Gases

Chapter 11 (and 10)

 Warm up
1.  What is a gas?
2.  What is pressure?
3.  What units are used to measure pressure?
Properties of Gas
—  Expansion: indefinite shape and volume
—  Fluidity: particle move pass each other
—  Low density: often floats
—  Compressibility: can press particle closer
together
—  Diffusion and effusion:
◦  Diffusion: mixing of gas by random motion
◦  Effusion: gas particles passing through tiny opening
 Properties of Liquids: fluid
—  Relatively higher density
—  Relative incompressibility
—  Ability to diffuse: constant random movement of
particles causes them to mix slower than gas
—  Surface tension
—  Evaporate and boil
Properties of water:
—  Forms hydrogen bonds
—  high heat of vaporization: must be hot to
evaporate
—  Low melting point: stays as a liquid
—  Less dense as a solid
Properties of Solids
—  Definiteshape and volume
—  Highest density
—  Incompressibility
—  Low rate of diffusion
Can you rate solid, liquid and gas from low
to high for each property?
•  Density
•  Compressibility
•  Diffusion
•  Boiling point
•  Melting point
Phase Diagram: shows critical points in the change of
states of mater: temperature and pressure both affect the
state of matter

Ch 10 pg 347
 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gas
Ch 10 pg 329-330 Parameters for an ideal gas

1.  Made of tiny particles that are relatively

far apart
2.  Collisions between the particles does
not lose energy
3.  Particles are in continuous rapid random
motion
4.  There is no attraction between particles
5.  Temperature of gas depends on average
kinetic energy of particles
Kinetic molecular theory only applies to “ideal” gases. Most gases are only nearly ideal if
pressure is not too high and temperature is not to low
Pressure: force/unit area
—  Caused by the collisions of
molecules with the walls of
the container
—  SI units = Newton/meter2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
—  1 standard atmosphere = 101.3 kPa
—  1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
—  So…

◦ 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa

– 1 mmHg = 1 torr
barometer is a device used to measure atmospheric pressure
 Continuing Ch 11 Gases notes

Pascal is the SI unit of pressure

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa

1 mmHg = 1 torr
 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa
Pressure Conversions
Given: atmospheric pressure = 0.830 atm
Unknown: a. pressure in mm Hg
b. pressure in kPa

760 mm Hg
a. 0.830 atm × = 631 mm Hg
atm

101.325 kPa
b. 0.830 atm × = 84.1 kPa
atm
Factors that affect gases
*affect pressure
1.  Kinetic theory
2.  Pressure
3.  Volume
4.  Temperature
 Factors that affect gases
1. Kinetic Theory—As collisions increases,
pressure will increase.
—  particles travel in straight line paths until they
collide with other particles or wall of the
container.
◦  Pressure is measured
–  Unit = kilopascal
–  Standard pressure is
101kPa
 Factors that affect gases
2. Pressure (amount of gas)
—  As# of gas particles increases (without
increasing volume), pressure increases and
collisions increases
◦  Filling a tire with air
—  Gas
naturally flows from high to low
pressure
Ex: Aerosol cans—pressure
inside can is higher than
pressure outside
Relationship Between Pressure, Force, and Area
 Factors that affect gas
3.Volume
—  As volume decreases, collisions
◦  increase and so pressure…
◦  increases
—  Volume is measured in liters
 Factors that affect gas
4. Temperature
—  As temperature increases, energy
◦  Increases so collisions…
◦  Increase causing pressure of a gas to
◦  Increase

—  Temp is measured in Kelvin

◦  K = oC + 273
◦  Standard temp = 0oC
◦  Kelvin is used because 0 in an equation is problematic

Absolute zero: not heat/energy: 0 oK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1eAOygDP5s
STP: Standard Temperature and Pressure
—  P = 1 atmosphere, 760 torr, 101.3 kPa
—  T = 0ºC, 273 Kelvins (K)
◦  convert to Kelvin: ºK = ºC + 273
—  Themolar volume of an ideal gas is 22.4L
at STP
 Dalton’s law of partial pressure
—  total pressure of a mixture of gases is the
sum of their partial pressures
—  Ptotal= P1 + P2 + P3…
Ex B: pg 367
Oxygen gas from decomposition of KClO3 was
collected by water displacement. The barometric
pressure was 731.0 torr and the pressure of the
water vapor was 17.5 torr, find the partial pressure of
oxygen.
Patm = Po2 + PH O 2

