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IEC, the International Electrotechnical Commission covers the large majority of technologies that apply to energy storage, such
as pumped storage, batteries, supercapacitors and flywheels.
More information about the work IEC does in electrical energy storage (EES) can be found in the following White Papers:
Electrical Energy Storage, analyzes the role of energy storage in electricity use
and identifies all available technologies. It summarizes present and future market
needs for EES technologies, reviews their technological features, and finally presents
recommendations for all EES stakeholders.
www.iec.ch/whitepaper/energystorage
www.iec.ch/whitepaper/gridintegration
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REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE
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REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE
Fuel cells are being introduced in the automotive sector (Photo: Hyundai)
with industrial processes to produce which are capable of being operated of the application, this represents a
substances such as ammonia, chlorine directly as both power generators promising area for standardization.
and steel. It is also used in the refining and power storing devices simply by A generic system approach is
of fossil fuels as well as in the food inverting polarity, has prompted IEC advisable (power in, power out, by-
industry. Technical Committee (TC) 105: Fuel product heat and grid connections) for
cell technologies, to look into the need industry use. It should be noted that
The electrochemical production of for standardizing developments in this power-to-gas-to-power systems could
hydrogen has enormous potential for direction. combine different FC technologies
the profitable matching of large-scale for hydrogen and power generation,
renewable energy generation and but a specific task on test procedure
economic development. Although Bringing FC and electrolysis development for reversing FCs needs
it requires the hydrogen handling operation standardization together to be undertaken as this currently
infrastructure to be set up, the use of The present standardization work constitutes a gap in the standardization
fuel cell systems in reversing mode on FC and electrolysis operation portfolio.
for alternating power storage and does not yet cover reversing FCs.
power generation within a unique Similarly, systems designed to meet
system boundary is a readily available power storage and power generation FC-based reversing power storage
engineering solution to the issues needs within a unique solution – even and generation systems already
currently connected with distributed if composed of separate FC and deployed
energy management. Furthermore, electrolysis modules – are not Across the world, industries are
the interesting prospect of using currently within the mantle of already demonstrating systems
high-temperature, solid oxide cells standardization. Given the potential based on FCs for the reversing
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REVERSE MODE FUEL CELLS FOR ENERGY STORAGE
storage and generation of renewable using FC modules in reverse mode. energy storage systems using fuel cell
power. In Japan, Toshiba has had IEC TC 105 ad hoc Group (ahG) 6 modules in reverse mode, are:
a system for buffering solar PV in will be responsible for this,
operation since April 2015 (polymer encompassing the prenormative IEC 62282-8-101, Solid oxide single
electrolyte membrane, or PEM, activities on the definition and cell and stack performance including
electrolyzer, hydrogen storage and validation of testing and reversing operation
PEMFC at throughputs of 1-2,5 m3/h characterization procedures of
of hydrogen). In Germany, Sunfire is these modules being carried out in IEC 62282-8-102, PEM single cell and
developing reversing (or regenerative) the European collaborative project stack performance including reversing
solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) SOCTESQA (Solid Oxide Cell and operation
systems of 10-500 kWe. In addition stack Testing and Quality Assurance,
IEC 62282-8-20, Power-to-power
to these, FuelCell Energy is ramping supported by the Fuel Cells and
systems performance
up SOFC/SOEC (SOEC = solid oxide Hydrogen Joint Undertaking).
electrolyzer cell) installations for
The call for experts for these projects
energy storage in the US and, in The objective is to develop
is open. The project leaders are
Italy, ElectroPower Systems has performance test methods for
Dr Stephen McPhail (Italy) for
already deployed a significant power storage and buffering systems
IEC 62282-8-101, Prof Hongmei Yu
number of PEM-based systems based on electrochemical modules (China) for IEC 62282-8-102 and
for remote, off grid, constant (combining electrolysis and fuel cells, Dr Tsuneji Kameda (Japan) for
powering of telecom masts with PV in particular reversing fuel cells), IEC 62282-8-201.
hybridization. taking into consideration the
options of both re-electrification The convenor of AHG 6 is Stephen
and substance (and heat) production McPhail, assisted by Dr Kazuo Shibata
IEC leads standardization work for the sustainable integration of (Japan) as Secretary.
