ABSTRACT

Control and Instrumentation in any process industry, can be compared to the nervous
system in the human being. In industries and Process plants. Instrumentation makes use of
various measuring components designed to suit the process and the purpose. As some of the big
industries and process plants needs to control different process variables from remote distance
control room, the further measuring, the transmitting, indicating, recording, abnormality alarm
system are innovated

The current project deals with the "Familiarization and Hands-On-experience with the
Distributed Digital Control and Monitoring and Information System" by designing and
implementing control logics for lube oil mechanism, monitoring and the study of the single
element drum level control. The logic is implemented using the Distributed Digital Control
System (DDCS using the Procontrol-P language).

INTRODUCTION TO NTPC SIMHADRI

NTPC was incorporated in 1975. In the last 30 years, it has grown into the largest power
utility of India. NTPC is the sixth largest thermal power generator in the World and the Second
most efficient utility in terms of capacity utilization based on data of 1998. NTPC delivers power
at minimal environment cost, and achieves it. Right from the stage of its project
conceptualization, technology selection to operations, care is taken to preserve the natural
ecology and minimize environmental impact

NTPC comes to the rescue of about 20 million units of power consumed even day in VP.
NTPC Simhadri is providing the ever growing power needs of A.P. the total power generation
capacity of NTPC has reached to 3600 MW in A.P with NTPC Ramagundam already generating
2600 MW a day. Location of Simhadri project is near Parawada Village, Visakhapatnam District.
A.P. I hi plant is developed near Parawada and 3384 acres of land. is used for the construction of
I hernial Plant.

Coal is being drawn from Mahanadi Coal Fields in Orissa drawing over 5 million tonnes
of coal every year. The Coal comes to the plant with a rail fine. The water intake for the plant for
cooling is done by sea water drawn from 8.9 km away from Bay of Bengal through an intake
well sized 9100 m3/h. The plant also gets sweet water from the Eluru canal.
The power generated at NTPC Simhadri is bought by A.P. Transco- the power distribution arm
of the electricity board in the state. The height of chimney is 275 meter-a record in Asia tor being
the tallest factory chimney. Near to this there are two 165 meter cooling towers. I he intake well
is again the biggest well constructed in the entire India.
The National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Simhadri plant has generated 7000 million
units so far during the last financial year at a plant load factor of 92.7%. standing 3rd among the
N l'P( stations. Inspired by its glorious past and vibrant present, NTPC is well on its way to
realize its vision.
VISION OF NTPC:
"A World class Integrated power major, powering India's growth, with increasing global
presence."

OPERATION OF THERMAL POWER PLANT

Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded in the coal handling plant. This coal is transported up to
the coal bunkers with the help of conveyor belts. Coal is transported to bowl mills by coal
feeders. Here the coal is pulverized in the bowl mill, where it is ground to a powder form. The
mill consists of a round metallic table on which the coal particles fall. This table is rotated with
the help of a motor. There are three large steel rollers which are spaced 120° apart. When there is
no coal, these rollers does not rotate but when the coal is fed to the table it packs up between
roller and the table and this lorces the rollers to rotate. Coal is crushed by the crushing action
between the rollers and rotating table. This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace through the
coal pipes with the help of hot and cold air mixture from primary air (P.A) fan. P.A fan takes
atmospheric air. a part of which is sent to air pre heaters for heating while a part goes directly to
the mill for temperature control. Atmospheric air from F.D fan is heated in the air heaters and
sent to the furnace as combustion air.
Water from the boiler feed pump (BPP) passes through economizer and reaches the boiler
drum. Water from the drum passes through the down comers and goes to bottom ring header.
Water from the bottom ring header is divided to all the four sides of the furnace. Due to heat and
the density difference the water rises up in the water wall tubes. Water is partly converted to
steam as it rises up in the furnace. This steam and water mixture is again taken to the boiler drum
where the steam is separated from water (water steam separator). Water follows the same path
while steam is sent to upper heaters for super heating. The super heaters are located inside the
furnace and the steam is super heated (540° C) and finally goes to turbine.
 Flue gases from the furnace is extracted by induced draught (I.D) which maintains
balanced draught in the furnace (-5 to -10mm of Wcl) with F.D fan. These flue gases emits their
heal energy to various super heaters in the pant house and finally passes through air pre-heaters
and goes to electro static precipitators (ESP) where the ash particles are extracted. ESP's consists
of metal plates which are electrically charged. Ash particles are attracted on to these plates so
that they do not pass through the chimney to

pollute the atmosphere. Regular mechanical hammer blows cause the accumulation of ash to fail
on to the bottom of the precipitator where they are collected in a hopper for disposal. I Ins ash is
mixed with water to form slurry which is pumped to ash pond.

From the boiler a steam pipe conveys steam to the turbine through a stop valve (which
can be used to shut off the steam in an emergency) and through control valves which
automatically regulate the supply of steam to the turbine. Stop valve and control valves are
located in the steam chest tnd a governor, driven from the main turbine shaft, operates the
control valve to regulate the amount of steam used which depends on the speed of turbine and
the amount of electricity required to generate.

Steam from the control valves enter the high pressure cylinder of the turbine where it
passes through a ring of stationary blades fixed to the cylinder wall. These act as nozzles and
direct the team into a second ring of moving blades mounted on a disk secured to the turbine
shaft. This second ring turns the shaft as a result of the force of the steam. The stationary and the
moving blades together constitute a "stage" of the turbine and in practice many stages are
necessary, so that the cylinder contains a number of rings of stationary blades with rings of
moving blades arranged between them. The steam passes through each stage in turn until it
reaches the end of the high pressure cy Under and in its passage some of its heat energy is
changed into mechanical energy.
The steam leaving the high pressure cylinder goes back to the boiler for re heating and
returns by a further pipe to the intermediate pressure cylinder. Here it passes through another
series of stationary and moving blades.
Finally, the steam is taken to the low pressure cylinders, each of which it enters at the
centre flowing outwards in opposite directions through the rows of turbine blades-an
arrangement known as double flow-to the extremities of the cylinder. As the steam gives up its
heat energy to drive the turbine, its temperature and pressure falls and it expands. Because of this
expansion the blades are much larger and longer towards the low pressure ends of the turbine.