731torr =Po2 + 17.5 torr 731 – 17.5 torr = 713.5 torr

HW
Ch 10 Section review
—  Pg 332 # 1-2, 5-6
—  Pg 351# 1-5
 Boyle’s Law: volume of the gas varies
inversely with pressure
—  P1 (V1) = P2 (V2)
—  Boyle’s Law defines the relationship
between pressure and volume
—  Pressure of a gas increases as the volume
◦  decreases…when temp. is constant

Ex C pg 370
A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 150.0 mL when its pressure is 0.947
atm. What will the volume of the gas be at a pressure of 0.987 atm if the
temperature remains constant?
Given: V1 of O2 = 150.0 mL, P1 of O2 = 0.947 atm, P2 of O2 = 0.987 atm
Unknown: V2 of O2 in mL
PV 0.947 atm x 150.0mL = 144mL O2
P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = 1 1 0.987
P2
—  Boyle'sLaw clip
—  Cartesian diver demo
—  Fish bubbles
—  Breathing
◦  Boyle's Law and
breathing
◦  https://
www.youtube.com/
watch?
v=NB1aCBId6qA
Sample Boyle’s Law Problem
—  A hot air balloon contains 30.0 L of He gas at
103 kPa. What is the volume of the balloon
when it decreases in pressure to 25.0 kPa due
to its rise in altitude? Assume the temp remains
constant.
◦  What do we know?
◦  What are we trying to find?
◦  What law applies?
◦  Solve
◦  Does your answer make sense? (124 L)
P1 (V1) = P2 (V2)
More problems to practice…
—  N2O is used as an anesthetic. The pressure of
gas changes from 105 kPa to 40.5 kPa. The
ending volume is 6.48 L. What was the original
volume due to this change in pressure if temp. is
held constant. (2.50 L)
—  A gas with a volume of 4.00L is at a pressure of
1.30 atm. The gas is allowed to expand to 12.0
L. What is the new pressure in the container if
the temp. is held constant? (0.433 atm)
 Charles’ Law: Volume is directly
proportional to temperature.
—  V 1 / T 1 = V2 / T 2 V1 V2
=
T1 T2
—  As the temperature of the enclosed
gas increases, the volume
◦  Increases…when pressure is held constant.
◦  Don’t forget! K = ºC + 273, (temp can’t be zero)

Ex D pg 372
A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 752 mL at 25°C. What volume will
the gas occupy at 50°C if the pressure remains constant?
Given: V1 of Ne = 752 mL, T1 of Ne = 25°C + 273 = 298 K, T2 of Ne = 50°C + 273 = 323 K
Unknown: V2 of Ne in mL
⎛ V1 V2 ⎞ V1T2 752mL x 323K = 815mL Ne
⎜ = ⎟ V2 = 298 K
⎝ T1 T2 ⎠ T1
◦  Charles' Law clip
◦  Microwave popcorn
◦  Warming/cooling balloon over flask
◦  Demos
◦  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcCmalmLTiU
◦  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JKVtbe-hV8
◦  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy-SN5j1ogk
 V1 V2
Sample Charles’ Law Problem T = T
1 2

—  A balloon inflated in a room at 24°C has a volume

of 4.00 L. The balloon is then heated to a
temperature of 50°C. What is the new volume of
the balloon if the pressure of the room remains
constant throughout the experiment? (4.35 L)
—  Exactly 5.00 L of air at -50.0°C is warmed. If the
new volume of the balloon is 8.36 L, to what
temperature in °C was it heated? Assume pressure
is constant. (99.9°C)
—  If a sample of gas occupies a volume of 6.80 L at
325 °C, what will its volume be at 25.0°C if the
pressure does not change? (3.39 L)
 Whose law?
—  Balloon test
◦  ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=JZSajBakGK4
—  Imploding drum
◦  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy-
SN5j1ogk
—  Marshmallows in a vacuum
 Gay-Lussac’s Law: The pressure of a gas is
directly proportional to Kelvin temperature
—  P1/T1 = P2/T2 P1 P2
=
T1 T2
—  As the temperature of an enclosed gas
increases, the pressure
◦  increases, if the volume is constant.

