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HAFIZ ARSALAN ALI 201-CIVIL-135

Table of Contents
Topic Page #

1. Indus Basin Irrigation System 2

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 History of Indus Valley and ancient civilization 2

1.3 Indus Basin Irrigation System-IBIS 3

1.4 Salient Features 5

2. Barrages of Pakistan 6

Salient features of Barrages of Pakistan 7

2.1 Barrages over Indus River 7

2.2 Barrages over Jhelum River 11

2.2 Barrages over Sutlej River 12

2.3 Barrages over Chenab River 13

2.4 Barrages over Ravi River 16

3. Salient features of off-taking Canals from the 17

Barrages of Pakistan

References 19

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Indus Basin Irrigation System


1.1: Introduction
Pakistan’s Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) is the strong heart of the country’s economy. Its
creation is a tribute to the British irrigation engineers who created the original system (1847-
1947) that Pakistan inherited in 1947 and to the Pakistani irrigation engineers and institutions
(particularly the Water and Power Development Authority [WAPDA] and the provincial
irrigation departments) who have spent the last 60 years adding new dams and barrages,
building new link and branch canals, and modernizing and maintaining the world’s most
complex and extensive irrigation system. From the 1950s onward, the IBIS has also been the
product of the generosity and intellectual input of a host of international experts and
international institutions, particularly the World Bank. This paper starts with a review of what
has been accomplished in order to put the IBIS into perspective and illustrate the magnitude of
the effort put into building the present system. The paper’s aim is to sketch the task ahead and
develop a coherent national strategy for the preservation of the IBIS for the future.
1.2: History of Indus Valley and Ancient Civilization

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period
2600–1900 BCE) that was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent,
consisting of what is now mainly modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Flourishing around
theIndus River basin, the civilization primarily centred along the Indus and the Punjab region,
extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab. Geographically,
the civilization was spread over an area of some 1,260,000 km², making it the largest ancient
civilization in the world.
The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, along with its contemporaries,
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population
of well over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques
in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving) and produced copper, bronze,
lead, and tin. The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and
multistoried houses.
The Indus Valley has been the host to one of the most ancient civilization of human
history, the Indus Valley Civilization. After the extinction of the Indus Civilization, new
settlements especially in doabs grew slowly. New irrigation systems started to evolve.
Inundation canals and small dams were constructed and population grew all around this area.
In order to reduce the occurrence of low irrigation water supply the British authorities, towards
the middle of the last century, started modernizing and expanding the irrigation system of the
Indus Basin.

It is believed that the ancient people of the valley of Indus were outstanding in the field
of agriculture and industry as compared to the civilization of contemporary period in Egypt and
Mesopotamia. The textile crafts made from cotton are living examples of their expertise. Such
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was the glory of the ancient people of Indus valley; perhaps they were the first sedentary
farmers of the world. The richness and wealth of the Indus valley was the greed of the
foreigners. The valley of Indus has always been the cherished goal of the invaders and
conquerors that followed one after another from the northwestern passes through the
mountain ranges. The Aryans, the Iranians, the Graeco-Bactrians, the Parthenians, the Kushans,
the white Huns, Muslims emperors, and Britishers plundered the rich valley of the Indus from
time to time and ruled over the valley and northern India. Entire history of Indus valley reveals
that one invader or another has treaded the present Pakistan. The Muslims of the sub-
continent first tried to shake off a century old rule of British in 1857 and finally succeeded to
drive them away in 1947, and the great valley Indus became part of Pakistan. Pakistan lies
between latitudes 24 degree and 37 degree North and longitudes 61 degree to 76 degree East.
Its surroundings include Iran on the west, Afghanistan on the northwest, Gilgit Agency, Azad
Kashmir and disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir lie on the northeast, India on the east
and the Arabian Sea exists on its south.

Fig 1.1 Indus Basin

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1.3: INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM - IBIS


Today we have the world's marvelous and the largest contiguous irrigation system that
currently irrigates over 16 million hectares of land, out of 34 million hectares of cultivable lands
available. This land lies within the plains formed by river Indus and its tributaries. Britishers
started the barrage irrigation system during 1930s.

In order to fully utilize the river water resources, the IBIS has emerged as the largest contiguous
irrigation system in the world. The IBIS comprises of three large dams, eighty five small dams,
nineteen barrages, twelve inter-river link canals, forty-five canal commands and 0.7 million
tube wells In monetary terms, this network is the biggest infrastructure enterprise of Pakistan
accounting for approximately US$ 300 billion of investment.

