Simple Procedure for Seismic Analysis of Liquid-Storage Tanks

Praveen K. Malhotra, Senior Res. Scientist

Factory Mutual Research. Norwood. MA, LISA
Thomas Wenk, Civil Eng.
Swiss Federal Institute oí Technology. Zurich, Switzerland
Martin Wieland, Dr
Elcciriiw;ilt Engineering Lid. Zurich. Switzerland

Summary unanchored tanks supported on rigid

foundations were therefore studied
This paper provides the theoretical background of a simplified seismic design
[ 151. It was shown that base uplifting
reduces the hydrodynamic forces in
procedure for cylindrical ground-supported tanks The procedure takes into ac-
the tank, but increasessignificantly the
count impulsive and convective (sloshing) actions of the liquid in flexible steel or
axial compressive stress in the tank
concrete tanks fixed to rigid foundations. Seismic responses - base shear. over-
wall.
turning moment, and sloshing wave height - are calculated by using the site re-
sponse spectra and pcrforming a few simple calculations An example is present- Further studies [16,171 showed that
ed to illustrate the procedure. and a comparison is made with the detailed modal base uplifting in tanks supported
analysis procedure. The simplified procedure has been adopted in Eurocode 8. directly on flexible soil foundations
does not lead to a significant increase
L

in the axial compressive stress in the

Introduction
Large-capacity ground-supported cylin-
drical tanks are used to store a variety
of liquids. e.g. water for drinking and
fire fighting. petroleum, chemicals.
and liquefied natural gas. Satisfactory
performance of tanks during strong
ground shaking is crucial for modern
facilities. Tanks that were inadequately
designed or dctailcd have suffered
extensive damage during past earth-
quakes [l-71.
Earthquake damage to steel storage
tanks can take several forms. Large ax-
ial compressive stresses due to beam-
like hending «( thc tank wall can cause
"elephant-foot" buckling of the wall
(Fig. I). Sloshing liquid can damage
the roof and the top of tank wall
(Fig. 2). High stresses in the vicinity of
poorly detailed hase anchors can rup-
turc the tank wall. Base shear can
overcome friction causing the tank to
slide. Base uplifting in unanchored or
partially anchored tanks can damage
the piping connections that arc inca-
pable of accommodating vertical dis-
placements. rupture the plate-shell
junction due to excessive joint stresses,
and cause uneven settlement of the
foundation.
Initial analytical studics (X. U] dealt
with the hydrodynamics of liquids in
rigid tanks resting on rigid founda-
Pcer-reviewed by intcmilli«nal ex-
perts end accepicd fur publication
hy IABSF Puhlicaiiiins Committee
tions It was shown that a part of the
tank wall, but may lead to large foun-
liquid moves in long-period sloshing
dation penetrations and several cycles
motion, while the rest moves rigidly
of large plastic rotations at the plate
with the tank wall. The latter part of
boundary. Flexibly supported unan-
the liquid - also known as the impul-
chored tanks are therefore less prone
sive liquid - experiences the same
to elephant-foot buckling damage, but
acceleration as the ground and con-
more prone to uneven settlement of
tributes predominantly to the base
the foundation and fatigue rupture at
shear and overturning moment. The
the plate-shell junction.
sloshing liquid determines the height
of the free-surface waves, and hence In addition to the above studies, nu-
the freeboard requirement. merous other experimental and nu-
merical studies have provided valuable
It was shown later [lo-121 that the
insight into the seismic behaviour of
flexibility of the tank wall may cause
the impulsive liquid to experience tanks [18-271. This paper deals only
with the elastic analysis of fully an-
accelerations that are several times
chored, rigidly supported tanks The
greater than the peak ground acceler-
effects of foundation flexibility and
ation. Thus the base shear and over-
base uplifting on the tank response
turning moment calculated by assum-
may be found elsewhere [13-171.
ing the tank to be rigid can be non-
conservative. Tanks supported on flex-
ible foundations, through rigid base
mats, experience base translation and
rocking, resulting in longer impulsive
periods and generally greater effective
damping. These changes may affect
the impulsive response significantly
[13.14]. The convective (or sloshing)
response is practically insensitive to
both the tank wall and the foundation
flexibility due to its long period of
oscillation.
Tanks analysed in the above studies
were assumed to be completely an-
chored at their base. In practice, com-
plete base anchorage is not always fea-
sible or economical. As a result, many
tanks are either unanchored or only
partially anchored at their hase. The
effects of hase uplifting on the seismic
response of partially anchored and
 -adjusting the impulsive and convec-
tive heights to account for the over-
turning effect of the higher modes
- generalising the impulsive period
formula so that it can be applied to
steel as well as concrete tanks of
various wall thikknesses.
The impulsive and convective respons-
es are combined by taking their nu-
merical sum rather than their root-
mean-square value.