The IEC is keeping abreast of this renewable energy sources.
rapidly evolving scenario, and TC 105 Target dates for the first Committee
has approved new work proposals The proposed Standards which are Drafts and finalized International
for the development of International considered the most important and Standards are the end of 2016
Standards on energy storage systems will come under IEC 62282-8 for and mid-2019, respectively.
Boeing's fuel cell energy storage system uses a technology called a “reversible solid oxide fuel cell” to store energy from renewable resources
(Photo: Boeing via UAS Vision)
5
FUN WITH CHEMISTRY
David Appleyard firm Poyry: “These are auspicious and industrial (C&I) energy storage
Battery technology has always evolved times for storage. Batteries actually industry is expected to reach
to meet consumer demand and today a seem to be coming to the fore, and USD 10,8 billion by 2025, from less
host of new markets are opening up for I think are coming to the fore in than USD 1 billion in 2016.
energy storage applications. Electric part because of the crossover from
vehicles and increasing renewable developing electric cars. So costs are As Alex Eller, research analyst with
energy capacity are among the key coming down enormously”. Navigant Research, explains: “Despite
drivers prompting research into a early challenges, global C&I energy
range of different chemical families. IEC Technical Committee (TC) 21: storage system power capacity
The goal is the development of low- Secondary cells and batteries, deployments are expected to grow
cost, long-life, energy dense and high develops International Standards for from 499,4 MW in 2016 to 9,1 GW
power batteries that can energize our all secondary cells and batteries, in 2025”.
future low-carbon world. irrespective of type and chemistries
(i.e. lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel- A major driver of the demand for
based) or application (i.e. portable, increased energy storage capacity
stationary, traction, electric vehicles or has been the high penetration of
Everywhere from pocket to grid
aircraft). They cover all aspects such variable output renewables, particularly
The cellular telephone in our pocket
as safety, performance and dimensions wind and solar photovoltaic (PV). As
constitutes one tiny part of the
and labelling, a new battery technology. an example, in 2013, regulators in
world’s biggest consumer of battery
Chemistry for flow batteries – another California in the USA, which has a
technology – portable electronics.
potential candidate for large-scale significant proportion of renewables,
electrochemical energy storage – mandated the state’s three major
Mobiles, tablets and laptops are a
is now part of the TC's remit. utilities – Pacific Gas and Electric,
massive market, but while the lithium-
Southern California Edison and San
or nickel-based battery within may Diego Gas & Electric – to procure
power that latest gizmo, it does not Big batteries, big business collectively 1 325 MW of energy
necessarily represent the latest in Big batteries are expected to become storage by 2020, with installation
battery technology development. big business. Just how big is indicated by the end of 2024.
Designed to supply just milliwatts of from a recent report by US-based
power, ideally for a period of several analysis firm Navigant which concludes And in February this year, AES UK &
days, with a focus on light weight and that annual revenue for the commercial Ireland commissioned its Advancion
sustained low output, such technology
is not necessarily ideal for most of
today’s emerging battery applications.
This is a point echoed by Phil Hare, Johnson 48V lithium-ion battery for so-called mild hybrid vehicles (Photo: Thomas Content,
management consultant with analysis Milwaukee Wisconsin Journal Sentinel)
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FUN WITH CHEMISTRY
7
FUN WITH CHEMISTRY
8
TC WORK UNDERPINS MOBILE AND STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE
Morand Fachot Li-ion (lithium-ion) chemistry, which rechargeable sealed lead-acid starter
In recent years consumers have offers the key advantage of being batteries, increasingly of the valve-
benefited from the introduction of able to store large amounts of energy regulated type (VRLA).