Schematic diagram of the Indus Basin irrigation system

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1.4: SALIENT FEATURES


It is world's largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three major reservoirs
(Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki, Marala,
Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi, Sidhnai, Rasul,
Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; and over 107,000 water courses
and millions of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimated
about 585000 Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of watercourses &field channels exceeds 1.62
million Kilometers (over 1.02 million miles).

Catchment area of Indus is most unique in the sense that it contains seven (7) of the world’s
highest peaks after Mount Everest.
Among these include the K2 (28,253 ft), Nanga Parbat (26,600 ft), Rakaposhi (25,552 ft) etc.;
Further to above, seven(7) glaciers situated in the Indus catchment are among the largest in the
world, namely, Siachin, Hispar, Biafo, Baltura, Baltoro, Barpu and Hopper.

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Barrages of Pakistan

Fig. 1.2 showing Rivers and respective Barrages constructed across them

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Salient Features of Barrages in Pakistan

 Barrages Over Indus Ravi


 Tounsa Barrage

Year of Completion 1958


River Indus, 20 km south-
Location
east of Taunsa City
Design Discharge 750,000 cusecs

Length 4,436 ft

No. of Bays 53

No. of Under Sluices 12

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Crest Level -

Off taking Canals 4

 Ghazi Barotha Barrage

Year of Completion 2004

Location River Indus

Design Discharge 500,000 cusecs

Length 170,560 ft

Off taking Canals 1

 Jinnah Barrage

Year of Completion 1946


River Indus, Kalabagh I
Location Mianwali District north-
west of Punjab
Design Discharge 950,000 cusecs

Length 3,360 ft

No. of Bays 42

Off taking Canals 1

 Chashma Barrage

Year of Completion Between 1967-1971


River Indus, 25 km south-
Location
west of Punjab
Design Discharge 11,76,000 cusecs

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Length 3,356 ft

No. of Bays 52

No. of Under Sluices 11

Crest Level -

Off taking Canals 2

Guddu Barrage

Year of Completion 1962


River Indus, Near
Location
Kashmore
Design Discharge 12,00,000 cusecs

Length 3.840 ft

No. of Bays 64

Off taking Canals 5

Sukkur Barrage

Year of Completion 1932


River Indus, Near Sukkur
Location
City
Design Discharge 15,00,000 cusecs

Length 4,490 ft

No. of Bays 54

No. of Under Sluices 12

Crest Level 177

Off taking Canals 7

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 Kotri Barrage

Year of Completion 1955


South-west of Karachi near
Location
Hyderabad
Design Discharge 750,000 cusecs

Length 3000 ft

No. of Bays 44

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 48 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 4

 Barrages Over River Ravi


Balloki Barrage

Year of Completion 1914

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 140,000 cusecs

Length 1,644 ft

No. of Bays 35

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 625 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

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Sidhnai Barrage

Year of Completion 1965

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 167,000 cusecs

Length 712 ft

No. of Bays 15

No. of Under Sluices 4

Crest Level 454 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

 Barrages Over Jhelum River


Mangla Dam

Year of Completion 1967


River Jhelum, 100 km from
Location Islamabad in Azad Kashmir
district
Design Discharge 11,00,000 cusecs

Length 10,300 ft

Off taking Canals 1

Rasool Barrage

Year of Completion 1968


River Jhelum, 72 km from
Location
Mangla Dam
Design Discharge 876,000 cusecs

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Length 3,209 ft

No. of Bays 42

No. of Under Sluices 6

Crest Level 703S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

 Barrages Over Sutlej River


Sulemanki Barrage

Year of Completion 1927

Location River Sutlej

Design Discharge 309,000 cusecs

Length 2,220 ft

No. of Bays 24

No. of Under Sluices 16

Crest Level 560 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 3

Islam Barrage

Year of Completion 1927

Location River Chenab

Design Discharge 300,000 cusecs

Length 1,650 ft

No. of Bays 29

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No. of Under Sluices 4

Crest Level 435.5 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

Mailsi Siphon

Year of Completion 1965

Location River Sutlej, Near Mailsi

Design Discharge 429,000 cusecs

Length 1,601 ft

No. of Bays 24

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 415.5 S.P.D

 Barrages Over Chenab River


Maralla Head Works

Year of Completion 1968


River Chenab, Near Sialkot
Location
City
Design Discharge 11,00,000 cusecs

Length 4,472 ft

No. of Bays 66

No. of Under Sluices 13

Crest Level 800 S.P.D

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Off taking Canals 2

Khanki Head Works

Year of Completion 1889


River Chenab, Gujrat
Location
District
Design Discharge 750,000 cusecs

Length 4,000 ft

No. of Bays 48

No. of Under Sluices 56

Crest Level 726.5-727 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 1

Qadirabad Barrage

Year of Completion 1967


River Chenab, Phalia Tehsil
Location
of Mandi Bahaudin
Design Discharge 900,000 cusecs

