CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN
 INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other
aggregates. The aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with
a paste of cement and water.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
As with most rocklike mass, concrete has a very high compressive strength but have
a very low tensile strength. As a structural member, concrete can be made to carry tensile
stresses (as in beam in flexure). In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to provide the
tensile strength lacking in concrete. The composite member is called Reinforced Concrete.
AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete may be fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse
aggregates (usually gravel or crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that pass through no. 4
sieve (about 6mm in size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregates : ( NSCP 6th edition Sec. 403.4 )
 1/5 the narrowest dimension between side of forms
 1/3 depth of slab
 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires,
bundle of bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts.
 These limitations may not be applied if, in the judgement of the Engineer,
workability and methods of consolidation are such that concrete can be placed
without honeycomb or voids.
 INTRODUCTION
WATER ( NSCP 6th Edition Sec. 403.5 )
 Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious amount of oils, acids,
alkalis, salt, organic materials, or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or
reinforcement.
 Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for concrete that will contain aluminum
embedments, including that portion of mixing water contributed in the form of free moisture
on aggregates, shall not contain deleterious amounts of chloride ion.
 Non-potable water shall not be used in concrete unless the following are satisfied:
a. Selection of concrete proportions shall be based on concrete mixes using water from
the same source.
b. Mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing water shall have 7-day and 28-day
strengths equal to atleast 90 percent of strenghts of similar specimens made with potable
water.
LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the
loads that can be applied to a structure during its life, and the worst possible combination of
these loads that might occur simultaneously.
“Structural engineering is the art and science of molding materials we do not fully understand into
shapes we cannot precisely analyze to resist forces we cannot accurately predict, all in such a way
that the society at large is given no reason to suspect the extent of our ignorance… ”
Anonymous Civil Engineer
 STRENGHT DESIGN
ULTIMATE STRENGHT DESIGN METHOD
Using this method, the service loads are multiplied by certain factors to determine
the load at which failure of the structure is considered to be eminent. The resulting load is called
the factored load.
STRENGHT REDUCTION FACTORS, Φ
The design strength provided by a concrete member, its connections to other
members, and its connections, in term of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken as
the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor Φ having the following values;

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR , Φ ( NSCP 6th Edition Sec. 409.4 )

Pure flexure 0.90
Axial tension with or without flexure 0.90
Shear and torsion 0.75
Columns:
Spiral reinforcement 0.75
Other reinforced member 0.65
Bearing 0.65
Post tensioned anchorage 0.85
 STRENGHT DESIGN

REQUIRED STRENGHT (FACTORED LOAD) , U

LOAD COMBINATIONS ( NSCP 6th Edition Sec. 409.3 )

U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
U = 1.4 (D + L)
U = 1.2 D + L + 1.6 W
U = 0.9 D + 1.6 W
U = 1.2 D + 1.4 E + L
U = 0.9 D + 1.4 E
 STRENGHT DESIGN
CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT
The following minimum concrete cover shall be provided for cast-in place concrete
reinforcement;

Minimum concrete covering in mm ( NSCP 6th Edition Sec. 407.8.1)

Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20 mm through 36 mm bars 50
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 40
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joists:
32 mm bar and smaller 20
Beams and columns:
Main bars, ties, stirrups, spirals 40
Shell, folded place members:
20 mm bar and larger 20
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 12
 BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
TYPES OF DESIGN:
Balanced design refers to a design so proportioned that the maximum stresses in concrete
(with strain of 0.003) and steel (with strain of fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the
ultimate load is reached, causing them to fail simultaneously.
Underreinforced design refers to a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is
required for balanced condition. If the ultimate load is approached, the steel will begin to yield
although the compression concrete is still understressed. If the load is further increased, the
steel will continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in
concrete. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of the structure
to decrease the load.
Overreinforced design refers to a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is
required for balanced condition. If the beam is overreinforced, the steel will not yield before
failure. As the load is increased, deflections are not noticeable although the compression
concrete is highly stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the
structure.

Overreinforced design as well as balanced design must be AVOIDED in concrete because of its
brittle property, that is why the code limits the tensile steel percentage (ρmax = 0.75 ρb) to ensure
underreinforced beam with ductile type of failure to give occupants warning before failure occur.
 BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS: (NSCP 5th Edition)
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003

c a C c
d

N.A N.A

As
T
Ԑs
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram

c – distance from extreme compression fiber to N.A. mm

d – distance from extreme compression fiber from centroid of tension reinforcement, mm
b – width of compression face of member, mm
a – depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm

 Maximum usable strain at extreme compression fiber, Ԑc shall be assumed equal to 0.003
 Concrete stress of 0.85fc’ shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an equivalent
compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a straight line located parallel to
N.A at a distance of a = βc from the fiber of maximum compressive strain.
 BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS:
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003

c a C = 0.85 fc’ ab c
d

N.A N.A

As

T = As fy Ԑs = fy / Es
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
 BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS:
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003

a/2
c a C = 0.85 fc’ ab c
d

N.A Mn d – a/2 N.A

As

T = As fy Ԑs = fy / Es
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
 BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
BALANCED CONDITION:
b Ԑc = 0.003

c c
d

N.A N.A

As

Ԑs = fy / Es
Strain Diagram
 BASIC DESIGN CONCEPTS
KEY FORMULAE:
b 0.85 fc’ Ԑc = 0.003

a/2
c a C = 0.85 fc’ ab c
d

N.A Mn d – a/2 N.A

As

T = As fy Ԑs = fy / Es
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
 STEEL REINFORCEMENTS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS