HEALING EARTH

“BURN FAT NOT OIL”

Created By:

Graciella Nadila 158114016

Claresta Sartika 158114023

Nadia Chandra 158114025

Faculty of Pharmacy
Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta University
2017
A. Introduction
Air pollution is one such form that refers to the contamination of
the air, irrespective of indoors or outside. A physical, biological or
chemical alteration to the air in the atmosphere can be termed as
pollution. It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into the
atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and humans to
survive as the air becomes dirty. It is a complicated problem with many
causes and effects and few solutions. Reducing air pollution and its
effects will require the cooperation of people everywhere.
There are many causes of Air Pollutions, such as: First, Burning
of Fossil Fuels: Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels
like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause
of air pollution. Pollution emitting from vehicles including trucks, jeeps,
cars, trains, airplanes cause immense amount of pollution. We rely on
them to fulfill our daily basic needs of transportation. But, there overuse
is killing our environment as dangerous gases are polluting the
environment. Carbon Monooxide caused by improper or incomplete
combustion and generally emitted from vehicles is another major
pollutant along with Nitrogen Oxides, that is produced from both natural
and man-made processes.
Second, Agricultural activities: Ammonia is a very common by
product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most
hazardous gases in the atmosphere. Use of insecticides, pesticides and
fertilizers in agricultural activities has grown quite a lot. They emit
harmful chemicals into the air and can also cause water pollution.
Third, Exhaust from factories and industries: Manufacturing
industries release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the
quality of air. Manufacturing industries can be found at every corner of
the earth and there is no area that has not been affected by it. Petroleum
refineries also release hydrocarbons and various other chemicals that
pollute the air and also cause land pollution.
Fourth, Mining operations: Mining is a process wherein minerals
below the earth are extracted using large equipments. During the process
dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air pollution.
This is one of the reason which is responsible for the deteriorating health
conditions of workers and nearby residents.
Fifth, Indoor air pollution: Household cleaning products, painting
supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution. Have you
ever noticed that once you paint walls of your house, it creates some sort
of smell which makes it literally impossible for you to breathe.
Air pollution can further be classified into two sections, visible air
pollution and invisible air pollution. Another way of looking at Air
pollution could be any substance that holds the potential to hinder the
atmosphere or the well-being of the living beings surviving in it. The
sustainment of all things living is due to a combination of gases that
collectively form the atmosphere; the imbalance caused by the increase or
decrease of the percentage of these gases can be harmful for survival.
The Ozone layer considered crucial for the existence of the
ecosystems on the planet is depleting due to increased pollution. Global
warming, a direct result of the increased imbalance of gases in the
atmosphere has come to be known as the biggest threat and challenge that
the contemporary world has to overcome in a bid for survival.
Primarily air pollutants can be caused by primary sources or
secondary sources. The pollutants that are a direct result of the process
can be called primary pollutants. A classic example of a primary pollutant
would be the sulfur-dioxide emitted from factories. Secondary pollutants
are the ones that are caused by the inter mingling and reactions of primary
pollutants. Smog created by the interactions of several primary pollutants
is known to be as secondary pollutant.
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is
warming Earth. Though living things emit carbon dioxide when they
breathe, carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when
associated with cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities that
involve the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. In the
past 150 years, such activities have pumped enough carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they have been for hundreds
of thousands of years.
Pollutants from cars contribute to various types of air pollution.
Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons are released when
fuel is burned in an internal combustion engine and when air/fuel
residuals are emitted through the vehicle tailpipe. Gasoline vapors also
escape into the atmosphere during refueling and when fuel vaporizes from
engines and fuel systems caused by vehicle operation or hot weather.
