power.

Modulation index Frequency of the sinusoidal message signal (or BW of m(t))

For the message signal m(t ) = a cos(2πf mt )

⎧
⎪ 2(k p a + 1) f m , PM
⎪
Bc = 2( β + 1) f m = ⎨
⎪ kfa
⎪ 2( + 1) f m , FM
⎩ fm
increasing a increases the effective bandwidth

increasing f m increases the bw.

proportional increase in PM (large)

additive increase in FM (small)

 Generation of Narrowband FM/PM

-
x(t ) PM
+

90o cos(ωc t )
sin(ωc t ) phase delay

-
x(t ) ∫ ⋅ dt FM
+

90o cos(ωc t )
sin(ωc t ) phase delay
 Demodulation

FM FM to AM convertor AM demodulator Message signal

AM

This is usually an LTI system whose response curve is

approximately an increasing linear line in the related band.

Approximately linear region

 Balanced Discriminator

Message signal
FM BPF Discriminator LPF

VCO

voltage Controlled Oscillator

 General Commercial Receiver

FM band is selected to be 87.5 to 108.0 MHz (not in all countries)

with 200 kHz band for each station

RF

RF Amplifier

IF Demodulator Audio

Tune Mixer

OSC AGC
Volume
 Stereo FM

19kHz pilot tone

(in phase with 38kHz carrier) DSB-SC centered at 38kHz

New baseband signal

Baseband Signal 15kHz 23kHz 53kHz

M=L+R

Mono FM receivers will only receive L+R S=L-R

Stereo receivers will do: L=(M+S)/2 and R=(M-S)/2

END