Short Notes on Structural Analysis

Static Indeterminacy

• If a structure cannot be analyzed for external and internal reactions using static equilibrium
conditions alone then such a structure is called indeterminate structure

External static indeterminacy:

• It is related with the support system of the structure and it is equal to number of external
reaction components in addition to number of static equilibrium equations.

Internal static indeterminacy:

• It refers to the geometric stability of the structure. If after knowing the external reactions it is
not possible to determine all internal forces/internal reactions using static equilibrium equations
alone then the structure is said to be internally indeterminate.

Kinematic Indeterminacy

• It the number of unknown displacement components are greater than the number of
compatibility equations, for these structures additional equations based on equilibrium must be
written in order to obtain sufficient number of equations for the determination of all the
unknown displacement components.
• The number of these additional equations necessary is known as degree of kinematic
indeterminacy or degree of freedom of the structure.

Three Hinged Arches

(i) Three Hinged Parabolic Arch of Span L and rise 'h' carrying a UDL ovr the whole span
DS  0
BMC  0
wl 2
H
8h
wx 2
MX  VA x   Hy
2
where, H = Horizontal thrust
wl
V A = Vertical reaction at A 
2
 2
V x  wx   Simply supported beam moment i.e., moment caused by vertical
 A 
2 
reactions.
Hy = H-moment
D S = Degree of static indeterminacy
BM C = Bending Moment at C.
(ii) Three Hinged Semicircular Arch of Radius R carrying a UDL over the whole span.
wR
H
2
wR2
MX  [sin   sin2 ]
2

wR2
Mmax 
8
BMC  0
Point of contraflexure = 0
(iii) Three Hinged Parabolic Arch Having Abutments at Different Levels
(a) When it is subjected to UDL over whole span.

wl 2
H A  HB 
2( h1  h2 )

l h1
l1 
h1  h2

l h2
l2 
h1  h2
BMC  0
(b) When it is subjected to concentrated load W at crown

wl
H 2
 h1  h2 
(iii) Three Hinged Semicircular Arch Carrying Concentrated Load W at Crown

W
H  VA  VB 
2

Temperature Effect on Three Hinged Arches

 l 2  4h2 
(i) h    T
 4h 
Where, h = free rise in crown height
l = length of arch
h = rise of arch
α = coefficient of thermal expansion
T= rise in temperature in 0C
1
(ii) H 
h
Where, H = horizontal thrust
 and h = rise of arch
h
(iii) % Decrease in horizontal thrust   100
h

Two Hinged Arches

ds
 My El
H
y 2ds
 El
DS = 1
Where, M = Simply support Beam moment caused by vertical force.
(i) Two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a concentrated load 'w' at the town.
w
H


(ii) Two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a load w at a section, the radius vector
corresponding to which makes an angle α with the horizontal.

w
H sin2 

(iii) A two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a UDL w per unit length over the
whole span.

4 wR
H 
3 
(iv) A two hinged semicircular arch of radius R carrying a distributed load uniformly varying
from zero at the left end to w per unit run at the right end.

2 wR
H 
3 
(v) A two hinged parabolic arch carries a UDL of w per unit run on entire span. If the span off
the arch is L and its rise is h.

wl 2
H
8h
(vi) When half of the parabolic arch is loaded by UDL, then the horizontal reaction at support
is given by

wl 2
H
16h
(vii) When two hinged parabolic arch carries varying UDL, from zero to w the horizontal thrust
is given by

wl 2
H
16h
(viii) A two hinged parabolic arch of span l and rise h carries a concentrated load w at the
crown.
25 wl
H
128 h

Temperature Effect on Two Hinged Arches

l T
H
y 2ds
 El
4El T
(i) H 
R2
where H = Horizontal thrust for two hinged semicircular arch due to rise in temperature by
T 0C.
15 El0T
(ii) H 
8 h2
where l 0 = Moment of inertia of the arch at crown.
H = Horizontal thrust for two hinged parabolic arch due to rise in temperature T 0C.

Reaction Locus for a Two Hinged Arch

(a) Two Hinged Semicircular Arch
R
Reaction locus is straight line parallel to the line joining abutments and height at
2

(b) Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

1.6hL2
y  PE 
L  Lx  x 2
2

Eddy's Theorem

M X y
where, M X = BM at any section
y = distance between given arch linear arch

Trusses:
Degree of Static Indeterminacy
(i) DS  m  re  2 j where, D S = Degree of static indeterminacy m = Number of members,
re = Total external reactions,
j = Total number of joints
(ii) D S = 0  Truss is determinate
If D se = +1 & D si = –1 then D S = 0 at specified point.
(iii) D S > 0  Truss is indeterminate or dedundant.
Truss Member Carrying Zero forces
(i) M 1 , M 2 , M 3 meet at a joint
M 1 & M 2 are collinear
 M 3 carries zero force
where M 1 , M 2 , M 3
represents member.

(ii) M 1 & M 2 are non collinear and F ext = 0

 M1 & M2 carries zero force.

Indeterminate Truss
(i) Final force in the truss member
PkL

S = P + kX and X  AE
k 2L

AE
sign convn  +ve for tension, –ve for compression
where,
S = Final force in the truss member
K = Force in the member when unit load is applied in the redundant member
L = Length of the member
A = Area of the member
E = Modulus of elasticity
P = Force in the member when truss become determinate after removing one of the member.
P = Zero for redundant member.

