BUILDING SERVICES-III ( AR V 2116 )

2014-15

B. Arch III Semester

Unit-I Electrical Services

 General distribution of electric power in towns and cities.

 Electrical wiring system – different materials employed and methods of
wiring.
 Switch board, distribution board, mains, fuse, meter, circuit breaker etc.
 Single phase and Three phase distribution and circuits.
 Earthing and earth leakage protection
 Lightning Protection
 Concepts & considerations for artificial lighting.
 Lighting Mechanics-Transmission, Refraction, Reflection, Absorption.
 Illumination Schemes- Types and their design considerations
 Types of Lamps and Luminaries for interior and exterior lighting.
 Basic electrical layout for a residence
 General distribution of electric power in towns and cities.

 Single phase and Three phase distribution and circuits.

 Electrical wiring system – different materials employed and methods of

wiring.

 Switch board, distribution board, mains, fuse, meter, circuit breaker etc.
Buildings & Electricity connections

• Until around 1870, only fire and muscle power were commonly used in
buildings to perform useful work.

• Historically, coal and oil were burned for heat and light or converted into
energy for machines that generated heat.

• Since the end of the nineteenth century, heat has been converted into
electricity.

• Even nuclear energy produces heat for conversion to electricity.

• Converting heat to electricity is inherently inefficient, with about 60 percent

of the energy in the heat wasted.

• Today, electricity offers a clean, reliable, and very convenient source of

energy for illumination, heating, power equipment, and electronic
communication.
 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY

Electricity is a form of energy that occurs naturally only in uncontrolled forms

like lightning and other static electrical discharges, or in natural galvanic
reactions that cause corrosion.

As Vaughn Bradshaw explains in Building Control Systems (New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1993, 295):

No one knows exactly what electricity is or how it works. It does, however, behave
in predictable ways, that is, when a light switch is thrown, the light consistently goes
on, or if it doesn’t go on, pres ri ed steps (such as replacing the lamp) can be taken
to correct the problem. Because the experience is repeatable, observers have made
up theories about what constitutes the electrical phenomenon. These theories have
changed and evolved over time, and undoubtedly will continue to be improved upon.
The currently accepted theory is that electrical current consists of a flow of
electrons along a conductor. The flow is induced by an imbalance of positive and
negative charges. Like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

Electrons, with their negative charges, are repelled by a negatively charged area
and attracted to a positively charged one.

When a positive area is connected to a negative area by a material that will

conduct electricity, electrons flow from the negative side to the positive side.
Electricity Delivery

• Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution
• Retailing

Energy infrastructure

Home-work readings on
the following:-

Electrical power network,

including generation
plants, electrical grid,
substations, and local
distribution.
Electricity Delivery
 Availability of Power in the Todays World !!

Of the 1.4 billion people of the world who have no access to electricity in the world,
India accounts for over 300 million.
Electricity Delivery
Terminology and Basics
Circuits

When electricity flows from one point to another along a closed path (a wire, for
example), the electrons flow from a point with a negative charge to one with a
positive charge.

Any closed path followed by an electrical current is called a circuit (Figure Above).

An electrical circuit is a complete conduction path that carries current from a source
of electricity to and through some electrical device (or load) and back to the source.

Curre t a ’t flow unless there is a closed circuit back to the

source.
Arrangement of Circuits

Electrical circuits can be arranged in a couple of different ways.

In a series circuit, the parts of the circuit are connected one after another, and
the resistances and voltages add up.

The current is the same in all points of a series circuit. Old-fashioned

Christmas tree lights that all went out when one light blew were in series.

When the single light blew out, the circuit was broken, and the electricity
ould ’t ake the trip arou d the circuit to light the other lights.
Arrangement of Circuits

When two or more branches or loads in a circuit are connected between the same
two points, they are said to be connected in parallel.

Parallel circuits are the standard arrangement in all building wiring. Each parallel
group acts as a separate circuit.

If one of these smaller circuits is broken, only the devices on that section are
affected, and the rest of the circuit continues to circulate electricity
Short-Circuit

Sometimes, due to worn insulation on a wire or another problem, an

accidental connection is made between points on a circuit.

