Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Architecture
Alan McSweeney
http://ie.linkedin.com/in/alanmcsweeney
IT Architecture Is Failing
27 November 2017 4
Technical Consequences Of Failing IT Architecture
27 November 2017 5
IT Architecture Failing Relationships
Business Want
Rapid Response to
Need and Changes
IT Responds
IT Function and Delivers Business
Slowly
27 November 2017 6
Consequences Of Failing Relationships
External
Service
Business Want
Provider
Rapid Response to
Need and Changes
Business
IT Function IT Responds Shift to External
and Delivers Cloud Service
Slowly
Business Service Provider
Providers
IT Does Not
Understand
or Invest in
and Develop
IT Architecture IT External
Does Not Provide Architecture Business Does Not View
Technology IT Architecture As
Outsourcing Service
Leadership Provider of Technology and Provider
Consulting Services Divestment of
IT Architecture Is IT Functions
Inwardly and
Backwardly Focussed
Rather Than Being
IT Architecture
Business Lead External
Service
External Provider
Service
Provider
27 November 2017 7
Shadow IT Expenditure
• CEB Global - estimate in 2013 that 40% of IT expenditure does not go through the
central IT function
• Everest Group - estimate in 2017 that 50% of IT expenditure does not go through
the central IT function
• Logicalis - 2015 survey of over 400 global CIOs
− 90% of CIOs worldwide are sometimes bypassed the business
− 31% of CIOs are routinely side-lined when the business makes IT purchasing decisions
• The problem of the business bypassing the central IT function is getting worse
• Shadow IT is an unpleasant reality
• Shadow IT is a symptom of a post-IT world
− The central IT function loses relevance and control
− Businesses reduce their reliance on the core IT function
• The extent of the problem may be masked by IT outsourcing which may be
notionally counted as a central IT spend
• The failure of IT architecture to engage with business requirements owns part of
the blame
Slows down
Speaks the Does not measure rather than
language of Communicates to Not concerned its delivery in accelerates
technology rather the business with delivery terms of business delivery through
than business badly, if at all benefits realised disproportionate
governance
27 November 2017 9
IT Architecture Operational Reality
A T S
E B S D S I
P E E
N U E A O N
P C R
T S C T L F
L H V
A A A A A A
A A A
R R R R R R
R R R
C C C C C C
C C C
H H H H H H
H H H
The Business Experience Of IT
27 November 2017 13
IT Too Often Fails to Support Business Change
Effectively
• Technology integration is costly, risky and complicated
• Information is everywhere but getting access to the right
information at the right time is very difficult
• The business wants IT to be fast, dynamic and flexible
• The business gets IT that is sluggish and rigid
• Modifying system behaviour takes too long and changes
are difficult to communicate and implement effectively
• Much of IT system and operations expenditure is bloated
and fixed where operations run with excess redundant
capacity
• IT seen as a cost centre and not a source of business value
27 November 2017 16
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
27 November 2017 17
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
Name Details
ArchiMate https://www.archimatetool.com/
http://www.opengroup.org/subjectareas/enterprise/archimate
Australian Defence Architecture Framework http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/docs/Defence%20Capab
ility%20Development%20Handbook%20(DCDH)%202014%20-
%20internet%20copy.pdf
Australian Government Architecture Reference Models https://www.finance.gov.au/archive/policy-guides-
procurement/australian-government-architecture-aga/
Big Data Architecture Framework https://bigdatawg.nist.gov/_uploadfiles/M0055_v1_7606723276.
pdf
Business Process Framework (eTOM)/ Frameworx https://www.tmforum.org/business-process-framework/
https://www.tmforum.org/collaboration/frameworx-project/
CBDI Service Architecture & Engineering (CBDI-SAE) for http://everware-cbdi.com/products/framework-products/cbdi-
SOA sae-metamodel
CEA Framework: A Service Oriented Enterprise http://www.jatit.org/volumes/Vol40No2/8Vol40No2.pdf
Architecture Framework (SOEAF)
Common Approach to Federal Enterprise Architecture https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/a
ssets/egov_docs/common_approach_to_federal_ea.pdf
CORA Model for IT Application Reference Architecture http://www.coramodel.com/
Data Management Book of Knowledge https://www.dama.org/content/body-knowledge
Department of National Defence/Canadian Armed http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/about-policies-standards/dndaf.page
Forces Architecture Framework
Dragon1 https://www.dragon1.com/enterprise-architecture-tool
27 November 2017 18
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
Name Details
Dynamic Architecture https://www.sogeti.nl/expertises/dya
EAM Pattern Catalog http://eam-initiative.org/pages/1dgrgdhvpv2y2/Enterprise-
Architecture-Management-Pattern-Catalog
Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge http://eabok.org/
ESS Enterprise Architecture Reference Framework https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/content/ess-enterprise-
architecture-reference-framework_en
Essential Architecture Framework https://www.enterprise-architecture.org/
European Space Agency Architecture Framework https://essr.esa.int/project/esa-architecture-framework
Extreme Architecture Framework http://extremearchitecture.org/
Gartner’s Enterprise Architecture Framework https://www.gartner.com/doc/486650/gartners-enterprise-
architecture-process-framework
ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing http://www.rm-odp.net/
Leading Enterprise Architecture Development (LEAD)ing http://www.leadingpractice.com/
Practice
MEGAF http://megaf.di.univaq.it/
Method for an Integrated Knowledge Environment http://mike2.openmethodology.org/
National Association of State Chief Information Officers https://www.nascio.org/EA
https://www.nascio.org/portals/0/EAToolKit/NASCIO-AEADTool-
Kitv3.pdf
National Enterprise Architecture Framework http://www.nea.gov.bh/
27 November 2017 19
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks
Name Details
NATO Architecture Framework http://www.nhqc3s.nato.int/ARCHITECTURE/_docs/NAF_v3/ANN
EX1.pdf
NIST Enterprise Architecture Model https://bigdatawg.nist.gov/_uploadfiles/M0197_v1_3201181507.