When hydrocarbons and NOx combine in sunlight, they produce
ozone. High in the atmosphere, ozone protects us from the sun’s
ultraviolet rays. When holes occur in the atmosphere's ozone layer it
allows ozone to come closer to Earth, and it contributes to smog and
causes respiratory problems.
Today, technological developments are increasing rapidly,
including in the field of transportation. Progress of transportation
equipment is very supportive of the smoothness and comfort of humans
on the move. Much human activity depends on the progress of
transportation, such as cars, motorcycles, trains, planes, and ships.
However, in addition to beneficial aspects, the development of
transportation means also have a negative impact. Motor vehicle fumes
cause air pollution. It turns out that the biggest contributor to air pollution
in Indonesia comes from the transportation sector up to 70%. If examined
more deeply, 90% cause air pollution comes from land transportation.
Motor vehicles are also one of the factors that cause greenhouse
effect and climate change. Motor vehicles using fuel oil can produce gas
emissions that can cause air pollution and even gas emissions generated
by motor vehicles can lead to depletion of the ozone layer. In addition,
motor vehicle fumes may also interfere with the human respiratory
system and the photosynthesis process of plants.
To prevent environmental pollution caused by motor vehicles, then
we can do several things, namely:
1. If the distance traveled is not too far, then we can use the bike or
walk for our daily activities. In addition, by using a bicycle or on
foot then we can save costs because we do not need to spend on fuel
oil for vehicles.
2. If the distance traveled medium to far (more than 3 kilometers),
then we can use public transportation, such as buses, trains, and so
on. The goal is to reduce the volume of vehicles and the resulting
gas emissions every day.
3. Establish a three in one system, this is done to reduce the user of
four-wheeled vehicles, because this system requires at least three
people in one vehicle. If this system is not enforced, then the
vehicle volume will increase.
4. We can also do car free day program, which aims to reduce the use
of four-wheeled vehicles, because most vehicles in the city are
dominated by four-wheeled vehicles. So by car free day, then we
can reduce the air pollution generated by four-wheeled vehicles.
B. Discussion
 See
Air pollutants emitted from cars are believed to cause cancer and
contribute to such problems as asthma, heart disease, birth defects and eye
irritation. Emissions from cars increase the levels of carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Jakarta was rated as having the world’s second worst air pollution
after Mexico City in the 1980s and 90s. At that time Jakarta had high
levels of lead, ozone and carbon dioxides but had relatively low levels of
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Levels of particles of smoke in
Asian cities (micrograms per cubic meter from 1987 to 1990): Calcutta
(400); Beijing (380); Jakarta (280); Hong Kong (120); Bangkok (100);
Manila (95); Tokyo (50), are compared to New York (60). Jakarta doesn’t
rate as high in air pollution ranking as it once did, not so much because
conditions in Jakarta have improved but rather because other cities around
the globe have gotten worse. The pollution of Jakarta and its satellite cities
is expected to grow to 37 million tons in the year 2015 (Hays, 2013).
Day by day, Jakarta's air pollution keeps increasing. There are too
much source of Jakarta's air pollution. It is so obvious during peak hours,
when we leave for and from work. One of the biggest source is the use of
private cars. We should use more public transport and stop the use of
private vehicle to cause less pollution and make earth clean. It’s better to
use public vehicles rather than use personal cars to make the earth a better
place to live.
Fortunately, Trans Jakarta now uses the Euro V and VI emission
standard, so it's a bit better. Yes, that is the emission standard adopted by
the European Union (EU) countries that have been in effect since 1988 as
Euro 0. The more stringent calculations began to be mandated in 1992
with Euro I. Then EU gradually tightened the rules to Euro II (1996)
standard, Euro III (2000), Euro IV (2005), Euro V (2009), and Euro VI
(2014). The goal is to explain the pollutant products generated by motor
vehicles. Comparative, there is an Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) of this standard applied by the automotive industry in the United
States. However, many manufacturers are oriented to the Euro standard.
All these provisions apply vehicle emissions containing many
substances for humans and the environment. For example carbon dioxide
(CO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), to volatile hydro
carbon (VHC) and the number of other particles.
 For example, CO2 levels on Euro IV-V emission standards are
limited to 1.5. While VHC on EURO V is limited out 2 percent of exhaust
gases, and NOx 0.46.