countless mobile and wearable IT and in comparatively light, compact and
consumer electronics (CE) devices purpose-made packages. However, International Standards for batteries
and systems. Meanwhile, public and while these batteries may provide used in automotive applications,
individual means of transportation a reliable power supply, they can including "for the propulsion of
everywhere are increasingly relying on no longer keep up with the growing electric road vehicles" are developed
electric drives and storage for part or demands placed on them in their by IEC TC 21 and its Subcommittee
all of their propulsion systems. Large current form. (SC) 21A: Secondary cells and
stationary energy storage is another batteries containing alkaline or other
area where batteries are playing a non-acid electrolytes.
growing role. Standardization work New trends in automotive
by IEC Technical Committee (TC) 21: applications As car manufacturers are striving to
Secondary cells and batteries, is Although attention has been focusing manufacture cars that will meet tighter
central to future advances in all on storage for mobile applications for emission laws in many countries and
energy storage domains. a few years, trend in the automotive regions from 2025-2030, some are now
sector are no less interesting. prioritizing so-called 48 V mild hybrids
as an interim solution before achieving
EVs rely extensively too on Li-ion pure electrification of vehicles. Mild
Different applications, similar batteries, but may use also nickel- hybridization relies on lithium-ion
restricting issues metal hydride batteries. As for vehicles batteries and consists in adapting
As IT and CE mobile and wearable powered by internal combustion 48 V devices and interconnects to
devices employ ever more advanced engines (ICEs), they depend on existing ICE powertrains.
processors, displays and audio
systems and offer connectivity to
an ever growing range of wireless
networks and other devices, they are
becoming more and more power hungry.
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TC WORK UNDERPINS MOBILE AND STATIONARY ENERGY STORAGE
10
TACKLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FROM THE START
Morand Fachot to the introduction of more energy other renewable sources. Modern
Energy Efficiency represents the efficient equipment and systems in hydro turbines can convert 90% of
biggest source of untapped energy in industry, buildings, transport and all available energy into electricity.
the world and, by helping slowing down consumer goods.
final energy consumption, one of the IEC TC 4, established in 1913,
main contributors in the reduction of
develops International Standards for
noxious gases emissions. Improved
Generation first… hydraulic turbines. IEC TC 4 develops
electrical Energy Efficiency is made
EEE starts with energy generation, and maintains publications that assess
possible by standardization work
the conversion of primary energy the “hydraulic performance of
performed by many IEC Technical
(from hydropower, fossil fuels, nuclear, hydraulic turbines, storage pumps
Committees (TCs) and starts with
renewables, such as wind, solar, marine and pump-turbines.” Hydropower
electricity generation, distribution
or geothermal sources) into electricity. installations are robust and reliable
and storage.
but they need rehabilitation after 30
Hydropower was the first source of to 50 years of operation. IEC TC 4
electricity, it represents now some works on a new edition of a Standard
15% of electricity production in OECD that deals with the various options
Covering all areas
countries, which is 75% more than to increase power and efficiency in
Energy intensity, the measure of
the share of electricity generated by rehabilitation projects.
energy consumption per unit of
gross domestic product (GDP),
can be an imperfect indicator [1] of
energy efficiency in general. In recent
years, despite relatively low energy
prices, energy intensity has improved
greatly, contributing significantly to a
slowdown in energy-related emissions
of greenhouse gases (GHG), CO2 in
particular.
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TACKLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FROM THE START
Burning fossil fuels – coal or oil – in more EE systems and in improving the new technologies and systems or
thermal power plants is the second EE of existing ones. These TCs include: improving existing ones.
oldest form of generating electricity.
The share of electricity generated from • IEC TC 82: Solar photovoltaic Electrical energy produced by power
fossil fuels was 67% in 2014, according energy systems, which develops plants in medium (MV 20 000 V) or low
to the IEA. A significant amount also International Standards (LV 1 000 V) voltage is elevated to HV
of primary energy is wasted in the for various measurements and (up to 400 kV) by a step-up substation
conversion of fossil fuels into electricity performance parameters of PV before being transmitted across long
in thermal plants (up to 60-65%). devices. distances by high-tension power lines.
