CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Arterial and Venous system of Humans:

This is an image showing the arterial and venous system of humans. Through the
arterial supply, oxygenated blood is distributed from the lungs to the left heart and
aorta, and eventually to every cell in the body through a network of arteries. In the
venous system, deoxygenated blood drains from the capillaries, which conjoin into
venules, small veins, veins, and then major draining vessels – the superior and inferior
venae cavae.
External Structure of Human Heart

This is an image showing the external structure of human heart. The human heart is
a four-chambered muscular organ. Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
receives deoxygenated blood from body tissues and passes it to heart. Aorta
receives oxygenated blood from heart and passes it to all the body tissues.
Internal Structure of Human Heart

This is an image showing the internal structure of the human heart. Inter-
ventricular septum divides the heart internally into a left and a right half. Each half
is subdivided into two chambers, the atrium or auricle (reception) and the ventricle
(pump chamber). Right ventricle receives the deoxygenated blood from the right
atrium, through the right atrio-ventricular opening and then pumps it through the
pulmonary artery to the lungs. This opening is guarded by the tricuspid valve.
Oxygenated blood reaches the left ventricle through the bicuspid or mitral valve.
Structure of Red Blood Cell (RBC)

This is an image showing the structure of red blood cell (RBC or red blood
corpuscle or erythrocyte). RBCs are cells in the blood which transport oxygen. Red
blood cells are small and biconcave in shape as they lack a nucleus and other
organelles. Red blood cells are red because they have haemoglobin in them.
Process of Angioplasty

This is an image showing the process of angioplasty. Angioplasty (or Balloon

angioplasty) is an endovascular procedure to widen narrowed or obstructed arteries or
veins, typically to treat arterial atherosclerosis. An empty, collapsed balloon, known
as a balloon catheter, is passed over a wire into the narrowed locations and then
inflated to a fixed size. The balloon forces expansion of the stenosis (narrowing)
within the vessel and the surrounding muscular wall, opening up the blood vessel for
improved flow, the balloon is then deflated and withdrawn. A stent may or may not be
inserted at the time of ballooning to ensure the vessel remains open.
Double Circulation

This is an image showing the process of double circulation. Double circulation is the
type of circulatory system in which the blood passes through the heart twice before
completing a full circuit of the body. Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs
through pulmonary artery and returns to the heart through pulmonary veins before
being distributed to the other organs and tissues of the body.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The Human Respiratory System

This is an image showing the respiratory system of humans. It consists of the

airway (wind pipe) and the lungs. The airway, which includes the nose, mouth,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. The lungs act as the functional
units of the respiratory system by passing oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide
out of the body.
Structure of Bronchiole

This is an image showing the structure of bronchioles in lungs. These are the
airways of the lungs. When a person takes in a breath of air, the air travels through
the nose or mouth, into the larynx, then into the trachea, which is the main
passageway into the lungs. The trachea divides into a right and left main bronchus.
Each major bronchus then subdivides into smaller airway passages referred to as
bronchi. As the airway passages make their way out to the lung tissue, the passages
become smaller and are referred to as bronchioles.
Structure of Affected Bronchioles

This is an image showing the structure of affected bronchioles during asthma.

Asthma tends to affect, not the larger bronchi but the more slender airways. These
are the tertiary bronchi and bronchioles that lead to the alveoli.
Structure of Larynx

This is an image showing the structure of larynx also known as voice box, a
hollow, tubular structure connected to the top of the windpipe (tracheae). The
larynx houses the vocal folds (vocal cords), which are essential for phonation.
Elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the
glottis.
Structure of Lungs

The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest
(thorax). Lungs are situated within the ribcage, consisting of elastic sacs with
branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen can pass into the blood
and carbon dioxide be removed. The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into
the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. Each lung is divided into
superior lobe, inferior lobe and middle lobe. Cardiac notch in left lung provide
space for heart.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
(INTERNAL)
Structure of Pancreas

This is an image showing the structure of pancreas. Anatomically, the pancreas is

divided into a head, a body and tail. Pancreas is an endocrine gland, secreat several
important hormones including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic
polypeptide which circulate in the blood through pancreatic duct.
Gallstones

Gallstones are pieces of solid material that form in the gallbladder. These stones
develop because cholesterol and pigments in bile sometimes form hard particles.
The two main types of gallstones are: Cholesterol stones: Usually yellow-green in
color, approximately 80% of gallstones are cholesterol stones.