The turbine shaft usually rotates Kt 3000 RPM. This speed is determined by the
frequency of the electrical system used in this country and is the speed at which a 2-pole
generator must be driven to generate an alternating current at a frequency of 50 cycles/sec.
When as much energy as possible has been extracted from the steam it is exhausted directly to
the condenser. This runs the length of the low pressure part of the turbine and may be beneath or
on either side of it. The condenser consists of a large vessel containing some 20.000 tubes, each
tube-having 25mm diameter. Cold water from the sea. river, estuary or cooling tower is
circulated through these tubes and as the steam from the turbine passes through them the steam
rapidly gets condensed into water droplets. Because water has a much smaller comparative
volume than steam, a vacuum of
0.8mm is created in the condenser. This allows the steam to reduce down to pressure below that
of the normal atmosphere and more energy can be utilized.

From the condenser the condensate is pumped through low pressure heaters by the
extraction pump (CEP); which after its pressure is raised to boiler pressure using low pressure
and high pre sure heaters which is then fed to boiler using boiler feed pumps. It is passed through
further feed heaters to the economizer and the boiler for re-conversion into steam.

Where the cooling water for power stations is drawn from large rivers, estuaries or from
the coast, it can be returned directly to the source after use. Power stations sit.ialed on small
rivers and in land do not have such vast water resources availability, so the cooling water is
passed through cooling towers where its heat is removed by evaporation and is re-used.

UNIQUE FEATURES

> First coastal based coal fired Thermal Power Plant of NTPC.
> Biggest sea water intake-well in India.
> Use of sea water for condenser cooling and Ash Disposal. Asia"s tallest natural cooling towers
and 6th in the world.
> Use of fly ash bricks in the construction of all the buildings.
> Coal Based plant of NTPC whose entire power is allocated to home state t A.P i.
> Use of monitors as Man Machine Interface (MMI) for operating the plant.
> Use of process analysis, diagnosis and optimization (PADO) for the first time.
> Flame analysis of boilers by dedicated scanners for all the coal burners.
> Boiler mapping by acoustic pyrometers.
> Use of Distributed Digital Control and management information system.
> Totally spring loaded floating foundation for all major equipment including transformer and
generator.
> Use of INERGEN as fire protection system for the 1st in NTPC.
> Commissioning of 1st unit in record of 39 months.
Control And Instrumentation In A Thermal Power Plant

Control and Instrumentation in any process industry, can be compared to the nervous
system in the human being. The way the nervous system is controlling the operation of \ various
limbs of human being. Control and Instrumentation, in the same way, is controlling and
operating the various motors, pumps, dampers, valves, etc. and helps to achieve the targets.

Control and Instrumentation is a branch of engineering which deals with various

measurement, indication, transmission and control in different technical fields. I he latest
developments made in the area of instrumentation are so wide that it has become humanly
impossible to master the over-all system individually. Even in instrumentation there are further
sub groups now. I he term instrumentation means "A device or combination of devices used
directly or indirectly to measure and display a variable."

Instrumentation is a measurement if various parameters with comparison have been using

for ages different instruments such as weights, yard sticks, scales, measuring tapes, standard
container for liquid measurement e.g. Liter, gallons etc. Each of these equipments is an
instrument. Similarly, in industries and Process plants, Instrumentation makes use of various
measuring components designed to suit the process and the purpose. As some of the big
industries and process plants needs to control different process variables from remote distance
control room, the further measuring, the transmitting, indicating, recording, abnormality alarm
system are innovated. The process of innovation is marching at a fast rate. In near future. Control
and Instrumentation would enter into a more sophisticated stream.

Distributed Digital Control Systems

Distributed Control implies that the actual control and management functions are in fact
distributed throughout the entire plant in several processing units.
In such configurations, the plant is divided in many small groups and each group is
controlled by a dedicated set of processors and other hardware. The task of measurements,
control, operation communications, and sequence controls, etc. are distributed amongst a number
of processing units, each incorporating a micro-computer.
These micro-computers are linked via a common communication highway and are
configured in a hierarchical command structure. Distributed control thus represents the physical
distribution of digital controls among the plant processor and functional distribution of risk
associated with component failure. This arrangement provides the capability for implementing
high level of automations. The major features and advantages of this distributed hierarchical
approach are:
• If the computational tasks are shared between the processors, the systems capability is gieatly
enhanced.
• The system is more flexible.
•If any microprocessor should tail, implications are not catastrophic, only a portion of s stem will
not be available.
• It is easier to make software change in distributed systems
• The units in the system can become standardized
• The interlinking of distributed units by a data highway means they can be distributed over a
wide area
• The availability of color CRT based operator control centers provide more information and
guidance of operation for these actions
• Control rooms are simplified as all information is available on CRT's

Unit Operation Philosophy with DDCMIS:

The unit operation philosophy envisaged calls for the control and monitoring of team
generators and turbine generator and their auxiliaries and ancillary units in all regions of
operation i.e start up, normal and shut down operations through color CRT/KBD mounted on the
unit control desk(UCD) in the unit control room. In addition, all required conventional hardwired
push button stations, hand-auto stations, status indication lamps, indicators, recorders are also
being provided as a backup on unit control board(desk-cum- panel) for important drives and
parameters to achieve unit control and monitoring in the event of failure/non -availability of CRI
s/KBD s redundant system bus controllers etc.

The normal mode of operation for centralized keyboard operation can be entered through
CRT/KBD with microprocessor based hardware. The system shall be provided with redundant
data bus for communication from CRT/KBD to control system. However, in case of failure of
data bus or CR T. the control system shall remain unaffected and same shall be operated through
hardwired baek-up conventional push buttons. The operator shall be provided with the indication
of some permissive conditions for the major auxiliary such as ID, FD fans etc., through suitable
means on the unit control desk. Only critical drives of closed and open loop, both dedicated drive
control push-buttons shall be provided with operation enable push button to avoid unauthorized
operation of drive/sequence..

Distributed Digital Control and Monitoring and Information Systems

The DDCMIS provides all functions required for the automation of the power plant
process like Acquisition and Processing of process data ,Open loop and Closed loop Control,
Calculation and optimization of plant performance. Monitoring, signaling, operation and
visualization of the process in interactive mode on a monitor or via a conventional push
buttons/indicators.

These functions of DDCMIS can be achieved in 2 ways:

• By geographically distributing the hardware.
• By functionally distributing the hardware

Geographical Distribution:

In this concept, the hardware is distributed geographically in the plant, i.c the electronics
modules are not placed in a central location but segregated in small groups and kept near the
respective systems being controlled.( These systems have the advantage of saving a lot of
cabling costs as the signals need not be routed to the central control equipment: room). However,
this systems concept is not-used in NTPC because of the environmental conditions present in
Indian power plants due to which it is difficult to maintain required environment for
microprocessor based hardware at many places in the plant.