pdf
OIO Enterprise Architecture Method http://arkitekturguiden.digitaliser.dk/introduction-national-
enterprise-architecture-denmark
Pragmatic Enterprise Architecture Framework http://www.pragmaticea.com/
Queensland Government Enterprise Architecture https://www.qgcio.qld.gov.au/products/qgea-documents/547-
business/2786-queensland-government-enterprise-architecture
Rozanski and Woods https://www.viewpoints-and-perspectives.info/
The EPCglobal Architecture Framework https://www.gs1.org/epcrfid-epcis-id-keys/epc-rfid-architecture-
framework/1-7
The Open Group Architecture Framework http://www.opengroup.org/subjectareas/enterprise/togaf
UK Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework https://www.gov.uk/guidance/mod-architecture-framework
US Department of Defense Architecture Framework http://dodcio.defense.gov/Library/DoD-Architecture-Framework/
US Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework https://www.feacinstitute.org/
US OMB Enterprise Architecture Assessment https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/E-Gov/eaaf
Framework
27 November 2017 20
The Ideal Sequence From Business Strategy To IT
Solution Portfolio Operation And Usage
Solution
Solution
Solution Usage,
Business Business Portfolio
Business Business Portfolio Management ,
Operational IT Realisation
Strategy Objectives Design And Support
Model Strategy And
Specification And
Delivery
Operations
If the IT function
cannot react to
Business the IT Strategy
Business
Strategy and requirements of and
Pressures the business, the
Requirements Delivery
business will go
elsewhere
Business
shadow IT
expenditure Over 30% of CIOs
External
Suppliers and
routinely not consulted
Service External on IT solution acquisition
Providers Suppliers and and expenditure
Service External
Providers Suppliers and
Service Shadow IT solutions
Providers
passed to support
function
27 November 2017 23
Consequences Of Fragmented IT Landscape
27 November 2017 24
Consequences Of Failing IT Architecture
27 November 2017 25
Consequences Of Failing IT Architecture – Spiral Of
Failure
Business Receives Business Acquires IT
Unsatisfactory Solutions Outside IT
Service from IT Organisation
Unmanaged
Complexity in IT
Landscape
IT Organisation
Loses Skills and
Resources
IT Organisation Is
Not Trusted to
Deliver Solutions
Business
Continues To Complexity in
Acquires IT Integrating
Solutions Multiple Solutions
Outside IT and Their Data
Organisation
27 November 2017 26
So What Is IT Architecture?
27 November 2017 27
28
Service
Business Secondment to Architecture Function
Architecture
Integrated IT Architecture Function And Disciplines
Infrastructure
Architecture
Technical
IT Architecture
Architecture
Security
Architecture
Information and
Data Architecture
Solution
Architecture
Business
Architecture
Application
Architecture
27 November 2017
Enterprise
Architecture
IT Architecture Disciplines
• Enterprise Architecture – defines, develops, extends and manages the implementation and
operation of the overall IT delivery and operation framework including standards and solution
development and acquisition
• Application Architecture – defines application architectures including development, sourcing,
deployment and integration
• Business Architecture – defines and manages the implementation of IT solutions and related
organisation changes needed to implement business strategy and objectives
• Solution Architecture – designing and overseeing the implementation of a portfolio of IT solutions
that translate business needs into operable and usable systems that comply with standards
• Service Architecture – designing and overseeing the implementation of service processes and
supporting technologies and systems to ensure the successful operations of IT solutions including
outsourced supplier management framework
• Security Architecture – designing data and system security processes and systems to ensure the
security of information and systems across the entire IT landscape
• Information and Data Architecture – design, define and implement framework to manage
information across the entire IT landscape and through its lifecycle
• Technical Architecture – translating solution designs into technical delivery, acting as a bridge
between solution architecture and the delivery function and designing new delivery approaches
• Infrastructure Architecture – designing application, communication and data infrastructures to
operate the portfolio of IT solutions
27 November 2017 29
IT Architecture Disciplines
27 November 2017 30
IT Architecture Discipline Interactions
Information Application
And Data Technical
Architecture Architecture
Architecture
27 November 2017 31
IT Architecture Discipline Interactions
27 November 2017 32
Build A Vision For IT Architecture
Focus On Generating
Business Value Quickly
Live With Mixed It Is All About The User
Technical Environment Experience
Embed Security As
Standard
IT Always Look for
Innovation
Architecture
Data Breathes Life Into
Systems Principles Speed of Delivery Is
Important
Appropriate and
Leadership, Proactivity
and Co-operation Necessary Detail and
Simplify, Simplify, Complexity Only
