Basement

BASEMENT
DCQ3043 CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY 3
TOPIC: BASEMENT
PREPARED BY: MOHD ANUWAR BIN SIMON

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 1
BASEMENT

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Syllabus Content :
2.1 Understand the construction of basement.

2.1.1 Explain methods of excavation for the construction of
deep and huge basement.
2.1.2 Explain usage of waterproofing system in basement
construction.
2.1.3 Identify clauses in Uniform Building By-Laws for
basement construction.
2.1.4 Describe construction of earthwork support system.
2.1.5 Justify the purpose of earthwork support system.

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INTRODUCTION
Definitions:
1. A storey with a floor that at

some point is more than 1.2m
below the highest level of
ground adjacent to the outside
wall.
2. A storey of a building
constructed wholly or partly
below ground level exposed to
soil, water and/or water
vapour pressure.
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Types of Basement:
1. Semi-basement
Single storey with only one, two or three
wall fully or partially below ground
level.
2. Residential basement
A shallow or semi-basement providing
space for storage and/or accommodation,
associated with housing.
3. Shallow basement
Not more than one storey wholly below
ground level.
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Types of Basement (cont’d):
4. Deep basement
More than one storey wholly
below ground level.
5. Cellar basement
Used for storage, heating plant
and for purpose other than
habitation.

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Basement Requirements:
 Primary functional requirements

of basement /wall below ground
may be summarized as follows:
1. Structural stability
2. Durability
3. Moisture exclusion
4. Buildability

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Basement Grades:
 Basements are graded according to BS8102 depending on their specific

performance requirements.

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METHOD OF EXCAVATION FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP & HUGE BASEMENT
Classification of Excavation:
Excavation may be classified in the following manner:

1. Shallow excavation – up to 1.5m deep.
2. Medium excavation – 1.5m to 3.0m deep.
3. Deep excavation – over 3.0m deep.
Factors that Affect Excavation Work:
Method of excavation depends on:

1. Nature of the subsoil - to determine the type of plant or hand tools and the type
of earthwork supports.
2. Purpose of the excavation - to determine the sizes, depth and volume of
excavation.
3. Presence of ground water - to determine dewatering techniques.
4. Location and surrounding condition - needs permit from local authorities such
as JKR, DBKL, etc. and impose certain restrictions and precautions.
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METHOD OF EXCAVATION FOR THE
CONSTRUCTION OF DEEP & HUGE BASEMENT
Method of Excavation:
There are 3 method of excavation for the construction of Deep and

Huge Basement that can be used:
1. Excavation with sloping sides / Open excavation.
2. Excavation with temporary support.
3. Excavation with permanent embedded retaining walls to deep

basements.

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1. Excavation with sloping sides /
Open excavation
 Excavation basement on an open site can
be carried out by cutting the perimeter
back to the natural angle of repose of the
soil.
 This method required sufficient site space
around for the over excavation and to
allow for the creation of a stable slope to
sides of the excavation.
 No temporary or permanent earth support
so saving the cost of excavation but
increase in volume of back filling.
 Suitable for small scale basement.

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Excavation with sloping sides / Open Excavation

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2. Excavation with temporary support
 Suitable where the space around the
excavation is insufficient for open excavation.
 Very economical compare with permanent
support such as contiguous piles, secant piles
or diaphragm walls.
 Temporary support elements such as Steel
Sheet Piles, Cross-lot bracing, Rakers and
Tiebacks.
 Temporary support are placed within the
ground around the perimeter of the intended
area to be excavated.
 When the earth is done excavate, the void will
become the basement area.
 Permanent basement walls are than
constructed and after completion the
temporary support is removed.
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Temporary Support Elements:- Hydraulic vibratory
a) Steel Sheet Pile hammer
 Sheet piling is an earth retention and