One way of reducing waste is • IEC TC 88: Wind energy generation A step-down station converts HV to
to recover waste heat in generate in systems, prepares, for instance, MV to transport it to feed MV or LV
cogeneration Combined Heat International Standards “for power transformers for use by households,
Power (CHP) installations to use in performance measurements of factories, commercial buildings, etc.
industry or for urban heating systems. electricity producing wind turbines”. The efficiency of large transformers in
• In wind power generation, step-up and step-down substations
Thermal power plants use steam drivetrain, voltage optimization, use is very high and can reach 99%. The
turbines to convert heat and steam of high voltage direct current (HVDC efficiency of MV and LV transformers
into power. International Standards for – IEC TC 115) and advanced may range between 90% and 98%.
steam turbines, which are used also control systems (IEC TC 57) IEC TC 14 develops International
in nuclear power plants, geothermal contribute to EEE. Standards for power transformers.
installations, solar thermal electric and • IEC TC 114: Marine energy – Wave,
CHP plants are developed by IEC TC 5. tidal and other water current Losses in cables are higher than in
converters, is a recent IEC TC, but transformers, but EE is improving
IEC TC 2: Rotating machinery, develops the potential of harnessing marine there as well. IEC TC 20 develops
International Standards for rotating energy is very promising. Much and maintains International standards
electrical machines, including motors, of the work of this TC focuses on for electric cables and incorporates
used, for instance in “generators driven power performance assessment of improved efficiency and durability in
by steam turbines or combustion gas these converters. its maintenance procedure. Ultra high
turbines”. This work includes aspects • IEC TC 117: Solar thermal electric voltage (HUV) distribution of both DC
aimed at improving the EE of motors. plants, also covers a fairly recent and alternating current (AC) is seen
area, which is fast expanding and as allowing the EE transmission of
Renewable sources are set to play showinga significant potential. power generated by renewable energy
a central role in Electrical Energy sources in sites far away from the main
Efficiency (EEE) efforts, by reducing load centres, e.g. in offshore wind
the share of fossil fuels. All IEC …followed by distribution farms, large hydro power plants or
TCs involved in renewable sources Electricity distribution is also an area large solar installations in deserts with
installations work on developing new where EE is addressed by developing acceptably low transmission losses.
Upper and lower basin of Limberg II pumped storage plant, Austria (Photo: Voith)
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TACKLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY FROM THE START
13
SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Peter Feuilherade sectors like energy, lighting, transport A report published in October 2016 by
In hundreds of Smart City projects and water management. the International Renewable Energy
around the world, governments, Agency (IRENA) noted that cities
municipalities and private stakeholders Separate market studies in 2016 by account for 65% of global energy
are investing in Smart Grids, open data consultancy firms Technavio and Frost use and 70% of man‑made carbon
platforms and networked transport & Sullivan estimate that the overall emissions. This makes optimizing
systems to meet the challenges value of the global Smart Cities market energy consumption a fundamental
of environmental sustainability, will grow to between USD 1 400‑1 500 objective of a Smart City.
population growth and urbanization. billion in 2020. Asia-Pacific and Europe
are expected to dominate the market IRENA’s director‑general Adnan Z.
because of government initiatives to Amin believes that renewable sources
accelerate Smart City development. can meet most of the energy needs of
Smart Cities drivers commercial and residential buildings
The continuing influx of people to in cities “either in a centralized
cities, especially in Asia, Africa and IEC Standards promote integration way (i.e. delivering renewables
Latin America, is predicted to add Electricity and electronics are sourced elsewhere to buildings via
2,5 billion people to the world’s urban indispensable for the operation of the energy distribution networks) or in a
population by 2050. myriad interconnected services in decentralized way (i.e. through solar
Smart Cities and buildings. thermal collectors and solar PV panels
The primary drivers of Smart Cities are located at the site where energy is
operational efficiency, cost reduction Many IEC Technical Committees (TCs) needed)”.
and environmental sustainability. Smart and Subcommittees (SCs) coordinate
technologies have been most evident in on the development of International Energy research analysts at Technavio
Standards for the broad range of have identified the top three trends
electrotechnical systems, equipment driving the global energy‑efficient
and applications used to build and building market as increased
maintain Smart Cities and smart government support and investments,
buildings, with an emphasis on safety rising energy prices and reductions in
and interoperability. emission levels of greenhouse gases.