Functional Distribution:

In this concept, the hardware is kept in a centralized control equipment room but the
electronics hardware is functionally divided to perform-the functions independently, i.e failure of
one functional group/sub-group does not affect another group/sub-group. This is the concept
adopted by NTPC as this needs only one centrally air conditioned room for the electronics
modules.

Sub-Systems of DDCMIS:

There are different functional blocks in DDCMIS . They are Measurement System(for
CI.CS, OLCS, IS), Control System(CLCS. OLCS), Information Systems, System Bus. Man -
Machine Interface, Sequence of events recording systems, Master and Slave Clock Systems.
The three systems Closed Loop Control System (CLCS), Open Loop Control System (01 CS)
and Information System (IS) are connected to the system Bus. However, all the three systems are
independent of each other in all respects like functional independence, hardware independence
and cabinet location independence.

Measurement System of DDCMIS:

The measurement system shall perform the functions of signal acquisition conditioning
and signal distribution. Three measurement systems have been envisaged, one for Closed Loop
Control System (CLCS), one for Open Loop Control System (OLCS) and one for Information
System (IS) through Signal Acquisition System (SAS).
The measurement system accepts the following inputs:
a. Analog Inputs:
i. 4-20 mA, DC input
 Maximum input resistance to be 50 ohm . 24 V DC loop power for 4-20 mA 2wire/4-wire
transmitters shall also be on part of the system.

ii. RTD Input:

The system shall be capable of recurring 100 ohms 3wire/4w ire platinum RTD's and 53
ohm 3wire or copper RTD's

iii Thermocouple Inputs

The system accepts thermocouple of the type E.J.K.. R and I cither directly
wired to it or through JC boxes mounted locally.

b. Binary Inputs
The system accepts binary inputs in the form of Normally Open/Normally Closed
/Change Over Contacts. The contact interrogation voltage is 48V which will also be supplied by
the system.

c. Pulse Inputs
The system accepts servo based pulse or rectangular wave or sinusoidal wave form or
potential free contacts.

Redundant Transmitters For Control System:

Multiple transmitters with monitoring circuits are used to ensure thai the failure of a
single transmitter does not lead to malfunction of reduced availability of the related control
system.

Dual Measurement System:

Two independent transmitters preferably connected to separate tapping are employed.

The outputs of these transmitters are continuously monitored for excessive deviation. Such a
deviation is logged by DDCMIS and alarmed on Unit Control Panel. Automatic change over
provision is made available from unhealthy transmitter to healthy transmitter during normal
operation of control loops without affecting the status of control loops. If other transmitters are
not in working order, the control loop is transferred from auto to manual mode. Facility is
provided for selecting the output of any transmitter for control purpose from the control desk.
Facility is provided for defeating monitoring circuit.

Triple Measurement System:

Triple measurement system is provided for critical measurement systems like furnace
drafts, feed water flow, throttle pressure, turbine first stage pressure, etc.
Three independent transmitters connected to separate tapping point arc employed. The system
auctioneers the three signals to determine the median value signal which is used for control
purpose. The control loop trips to manual when any two of the three transmitter signals fails.
Appropriate messages/indications is displayed/logged at DDCMIS. The conditioning, high
deviation
between any transmitters, any value and the median value and any transmitter failure is
displayed/logged at DDC MIS. Adequate signaling indications are provided to immediately nn.\
which of the three transmitters are working. Facility is provided to select an> of the transmitters
or the median value of the control from control desk. Facility is provided to \defeal the deviation
monitoring circuit.

Types of Controllers:

Generally there are two types of controllers available.

• Single Loop Controller
• Multi Loop Controller

Single Loop Controller:

In case of single loop controller, dedicated controller hardware is envisaged for each loop
of CLCS and OLCS. Here all the Signal Conditioning and processing functions are implemented
in separate hardware, independent of controller availability. Further this alternative drive control
modules are used for all power operated drives covered and OLCS (one for each drive) to get the
advantages of built in monitoring, detailed status information, easy trouble shooting, etc.. and
enable the use of miniaturized control room tiles independent of controller availability with
equipment protection available for remote manual operation.

Multi Loop Controller:

In case of multi loop controller more than one loop of CLCS or OLCS can be
implemented in a controller. Here all signal processing are performed in the controller and
remote manual operation through miniaturized control room tiles is routed through the
controllers. However, in certain systems a drive level card is used as in the case of single loop
controller to get the advantage of built in monitoring detailed status information, easy trouble
shooting, etc.. This will also enable the use of miniaturized control room tiles independent of
controller availability with equipment protection available for remote manual operation. As
many loops are clubbed into one controller, a controller failure will lead to the failure or non-
operability for many loops and these controllers are implemented in redundant configuration.

PROCONTROL-P
"Pro control-P" — Distributed Digital Control is a microprocessor based intelligent
remote multiplexing system which allows complete plant automation and provides the operating
personnel with the necessary tools to increase plant availability and efficiency. This is based on
modular electronics with programmable processors, data acquisition and remote multiplexing.
 The control system is configured in a geographically centralized but functional
distributed architecture to enable plant operation from a central control room.

System Overview and Control Philosophy:

The system allows to tighten the scope of control hardware to the particular control
strategy and operating requirements of the process. Also, the Procontrol-P provides system
uniformity arid integrity for:
• Signal Conditioning and transmission
• Modulating controls
• On/Off logic / Sequential Controls
• Individual and process protection
• Overall Man-Process interface
The controllers, binary / analog input /output modules are housed in local buses / local
stations permitting the realization of self contained automation islands. These local stations are
connected to the data bus system (interplant bus) which serves as a transport medium for signals
between various local stations and the upstream-connected Man Machine Interface System
(MMI).

System configuration:
This configuration drawing represents all the constituents of the control and monitoring
system.

Signal conditioning system:

The hardware equipment in this system represents the front end interlace to the plant. I he
tasks involved are signal acquisition, monitoring and conditioning. The automation stations
accept automatic commands from either the level controllers or manual commands from either
hardwired A/M stations or from VDC consoles via data bus.