Ex E pg 373
The gas in a container is at a pressure of 3.00 atm at 25°C. Directions on the container warn
the user not to keep it in a place where the temperature exceeds 52°C. What would the gas
pressure in the container be at 52°C?
Given: P1 of gas = 3.00 atm, T1 of gas = 25°C + 273 = 298 K, T2 of gas = 52°C + 273 = 325 K
Unknown: P2 of gas in atm

⎛ P1 P2 ⎞ 3.00atm x 325K = 3.27 atm

PT 298 K
⎜ = ⎟ P2 = 1 2
⎝ T1 T2 ⎠ T1
Ch 11 Practice Problems
11.1: pg 367 section review #1,2,4,6
11.2: Pg 370 sample C #1
Pg 372 sample D #1,2
Pg 374 sample E #1,2,3
Pg 375 sample F #1-2
11.3: Pg 385 sample I #1-2

More Practice: (do not do now…)

Try pg 375 section review # 2-4 and pg 385
section review #3,5,6
 Sample Gay-Lussac’s Law Problems
—  The pressure in an empty aerosol can is 103 kPa. If the
can is thrown into a fire and increased in temp. from
25.0°C to 928°C what will the resulting pressure be.
Volume is kept constant since the size of the can does
not change. (415 kPa)
—  Think about the tires on your car. Why do you
suppose that tire manufacturers recommend
checking the air pressure in your ties before
driving more than a mile?
—  The pressure in a car tire is 198 kPa at 27°C.
After a long drive the pressure in the tire has
increased to 225 kPa. What is the temp of the
air in the tire? Assume tire volume is constant.
(341 K)
Another problem..
—  A sample of nitrogen gas has a pressure of 0.58
atm at 539K. If the volume is kept constant and
the temp. decreases to 211K, what is the new
pressure? (0.23 atm)
 Summary
—  Boyle’s Law: P (V1) = P2 (V2)
1
◦  Indirectly related
—  Charles’ Law: V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
◦  Directly related
—  Gay-Lussac’s Law: P1/T1 = P2/T2
◦  directly related
Warm up: Who’s law is demonstrated in each?
1.  Bag of chips pop when brought from a higher to lower
altitude.
2.  Burning gun powder increases the pressure until a
cannon explodes.
3.  Car tires become slightly smaller in the snow.
4.  Pumping up a bike tire by adding air.
5.  Heating corn kernels until they pop.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZSajBakGK4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy-SN5j1ogk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m-Lr4Z2drc
 PV P2V2
Combined Gas Law: 1 1
=
T1 T2
Boyle’s Law: Charles’s Law: Gay-Lussac’s Law:
P1 (V1) = P2 (V2)

—  Gas law only works when the amount of gas is

constant.
 Combined Gas Law
Example F pg 375
A helium-filled balloon has a volume of 50.0 L at 25°C and
1.08 atm. What volume will it have at 0.855 atm and 10.0°C?
Given: V1 of He = 50.0 L
T1 of He = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
T2 of He = 10°C + 273 = 283 K
PV
1 1 P2V2
P1 of He = 1.08 atm =
P2 of He = 0.855 atm T1 T2
Unknown: V2 of He in L