Length 3,373 ft

No. of Bays 50

No. of Under Sluices 5

Crest Level 684.5 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 1

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Trimmu Barrage

Year of Completion 1939


25 km from Jhang city on
Location the Confluence of river Ravi
and Chenab
Design Discharge 645,000 cusecs

Length 2,856 ft

No. of Bays 47
Left Portion :5
No. of Under Sluices
Right portion: 6
Main Weir: 477..5
Crest Level
Under Sluice: 472.0 S.P.D
Off taking Canals 3

Punjnad Barrage

Year of Completion 1929

Location River Chenab

Design Discharge 700,000 cusecs

Length 2,856 ft

No. of Bays 47

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 325 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

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 Barrages Over River Ravi


Balloki Barrage

Year of Completion 1914

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 140,000 cusecs

Length 1,644 ft

No. of Bays 35

No. of Under Sluices -

Crest Level 625.5 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

Sidhnai Barrage

Year of Completion 1965

Location River Ravi

Design Discharge 167,000 cusecs

Length 712 ft

No. of Bays 15

No. of Under Sluices 4

Crest Level 454 S.P.D

Off taking Canals 2

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Salient Features of off-taking Canals from the Barrages of Pakistan

Discharge
Year of Area
Barrage Year of at Head
S.No Rivers Completion Irrigated Canals
Names Completion
of Barrage in Km2 (cusecs)

Above Rim Station


1 Amandra Swat 1915 1,557 1. Upper Swat Canal 1915 96
2 Munda Swat 1885 /1917 1. Lower Swat Canal 1885 55
1890 / Warsak Canal (L&R) 1962 14
3 Warsak Kabul
1962 2. Kabul River Canal 1890 13
Below Rim Station
4 Jinnah Indus 1947 26,900 1. Thal Canal 1949 311
Chashma Jhelum
614
5 Chashma Indus 1971 28,317 Link 1970
2. CRBC/Peharpur 142
Taunsa Punjnad Link 1970 340
6 Taunsa Indus 1959 21,237 Muzaffargarh Canal 1959 235
3. D.G. Khan Canal 1959 249
Ghotki Feeder 1962 241
2a. Desert Pat
1962 365
Feeder
7 Guddu Indus 1962 25,485
2b. Pat Feeder
1962 235
Canal
3. Begari Feeder 1962 439
Nara Canal 1932 379
Khairpur East Canal 1932 76
Rohri Canal 1932 317
8 Sukkur Indus 1932 42,475
Khairpur West Canal 1932 54
North West Canal 1932 144
6. Rice Canal 1932 289
Akram Wah (Link
1955 116
Canal)
Fuleli Canal 1955 391
9 Kotri Indus 1954 25,485
Pinyari Canal 1955 408

4. Kalri Canal 1955 255

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Rasul- Qadirabad
1967 538
Link
Lower Jhelum Canal 1901 150
10 Rasul Jhelum 1967 24,069
LJC Feeder 154
4. Rasul Power
101
Canal
Marala Ravi Link 1956 623
11 Marala Chenab 1968 31,148 2. Upper Chenab
1912 467
Canal
1. Lower Chenab
12 Khanki Chenab 1892 29,732
Canal
1892 326
1. Qadirabad –
13 Qadirabad Chenab 1967 25,485 Balloki Link and LCC 1967 527
Feeder
Trimmu Sidhnai Link 1965 311
14 Trimmu Chenab 1939 18,406 Haveli Canal 1939 183
3. Rangpur Canal 1939 77
Balloki Sulemanki
1954 524
Link
15 Balloki Ravi 1965 63,712
2. Lower Bari Doab
1913 198
Canal
Sidhnai Mailsi Link 1965 286
Sidhnai
16 Ravi 1965 4,709 Mailsi Bahawal Link 1965 110
(New)
3. Sidhnai Canal 1886 127
Eastern Sadiqia
1927 139
Canal
17 Sulemanki Sutlej 1928 9,911 Fodwah Canal 1927 95
3. Upper Pakpattan
1927 169
Canal
U & L Bahawal Canal 1927 132
18 Islam Sutlej 1928 10,987
2. Qaim Canal 1927 213
Punjnad Canal 1335 231
19 Punjnad Chenab 1932
Abbasia Canal 1338 65
Ghazi 1. Ghazi Barotha
20 Indus 2002
Power Channel
2002 132
Barrage

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Refrences
http://uetblogs.com/groups/civil-engineers/

http://www.tbl.com.pk/

http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/

http://www.wapda.gov.pk/

http://www.scribd.com/

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