Data transmission system:

The data transmission of PROCONTROL-P is performed with two level serial bus
systems with time division multiplexing.
• Local bus
• Intra plant bus
The local bus plant is a back plane serial bus interconnected to all inputs, outputs and processing
electronic modules, which is a part of a local station
The intra-plant bus interconnects its related local buses via co-axial cables. This interconnection
provides galvanic separation and dynamic data transfer. The local buses can be grouped together
at the same location or geographically distributed over a large distance.

Hardware:

The PROCONTROL-P has two basic types of processing modules.

• Individual control module.
• Universal processing module.
 These modules are connected to the local bus. whereby one or several of 'hem can be
connected to the same bus or to various ones.

Individual control modules:

The individual control module is implemented to control, supervise, monitor and protect
individual final control element of any type (ON / OFF or Modulating), such as salves, pumps,
fans etc. This module is equipped with a microprocessor and forms with its built in inputs /
outputs a compact and dedicated control entity to control each final control element. The inputs
allow gather data on the position and status of final control element as well as the status of its
related power amplifier.
The outputs allow to provide positioning or ON /OFF orders either with a 4-20 mA or
contact signal. A serial input / output interface to the local bus is available to receive process
signals and to interface with the control room operator station.

Universal processing module:

The universal processing module is implemented for two different types of application, a
> Automation unit, functionally super imposed on the individual control module.
> Processing unit, performing combined individual control and automation functions.
The universal-processing module has a large fast programming capability, which allows
performing long and complex control functions. This universal processing module can perform
all kinds of control algorithms either binary (AND, OR, flip flop, etc.) or analog control function
(ADD, SUBTRACT, PID etc.) or any macro function, which is a combination of various basic
functions.

Input / output modules:

PROCONTROL-P has various modules for input / output capability which can be
connected to any local bus. These modules can handle any type of signal, such as single, double
throw contacts, thermocouples, RTD's, Milliamps signal etc. or to provide milliamp. voltage,
electronic or contact output signals.
The input modules provide for a wide range of functions such as 1 ms sequence of
events, supply of individual power to contacts, transmitters. These modules also have an
extended and integrated monitoring capability to detect disturbances that may occur at the
module, transmitter level (e.g. out of range) or in the field cabling.

Man machine interface:

The man machine interface comprehensively caters to the function ot CRT based VIMi
and data acquisition system (DAS) for the complete plant. It is the actual interlace between the
plant management, operating / maintenance, personnel and the process as well as control system
The functions of these interface includes:
■ Operators station
■ Plant monitoring systems
■ Engineering station
 The MM I is realized in redundant 3-bit workstation environment. The MMI resides on
lie data bus system and serves as a pool for co1 lection of process and processed data for control
purposes.

Operator station:

The operator station consists of two techniques. Conventional station with push buttons,
I imps and indicators and CRT based stations.
The conventional station as well as the CRT based station provides the operator with the
possibilities to give orders to the individual control loop and automation loops as well as to
supervise each loop in regard to the control on disturbance status.
The CRT-based stations provide the possibility to tune individual control loops and to
also perform interface-monitoring functions. Such simple indications functions, as tabulation,
bar charts, trends, mimic displays or single protocols.

Plant monitoring system:

This plant monitoring system informs the plant personnel of over all plant behavioi and
historical data. It provides via CRT, printer, hard copy unit or plotter plant real and non-real time
data or calculated data, such as:
■ Plant efficiency
■ Life time calculation and monitoring
■ Early detection of beginning deterioration of process components
■ These data are indicated either in tabulation, bar chart, curve or mimic display form.

Engineering station:

The engineering station allows to dialogue and record control system internal
disturbances. This station also allows to develop programs, control schemes directly via CRT /
keyboard.

TROUBLESHOOTING:

The basic trouble shooting procedures in PROCONTROL P consists of replacing

disturbed modules or programs with corresponding new ones, since disturbances are limited to
the board level. This procedure can be executed on a 24hrs basis without the need to switch off
the control system or shut down the corresponding process/plant. The application of this
procedure is the result 01 the implementation of the following techniques:
• Extended partitioning
• Extended use of firmware
• Use of standard modules
• Hot repair capability
• Active 'One’
 These techniques guarantee Active control, protection of functions’ loops, to remain
operational during the entire trouble shooting procedure.
To trouble shoot process safety functions without loosing the proper functioning ot the
corresponding safety function or tripping the related process, e.g. boiler, turbine.
To ensure operation and functional control system integrity during the entire lite of the
control system with maintenance personnel having no education on microprocessor or computer
techniques.

Benefits of ProControl-P:
• Degree and extent of automation can be exactly adapted to the process and operating
requirements
• Automation islands can be started up one after the other from the lower level up to the highest
level
• Process redundancy requirements can be exactly duplicated in the control system providing
control system transparency
• Processing capability is not limited since the control functions requiring more processing
capability as available in one universal processing module can be programmed and
simultaneously processed by various modules at the same time
• Extended partitioning replaces many applications redundancy of control components. In most
cases this extended partitioning results in even better plant availability than redundancy.

Description of programming unit:

The programming procedure is described as below:

1. Generation and storage of all instructions in the programming module. Instructions already
written can then be erased, moved or modified individually or in sets if necessary.

2. By pressing the relevant function button on the programming unit, its memory content, are
transferred to the test memory inserted on the processing module.
According to the selection, the processing module now operates in conjunction with the test
memory or with its own EPROMs.

3. If the function read into the test memory is proven in operation, the corresponding instructions
can be transferred to the EPROMs of the processing modules. For this purpose the EPROMs
may first have to be erased and then inserted in the base provided in the programming unit for
program acceptance

4. For return documentation or program modification the contents of the EPROMs can be
transferred from the processing module to the test memory, from there to the programming unit
and then via a bidirectional, serial interface(RS 232) to a magnetic tape unit or printer.
 The EPROMs can however also be inserted in the programming unit and their
contents transferred to the memory of the programming unit for copying or documental ion
purpose
5. The return documentation of a memory content is made in each case via a printer or a
magnetic tape unit connected to the programming unit

Structure of Language:
The graphical symbols used in functional control diagrams form the basis lor Procontrol
language. These symbols define a function element in each case, which links the various signal
inputs to the outputs.

The instructions for every function element must be given in the following sequence:
1. Call-in for the desired function element.
2. Allocation of signal addresses to the inputs of the function element if required.
3. Allocation of numeric values to the inputs of function element required.
4. Allocation of outputs of the function element to signal addresses.
Each instruction consists of instruction line number and instruction code. 1 he instruction
code consists of four hexadecimal characters. The first hexadecimal character on the left is called
the prefix; it determines the significance of the instruction and the three following digits. The

Significance of the three digits is as follows:

> When calling the function element they identify the element.
> For allocation of input and output signals the two digits on the right represent the signal
address. The second digit from left is always zero(O) for analog signals: for binary
signals it denotes the required bit(O-F) within the word.
> For allocation of numeric values these three digits represent the numeric value as a
hexadecimal value.

The programming language covers the range from simple, binary operations to the complex,
analog function. Basic function elements are the basic elements the control systems, eg. AND.
OR, Memory, Multiplier rooter etc.

Multifunction elements are frequently recurring, complex circuits consisting of basic

function elements, eg. Drive control function, Pi-controller with/without manual station, etc. In
contrast to the basic function elements user can create and use any multifunction elements.

Description of Modules

1. MODULE DESCRIPTION : PROCESSOR MODULE

MODULE NO:659P()5AA

FAMILY: PROCONTROL P13

CROSS REF: 70PR05

APPLICATION:
 Processing of binary and analog signals for logic control, modulating control and
computing functions according to instructions in the programs memory) (EPROM). Parameters
can be changed online without program modification.

DESCRIPTION:

Contains:
o 2 sockets on the front for the operation with simulation and programming units,
o 1 code switch on the front for setting the module address.
o EPROM's for definition of basic functions specified in the programming language
PROCONTROL PI3.
o EPROM's for 2k or 4k instruction lines for definition of multi-functions specified in the
Programming language PROCONTROL P13.
o EPROM's for 2k or 4k application-specific instruction lines for definition of processing
of selected local bus signals,
o RAM for storage of 256 parameters values retained in the event of voltage failure.

2. MODULE DESCRIPTION: 16 CHANNEL BINARY OUTPUT MODULE

MODULE NO: 6590B3AA

FAMILY: PROCONTROL PI3
CROSS REF: 70AB01

APPLICATION:

Conversion of digital local bus signals into binary signals. 0/24V. All module circuits are
galvanically connected to the supply voltage. Also serves the purpose of controlling electronic
module inputs, relays and lamps.
DESCRIPTION:
Contains:
o It consists of 16 functional units. Consequently 16 different binary signals may be issued
at the same time,
o 2 code switches on the front for setting the module address.

3. MODULE DESCRIPTION: ANALOG INPUT FOR VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

SIGNALS.

MODULE NO: 659IA1AA/659IA1BA

FAMILY: PROCONTROL P13

CROSS REF: 70EA01

APPLICATION:
 Conversion of load independent currents. -20mA to 0 to +20mA or of voltages.- 10V to
0 to + 10V into digital local bus signals. All module circuits arc galvanically connected to the
supply voltage.

DESCRIPTION:

Contains:

o 4 identical functional units.

o 4 binary inputs 24V d.e. for the signal 'measured value disturbed'.
o 2 code switches on the front for setting the module address.
o 4 wire jumpers on the module for selection between 20mA and 10V.

4. MODULE DESCRIPTION: 16 CHANNEL BINARY INPUT MODULE FOR

CONTACTS

MODULE NO: 69205IB5AA

FAMILY: PROCONTROI. PI3
CROSS REF: 70EB02
APPLICATION:

Conversion of signals from 8 double throw contacts or 16 single throw contacts into
digital local bus signals. The module generates an auxiliary voltage ol 48V dc for contact
interrogation. All module circuits are galvanically connected to supply voltage. DESCRIPTION:
Contains:

o 16 identical functional units.

o Short circuit proof supply to contacts.
o 2 code switches on the front for setting the module address.

5. MODULE DESCRIPTION: BINARY OUTPUT MODULE WITH CONTACTS

MODULE NO: 6590B2AA
FAMILY: PROCONTROL P13
CROSS REF: 70AB02
APPLICATION:

Conversion of digital local bus signals into outputs with potential free contacts. This
serves the purpose of controlling electronic module inputs, relays and lamps.

DESCRIPTION:
CONTAINS:

o 16 identical functional units.

o 2 code switches on the front for setting the module address.
6. MODULE DESCRIPTION: TEST MODULE FOR SIGNALS.
MODULE NO: 659TS5AA
FAMILY: PROCONTROL P13
CROSS REF: 70SL05
APPLICATION:

For. indicating either 1 analog or 16 binary signals being transmitted on the local bus. 2
code switches are used to select the desired signal. The test module can also be used as an
input module, in that any required signal can be generated (simulated) under the set
address The module can be inserted in any desired location in the sub-rack.

DESCRIPTION:
Contains:

 2 code switches on the front for setting the module address,

 16 switches for simulating 1 analog or 16 binary signals,
 16 LED's for indicating 1 analog or 16 binary signals,
 Key for transmit/receive change over,
 LED for indicating transmit mode of operation.

Local Bus:

The local bus mainly contains the bus traffic director 70BV01 and the bus circuit board
70BL01. The bus traffic director controls the signal transmission sequence while the bus circuit
board provides the means by which the transmission takes place.
The local bus is designed as a PCB type 70BL01 and transmits the binar\ signals and digitaliz.ed
16 bit analog signals in serial and cyclic mode between the modules connected to the local bus.

Local Bus Modules:

1. MODULE DESCRIPTION: BUS ACCESS MODULE

MODULE NO: 659BA2AA
FAMILY: PROCONTROL P13
CROSS REF: 70BA02

APPLICATION:

For connecting the bus cable type 70BL03 when the local bus is connected from cubicle
to cubicle.

DESCRIPTION:

Contains:
  Socket on the front for bus cable.

2. MODULE DESCRIPTION: BUS END MODULE

MODULE NO: 659BT1AA
FAMILY: PROCONTROL P13
CROSS REF: 70BA01

APPLICATION:
Used at end of local bus for matching the line impedance when the length of the local bus
exceeds the length of one sub-rack.

DESCRIPTION:
Contains:
o Socket on the front for bus cable.

3. MODULE DESCRIPTION: BUS TRAFFIC DIRECTOR

FAMILY: PROCONTROL P13
CROSS REF: 70BV01

APPLICATION:
Controls exchange of signals between modules connected to the local bus. Two modules
70BV01 are necessary for local bus systems with redundant bus traffic directors

DESCRIPTION:
Contains:
o Plug-in jumpers for selecting the cycle period and therefore the number of addresses.