PV
1 1T2
1.08atm x 50.0LHe x 283K
V2 = 0.855atm x 298 = 60.0L He
P2T1
Sample Combined Gas Law
Problems
—  A volume of gas is 30.0L at 313K and 153 kPa.
What will the new volume be at standard temp.
and pressure (STP)? (39.5 L)
—  A 5.00L air sample has a pressure of 1.07 atm at
a temp of -50.0°C. If the temp is raised to
102°C and the volume expands to 7.00L, what
will the new pressure be? (1.29 atm)
Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
—  Combined gas law only works when amount of
gas is constant.
—  You can’t use the combined gas law to compute
how many moles you have of a gas at a fixed
volume and a known temperature and pressure,
so to calculate that the Ideal Gas Law is used
—  It is expressed by the following equation:
PV = nRT
Solve for R when PVT and n= standard
values.
 Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
P = Pressure (kPa or atm)
V = Volume (L)
n = amount of gas in moles (mol)
R = ideal gas constant (determined from STP values)
•  8.31 L kPa/K mol
•  0.0821 L atm/K mol
T = Temperature (K)
Ex I pg 385
What is the pressure in atmospheres
exerted by a 0.500 mol sample of
nitrogen gas in a 10.0 L container at
298 K?
Ex I pg 385
What is the pressure in atmospheres exerted by a 0.500 mol
sample of nitrogen gas in a 10.0 L container at 298 K?
Given: V of N2 = 10.0 L
n of N2 = 0.500 mol
T of N2 = 298 K
Unknown: P of N2 in atm

nRT
PV = nRT → P =
V
(0.500 mol)(0.0821 L • atm)(298 K)
P= = 1.22 atm
10.0 L
Ch 11 Practice Problems
11.1: pg 367 section review #1,2,4,6
11.2: Pg 370 sample C practice #1
Pg 372 sample D practice #1,2
Pg 374 sample E practice#1,2,3
Pg 375 sample F practice#1-2
11.3: Pg 385 sample I practice#1-2

Homework:
Pg 375 section review # 1-6
Problems to practice…
—  A child’s lungs can hold 2.20 L of air. How many
moles of air do her lungs hold at a pressure of
102 kPa and a body temp. of 37°C? (0.0871
mol)

◦  Use a value of 29.0 g/mol for the molar mass of air

and calculate the amount of GRAMS of air. (2.53 g)
Warm up: which law/equation do you use,
then solve
1.  A volume of gas is 30.0L at 313K and 1.5
kPa. What will the new volume be at
standard temp. and pressure (STP)?
39.5L

2.  A child’s lungs can hold 2.20 L of air. How

many moles of air do her lungs hold at a
pressure of 102 kPa and a body temp. of
37°C?
0.0871 mol
 Ch 11 notes

Summary so far…..
—  Boyle’s Law:
—  P1 (V1) = P2 (V2)
—  Charles’ Law:
◦  V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
—  Gay-Lussac’s Law:
◦  P1/T1 = P2/T2
—  Combined Gas Law:

—  Ideal Gas Law:

◦  PV = nRT
◦  What does each variable stand for?
 Review of Ch
11 notes
from last
class

P = Pressure (kPa or atm)

V = Volume (L)
n = amount of gas in moles (mol)
R = ideal gas constant (determined from STP values)
•  8.31 L kPa/K mol
•  0.0821 L atm/K mol
T = Temperature (K)
 What law should you use to solve?
Combined—  A gas has a volume of 800.0 mL at minus 23.00
°C and 300.0 torr. What would the volume of
the gas be at 227.0 °C and 600.0 torr of
pressure?
Ideal —  At what temperature will 0.654 moles of neon
gas occupy 12.30 liters at 1.95 atmospheres?
Combined—  What is the pressure of a gas at 200.0 K if its
original pressure was 0.250 atm and 400.0 K.
Ideal —  A sample of argon gas at STP occupies 56.2
liters. Determine the number of moles of argon
and the mass in the sample.
Combined
—  2.00 L of a gas is collected at 25.0 °C and 745.0
mmHg. What is the volume at STP?
—  Why is this lady’s explanation not really
correct?
—  https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=HhTm4k_TLFI
Warm up: which law/equation do you use,
then solve
1.  A volume of gas is 30.0L at 313K and 1.5
kPa. What will the new volume be at
standard temp. and pressure (STP)?
.395L

