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Chromatography
What is Chromatography?
Chromatography is a technique for separating
mixtures into their components in order to analyze,
identify, purify, and/or quantify the mixture or
components.
• Analyze
Separate • Identify
• Purify
• Quantify
Mixture Components
Uses for Chromatography
Chromatography is used by scientists to:
• Analyze – examine a mixture, its components, and
their relations to one another
• Identify – determine the identity of a mixture or
components based on known components
• Purify – separate components in order to isolate
one of interest for further study
• Quantify – determine the amount of the a mixture
and/or the components present in the sample
Uses for Chromatography
Real-life examples of uses for chromatography:
• Pharmaceutical Company – determine amount of each
chemical found in new product
• Hospital – detect blood or alcohol levels in a
patient’s blood stream
• Law Enforcement – to compare a sample found at
a crime scene to samples from suspects
• Environmental Agency – determine the level of
pollutants in the water supply
• Manufacturing Plant – to purify a chemical
needed to make a product
Definition of Chromatography
Detailed Definition:
Chromatography is a laboratory technique that
separates components within a mixture by using the
differential affinities of the components for a mobile
medium and for a stationary adsorbing medium
through which they pass.
Definition of Chromatography
Terminology:
• Differential – showing a difference,
distinctive
• Affinity – natural attraction or force
between things
• Mobile Medium – gas or liquid that carries
the components (mobile phase)
• Stationary Medium – the part of the
apparatus that does not move with the
sample (stationary phase)
Definition of Chromatography
Simplified Definition:
Chromatography separates the components of a
mixture by their distinctive attraction to the mobile
phase and the stationary phase.
Definition of Chromatography
Explanation:
Separation
Mobile Phase
Mixture Components
• 來源:1906年,俄國生物學家Tswett最早開
始使用此法,他是用一直立的玻璃圓筒,下
有出口,內裝碳酸鈣粉,於圓筒頂端置入綠
色植物抽出液,以石油醚當展開液,則石油
醚向下移動時,其所含之色素漸分離展開,
形成一層層的色素帶,因之將其命名為
chromatography,以後此類分離法稱為色層
分析法(chromatography),統稱層析法。
a:吸附劑
c:管柱
e:流出物
f:分液漏斗
s:沖提液
w:脫脂棉
最初在S位置處被吸附的A、
B和C三種物質的混合物通
過適當溶劑s的沖提,分離
成為各個單獨的區帶。
• 層析法定義:
• 層析法是一種有效的物理分離方法,是根據
試樣混合物中各成分在不互溶的兩相(固定相與
移動相)中的吸附能力、分配係數、或其他親合
作用之差異,使其流速不同,作為分離的依據。
層析法可以解決一般分離方法,如:蒸餾、分餾、
萃取、再結晶等,不易分離的混合物之分離分析。
固定相(Stationary phase):可為液體或固體,
固定在原來的地方,當移動相帶著試料通過
它時,二者即開始進行多次的分配或吸附作
用。
移動相(mobile phase):可為液體或氣體,當
它通過固定相時,即與固定相進行多次之分
配、吸附作用,而分離物質。
吸附層析法
吸附層析法(Adsorption chromatography)是利
用同一吸附劑對混合物中各種成分吸附能力
的差異,而使各成分達到分離目的的層析方
法。此法特別適用於脂溶性中等成分的分離。
吸附劑
• 矽膠(Silica gel):為一多孔性物質,微顯
酸性,其吸附能力稍弱於氧化鋁。可用通式
SiO2.xH2O來表示。顆粒表面具有很多矽醇
基,由於矽醇基能和許多化合物形成氫鍵而
具有一定的吸附作用,所以矽膠吸附作用的
強弱與矽醇基的含量多少有關。矽醇基還易
藉由氫鍵吸附水分,矽膠吸附的水分愈多,
吸附其他化合物的能力愈弱。假如吸水量超
過12%,吸附力就很弱已不能作為吸附劑了。
當加熱到100~110℃時即可除去絕大多數矽
