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FOREWORD

Praise be to God thanks to Allah SWT because with His blessings we are able to
compile and can finish this paper. Salawat and greetings do not forget we also
haturkan to Rasulullah Muhammad SAW, along with his followers from the past,
now, until the end of the day.

We realize, although we have done our best to finish this paper, but, we realize that
this paper is far from perfection. Therefore, please criticism and suggestions, which
may be constructive, so as to complete a better paper. we hope this paper will benefit
all readers.

Pekanbaru, januari 2017

Authors
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
The heart of one of the organs in the body. The organ retains this amount of fluid and
enters oxygen throughout the body.
Heart disease is often regarded as a parental monopoly disease. It used to be the
disease suffered by parents aged 60 years and over, because age is also one of the risk
factors for heart disease and stroke. But now there are also kevendrungan suffered by
patients under the age of 40 years. This happens because of lifestyle changes,
especially in young people.
As the era of globalization makes information more accessible, developing countries
can soon imitate Western customs that bring a mirror to modern life. How to cook
fast food (fast food) that contains high levels of saturated fat, smoking habits,
alcoholic beverages, overwork, lack of exercise, and stress, has become the lifestyle
of people around. Release all these behaviors are the factors that cause heart disease
and stroke.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this paper is:
1. Know the general picture of heart disease.
2. Knowing the kinds of heart disease.
Knowing the diagnosis of nutrition in heart disease.
4. Knowing the management of nutrition in heart disease.
5. Know the interactions of drugs and foods in heart disease.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Overview About Heart Disease


Heart disease is a disease that disrupts the blood vessel system or rather affects the
heart and blood vessels. Heart disease results from a continuous process, where the
heart will slowly lose its ability to perform its normal function. At the beginning of
the illness, the heart is able to compensate for the inefficiency of its function and
maintain normal blood circulation through enlargement and through increased
compensated heart disease.
In a state of uncompensated (decompensatio cordis), abnormal blood circulation
causes shortness of breath (dyspnea), fatigue, and pain in the heart region. Reduced
blood flow can cause abnormalities in kidney function, liver, brain, and blood vessels,
resulting in sodium resorption. This eventually leads to edema. Heart disease
becomes acute if accompanied by infection (endocarditis or carditis), heart failure,
after myocardial infarction, and after cardiac surgery.
2.2 Factors that cause heart disease risk are as follows
a. Smoke
Smoking does not include the cause of heart disease, but cigarette smoke and nicotine
substances contained in our cigarettes cause the elasticity of blood vessels is reduced,
thereby increasing the hardening of the arteries and blood clotting factors that reduce
the amount of oxygen that enters the blood. Such circumstances can lead to heart
disease and stroke. Smokers are at risk for stroke and
coronary heart 2 times greater than those who do not smoke. Reducing cigarettes can
be a way of preventing heart disease.

b. High Blood Pressure / Hypertension

Hypertension is a major factor that must be considered causes of coronary heart


disease. Hypertension is closely related to the onset of heart disease. Hypertension
leads to damage to the walls and inside of the arteries, which may cause blood clots
that make the heart work harder to pump blood throughout the body. If this happens
to the heart, over time, it will be the cause of early symptoms of heart attack adrenal.

c. Sugar Disease Or Diabetes Mellitus

This disease has a considerable influence on other disease complications that can be
triggered the emergence of dangerous degenerative diseases, such as heart disease
adn stroke. How to prevent heart disease by maintaining ideal body weight through
exercise and balanced nutrition. The presence of diabetes also triggers the risk of
narrowing of blood vessels and arterosclerosis. The cause of diabetes, among others,
because often consume sweet tea. The high intake of sugar found in sweet tea causes
blood sugar levels soaring.

How to prevent heart disease by reducing the calories contained in sweet tea about
250-300 calories. While our body only needs 1900 calories per day. If from a sweet
tea alone is getting 1000-1200 calories added with 3 meals of rice and side dishes,
which may not have diabetes. Foods or beverages that cause diabetes can be replaced
with water, tea without sugar, or can limit sugar consumption to no more than 2
teaspoons per day.

d. Obesity

Research on the causes of heart disease shows data that when the body is overweight,
the accumulation of fat cells will make the heart work harder to pump blood
throughout the body. Obesity also causes serious problems in other important organs
including the kidneys. The problem of obesity infects people with less healthy
lifestyles. It is advisable to prevent obesity by meeting the intake of food that is not
overwhelmed and balanced with sports or motion katifitas. Obesity is also a problem
that occurs because of the effects of taking drugs. With fat deposits that cover the
muscles, the muscles will be weak in the move.