excavation support technique that retains
soil, using steel sheet sections with
interlocking edges.
 The interlocked sheet piles reduced
groundwater inflow.
 Vibratory hammers are used to install
sheet piles. If soils are too hard or dense,
an impact hammer can be used to
complete the installation. At certain sites
where vibrations are a concern, the sheets
Interlocking edges
can be hydraulically pushed into the
ground.
 Sheet piles are also a sustainable option
since recycled steel is used in their
construction, and the piles can often be
reused.
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b) Cross-lot Bracing
Steel sheet pile or
 Cross-lot bracing using steel sheet I-beam
piles or I-beam as waler that are
driven into the earth.
 As the earth is excavated down
around the sheeting (waler), tiers of
horizontal bracing struts, usually of
steel are added to support walers,
which are beams that span across the
face of the sheeting.
 Where the excavation is too wide
for cross-lot bracing, sloping rakers
are used instead, bearing against
heel blocks or other temporary
footings. Horizontal
bracing

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Sheet Pile
Horizontal Bracing
Support
A closer view of the cross-lot bracing supporting excavation.

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c) Raker
 For very wide excavations, raker bracing

is used.
 The support for the rakers are installed at
the bottom of the excavation.
 Construction of the soil support and
removal of the remainder of the
excavation then begins.
 The bottom ends of the rakers are braced
against the central part of the building
foundation slab.
 The excavation was carried to full depth
at the center first so that the foundation
slab could be placed.
 Prior to installation of the rakers, the
lower part of the slurry trench concrete
wall was supported by an earth berm.
 The earth berm remains at the far side of
the excavation.
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A closer view of the rakers supporting excavation.

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d) Tiebacks
 To minimize wall movement and ground
settlement, tieback anchors are designed to
achieve the highest stiffness.
 Tieback capacity depends on the vertical and
horizontal spacing of anchors and on surcharge
conditions.
 Typical tieback spacing ranges from 2m to 4m in
the vertical, and from 1.5m to 4.5m in the
horizontal direction.
 First drilling a hole with an auger and then
placing a bar (tendon) in the hole, concrete is
then poured in the hole and the connection with
wall is made.
 Different types of augers are used to drill the
tieback holes. The choice of the drilling method
depends on the soil/rock conditions on the site.
 Drilling should be done carefully since
inadequate procedures can cause significant soil
losses.
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A closer view of the tiebacks supporting excavation.

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3. Excavation with permanent embedded
retaining walls to deep basement
 The construction of deep basement walls

can be costly if traditional excavation and
construction techniques are used.
 Limitation on access to most commercials
sites also restrict the possibility of such an
approach.
 The most common options available for the
formation of deep basement wall
(permanent embedded retaining walls) are:
a) Contiguous piles
b) Secant piles
c) Diaphragm walls

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a) Contiguous Bored Pile RW
• Piles are installed at centers generally 150mm greater

than their diameter therefore leaving gaps in the structural
wall where soil is exposed during excavation.
• This option is suitable where the retained soil is usually
firm to stiff (not generally granular) and where the
ground water table is below the level of the maximum
excavation.
• This is the most economic option and normally the fastest
method to construct.
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Contiguous piles for deep basements

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b) Secant Pile RW
• Similar to the contiguous bored pile wall but the gap

between piles is filled with an unreinforced
cement/bentonite mix (1 to 2N/mm2) for the hard/soft
wall and weak concrete (in the order of 10N/mm2) for
the hard/firm wall.
• Construction is carried out by installing the primary piles
(A) and then the secondary piles (B) are formed in
reinforced concrete, cutting into the primary piles.
• By using this form of construction the ingress of water to
any subsequent excavation can be substantially reduced.
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c) Diaphragm Walling
 This method need to construct a R.C. retaining wall along the area
of work.
 The wall is designed to reach very great depth and sequence of
work includes:
a) Construct a guide wall
b) Excavation of the trench using bentonite slurry
c) Placement of reinforcements and pumped out bentonite slurry
d) Concrete casting

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• The excavation of the deep trenches for segments of the
diaphragm wall can be achieved by means of hydraulic
grabs, by means of hydro fraise or by means of rotary
auguring.
• Overlapping holes are drilled to form a wall section as
opposed to individual pile holes.
• Traditionally, as the spoil is removed from the excavation
it is replaced by material called ‘bentonite’ slurry.
• This can be used to support the walls of the excavation
shaft in order to prevent collapse as the excavation
proceeds.

