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A 3 18 P
B 4 17 P
C 4 2 S
D 4 5 d
E 4 18 P
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TUTORIAL 3: PERIODIC TABLE ( ANSWER )
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TUTORIAL 3: PERIODIC TABLE ( ANSWER )
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7 (a) The first ionization energy of an atom is the energy for the removal of one mole
electron from one mole of neutral, gaseous atom.
Energy + X(g) X + (g) + e-
The second ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to remove one
mole electron from one mole positive ion in the gaseous state.
Energy + X +(g) X 2+ (g) + e-
(b) There are three main factors that affect the ionization energy of an atom :
i. As the distance from the outermost electron (valence electron) to the
positive nucleus increases, the attraction of the nucleus for electron
decreases. The ionization energy gets smaller as the atomic radius
increases.
ii. The magnitude of the positive nuclear charge also has an effect. More
positive nucleus will have greater attraction for the valence electrons and
the ionization energy of an atom will be greater.
iii. The inner shells of electrons repel the valence electrons, thus screening
or shielding them from the positively charged nucleus. The more
electron shells there are between the valence electrons and the nucleus,
the lower will be the ionization energy of the atom, as the valence
electrons will be less firmly held.
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10 i. The electron affinity is the change in energy of the reaction when an electron is
added to a gaseous atom or ion.
X(g) + e- X - (g) ΔE = negative
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11 (b) ii. P, Q, N, M, O
Moving across a period, positive nuclear charge increases due to the
increasing number of protons. The atomic radius gets smaller and the
electrons are held firmly, therefore it requires more energy to remove an
electron.
13 (a) Al
(b) Cl2
(c) Na
(d) Al
As a base:
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2 AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
As an acid:
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2 NaAl(OH)4(aq)
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17 11 Na : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
12 Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
14 Si : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
Sodium has the highest second ionization energy because the second electron that has to
be removed from the ion comes from the full-filled p orbital.
19 (a) i. W : [Ne]3s1
X : [Ne] 3s23p4
The first ionization energy for W is lower than X because across a
period, the valence electron is more difficult to remove as the atomic
radius decrease.
ii. X2- : [Ne] 3s23p6
Y2+ :[Ar]
The ionic radius of Y2+ is smaller than X2- because the effective nuclear
charge of Y2+ is higher than X2- .
(b) i. element Y
ii. element X
(c) 2Y(s) + O2 (g) 2YO(s)
YO(s) + H2O(l) Y(OH)2 (aq)
Substance formed is an alkaline solution.
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Examination Question
(a) Across the period, Na, Mg and Al have metallic bonds between their delocalized
valence electrons and the ions. The boiling point increases from Na to Al because
of the increase in the strength of the metallic bonding due to the increase in the
number of the valence electrons.
Silicon has the gigantic molecular structure formed by infinite covalent bonding.
Each silicon is tetrahedral bonded to four other silicon atoms. P, S, Cl and Ar
have the simple molecular structures. Only Van der Waals forces are present
between the molecules and the melting point increases from P to Ar due to the
increase in the size of molecule.
(b) Melting point for Al is higher than Mg because the existing metallic bond in Al is
very strong. Al has three valence electrons that contribute to the metallic bond
compare to Mg that has only two valence electrons.
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