醇基吸附的水,因而矽膠重新顯示吸附活力。
溶劑
用吸附層析法分離天然產物成分時,溶劑
的選擇對有效成分的分離關係甚大。選擇
溶劑系統應將被分離物質的極性與吸附劑
的極性結合起來加以考慮。對於極性吸附
劑,溶劑的介電常數愈大,沖提能力就愈
強。對於非極性吸附劑,溶劑的沖提能力
恰與上述情況相反。
應用
1.薄層層析(Thin Layer Chromatography, TLC)
2.柱層析法(Column Chromatography, CC)
△、□、○表示三種不同成分。
從A到D四圖表示,三成分由於各自吸附能力不同,
與填充劑的吸附和去吸附的過程有所差異
Procedure:
1.配製沖提液(eluant)
ethyl acetate 30 ml
2.垂直固定乾且淨之管柱,關閥,加入5 ml沖提液,
放置少量棉花於管柱內底部,以玻棒輕搗固定。
3.取Silica gel 一包,加入裝有沖提液50 ml之燒杯中,
以玻棒攪拌成稀泥狀並趕出所有氣泡,將稀泥狀
之Silica gel完全倒入管柱中,使之沉降。(可重複
數次)
4.開閥,以錐形瓶承接沖提液,降至吸附劑表面時
停止(勿讓Silica gel表面乾涸);用dropper吸取
沖提液,洗淨黏於管柱壁上之Silica gel。
5.用橡皮塞輕敲管壁,使Silica gel沉降緊密(可見
到沖提液回滲),漏出回滲沖提液,且立即關閥。
(重複直至Silica gel充填紮實)
6.以dropper吸取1 ml沖提液,沿管壁小心滴
加,使上層留一層沖提液。吸取1 ml
sample solution(約0.5 g溶於1 ml乙酸乙酯)
沿管壁小心加入,使完全留在Silica gel表
面。開閥,讓溶液被silica gel吸收。
7.小心加入大量沖提液於Silica gel表面上之
管柱中,開閥,調整適當流速讓黃色band
往下移動,此時需隨時添加管柱上方的沖
提液,勿讓silica gel表面乾涸。
8.以試管收集沖提液,每5 ml收集一根。
Thin-Layer
Chromatography
Technique
TLC Basics
• Qualitative
– Purity and possible identity by comparison only
• Adsorbent
– Coated on plastic, glass, or aluminum
– Silica or Alumina
– Solvent and compounds travel up plate by capillary
action
• Sample
– Microliters of solution spotted in single small spot
– Polar compounds stay near bottom; less polar at top
Uses of TLC
• Purity
• Number of components
• Column Chromatography conditions
• Following reaction progress
• Preparative
Advantages of TLC
• Simple
• Quick
• Inexpensive
• Sensitive
Retention Factor, Rf value
• Distance traveled by the compound
Distance traveled by the solvent
• Mark solvent front immediately
• Outline visible spots with pencil
• Compound – measure from baseline to
middle of spot
• Solvent – measure from baseline to solvent
line
Compound A
Spotting the TLC Plate
• Do not get greasy
fingerprints on the
plate
• Use pencil only
• Spot on baseline
• Avoid edges
Developing Chamber
• Add solvent
• Check depth of
solvent relative to
baseline
• No filter paper or
paper towel
展開液的高度0.3 cm
Visualizing Results
• Mark solvent front
• Dry plate
• Circle visible spots
• UV light
• Circle UV spots
• Measure and
calculate Rf values
Apparatus
• Developing chamber 展開槽
• Capillary tube 毛細管
• TLC plate
Reagents
• Standard solution A: p‐nitroacetanilide
• Standard solution B: p‐nitroaniline
• Sample solution: 水解實驗之產物(取少
許,約筆尖大小,以1 ml乙醇溶解)
• 展開液:ethyl acetate
Procedure
• 取3片TLC plate
• 於距底部1 cm處,以鉛筆畫一baseline,
並標示出3點
• 如圖所示,以毛細管分別取取
standard solution A, standard solution B ,
sample solution(C)點and pure
solution (D) 於plate上(spot 之直徑約
0.1 cm)
• 以吹風機吹乾spot(why?)
0.5 cm
x x x x x x x x x
0.6 cm
A A+C C B B+C C
A D B
Procedure
• 於展開槽(須乾燥)中加入約5 ml乙酸乙酯,
注意高度不可高於baseline
• 將TLC plate置入展開槽
• 讓展開液向上展開
• 待展開至離上端1 cm時,則停止,取出立即
於solvent front畫記
• 於UV lamp下觀察,並以鉛筆畫出spot
• 計算standard A, B及sample之Rf值
A : 起始物
B: 產物
A : 起始物 C: 未純化的化合物
B: 產物 D: 已純化的化合物
A A+C C B B+C C A D B A D B
A : 起始物 C: 未純化的化合物
B: 產物 D: 已純化的化合物
Homework
• 於TLC中,常見的固定相有哪些?極性大小為
何?各有何特性?
• 於TLC中,常見的移動相有哪些?極性大小為
何?各有何特性?
• 何謂Tailing?如何避免?