Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUBMITTED TO:-
AR.SUDHIR KABRA SUBMITTED BY:-
AR.RAJENDRA MENARIA VIPULA MISHRA
PREMCHANDRA YADAV
ABHIJIT GHOSH
INDEX
• INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
• COMPOSITION
• ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
• REINFORCMENT
• TYPES OF REINFORCING STEEL
• CHARACTERS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
• MIX INGREDIENTS
• DEMERITS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
• READY MIX CONCRETE
• REFERENCES
What is CONCRETE?
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler material. If filler material size
is <5mm it is fine aggregate and > 5mm is coarse aggregate.
The intimate mixture of cement, sand, coarse aggregate (jelly) and water is known as
plain cement concrete. A small quantities of admixtures like air entraining agents,
water proofing agents, workability agents may also be added to impart special
properties to the plain cement concrete.
Concrete is good in resisting compressive stress but is very weak in resisting tensile
stresses. Hence reinforcement is provided in the concrete wherever tensile stress is expected.
The best reinforcing material is steel, since its tensile strength is high and bond between steel
and concrete is good. Since elastic modulus of steel is quite high compared to concrete, the
force developed in steel is high. A cage of reinforcements is prepared as per the design
requirements, kept in the form work and then green concrete is poured. After the concrete
hardens, the form work is removed. The composite material of steel and concrete, now called
R.C.C. acts as a structural member and can resist tensile as well as compressive forces efficiently.
COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE:
PCC-
Plain Cement Concrete is a mixture of coarse (stone or brick chips) and fine (generally sand or
crushed stone) aggregates with a paste of binder material (usually Portland cement) and
water. When cement is mixed with a small amount of water, it hydrates to form microscopic
opaque crystal lattices encapsulating and locking the aggregate into a rigid structure. The
aggregates used for making concrete should be free from harmful substances like organic
impurities, silt, clay, lignite etc. Typical concrete mixes have high resistance
to compressive stresses (about 4,000 psi (28 MPa)); however, any
appreciable tension (e.g., due to bending) will break the microscopic rigid lattice, resulting in
cracking and separation of the concrete. For this reason, typical non-reinforced concrete must
be well supported to prevent the development of tension.
RCC-
If a material with high strength in tension, such as steel, is placed in concrete, then the
composite material, reinforced concrete, resists not only compression but also bending and
other direct tensile actions. A reinforced concrete (i.e. reinforced cement concrete) section
where the concrete resists the compression and steel resists the tension can be made into
almost any shape and size for the construction industry.
USES AND DISADVANTAGES (IF EXTRA) OF THE COMPOSITION MATERIALS:-
This animated video will explain you how exterior walls are reinforced with steel and then
coated with cement.
Function of structure is to transfer all the loads safely to ground. A particular structural
member transfers load to other structural member
CONCRETE WHEN REINFORCED
TOR STEEL- Two types of TOR steel bars are available. They are Fe-415 and Fe-500. The
number associated with the designation indicates the tensile strength of bar in N/mm2.
These bars are provided with ribs deformation on surface so that bond between concrete
and steel improves. These bars are available in diameters 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 25, 28 and 32
mm. Nowadays these bars are replacing mild steel bars as reinforcement since their strength
in tension and bond is higher.
HIGH TENSION BARS- High tensile steel bars are made with 0.8 % carbon and 0.6 %
manganese apart from small percentages of silicon, sulphur and phosphorous. The process
of making these wires involve cold drawing and tempering. They are usually available in 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7 mm diameters. They may be bundled with number of them to form a strand.
These bars are having tensile strength as high as 1400 N/mm2 to 1900 N/mm2. The young’s
modulus of steels is also same as that of mild steel.
High tensile bars are used as reinforcement in prestressed concrete.
MILD STEEL
• Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and Shape:-One of the major
advantage of concrete structures is the full control over the dimensions and
structural shape. Any size and shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork
accordingly.
• Availability of Materials:-All the constituent materials are earthen materials
(cement, sand, crush) and easily available in abundance.
• Economic Structures:-All the materials are easily available so structures are
economical.
• Good Insulation:-Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not
allow them to transmit completely.
• Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete:-There is a very good development of
bond between steel and concrete.
• Stable Structure:-Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and steel
as strong intension so their combination give a strong stable structure.
• Less Chances of Buckling:-Concrete members are not slim like steel members so
chances of buckling are much less.
• Aesthetics:-concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is not required
• Lesser Chances of Rusting:-steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances
of rusting are reduced
Observed Reinforced Construction
SHUTTERING-MADE TO
ALLOW THE CONCRETE TO
DRY IN A SHAPE
REINFORCEMENT
PROPORTIONS Of MIX INGREDIENTS
The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are:-
a ) The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration
b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment
available.
c) Maximum water-cement ratio and/or maximum cement content to give adequate durability
for the particular site conditions
d) Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in mass
concrete.
Standard mixes:-
The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in strength and may
result in under- or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum compressive strength has been
included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15, M20,
M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to
the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The mixes of grades (if we consider them in
the ratio a:b:c then a-cement, b-sand, c-aggregates)
GRADES MIXES
M10 -1:3:6
M15 1:2:4
M20 1:1:5:3
M25 1:1:2
DEMERITS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION