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Abstract— We consider Vertical Bell Laboratories Layered one sub channel, which means no advantage is provided by a
Space-Time (V-BLAST) systems in correlated multiple-input MIMO system [6].
multiple-output (MIMO) Nakagami-m fading channels with In wireless communication scenario, due to the presence of
equal power allocated to each transmit antenna and also we the physical object in the signal propagation path, such as
consider that the channel state information (CSI) is available
trees, buildings, the signals get polluted by some physical
only at the receiver. Now for practical application, study of the
VBLAST MIMO system in correlated environment is necessary. phenomenon such as absorption, reflection, refraction,
In this paper, we present a detailed study of the channel capacity diffraction, and scattering etc. [7]. Channel fading effect
in correlated and uncorrelated channel condition and also severely degrades the communication system performance.
validated the result with appropriate mathematical relation. More distinctively removal of fast fading effect is more
decisive for the system performance and can be solved by
Keywords— BLAST, CSI, Capacity, SNR, MMSE, ZF. exploiting the diversity technique. Lots of research work has
been carried out to study the behavior of wireless
I. INTRODUCTION communication systems over different fading models specially
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have Rayleigh and Rician fading. However, in this paper, we have
established the potential for increased capacity by exploiting studied the Nakagami distribution as Nakagami-m fading
the spatial properties of the multi-path, without requiring channel represents various fading condition in wireless
additional bandwidth [1]. Lots of research has been carried out channel [7] [8]. This wide range of distribution can be realized
towards the enhancement of spectral efficiency and the by varying fading index m. It becomes the Rayleigh
solution that came out as the practical model to obtain large distribution when m = 1 and for m > 1 the Rician fading can
spectral efficiency leading to the Bell Laboratories Layered be closely approximated by Nakagami-m fading model. Also,
space–time (BLAST) architecture [2]. it becomes the one-sided Gaussian distribution (m → 0.5), and
It was shown in [1] that MIMO channels, whereby multiple Nakagami-m distribution covers no fading channel as m goes
antennas are employed at both the transmitter and receiver, to infinity [9] [10]. So analysis of Nakagami channel is very
offer large gains in capacity over single-input–single-output important.
(SISO) channels [3] and also one of the important techniques In the case of outdoor rich scattering environment, due to
used to exploit the spatial diversity in a rich scattering the presence of scatters there will be correlated fading at the
environment in order to improve the spectral efficiency both ends. Based on this, we consider the MIMO single user
[4].The capacity increases linearly with the number of case with correlated receive and correlated transmit antennas.
antennas, provided that the channel gain coefficients are And also we have analyzed the MIMO system performance
independent identically distributed complex Gaussian based on the channel capacity with the linear receiver such as
variables [5]. Because of this highly required potential, from ZF, MMSE at the receiver side.
the perspective of the today’s wireless communication
scenario, MIMO technology has been introduced in 802.16,
3GP project for mobile communication. However, in a real II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
world scenario, spatial correlation occurs due to poor
scattering or limited angular spread and insufficient antenna We consider a MIMO antenna system with N t transmitting
spacing. Therefore, sub channels between the pairs of
transmit-receive antennas are not independent; rather those antenna and N r receiving antennas. The received signal y can
sub channels are spatially correlated. This can cause the be represented by
channel capacity of MIMO systems reduce significantly. In Y=Hx+ n ----- (1)
case of a fully correlated MIMO system, it virtually provides Where the transmit symbols vector x satisfies, and
E xx Q and n is the N r 1 additive white Gaussian
noise vector. The vector H represents the slowly varying flat Therefore,
fading channels for the wireless transmission. The channel is
assumed to be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d)
SNR.H H H
and which follows a Nakagami –m fading probability CMMSE log2
distribution function (pdf). Let γ represent the instantaneous
SNR and for Nakagami fading channel it can be defined as
H 1
1 I Nr SNR.H H SNR
2
which can be defined [11] by
SNR.R RXGGH R TX ------ (6)
m CMMSE log2
P ()
2 m m1 m
exp , 0 ----- (2)
1 I SNR.R GGH R 1 SNR2
Nr RX TX
(m)
The capacity difference of a MIMO system with MMSE and
ZF receiver can be written as
As in [12] the sub-channel capacity of a MIMO system with a
ZF linear receiver can be defined as C MMSE C ZF
1 SNR
1
log2 SNR log2 1 INr SNR.R RXGGHR TX SNR2
C ZF log 2
HHH 1
log2 SNR (R RXGGHR TX )1
----- (3) ------ (7)
Now from [13], we have
H H H R RX1/ 2 GR TX H / 2 .R
H
RX
1/ 2
GR TX H / 2 Now, analyze the effect of the channel correlation on the
MIMO system with the MMSE and ZF receiver.