Internal Structure of Stomach

This is an image showing the position of stomach in digestive system of human
beings. Stomach has a J-shaped sac like structure.

Internal Structure of Stomach

This is an image showing the internal structure of stomach. The stomach is the
widest part of the digestive canal. The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part
of the digestive system in which food is stored, churned and mixed with gastric
juices secreated by its lining. The inner layer of the stomach is full of wrinkles
known as rugae or gastric folds. Rugae allow the stomach to stretch in order to
accommodate large meals and help to grip and move food during digestion.
Cross Section of Stomach Wall

The wall of the stomach has four layers. The innermost layer is the mucosa
(stomach lining). This contains glands that produce enzymes and acid used in
digestion. It also protects the stomach lining from the acid. After this is the
submucosa layer, followed by a layer of muscle. The outer layer of the stomach is
a strong membrane called the serosa. Gastric glands consist of mucous cells, lipase
secreating cells, parietal cells and zygomenic cells.
Defecation through large intestine

This is an image showing the structure of rectum and defecation of faeces.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
(EXTERNAL)
Position of Pancreas in Humans

This is an image showing the position of pancreas in digestive system of humans.

The pancreas is an endocrine gland that lies in the upper left abdomen. It is found
behind the stomach, with the head of the pancreas surrounded by the duodenum. It
is about 15 cm long.
Position of Liver in Humans

This is an image showing the position of liver in digestive system of humans. Liver
is situated on the right side of the belly. Liver is the body's largest gland.
Structure of Liver

This is an image showing the structure of liver. Liver is reddish brown in colour,
has two large sections called the right and left lobes which are separated by
falciform ligament. Liver has a crucial role in the manufacturing, processing and
storage of many chemicals. It produces the digestive fluid, bile that is then stored
in the gallbladder.
Position of Gallbladder in Humans

This is an image showing the position of gallbladder in digestive system of human

beings. Gallbladder is the small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is
stored after secretion by the liver and before release into the intestine.
Gallbladder

This is an image showing the structure of gallbladder. Gallbladder is the small sac-
shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver
and before release into the intestine. Bile juices are secreted through the cystic duct
and then release into common hepatic duct.
Position of Stomach in Humans

This is an image showing the position of stomach in digestive system of human

beings. Stomach has a J-shaped sac like structure. It is an enlargement of the
alimentary canal linking the oesophagus to the small intestine.
Stomach

This is an image showing the stomach. The stomach is the widest part of the
digestive canal. The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the digestive
system in which food is stored, churned and mixed with gastric juices secreted by
its lining.
Intestine

This is an image showing the intestine. The intestine includes the small intestine,
large intestine and rectum. The intestine is long, continuous tube running from the
stomach to the anus. Most of the absorption of nutrients and water happens in the
intestine.
Large Intestine

This is an image showing the intestine. The intestine includes the small intestine,
large intestine and rectum. The intestine is long, continuous tube running from the
stomach to the anus. Most of the absorption of nutrients and water happens in the
intestine.
Small Intestine

This is an image showing the movement of food in stomach by peristalsis. After

the meal, muscles of the stomach wall mix food with gastric juices and churn it to
form chyme. 1-2 hours later, peristaltic waves move the stomach contents towards
the pyloric sphincter. 3-4 hours later, the pyloric sphincter opens at intervals to let
small quantities of chyme into the duodenum.
Movement of Food in Stomach

This is an image showing the movement of food in stomach by peristalsis. After

the meal, muscles of the stomach wall mix food with gastric juices and churn it to
form chyme. 1-2 hours later, peristaltic waves move the stomach contents towards
the pyloric sphincter. 3-4 hours later, the pyloric sphincter opens at intervals to let
small quantities of chyme into the duodenum.
STRUCTURE OF TEETH AND MOUTH
Structure of Teeth

This is an image showing the types and arrangement of teeth in human beings.
There are four types of tooth, each of which has a different role. The Incisors, at
the front are chisel shaped with sharp edges for cutting, while the pointed canines
are designed for tearing. The premolars, with their two ridges, and the flatter
molars towards the back of the mouth, which are the largest and strongest teeth,
crush and grind food.
Structure of Mouth

This is an image showing the structure of mouth. Also known as the oral cavity,
the mouth is the hollow cavity that allows food and air to enter the body. Mouth
contains teeth, tongue and the ducts of the salivary glands (Parotid, Mandibular
and Sublingual), that work together to aid in the ingestion and digestion of food.
The mouth also plays a major role in the production of speech through the
movements of the tongue, lips and cheeks.