Model Properties
The natural periods of the impulsive
(TimP) and the convective (T,,,,)
responses are

Fig. 2 Sloshing damage ro upper shell oftunk ( ~ t u n q L + P W , , ~qc~tq¿l<ir~

~~~ <I, B W ~ < , I ~ ? J
TImp= c; 7HziP
h/rx E
-(1) J

L2 = c,& (2)
Method of Dynamic Analysis and first convective modes are consid- where h is the equivalent uniform
ered satisfactory in most cases. There thickness of the tank wall. p the mass
The dynamic analysis of a liquid-filled is. however. some merit in slightly ad- density of liquid, and E the modulus of
tank may be carried out using the con- justing the modal properties of these elasticity of the tank material. The co-
cept of generalised single-degree-of- two modes to account for the entire efficients C, and C, are obtained from
freedom (SDOF) systems representing liquid mass in the tank. Fig. 4 or Table 1. The coefficient Ci is
the impulsive and convective modes of dimensionless, while C, is expressed in
vibration of the tank-liquid system. d&. For tanks with non-uniform wall
For practical applications, only the first Simple Procedure for Seismic thickness, h may he calculated by tak-
few modes of vibration need to be con- Analysis ing a weighted average over the wetted
sidered in the analysis (Fig.3). The height of the tank wall, assigning the
mass, height and natural period of highest weight near the base of the
The procedure presented here is based
each SDOF system are obtained by the on the work of Veletsos and co-work- tank where the strain is maximal.
methods described in [lo-141. For a ers [lo, 12. 141 with certain modifica-
given earthquake ground motion. the tions that make the procedure simple.
response of various SDOF systems yet accurate, and more generally ap-
-
‘1) r L - ~ ~ ~ - . ~

may be calculated independently and plicable. Specifically. these modifica- ~

then combined to give,the net base tions include

shear and overturning moment.
-representing the tank-liquid system
by the first impulsive and first con-
vective modes only
- combining the higher impulsive modal
mass with the first impulsive mode
and the higher convective modal
mass with the first convective mode
~

H/r C, C . [siVz] rn,/m, mchn, h,/H h,/H h,7H h,’/H

Fig. 3: Liquid-filled rank modelled by gen- ~

eralised single-degree-o~freedom ,s.vsfenu 0.3 9.28 2.09 0.176 o.xz4 0.400 0.521 2.640 3.414
0.5 7.74 1.74 0.3w (J. 7íhl 0.Joo 0.543 1.460 1.517
For most tanks (0.3 < H/r < 3, where 0.7 6.97 1.60 0.414 0586 0.401 0.571 ].MI9 1.01 1
His the height of water in the tank and
1.0 6.36 1.52 0.548 0.4.52 0.419 0.616 0.721 0.785
r the tank radius), the first impulsive
and first convective modes together 1.5 6.06 1.48 0.686 0.311 0.439 0.6W 0.555 0.734
account for 85-98% of the total liquid 2.0 6.21 1.48 0.763 (1.237 0,448 0.751 0.500 0.764
mass in the tank. The remaining mass 2.5 6.56 1.48 0.810 o. 190 0.452 0.794 0.480 0.796
of the liquid vibrates primarily in high- 3.0 7.03 1.48 0.wz 0.158 0.453 0.825 0.472 0.82s
er impulsive modes for tall tanks
(H/r > 1), and higher convective modes Tahle I : Recommended design wIue.s for rhe,ñrsr impulsive and convective modes ofvibra-
for broad tanks (H/r 5 1). The results Non as a firncrion ofrhe rank heiglir-to-radiusratio (Wr). All coefficients are based on an
obtained using only the first impulsive exacr model oftbe tunk-liqiiid sysiem [ / O , 12. 141.
 I I I

n.n
O.6

0.4
(6)

11.2

on the hydrodynamic pressure on the responses were calculated first, using

HIR
Fig. 5: Impulsive and convective masses CIS
fractions of the total liquid mass in rhe tank
The impulsive and convective masses
(mi and m,)are obtained from Fig. 5 or
Table I as fractions of the total liquid
mass (mt).
Seism ie Responses
The total base shear is given by
Q = (ini + FJI" + m, I x S,JTrn,,)+ ni,S,íT.,,d
where rnW is the mass of tank wall. rn,
the mass of tank roof, Sc(Timp)the im-
pulsive spectral acceleration (obtained
from a 2% damped elastic response
spectrum for steel and prestressed
concrete t a n k s or a 5% damped elastic
response spectrum for concrete tanks),
and S,(T,,) the convective spectral
acceleration (obtained from a 0.5%
damped elastic response spectrum).
The overturning moment above the