— 5ms 064 addresses

— 10ms 128 addresses
— 20ms 256 addresses o Supply for bus lines
o LED for indication of operation
o Jacks for forced, brief interruption of address transmission

Description of Functional Elements:

❖ TAZK: Push button selection with Target Value. This multi-function is used for selection of
push-button and/or selection of a target value

❖ BEG: Limiter—This basic function is used in cases where the signal of the input is required
to appear at the analog output as long as it is within the limits.

❖ MUL: Multiplier - This basic function is used for the product of the two input signals to
appear at the output

❖ TBT: Insert Element for Disturbance Bit -This basic function is used for the output of analog
 signal to the local bus. Disturbance bit is added to the signal at input to be available .it the
output.

❖ MOK: 1-Shot Constant — This basic function is used to result in a logic puise output of
length when a change from logic 0 to logic "1 state occurs at the input signal.
❖ SWV5: Set Point Station—This is used to create and vary manual!) and automatically an
analog value, which can serve as set point, target value, gradient, limit value, etc. on a!
control levels. The analog signal will thus be a non-volatile signal.
❖ WSP: Non-Volatile Storage — This basic function is used for the storage of a bit or a data—
word in the non-volatile parameter memory.
♦> L'MS: Change-Over Element — This function can route either the signal at input ' V or at
input *2' to the output depending on the value of selector input SI 1.2'
❖ ADS: Adder/Subtracter — The sum of all signals of the inputs I to N appears at the output.
Subtraction is obtained by negating the corresponding input signal
❖ PIR: PI Controller — This multifunction is used in automatic control systems functioning on
the process, group, and individual control level. Also, it is capable of adjusting the output
value, to use an auxiliary control valve and to limit the output signal
❖ GUS: Threshold Element to trip below threshold, with zero setting by disturbance bit.
❖ GOS: Threshold Element to trip above threshold, with zero setting by disturbance bit.
❖ ABS: Absolute Value Converter — The absolute value of the input signal appears at the
output.
❖ ESVK: Switch-On-Delay -— A change from logic 0 to logic 1 state of the input signa! will
result in an output signal with a delay of time T\
❖ AS67: Drive Control Proportiona1 Operative — This function is used to drive control drives
with proportional action.

Significance of Prefix when used with Instruction List:

0 nnn Prefix exclusion

Notice of nnn prefix-free lines at an input of a special function element. Special cases
nnn=000 means dummy statement (no operation)
1 nnn Element number
A dummy statement to serve for identification purposes with a consecutive number nnn:
000 to FFF.
2 paa Input, Internal
Allocation of an internal signal to an input of a function clement. Internal means that the
signal is only generated and re-used within a processor,
aa: address 00-FF under which the signal is filed in the internal memory
p: not used for analog signals and is set to zero. Bit position 0-1 within the word for binary
signals.

3 paa Input, Internal, Negated

 Negated allocations of an internal signal same as prefix 2. but here the allocated signal is
simultaneously negated:
For binary signals logic '0" — logic "1".
For analog signals positive - negative.
4 paa Input, Local bus
Allocation of a local bus signal to an input of a functional element.
aa: Address 00-FF under which the signal is tiled in the memorj For bus data
p: not used for analog signals and is set to zero. Bit position 0-F within the word for
binary signals.
5 paa Input, Local bus, negated
Negated allocation of a local bus signals same as prefix 4. but here the allocated signal is
simultaneously negated.
6 paa Input, parameter
Allocation of a parameter value to an input of a function element. Parameter values are
the data stored in a non-volatile memory and can be allocated to inputs, aa: Addresses
00-FF under which the signal is filed in the memory) for. parameters p: not used for
analog signals and is set to zero. Bit position 0-1 within the word for binary signal's.
7 paa Reserved
For allocation of a signal from a further signal range to an input of a function element
8 paa Output, Local bus, Multiplication
Allocation of an output signal from a function element to several local bus addresses.
This instruction can be performed several times in succession. The last instruction (if the
relevant output signal must bear the prefix A or B.

9 paa Reserved
For the negated allocation of a signal from a further signal range to an input of a function
element, same as prefix 7. but here the allocated signal is simultaneously negated.
A paa Output, Internal
Allocation of an output signal from a function element to an internal memory range The
same memory range is called with prefix 2 & 3.
aa: address 00-FF under which the signal is filed in the internal memory
p:not used for analog signals and is set to zero.. Bit position 0-F within the word for
binary signals.
B paa Output, Local bus
Allocation of an output signal from a function element to a local bus address. The same
signal ranger of a local bus is called with prefix 4 <!t 5.
aa: Address 00-FF under which the signal is tiled in the memory for bus data.

p:not used for analog signals and is set to zero. Bit position 0-F within the word tor
binary signals.
C nn Function Code
 Call for a function element, distributed according to the follow ing types:
C= (): basic function
c=l-F : multi function
nn: numbering
D abc Input, Direct
Allocation of a constant to an input of a function element, i lie constant abc is interpreted
in the format of the corresponding function element.
E paa Reserved
For the allocation of an output signal from a function clement to a memory location of a
further signal range. The same memory range is culled with prefix 7 & 9.
F nnn Dummy Instruction
For nnn=FFF this instruction is interpreted as dummy instruction. Other functions oi nnn
are reserved.

HANDS-ON-EXPERIENCE WITH DDCMIS

Control logics for various control and test processes have been designed and
implemented using the Distributed Digital Control System (DDCS using the Procontrol-P
language).

The following are the various control and test processes.

> LUBE OIL MECHANISM
> MONITORING AND RECORDING MINIMUM MAXIM IIM VALl JES FOR AN ANA
LOG VARYING SIGNAL
> TESTING FOR CONTACT INTERROGATION OF INPUT/OUTPUI MODULES

LUBE OIL MECHANISM

Lubrication of bearings of rotating machinery, is a major concern in the process

industries. The surfaces of bearing & rotating parts are separated b\ a thin lilm of lubrication oil.
so that the friction between them is minimal. Good Lubrication aims at retaining the oil film
between the surfaces. Friction produces heat and so lubricating oil is not only required to prevent
the surfaces from coming into direct contact but also to dissipate the heat from the pans being
lubricated. In case of turbine plant, the heat transmitted along the shafts from the steam cylinders
also has to be removed and this is another requirement of the lubricating oil.

Thus there is a continuous requirement of lubrication of the surfaces, bearings and the
machinery involved. The lube oils generally used are mineral oils obtained from petroleum The
lubricating oil should allow trouble free operation of the plant in which it is used.