 Judge
Car free day is an event where people are not using motor-engine
vehicle and using bike or walk instead. In Indonesia, some cities already
make their own car free day such as Jakarta, Bandung, and Yogyakarta.
Usually, it was on the weekend. People can enjoy their day with sports
such as biking or jogging. Some advantages of Car Free Day are:
1. Reduce traffic jam
If every person travel with their own vehicle, it will create traffic jam
and road pack. It is good to use public transport, so that everyone will
not stuck on the traffic jam.
2. Shorten your journey
Some of the transportation shortens your journey time by avoiding
congested roads and taking more direct routes offered by infrastructure
such as railway lines.
3. Enjoy the nature
No use of Cars and personal vehicle means less pollution of noise and
sound which can be save earth from noise pollution. In addition, you
can hear voice of birds and various animals and can feel the nature.
4. Save your money
Using Car means lots of spending money like fuels, repairing and
maintenance cost etc. So save your money by using public transport
and also live with less tension and stress free life.
 Action, Ethical Value, and Spiritual Value
Car Free Day is a free international event celebrated every
September 22 in which people are encouraged to get around without
driving alone in cars and instead ride a train, bus, bicycle, carpool,
vanpool, subway, or walk. Car Free Day is organized in various cities
throughout the world in different ways, but with the common goal of
reducing the number of cars on the streets. Car Free Day includes
celebrations in 46 countries and in 2,141 cities in the year 2014.
According to The Jakarta Post, Jakarta’s Car Free Day which has
been implemented for 15 years is considered ineffective in efforts to
reduce air pollution in the city. Every Sunday from 6 to 11 am, Jalan
Sudirman (Sudirman Street) and Jalan Thamrin (Thamrin Street) are
closed to all private cars. While this may not seem such a big deal, for the
many Jakartans who live with traffic jam all week, it truly is. Thousands
flock to the big boulevard to walk, run, cycle and skate or simply to stroll
leisurely, enjoying the street food, circus-like displays and occasional
public events. Originally started as a government initiative to help reduce
pollution, car free day on Sudirman and Thamrin Street has become a
well-loved Jakarta tradition, an opportunity for city folk to get up early
and get active in the company of many, many like minds and bodies. The
road is closed from Ratu Plaza, up until the Monas Monument. Committee
for the Phasing Out of Leaded Fuel (KPBB) executive director Ahmad
Safrudin said that while Car Free Day had helped reduce air pollution
along Jl. MH Thamrin (Thamrin Street) and Jl. Jenderal Sudirman
(Sudirman Street), air pollution had increased in other areas of the city.
During Car Free Day, air pollution is reduced by almost 70 to 80 percent.
For a few hours, once a week, you get to truly enjoy being
outdoors in Jakarta or in your city because cycling and walking not only
reduces the amount of air pollution but also helps maintain our body's
health.
As defined by World Health Organization (WHO), Health it is a
"State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity." Health is a dynamic condition
resulting from a body's constant adjustment and adaptation in response to
stresses and changes in the environment for maintaining an inner
equilibrium called homeostasis.
Come along with thousands of residents from across the capital to
the center of the city on Sunday morning for jogging, biking, walking or
simply to just enjoy the capital’s wide and tree-lined streets that are
usually packed with private vehicles on weekdays. Let’s making Car Free
Day as one of the most popular Sunday activities in the city!
In conclusion, the existence of car free day brings an impact for
our life, such as decreasing the air pollution in our environment.
Furthermore, the habit of walking on the street or cycling can improve
your health and you can get more fresh air from it and also improving
your affection or compassion to others by doing this kind of activity.

C. Conclusion
Most of heat generated on earth is due to vehicle. That's why it's
important to look at the various forms of pollution and end them. We have
actively participated in preventing and reducing environmental pollution,
so put your own car at home and celebrate car free day!
Pictures
Pictures
Reference

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