H/2 1/ 2
R RX H
G R TX R RX1 / 2 GR TX H / 2 The Channel capacity of a MIMO system with ZF receiver
R RX GG H R TX ------ (4) in uncorrelated and correlated channel condition is given
below.
Where RTX and RRX represents the correlation matrices for
the transmitter and the receiver side. The spatial correlation
between the transmit antennas (RTX) is assumed to be
C ZFUNCor log 2 1
SNR
log 2 1 SNR. G H G ---- (8)
independent from the correlation between the receive antennas
H 1
G G
(RRX). Here G is independent and identically distributed
C ZFCor log 2 1 SNR G H G R RX R TX ---- (9)
complex Gaussian zero mean unit variance elements.
Therefore C ZF can be written as x 2 x3
Now log(1 x ) x .........
2 3
SNR Using the above relation equations (8) and (9) can be
C ZF log 2 1
G H
GR RX R TX1
expressed as given below
log 2 1 SNR G H GR RX R TX ----- (5)
CZFUNCor SNR. GHG 1
SNR. GHG
(SNR2 ).... ---- (10)
2
C ZFCor SNR G H G R RX R TX
The sub-channel capacity of a MIMO system with MMSE
linear receiver [12] can be defined as
SNR G H G R RX R TX ---- (11)
C MMSE log 2
1 1 (SNR 2 )........
1 2
I
N r SNR . HH
H
Therefore,
For high SNR
SNR GHGRRXRTX
RRXRTX 1
(SNR2)....
I Nr SNR.H H H
1 CZFCor
CZFUNCor
SNR GHG
2
---- (12)
1 (SNR2)......
2
= SNR.H H H
1
I N r SNR .H H H
2
SNR 3 1 for very low correlated channel
1 for fully correlated channel.
= SNR .H H H 1
1 I N r SNR .H H H 1
SNR 2
The Channel capacity of a MIMO system with MMSE
receiver in uncorrelated and correlated channel condition is
given below.
For large SNR antennas in the transmitter and receiver side and also the
C MMSE UNCor
log 2 SNR . G G H
capacity difference for MMSE receiver and ZF receiver
---- (13) increases with the increase in the diversity order.
log 2 1 I N (SNR . G G ) (SNR ) H 1 2
1 0
C MMSE C MMSE log 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
UNCor Cor 2
R RX R TX SPATIAL CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
(SNR G H G R
log 2 RX R TX ) I N
Fig. 2. Channel capacity vs. Spatial correlation coefficient curves in the
H
R RX R TX SNR . G G I N Nakagami channel (m=1) with MMSE and ZF receiver.
ZF; m=0.5
8x8; ZF MMSE; m=0.5
20 4x4; MMSE ZF; m=1.0
8 MMSE; m=1.0
ZF; m=3.0
C A P A C IT Y (b /s /H z )
15 MMSE;m=3.0
6
10
5
4
0 2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR (dB)
Fig. 1. Channel capacity vs. SNR curves in the Nakagami channel (m=3) with
MMSE and ZF receiver. 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR (dB)
Above figure 1 depicts the channel capacity variation with
Fig. 3. Channel capacity vs. SNR curves in the Nakagami channel with
SNR for un-correlated Nakagani-m channel (m=3) with MMSE and ZF receiver.
MMSE and ZF receiver. The figure shows the improvements
in the channel capacity with the increase in the number of
0.8
f(x )
0.5
0.6
F(x)
0 0.4
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 4x4;ZF;m=1;Rx corr. coff=0.2
4x4;MMSE;m=1;Rx corr. coff=0.2
Cumulative Distribution Function
0.2 8x8;ZF;m=1;Rx corr. coff=0.2
1
8x8;MMSE;m=1;Rx corr. coff=0.2
m=3;Corr. Coff=0.5 0
m=3;Corr. Coff=0.5 -10 0 10 20 30 40
F (x )
REFERENCES [7] Li Tang and Zhu Hongbo, “Analysis and Simulation of Nakagami
Fading Channel with MATLAB”, CEEM-2003, China, Nov. 4-7,2003.
pp. 490-494.
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