The IEC White Paper, Orchestrating The IEC Systems Committee on Smart
infrastructure for sustainable Smart Energy (SyC Smart Energy) aims to
Cities, stresses that cities can create one international platform for a
only achieve economic, social and comprehensive portfolio of efficient and
environmental sustainability by easy-to-use Standards that can
integrating their infrastructures and be used by any project working on
services to improve urban efficiencies. smart energy. The work of SyC
Smart Energy includes wide
There are hundreds of IEC International consultation within the IEC community
Standards that enable the integration and a broader group of external
of smart solutions for energy, buildings stakeholders, in the areas of smart
and homes, lighting and mobility. energy and Smart Grid, also including
heat and gas.
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SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Microgrids
A new generation of low‑carbon
microgrids is changing the ways
in which densely populated cities
design and operate utility systems
using the concept of locally generated
and consumed energy. Microgrids
allow predictive maintenance and are
particularly promising for ensuring
resilience in the energy demands
of cities.
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SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IoT devices and sensors to improve different vendors and across varied Researchers at the University of
infrastructure, public utilities and applications, in order to unleash the California Los Angeles (UCLA) have
services, as well as for predictive full potential of the IoT. developed transparent solar panels
analytics. In Malaga and Madrid, for that can be mounted on the windows
example, environmental sensors fitted As the IoT expands, so does the need of buildings in order to capture more
to bicycles and post carts monitor air for robust cybersecurity protection sunlight than traditional roof-mounted
pollution, uploading data to a publicly- against malicious attacks on IoT- panels.
accessible web portal. And London connected devices, applications and
is just one of many cities trying to networks. This was demonstrated Another innovation is a small, ultra-
alleviate urban traffic congestion by in October 2016 when hackers used light wind turbine built into a building
enabling drivers to quickly locate software connected to tens of millions or other urban structure. These are
parking spaces and pay for them via of commonly-used devices like already in use or undergoing trials
smartphone apps, without having to webcams to launch a Distributed around the world, from the Eiffel Tower
carry cash. Denial of Service attack (DDoS) in in Paris to Bahrain’s World Trade
the US which blocked some of the Centre and the Pearl River Tower in
Intelligent lighting, too, can serve world’s most popular websites for Guangzhou, China.
as enabling technology for a range several hours. The IEC is developing
of IoT uses beyond illumination, Standards and working on The falling costs of sensors, controllers
as manufacturers embed video conformity assessment related to and gateways will see the IoT gain
cameras, acoustic sensors and data cybersecurity. further traction in the smart buildings
communications capabilities into LED market, especially among owners of
fixtures and bulbs. small and medium‑sized buildings.
Self-learning buildings
The IEC White Paper entitled A European consortium is developing In these and many associated areas,
Internet of Things: Wireless Sensor ways to enable self‑learning buildings the work of the IEC on standardization
Networks surveys the role of wireless to use wireless sensor technology and conformity assessment as
sensor networks in the evolution of and data mining methods to increase a fundamental principle in the
the IoT. It also highlights the need for their energy efficiency over time development of future Smart City
Standards to achieve interoperability by anticipating and meeting their technology is set to play a
among wireless sensor networks from occupants’ needs. central role.
16
ISSUE
SMART CITIES TO BOOST ENERGY FOCUS
EFFICIENCY
17
ABOUT THE IEC
18
FURTHER INFORMATION
Further information
Please visit the IEC website at Asia Pacific IEC Conformity Assessment
www.iec.ch for further information. Systems
In the “About the IEC” section, you IEC-APRC − Asia-Pacific —
can contact your local IEC National Regional Centre IECEE / IECRE
Committee directly. Alternatively, 2 Bukit Merah Central #15-04/05 c/o IEC − International Electrotechnical
please contact the IEC Central Office Singapore 159835 Commission
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IEC work for energy storage: 2017-02(en)
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