e. Cholesterol Or High Blood Fats

Another major cause of heart disease is elevated levels of LDL cholesterol or bad
cholesterol often increases the risk of arterosclerosis and heart attacks. A person with
high cholesterol who exceeds the need for LDL tends to have a risk of heart disease
because the cholesterol will circulate in the blood and then collect around the artery
walls and form plaques that make artery walls more rigid. It is not impossible if then
there will be narrowing of blood vessel cavity that led to heart disease.

f. Less Physical Activity

The body that is less mobile will allow the fat to continue to accumulate. No wonder
if someone with a very less motion activity will be easily exposed to obesity which
then culminate in the heart muscle that does not work well. Running, jogging,
swimming is a great way to burn fat and avoid heart disease.

2.3 In general, the characteristics of heart disease have early symptoms such as the
following

a. Pain in the chest.

This is because the muscles and heart do not get enough oxygen and blood supply
that makes the heart painful. Usually accompanied by pain like heart squeezing and
pain.

b. Hard to breathe.
Just as chest pain, shortness of breath is also always present a few days before the
person was convicted of a doctor suffering from heart disease. Shortness of breath
occurs due to air cavities in the lungs (pulmonary congestion or pulmonary edema)
inflammation of fluid.

c. Removing Sweat.

Removing sweat when not doing the activity, generally the palm area that often
sweat out.

d. Feeling Tired.

Feeling tired can also be an early indication of heart disease when previously not
doing any heavy physical activity.

e. Heart Pounding.

A heart pounding for no reason seems like a runaway can also be caused due to early
symptoms of heart disease.

f. Anxious.

People who are affected by anxiety usually think about the condition of his body
about the disease is good to calm down because the anxiety will actually disturb the
heart.

g. Headache.

Headaches in early symptoms of heart disease are usually very painful because blood
flow to the brain is disrupted and abnormal.

h. Decreased Appetite.

One indication of heart disease is the sufferer has a decreased appetite and usually
accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
i. Body Parts Swell.

If there is one part of the body to swell without cause then must be careful
immediately do anticipation.

j. Pain Inside Body.

This is caused by blocked blood flow to the body and cause pain.

2.4 Prevent Heart Disease

Heart disease can be prevented in the following way:

a. Avoid foods that contain high cholesterol (LDL).

Bad cholesterol or LDL is known as the main cause of the process of arterosclerosis
is the process of hardening the walls of blood vessels, especially in the heart, brain,
kidneys, and eyes. As a result of that process, the blood vessels, especially the
coronary blood vessels become narrow and block the blood flow in them. As a result
the heart will be difficult to pump blood. These conditions can increase the risk of
heart disease.

b. Eat high fiber foods (vegetables and fruit)

Fiber is known to have an important role in maintaining health. Fiber is made up of


two types of soluble and insoluble fiber. Soluble fiber can not be digested by
digestive enzymes, but dissolves in hot water. This soluble fiber that makes the
stomach full longer and provide longer energy and useful to lower cholesterol levels
in the blood. Generally, there are in fruits and vegetables and jugga on aot / oatmeal.
Soluble fiber in the body can bind cholesterol and spread it in the body. That role is
able to lower cholesterol levels in the blood to reduce the risk of heart disease.

c. Avoid alcohol

Cardiac alcohol can increase blood pressure, weaken the heart muscle, thicken the
blood and cause spasms of the arteries that can cause heart attacks.

d. Quit smoking

Smoking can increase blood pressure and put toxic chemicals into the body like
nicotine and carbon monoxide, into the bloodstream. These chemicals, will further
damage the arteries that are important for the life of the heart.

e. Control blood pressure

High blood pressure causes left heart muscle enlargement so that the heart is at risk of
failure of function.

2.5 Kinds of Heart Disease

Here is described briefly the various kinds of heart disease, namely:

1. Acute Myocardial Infarction (IMA).

Acute myocardial infarction (IMA) is the death or necrosis of myocardial tissue due
to a sudden drop in coronary artery blood flow to the heart or sudden increase in
oxygen demand without adequate perfusion of the coronary artery. Myocardial
infarction may be caused by: critical narrowing of the coronary arteries due to
erterosklerosis or complete arterial grafting due to embolus or thrombus, decreased
coronary blood flow may also be caused by shock and hemorrhage, and an imbalance
between myocardial supply and oxygen demand.
Clinically, signs and symptoms experienced by IMA sufferers are: sudden and
persistent chest pain that does not subside, usually above the lower sternal region and
upper abdomen, this is the main symptom.