To get familiarized with DDC Systems and providing automation using the DDC
Systems, the logic for the lubrication mechanism in which two pumps arc provided for
pumping the oil iron the tank to various bearings and a return path is provided for the oil to be
collected into the lank The automation required for above scheme such that a healthy oil film is
maintained, lias been designed and implemented.

Conditions for the Lube Oil Mechanism:

• The pumps can be turned 'ON' at the "start pulse signal'.

• The second pump should start on Auto in the event of failure of the first pump.
• The pumps should start only if there is sufficient lc\ el of oil in the tank.
• There should be a continuous monitoring of pressure in the lube oil lines and when there is not
sufficient pressure, the second pump should take start on Auto to maintain the required pressure.
• If sufficient level is not available at any point of the system functioning, indication should be
given and the pumps should automatically turn wOI I '.
• The system should show status of the system performance, i.e Success/failure indication.
'Success' is the event where lube oil pump/pumps running and required pressure ;Neing
maintained.

DDCS PROG RAM MING CODE

Line No Op – Code Instruction Description

0000 C020
0001 000 D
0002 4544
0003 3038
0004 3130
0005 3332
0006 4643
0007 3132
0008 3034
0009 2052
000A 4100
000B 0000
oooc CAA4
000D 0314
000E 899E
000 F C002
0010 0006
0011 8277
0012 72D2
0013 ` CAA4
0014 0314
0015 899 E
0016 8C10
0017 D1A0
0018 D020
0019` D001
001A 1B00
001B 10B0
001C 100B
001D 100B
001E COB 1 ODR OR Gate
001F 4060
0020 4260
0021 A070
0022 COBI ODR OR GATE
0023 4160
0024 2070
0025 A270
0026 C0B2 UND And GATE
0027 2370
0028 4160
0029 2270
002A A3 70
002B COB 1 ODR OR Gate
002C 4060
002D 4260
002E 2370
002F B280
0030 C0B6 ESVK Switch on Time Delay
/* gives output after a specified time

0031 2070
0032 D954 2Sec
0034 A170
0035 COBI ODR OR Gate
0036 5160
0037 2170
0038 B380
C0B2 UND AND Gate

0039 4380
003A 4280
003B B080
003C COB 1 ODR OR GATE
003D 5080
003E B180
003F COED END END Of PROGRAM
0040 FFFF
0041 FFFF
0042 FFFF
0036 FFFF

Result:

The logic has been implemented on the SK06 Service Kit and the code has been found to
satisfy all the conditions and provide a perfect simulation of lube oil mechanism.
STUDY OF SINGLE ELEMENT DRUM LEVEL CONTROL

Introduction to Drum Level Control:

Water tube boilers a,-e used industrially as both a source of power and lor process heating.
They consist of furnace and the design uses tubes to directly heat the boiler water using the hot
gases from the combustion process. The tubes are connected to the steam drum where the
generated water/steam mixture is withdrawn. The mixture is then passed through die furnace in
tubes where it is heated to produce superheated steam.

Level Measurement:

In most power station applications, level can be defined as "tire height of a liquid or solid
above a reference line".
If the dimensions of a vessel arc known, then the volume or mass of its contents can be
determined by measuring the level. Hence the vessel contents can be directly displayed in units
of level (meters), volumes (liters) or mass (kilograms).
There are many methods of measuring level, the selection of a particular system is
largely determined by the practical considerations such as capital cost( equipment and
installation), reliability, maintenance cost and degree of expertise required . The methods can be
classified as:
• Floats and liquid displacers
• Head pressure measurement

• Electrical / electronic
• Ultrasonic
• Nucleonic .
• Direct viewing

Head Pressure Measurement System is discussed herein as it is primarily used in drum

level measurement. • . •

These systems use the principle that a column of" liquid will exert pressure whose alue
depends only on the weight of liquid, density of liquid and acceleration due to gravity and is
totally independent of the cross sectional area of the column .

If the density of the liquid remains constant then the height of the liquid above a datum
(tapping) point is directly proportional to the pressure measured at the datum point. Thus a
pressure measurement device can be used scaled in units of level.

Measurement of Liquid in Closed Vessels:

In most cases, the vessel is closed because the system is pressurized, or to operate at
conditions other than the atmospheric conditions.
In these cases, it is necessary to see that the same conditions exist on the reference side of
the indicator as inside the container, so the reference limb is fed back into the top of the vessel.

Control Elements of Drum Level:

Single Element Drum Level Control:

The drum collects water and distributes it through down-comers to lower water wall
headers which then channel the water in equal proportion to a large number of water wall tube
(risers) in which heat is transferred from the burning fuel to the water to generate steam. The
drum level is measured and controlled. It is maintained at a near half level by balancing the iced
water into the boiler with the steam flow out of the boiler and accommodating for shrink and
swell upon load changes.

2-Element Drum Level Control

The two-element drum level controller can best be applied to a single drum boiler where the feed
water is at a constant pressure.
The two elements are made up of the following:
Level Element : a proportional signal or process variable (I'V) coming from the drum level
transmitter.
This signal is compared to a set point and the resultant is a deviation value. I his signal is acted
upon by
the controller which generates corrective action in the form of a proportional value.
Steam Flow Element: a mass (low rate signal (corrected or density) is used to control the teed
vatcr
flow, giving immediate corrections to feed water demand in response to load changes
Any imbalance between steam mass flow out and feed water mass flow into the drum is
corrected by
the level controller.
This imbalance can arise from
*Blow down variations due to changes in dissolved solids "Variations in feed water supply
pressure
* Leaks in the steam circuits. Notes:
* Tighter control of drum level than with only one element
*Steam flow act as feed forward signal to allow faster level adjustments
*Can best be applied to single-boiler / single feed pump configurations with a constant fe

3-Element Drum Level Control:

In 3-element control the process is controlled by considering steam flow and feed water
flow in addition to drum level. Generally, this is adapted to avoid the unwanted results that arise
during the process. When there is pressure fluctuation in the steam,-water level m the drum
shows volume changes as transients resulting in swelling and shrinking which will initiate
control action which is not really needed. To avoid false changes 3-element control is adapted.
The set point for the process is set in the auto/manual station Two control valves such as
high and low range feed water control valves are installed on feed water pumping down streams
of the outlets of high pressure feed water heaters. There are 3 boiler feed pumps each equipped
with a
Hydraulic coupling. The control system is of 3-element type that shall produce a Iced water
demand signal to regulate feed water control valve.
Drum level will be measured by two redundant transmitters provisions arc made in each case for
selecting either of the two redundant transmitters or the average of the two signals to he us*. 1
for controlling. Steam flow is computed through appropriate summation of steam How to turbine
and auxiliary steam flow. Critical signals are through redundant primaries duly compensated for
pressure and temperature as required.
The drum level signal is compared to the set value and the resulting error is summed with
the steam flow signal to establish a feed water demand signal for the feed water flow and the
resulting error is applied to the controller to produce a feed water flow control signal to position
the high range feed water flow control valve.
At no load and low load, only drum level is used to establish the feed water demand
signal that can be used to position the low range control Valve. Provisions are made for
automatic transfer between single element and 3-element control and vice-versa. In single
clement control the process is controlled by using only the drum level as control parameter.