base plate, in combination with ordi-
nary beam theory, leads to the axial
stress at the base of the tank wall. The
net overturning moment immediately
above the base plate (M) is given by
Eq. (4). where h, and h,. are the heights
of the centroids of the impulsive and
convective hydrodynamic wall pres-
sures (Fig.6. Table I). and h, and h,
are the heights of the centres of gravity
of the tank wall and roof. respectively.
The overturning moment immediately
below the base plate (M') is dependent
tank wall as well as that on the base the root-mean-square rule, then nu-
plate. it is given by Eq. (5). where the merically added to give the overall re-
heights h,' and h, ' are obtained from sponse. The base shear, for example,
Fig. 6 or Table 1. was obtained using Eq. (7). where Q,'
and Q<'are the base shear values for
if the tank is supported on a ring foun-
the first impulsive and first convective
dation, Mshould be used to design the
modes, respectively. The response
tank wall, base anchors and the foun-
spectra for the site are the same as
dation. If the tank is supported on a
those used in the given example
mat foundation. M should be used to
(Fi8 7).
design the tank wall and anchors only,
while M' should he used to design the The results (Tubh2) show that the
foundation. values of base shear and moment ob-
tained from the proposed procedure
The vertical displacement of the liquid
(3) were 2-10% higher than those from
surface due to sloshing ( d ) is given by
Eq. (6). where g is the acceleration due
to gravity. /----.--- 7
Comparison with Detailed
Modal Analysis
Three steel tanks were selected for
comparing the results obtained from
the proposed procedure with those
from a detailed modal analysis. Three
impulsive and three convective modes
were used in the detailed analysis. The
modal analysis results were calculated
using a combination of root-mean- Period. T (I)
square and algebraic-sum rules. The Fig. 7: Elastic design response spectrn for
net impulsive and the net convective 0.5% ond 2% damping
r[m] H[m] hh Q lMNl M [MNm] M'[MNm] D [cm]
15 7.5 0.WI 15.7 (14.Y) 49.3 (44.6) 167 (164) 57 (51)
15 15 O.(X)l 53.6 (52.4) 346 (334) 577 (557) 75 (h6)
7.5 15 0.001 18.3 (16.5) 127 (123) 140 (136) 79 (67)
Table 2: Comparrron of results from proposed procedure with those from detailed unalysis
(values in parenthrses are from [he modal analysis)

3
Tank contents Importance factor f n) for
Class 1 Class2 Class3

Drinking water, non-toxic non-flammable chemicals 1.2 1.o 0.8

Fire-fighting water, non-volatile toxic chemicals 1.4 1.2 1.0
o 1l.S I 1.5 2 2,s 3 lowly flammable petrochemicals
HIR
Volatile toxic chemicals, explosive and highly 1.6 1.4 1.2
Fig. 6: Impulsive and r o n v k i v e heights as flammable liquids
fractions of the hcight of the liquid in the
rank Table2 Imporlanccfa(.lor /n)for tanks according to Eiuocode 8 1281
the detailed modal analysis The values modal analysis. The results of the pro- Design According to
of slashing wave height obtained from posed procedure are therefore con- Eurocode 8
the proposed procedure were 12-18% servative hut close to those from the
higher than those from the detailed detailed modal analysis The presented simple procedure was
used in Eurocode 8 1281 and integrated
Example in its limit state design concept. The
serviceability and ultimate limit states
A steel tank with a radius I of 10 m and total height of 9.6 m is fully anchored to have to he verified. The specification
a concrete mat foundation. The tank is filled with water to a height H of of the corresponding seismic actions is
8 m (rUr = 0.8). The total mass of water in the tank (ml)is 2.51 x 1íY kg. The left to the national authorities. The
tank wall is made of four courses,each 2.4 m high. The lower two courses are 1 level of seismic protection is estah-
mthick and the upper two courses 0.8 cm thick. The total mass of the tank wall lished based on the risk to life and the
(m,) is 43 x 10' kg, and the height of its centre of gravity (h,) is 4.53 m. The economic and environmental conse-
mass of the tank roof (m,)is 25 x 10' kg and the height of its centre of gravity quences. This reliability differentiation
(h,) is 9.6 m. The 0.5% and 2% damped elastic response spectra for the site are is achieved by adjusting the return pe-
shown in Fig. 7. riod of the design seismic event. Three
tank reliability classes are defined cor-
M&lRvpe&ea responding to situations with high
F i t , the equivalent uniform thickness of the tank wall is calculated by (Class I). medium (Class 2) and low
the weighted average method. Using weights equal to the distance from the (Class 3) risk. Depending on the tank
liquid surface contents an importance factor (E) is
assigned to each of the three classes
a01x24x6.8+0.01x 2 4 x4.4 +O.O08x 2 4 x 2 + 0.008 x 0.8x0.4 = o,oo968 (Table -7).
h=
24~&8+24~4.4+24~2+0.8~0.4 The seismic action effects have to be
For steel, E = 2 x 10" N/m'. For water, p = loo0 kg/m'. For H/r = 0.8,Ci = 6.77 multiplied by the selected importance
and C, = 1.57 slmoJ(Table I). Hence, from Eqs (1) and (2). factor. For the reference case (y, = 1).
the recommended return periods of
8 ~ 4 6 % the design seismic event are 475 years
Tmp= 6.77 x =0.123 s
4!ziGEE x J2 x 10" for the ultimate limit state and 50-70
years for the serviceability limit state.
In the case of the largest importance
T- = 1.57xfi =4.96 s factor (y, = 1.6). the return period of
the design event for the ultimate limit
For H/r = 0.8,mi/mi= 0.459 and m,/ml= 0.541 (Table 1).Hence, state is about 20" years. According to
Eurocode 8. the analysis has to assume
i?lj =a459X25i X I 0 6 = 1.15X 106 kg linear elastic hehaviour. allowing only
for localised non-linear phenomena
4=a54iX25iX106 1 . 3 6 lo6
~ kg without affecting the global response.
and to include the hydrodynamic re-
Also from Table 1, hi/H = 0.404,h,/H = 0.583, h//H = 0.891, h,'/H = 0.954. sponse of the fluid. Particularly. it
Hence, hi = 3.23 m, h, 2 4.66 m, h;= 7.13 m. and h,' = 7.63 m. should account for the convective and
impulsive components of fluid motion
Seismic Responses as well as the tank shell deformation
The impulsive spectral acceleration for Tjv = 0.123 s, obtained from the 2% due to hydrodynamic pressure and
damped elastic response spectrum (Fig.4). is S,(T,) = 0.87413. The convective interaction effects with the impulsive
spectral acceleration for T,,, = 4.96 s, obtained from the 0.5% damped component. The proposed procedure
response spectrum in Fig. 4. is &(T, J = 0.07 g. satisfies these principles in a simple
and efficient way for the design of
The base shear obtained from Eq. (3) is fixed-base cylindrical tanks.

4 ~ + 1.36 x lo6 x 0.07 x 9.81 = 11 MN

Q = (1.15+(1M3+0.O25) x 106 ~ 0 . 8 7 9.81
Future Research Needs
The overturning moment above the base plate, obtained from Eq. (4), is
In regions of strong ground shaking.
A4 4 . 1 5 3.23+0.O43
~ x 4.53+0.025 x 9.6) x lo6 x 0.874 x9.81+ 1.36X lo6 x 4.66 it is sometimes impractical to design
=40 MNm tanks for forces obtained from elastic
and the overturning moment below the base plate, obtained from Eq. (5). is (no damage) response analysis. Elastic
forces are so large that they are arbi-
~ = ( 1 . 1 5 ~ 7 . 1 3 + ~ 0 4 3 x 4 . 5 3 + 0 . M 5 ~ 9 . 6 ) ~ 1 0 6 x 0 . 8 7 4 x 9 . 8 1 + 1 . 3 6 ~ 1 0 ~ ~ 7 . 6 3 ~ 0 trarily
. 0 7 ~ 9 .reduced
81 by factors of 3 or more
-81 MNm to obtain the design forces. When suh-
jected to strong shaking, tanks there-
The maximum vertical displacement of the liquid surface due to sloshing, fore respond in a non-linear fashion
obtained from Eq. (6). is and experience some damage. How-
d=lOx0.07=0.7 m ever, no generally acceptable methods
exist to perform a non-linear seismic
analysis of tanks. Therefore, the dam-
age sustained by tanks subjected to
ground motions of different intensities
cannot be quantified easily. There is a
need for practical methods of non-lin-
ear analysis and design of liquid-stor-
age tanks.
Unlike ductile building systems. tanks
lack a mechanism to dissipate large
amounts of seismic energy in a ductile
manner. Methods of improving the
seismic performance of tanks by in-
creasing their ability to dissipate seis-
mic energy need to be examined.
The tank could either be anchored to
its foundation with energy dissipating
devices [29] or seismically isolated by
special bearings [30.31].
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