Lack of Fit in Truss

U Q2 L
  where, U  
X 2 AE
Q = Force induce in the member due to that member which is '  ' too short or '  ' too long is
pulled by force 'X'.

Deflection of Truss
 PL 
yC   k  L T  
 AE 
Where, y C = Deflection of truss due to effect of loading & temp. both.
If effect of temperature is neglected then
 PkL
yC 
AE
  Coefficient of thermal expansion
T = Change in temperature
T = +ve it temperature is increased
T = -ve it temperature is decreased
P & K have same meaning as mentioned above.
Stiffness Method for Truss

 AB  B   A
AE
PAB  [BX   AX  cos   By   Ay  sin ] where,  AB =Axial deflection of member AB.
L
P AB = Force in member AB (Axial force)

Difference between Force Method and Displacement Method

Force Method Displacement Method

1. Unknowns are taken redundants 1. Unknown are taken displacement
forces/reacctions.
2. To find unknown forces or redundants 2. To find unknown displacement joint
compatibility equations are written. equilibrium conditions are written.
3. The number of compatibility equations 3. The number of equilibrium conditions
needed is equal to degree of static needed is equal to degree of kinematic
indeterminacy. indeterminacy.

Type of Diagram Flexibility Stiffness

Displacement
(i) Axial L AE
AE L

(ii) Transverse L3 12El

Displacement 12El L3
(a) with far end fixed

(b) with far end

L3 3El
hinged
3El L3

(iii) Flexural
Displacement
L 4El
(a) with far end fixed 4El L
 (b) with far end L 3El
hinged 3El L

(iv) Torsional
Displacement

L GlP
Gl p L

Castigliano's first theorem

U U
 P& M
 
where, U = Total strain energy
  Displacement in the direction of force P.
  Rotation in the direction of moment M.

Castiglianos Second Theorem

U U
 , 
P M

Betti's Law
 Pmmn   Pnnm

where, P m = Load applied in the direction m.

P n = Load applied in the direction n.
mn = Deflection in the direction 'm' due to load applied in the direction 'n'.
nm = Deflection in the direction 'n' due to load applied in the direction 'm'.

Maxwells Reciprocal Theorem

21  12
where, 21  deflection in the direction (2) due to applied load in the direction (1).
12 = Deflection in the direction (1) due to applied load in the direction (2).

Moment distribution method (Hardy Cross method)

• Stiffness : It is the force/moment required to be applied at a joint so as to produce unit

deflection/rotation at that joint.
F M
k  or
 
Where, K = Stiffness
F = Force required to produce deflection 
M = Moment required to produce rotation  .

• Stiffness of beam
(i) Stiffness of member BA when farther end A is fixed.
4El
k
L

Where, K = Stiffness of BA at joint B. When farther end is fixed.

El = Flexural rigidity
L = Length of the beam
M = Moment at B.
(ii) Stiffness of member BA when farther end A is hinged
3El
k
L

where, K = Stiffness of BA at joint B. When farther end is hinged

• Carry over factor :

Carry over moment
Carry over factor =
Applied moment
COF may greater than, equal to or less than 1.
• Standard Cases :
 1
(i) COF=
2

(ii) COF = 0

a
(iii) COF=
b

Fixed Convention
+ve  Sagging
–ve  Hogging
and All clockwise moment  +ve
and All Anti clockwise moment  –ve
Span length is l

M AB MBA

Pl Pl
8 8

Pab2 Pa2 b
l2 l2

wl 2 wl 2
12 12
 wl 2 wl 2
30 20

11 2 5
wl wl 2
192 192

5 2 5
wl wl 2
96 96

M0 b(3a  l ) M0 a(3b  l )
L2 L2

MO MO
4 4

6El  6El 
l2 l2

0 3El 
l2
 6El(1  2 ) 6El(1  2 )
2
l l2

wa2 wa2
12l 2 12l 2
(6l 2  8l 6.a  3a2 ) (4l  3a)

Slope deflection Method (G.A. Maney Method)

In this method, joints are considered rigid. It means joints rotate as a whole and the angles
between the tangents to the elastic curve meeting at that joint do not change due to rotation.
The basic unknown are joint displacement  and  .
To find  and  , joints equilibrium conditions and shear equations are established. The forces
(moments) are found using force displacement relations. Which are called slope deflection
equations.

Slope Deflection Equation

(i) The slope deflection equation at the end A for member AB can be written as :

2El  3 
M AB  M AB  2A  2B  
l  l 
(ii) The slope deflection equation at the end B for member BA can be written as :
2El  3 
MBA  MBA  2B  2A  
l  l 
where, L = Length of beam, El = Flexural Rigidity M AB  MBA are fixed end moments at A &
B respectively. M AB & M BA are final moments at A & B respectively. A and B are rotation of
joint A & B respectively.
  Settlement of support
Sign Convention
M  Clockwise
M  Anti-clockwise
  Clockwise
   Anti-clockwise
  +ve, if it produces clockwise rotation to the member & vice-versa.
The number of joint equilibrium conditions will be equal to number of '  ' components &
number of shear equations will be equal to number of '  ' Components.