Objective of Drum Level Control System

The objective is to maintain the drum level at normal water at all low loads. Ai lower
oatls (<30% MCR), the start up feed control valve is used and at higher loads, speed control of
boiler feed pumps will be used.

Control Mechanism:
Drum level is measured by 3 level transmitters on left and right side respective!} through
temperature compensated constant head unit. Mean value signal of level is compensated for
pressure on left and right side respectively. The minimum value of left and right drum level is
taken for control

LOW LOAD:

The drum level measured signal is compared with the drum level set point. I he error
signal will have a proportional and integral action in the single element controller. This
controller output will be the position demand signal for the start up feed control valve, FD-14.
Auto; Manual station is provided for Auto/Manual selection and operation.

HIGH LOAD:
 At higher load, the start up control valve shall be closed. The steam How is calculated
Tom steam turbine 1st stage pressure and boiler auxiliary steam Ilow is also added to yet the
total steam How.
In order to prevent sudden response due to drum water level swell and shrink on load
change, a derivative signal of actual drum pressure compensates the 3-element error signal. 1 he
temperature compensated feed water flow signal is computed by adding feed water ilow at
economizer inlet and super heater spray flow.
The error signal produced between drum level measured signal and drum level set point
shall have a proportional and integral action in the 3-eiemenl-drum level controller. I his will be
added with the steam signal which is the feed water flow demand signalt set point for feed water
flow). This will be compared with the feed water flow in the feed water controller. Deviation if
an) will have a proportional and integral action in the feed water controller. This controller
output will be the dc-ured speed signal for the individual boiler BFP speed control system. The
change over from low load to full load control is automatic.
The control system maintains the DP across the feed control valves to a constant set
value. This is required to be maintained to supply feed water according to the requirement of the
boiler at various loads.
Differential Pressure across the feed control station is measured and mean value of the
two is taken for control. The measured signal is compared with the DP set point. I he selection is
inhibited .1 for load >30%. The DP error of the 3-element error is selected and fed to the
controller. Controller output is the demand signal for the feed pump speed regulator.
The pump discharge "pressure is compared with the calculated pressure as per I l-Q cure
of pump and minimum deviation of the pressure and DP deviation is selected for control of pump
speed.
Separate Auto/Manual station is provided for each feed pump spec J regulating device.
Biasing of one pump with another is provided from the VPC.

COMPARISION

In all the NTPC projects all the systems were treated as separate independent, systems,
utilizing their own dedicated conventional hardware, using conventional display devices like
indicators and recorders and conventional push button and hand/auto stations for manual control.
NTPC has until now employed conventional, hardwired systems for the modulating controls
(closed loop control) whereas the short-sequence control & protection system (open loop system)
for various auxiliaries were realized with electromagnetic relays. Regarding monitoring,
information and & recorders ha\e been employed with conventional display devices acting as
back-up.

As stated above, hardwired solid state Analog Control Systems with split architecture has
been adopted by NTPC for its various super thermal power plants so far. fi.ough the same are
working satisfactorily they have got certain limitations. For example, in conventional Control
System the necessity of assigning functions and distributing information by hardware results in
considerable
Problems especially cost during engineering and installation. In the hardwired system any
addition or modification in the plant often results in difficult problem if the modification work is
to be performed late in the installation phases or possibly during the operation.
In the last few years however, number of important development have been taken place
in the field of electronics the most important being the introduction of microprocessor.
The microprocessor has completely revolutionized the basic Configuration, both in terms
of hardware as well as in terms of Configuration, operation etc. in the field 01 control and
Instrumentation. The microprocessor-based systems do offer number of advantages over 'he
conventional system like self-diagnostic and monitoring facilities, centralized operation &
monitoring facilities, flexibility etc.-* Hence, it is considered that these microprocessor based
systems are technical) much superior i > the conventional hardwired system and are also
considered to be more reliable due to their self-diagnostic features. Moreover, their availability
and price now-a-days have made it possible to employ set irate micro-processors for different
functions thus avoiding the catastrophic failure i.e. complete collapse of the system due to the
failure of one of these microprocessors, which can happen in the ca c of centralized computer
control system.
Modern power plants are employing the microprocessor based distributed digital control
system for modulating control and logic function due to the various advantages built in such
system .. Numbers of manufacturers in the different parts of the world have come up with DDC
System and these s>stems have been in service for many years thus establishing satisfactorily
performance records. Moreover, because more and more power authorities are going in for DDC.
the sales of conventional systems are decreasing and hence the long term support b> the
manufacturers for the conventional systems is doubted. Hence, the DDC systems are now being
adopted for NTPC's projects.

CONCLUSION

India is a developing country with rain-based water system I his makes the use ol thermal
power plants inevitable. The heart of the STPP is the boiler. The report thus begins with the
introduction of various forms of power followed by and attempt to explain boiler and its various
auxiliaries. Then we proceed to look over the steam turbine where the thermal energy in the form
of steam is converted to mechanical energy. There an attempt is made to explain its various
auxiliaries. Then, we proceed with generator; where much has to be discussed about its cooling
system. In the auxiliaries of turbine and boiler, we have covered the various aspects of the coal
and ash circuit as well as water and steam circuit like CHP, water treatment plant, air handling as
well as Hue gases handbag.

Finally, the current project thus familiarizes with the Distributed Digital Control and
Monitoring and Information Systems (DDCMIS) and the automation of vinous control and
testing processes. The software implementation of an analog control loop, single element drum
level control, also has been studied.

We hereby conclude that, several control and test logics have been designed
innovative!;-, and implemented successfully using the DDCMIS (using the Procontrol" p
language), these logics have given us a hands-on-experience with the working of the DDCMIS.