Simplify
27 November 2017 34
Base IT Architecture Vision On Core Principles
Reduced IT Costs
November 27, 2017 36
IT Architecture Needs To Be A Lens Focussing
Business Objectives Onto Solution Landscape
IT
Architecture Solution
Delivery
Service
Operations
and
Provision
Business
Objectives
and
Requirements
Supplier
Technology Ecosystem
IT Architecture Needs to
Mediate Between the Business Landscape
and Suppliers/
Technologies/Delivery Acting as
a Lens Focussing Business
27 November 2017 Needs on Appropriate Solutions 37
Benefits Of Integrated IT Architecture Function
27 November 2017 39
IT Architecture As Internal Business Consulting And
Advisory Function
• What IT Architecture Can Do
Overall IT
Architecture
Function
Skills, Management Consulting and
Capabilities Engagement
and Experience Process
Business IT
Tools and
Engagement Architecture Methodologies
Team Consulting
November 27, 2017 41
IT Architecture Business Engagement Model
• Needs to operate
as a team rather
than a set of siloed
internally focussed
IT roles
• Involve business as
well as
technologists
27 November 2017 44
The Importance Of Early Engagement In IT
Architecture
• Early engagement in the solution delivery process occurs
before any solution delivery project is initiated
• The objective is to is understand the scope, requirements,
objectives, approach, options and to get a high-level
understanding of the likely resources, timescale and cost
required before starting the project
• Allow the feasibility of the solution options to be assessed
• Converts a request from the business to an explored and
refined high-level solution proposal that facilities informed
decision-making
• Early engagement is the IT function providing true consulting
services and value to the business
− Being a partner to the business
27 November 2017 45
An Effective Early Engagement Process Requires …
27 November 2017 46
Business And IT Architecture Alignment
Usage,
Solution
Business Business Solution Management ,
Business Business Realisation
Operational IT Design And Support
Strategy Objectives And
Model Strategy Specification And
Delivery
Operations
27 November 2017 47
Business And IT Architecture Alignment
27 November 2017 48
Many Overlapping IT Architecture Disciplines
Involved In The Journey
Security Architecture
Enterprise Architecture
Application Architecture Service Architecture
Business Architecture Solution Architecture
Information and Data Architecture Technical Architecture
Infrastructure Architecture
Usage,
Solution
Business Business Solution Management ,
Business Business Realisation
Operational IT Design And Support
Strategy Objectives And
Model Strategy Specification And
Delivery
Operations
• There are lots of IT architecture areas that combine to enable the journey
to be completed
• All too often these operate as separate functions with no single view
• All too often there is conflict between the disciplines
27 November 2017 49
Many Overlapping IT Architecture Disciplines
Involved In The Journey
• Separate architecture functions involved in the spectrum
of activities involved in the translation of business strategy
and objectives into an integrated portfolio of IT solutions
• Complex and fragmented IT architecture and its multiple
separate views and handoffs contribute to the problems
between business and IT
• Separate IT architecture functions too inwardly focussed
rather than being business focussed
27 November 2017 50
IT Architecture
Security Architecture
Enterprise Architecture
Application Architecture Service Architecture
Business Architecture Solution Architecture
Information and Data Architecture Technical Architecture
Infrastructure Architecture
27 November 2017 51
Integrated IT Architecture Function
27 November 2017 52
Business And IT Architecture Alignment
IT Architecture Actively
Identifying Technology Trends
And Opportunities
27 November 2017 53
IT Architecture – Two-Way Contribution To The
Business
IT Architecture
IT Architecture
27 November 2017 56
IT Organisation Context Of IT Architecture Function
Sourcing and
Relationship Demand and Supply
Business and Supplier
Management and Management, Testing, Validation,
Process Analysis and Management,
Business Capacity Forecasting Quality Assurance
Design Acquisition,
Engagement and Planning
Procurement
Accounting,
IT Strategy,
Funding, Financing,
Leadership and
Budgeting and
Governance
Planning
Organisation Design
Security, Continuity
and Planning,
and Disaster
Recovery People Asset
Management
Service Provisioning,
Solution Infrastructure, Programme,
Service Delivery and User Experience
Development and Networks and Portfolio, Project
Service Design
Delivery Communication Management
Management
27 November 2017 57
IT Organisation Context Of IT Architecture Function
27 November 2017 58
Business Context Of IT Organisation
Solution
Solution
Solution Usage,
Business Business Portfolio
Business Business Portfolio Management ,
Operational IT Realisation
Strategy Objectives Design And Support
Model Strategy And
Specification And
Delivery
Operations
27 November 2017 59
More Information
Alan McSweeney
http://ie.linkedin.com/in/alanmcsweeney
27 November 2017 60