The severity of the pain may increase persistently until the pain is not restrained, the
pain is very painful, such as a puncture that can radiate to the shoulder and continue
downwards towards the arm (usually the left arm). Pain starts spontaneously (does
not occur after activity or emotional disturbance), persists for several hours or days,
and does not disappear with the help of rest or nitroglycerin (NTG). Pain may radiate
toward the jaw and the lehern and is often accompanied by breathlessness, pale, cold,
heavy diophonesis, dizziness or head feels floundering and nausea vomiting.

2. Congestive Heart Failure (Congestive Heart Failure)

Congestive Heart Failure is a condition where the heart can no longer pump enough
blood to meet the body's circulation requirements for tissue metabolism, so the supply
of nutrients and oxygen is also disrupted, while the pressure of charging into the heart
is still quite high.

The precipitating factors of congressive heart failure include: myocardial infarction,


hypertension, infection or inflammation and degenerative myocardial disease
associated with heart failure because this condition directly damages cardiac fibers,
results in reduced contractility, emotional stress, arrhythmias, pulmonary embolism
and pregnancy or labor.

The epidemic of heart failure includes: fatigue, abdominal swelling, legs and ankles,
shortness of breath, difficulty sleeping, increased urination, nausea, abdominal pain,
and decreased appetite. Other symptoms include cough and shortness of breath during
sleep, called orthopnea.

3. Rheumatic Heart Disease


Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is a condition where permanent damage occurs from
the heart valves that can be narrowing or leaking, especially the mitral valve (mitral
valve stenosis) caused by rheumatic fever. The heart valves are damaged by disease-
causing pathways initiated by throat infections caused by Streptococcus bacteria ᵝ
Hemoliticus type A (example: Streptococcus Pyogenes), bacteria that can cause
rheumatic fever, with one or more major symptoms of acute polyarthritis , carditis,
minor korea, subcutaneous nodules and erythermate marginatum.

The cause of this rheumatic heart is thought to be an autoimmune or immune reaction


caused by rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is a systemic disease that can be acute,
sub acute, chronic, or fulminant, and may occur after Streptococcus Beta
Hemolyticus type A infection in the upper respiratory tract.

Signs and symptoms of rheumatic heart disease sufferers generally suffer from
shortness of breath caused by heart has been impaired, migratory joint pain, patches
of redness on the border of the skin, irregular and uncontrolled hand movements
(korea), or small bumps in under the skin. In addition juda signs accompanying him
are abdominal pain, lose weight, get tired and of course fever.

4. Coronary Heart Disease (Coronary Heart Disease)

Coronary heart disease is a narrowing of arteries to the heart or the occurrence of


blockage of arteries of the heart arteries called coronary blood vessels. Coronary heart
disease is characterized by the presence of fatty deposits that gather in cells that line
the walls of a coronary artery and clog the bloodstream. Fatty deposits or atheromas
or plaques are formed gradually and spread over large branches of the two major
coronary arteries, which surround the heart and provide blood for the heart. The
process of formation of atheroma is called atherosclerosis. This ateroma protrudes
into the arteries and causes the arteries to become narrow. If the atheroma continues
to dilate, part of the atheroma can rupture and enter the bloodstream at the surface of
the atheroma.
Symptoms of coronary heart include: chest pain, more specific chest pain in the
middle that spreads to the left arm or neck, even to the back. Chest pain like this is a
typical pain from coronary heart disease. This pain arises only when doing physical
activity and will decrease while resting. Other comorbid symptoms such as: cold
sweat and the onset of nausea.

CHAPTER III

COVER

3.1 Conclusions

Heart disease is a condition that causes the heart can not perform its duties
properly. The heart is a very important asset for the body, which needs to be kept
healthy. With a healthy lifestyle and a balanced nutritious healthy diet will prevent
heart disease

3.2 Suggestions

There is no better prevention of heart disease in addition to a healthy lifestyle


such as waking up early, not sleeping too late, avoiding cigarettes, not drinking
alcohol, and a healthy diet such as eating more fibrous and vegetable foods, eat lots of
fatty foods and high cholesterol, and exercise regularly and not excessively. This is
the best way to maintain health, especially heart

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