This connection shortens the circuit and lets the electricity take a shortcut
back to the source.

The ele tri ity does ’t e ou ter the resistance that would be in the normal
wiring, and the current rises instantly to a very high level. This is called a
short circuit.

If the flow of ele tri ity is ’t stopped y a fuse or circuit breaker, the heat
generated by the excessive current will probably start a fire.
Amps,Volts,Watts, and Ohms

Amperage

This process of electricity flowing along a circuit is called electrical current,

or amperage.

It is measured in amperes (abbreviated a ps or si ply A ), a ed after

André Ampère, a French mathematician and physicist who lived from 1775
to 1836. Electricity flows at a constant speed, and moves virtually
instantaneously.

An ampere is defined as one coulomb per second flowing past a given

point. To give you an idea of what this is, a coulomb is in turn defined as
6.28 1018 electrons— a very, very large number of very, very tiny things. T
Voltage

The force that drives the current is considered to be a difference in electrical

voltage.

The more voltage in a system, the more current flows, the more electrons
move along the conductor each second, and the more ampere are measured
in the circuit.

A unit of voltage is called a volt (V), after Count Alessandro Volta (1745–
1827), an Italian physicist and a pioneer in the study of electricity.

A volt is defined as a measure of the difference in electrical potential between

two points of a conductor carrying a constant current of 1 A, when the power
dissipated between the two points is equal to one watt.
Watt

What a watt is?

predictably, it is named after somebody famous, James Watt (1736–1819),

a Scottish engineer who invented the modern steam engine. A watt (W) is
defined as 1 A flowing under the electromotive force of 1V.
Utility meters measure electrical power use in kilowatt- hours (kWh). In physics,
energy is technically defined as the work that a physical system is capable of doing
in changing from its actual state to a specified reference state.

We define power as the ability to do work, or the rate at which energy is used in
doing work. Power is energy used over time.

A watt represents the rate at which energy is being used at any given moment, and
1000 W equal 1 kilowatt (kW). Electrical power is expressed in watts or kilowatts,
and time is expressed in hours, so units of energy are watt hours or kilowatthours
(kWh).

One kWh equals 1 W of power in use for 1000 hours. The amount of energy used
is directly proportional to the power of a system (the number of watts) and the
length of time it is in operation (hours).
Ohms

Electrical resistance is measured in units called ohms. An ohm is equal to

the resistance of a conductor in which a potential difference of 1V produces
a current of 1 A.

Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist who lived from 1787 to 1854.
Direct and Alternating Current

There are two types of electrical current. Direct current (DC) has a constant
flow rate from a constant voltage source, like a battery in which one terminal
(or pole) is always positive and the other always negative.

The flow is always in the same direction, or polarity. Any current in which
each wire is always of the same polarity, with one wire always positive and
one always negative, is a direct current.

Direct current is produced in batteries and photovoltaic equipment.

With alternating current (AC), the voltage difference between the two points
reverses in a regular manner.

This means that the electrical current changes direction back and forth at a
fixed frequency (rate). The change from positive to negative to positive again is
called one cycle, and the speed with which the cycle occurs is the
frequency of the current
 The advantage of AC over DC is the ease and efficiency with which the level
of voltage can be changed by transformers.

ON-SITE POWER GENERATION

Wind Power

Photovoltaic Cells

Fuel Cells

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS

VOLTAGE AND CLASSIFICATIONS IN INDIA
DOMESTIC ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Red insulation cover, is called live wire (or positive)

Black insulation, is called neutral wire (or negative)
In our country, the potential difference between the two is 220 V.
A fuse in a circuit prevents damage to the appliances and the circuit due to
overloading

Overloading can occur when the live wire and the neutral wire come into direct
contact. (This occurs when the insulation of wires is damaged or there is a fault in
the appliance.)

In such a situation, the current in the circuit abruptly increases. This is called
short-circuiting

The use of an electric fuse prevents the electric circuit and the appliance from a
possible damage by stopping the flow of unduly high electric current.