2.  A child’s lungs can hold 2.20 L of air. How

many moles of air do her lungs hold at a
pressure of 102 kPa and a body temp. of
37°C?
0.0871 mol
Real vs. Ideal Gases
—  Ideal
gases must follow all the gas laws at
all conditions of pressure and temp.
◦  have no volume and there is not attraction
between particles in the gas…no such gas
exists
—  Real gases have volume and there is often
attraction between particles.
—  Real gases act most like ideal gases at STP
Avogadro's law
—  Equal volumes of gas at the same temp.
and pressure contain equal # of particles
—  At STP: standard molar volume
◦  1mole = 22.4 liters
Ex G page 381
a.  What volume does 0.0695 mole of gas
occupy at STP?
1.53 L

b.  What quantity of gas, in moles in 2.21L

at STP 0.0987 mol
Ex: 2 Ideal Gas Law and molar volume
a.  A deep underground cavern contains 2.24 x 106 L of
CH4 (methane gas) at a pressure of 1500 kPa and a
temp of 315 K. How many moles of CH4 are in the
cavern?
–  (1.27 x 106 mol)

b.  How many GRAMS in the cavern?

c.  How many LITERS are in the cavern at STP?

–  Recall that moles can be converted to liters or grams using
the molar road map when the number of moles are known.
STP and not STP
Ex 3:
A 30.6 g sample of gas occupies 44.8 L at STP.
What is the molar mass of this gas?
15.3 g/mol

Ex 4:
96.0 g. of a gas occupies 48.0 L at 700.0 mm Hg
and 20.0 °C. What is its molecular weight?
700mmHg (1atm/760mmHg) = .921atm
PV=nRT (.921)(48)=n(.0821)(293)
n = 1.838 mol
96.0 g / 1.8388 mol = 52.2 g/mol
Diffusion and Effusion
—  Diffusion: mixing of gas by random motion
—  Effusion: gas particles passing through tiny
opening
Ch 11.3 section review
- put in classwork section of notebook
—  Ch 11.3, answer pg 385 section review
#1, 2, and 5
classwork Ch 11 Practice Problems
11.1: pg 367 section review #1,2,4,6
11.2: Pg 370 sample C practice #1
Pg 372 sample D practice #1,2
Pg 374 sample E practice#1,2,3
Pg 375 sample F practice#1-2
11.3: Pg 385 sample I practice#1-2
4/2/15 Ch 11.3 section review
pg 385 section review #1, 2, and 5
Goals:
1.  Finish classwork CH 11 practice problems
2.  Ch 11.4 section reviw
3.  Ch 11 study guide
 Explain this…Whose law??
—  Pack Mate—watch until 1:10
—  Liquid nitrogen balloons
—  How do you fix a dented ping pong ball?
◦  start at 0:45 sec—stop at 1:54
—  Yougive ME a practical application of one
of the gas laws…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZSajBakGK4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uy-SN5j1ogk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m-Lr4Z2drc
Ch 11.3 Answers
1.  Equal volumes of gas at the same
temperature and pressure will contain
equal numbers of particles. Volume and
# of molecules vary directly with STP,
1mole=22.4 liters
2.  78mL
5. 2.63 atm or 265.5 pKa
(oxygen is diatomic, if not diatomic, 5.24atm)
Whose Law?

Gay Lussac Law

Whose law?

BOYLE
Whose Law?

Charles’ Law
Name the law…

Combined Gas Law

Name the law…

Allows for
respiration!

Boyle’s Law
Common  Core  Standards  
Physical  Science  

—  HS-PS1-3. Plan and conduct an

investigation to gather evidence to
compare the structure of substances at
the bulk scale to infer the strength of
electrical forces between particles.

CA State Standards
 Common  Core  Standards  
Physical  Science  

—  HS-­‐PS1-­‐6.  Refine  the  design  of  a  chemical  system  

by  specifying  a  change  in  condi<ons  that  would  
produce  increased  amounts  of  products  at  
equilibrium.*    
—  HS-PS2-6. Communicate scientific and
technical information about why the
molecular-level structure is important in
the functioning of designed materials.*
—  HS-PS1-7. Use
mathematical
representations to support the
claim that atoms, and therefore
mass, are conserved during a
chemical reaction.
After Test
—  Science Fair Project: revise background
research or work on procedures (pg5-6
in packet)
or
—  Read Ch12.1-12.2 pg 400-416. Take notes
(be sure to include all vocabulary)
◦  Title the notes “Ch 12 Solutions”
◦  Put in notes section of notebook (if you can)
or write on binder paper