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• Once the excavation of a particular section of walling is
complete, a reinforcement cage may be placed into the
slurry and concrete placed using a tremie pipe.
• Diaphragm walls of 450mm to 1.0m thick can be formed
by hydraulic grabs and hydro fraise, whereas thicknesses
of up to 1.50m can be achieved using rotary methods.
• Diaphragm walls can be
constructed to depths of up to
50.00m.
• Once the diaphragm walls are
placed and completed, the deep
excavation work can proceed
virtually unobstructed.
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• Some degree of lateral support is normally required to
resist the bending stresses that are set up by soil and
water pressure as before since a diaphragm wall is not
normally intended to act as a pure retaining wall.

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Excavation of panel and

installation of rebar cage
Installation of rebar cage and

concreting of panel

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Diaphragm wall excavation using clamp shell.

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Waterproofing Work
 Apart from the structural design of

basement walls and floor,
waterproofing presents the greatest
problem in basement construction.
 There are 3 types of basement wall
structure:
1. Tanked / Membranes
2. Waterproof / Monolithic
Structures
3. Drained / Drained Cavities.

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Tanked / Membranes:
 Tanked / Tanking / Membranes is a thin

material placed either on the external or
internal face of a basement wall or floor to
provide the resistance to passage of moisture
to the inside of the basement.
 Membrane material can be applied
externally (external tanking) during
construction process meanwhile membrane
also can be applied to the interior face of the
walls after construction (internal tanking).
 Membrane materials such as fibre-reinforced
bituminous felt, polythene sheet,
polyisobutylene plastic, epoxy resin
compounds, bituminous compounds and
mastic asphalt.
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Internal Basement Tanking System

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External Basement Tanking System

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Mastic Asphalt Tanking
Asphalt in tanking work is laid in 3 coats to the total thickness of not less than 30mm on
horizontal surfaces and not less than 20mm on vertical faces. All internal angles (angle
fillet) are reinforced by means of a fillet 50mm on the face, formed in 2 coats.
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Waterproof / Monolithic Structures:
 Basement of dense reinforced concrete

using impervious aggregates for the wall
and floor to form the barrier to water
penetration.
 Its considered as ‘structurally integrated
protection’ where the waterproofing is
provided by the structural wall & floor
themselves.
 Shrinkage cracking can largely be
controlled by forming construction
joints at regular intervals.
 Structural joints normally incorporate
water stops made from materials such as
neoprene, rubber water bar, PVC etc.
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Rubber Waterstops
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PVC Waterstops
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Drained / Drained Cavities:
 Cavity drain structures make allowance for

the small amount of water that may pass
through the external wall.
 The basement is constructed with 2 wall
forming a void between the external and
internal wall and cavity is formed in the
walls around the basement and below the
floor.
 Traditionally cavities were formed with
floor tiles which created void and two
separate wall of masonry walling.
 Any water that penetrates through the
external wall or floor is guided to drainage
channels to a sump pit and remove by
pumps out of the building.
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Traditional Drained Cavities Basement

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In-situ Concrete:
Construct the basement using in-situ reinforced concrete and tradition

formwork system:
 The basement structure can be constructed upon the completion of the

excavation with the basement pit properly formed and supported.
 Usually this is done in a bottom-up arrangement using in-situ reinforced
concrete formed by traditional timber formwork.
 However, all the works are to be done in the congested underground
environment inside the basement pit with a lot of lateral supporting
frame and work in confined space.
 Special attention including accurate construction planning and spatial
design to allow room for the erection of the formwork as well as for the
placing in of the required materials and equipments, safe access etc.
should be provided.
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Sequence of Constructing Single Storey Basement
1. Before start of work 2. Prepare perimeter walling 3. Bulk excavation 4. Excavation almost complete
5. Complete excavation work 6. Waterproofing at basement 7. Placing basement flr reinf. 8. Concreting basement floor
9. Concreting wall & column 10. Placing grd flr reinf. 11. Concreting ground floor 12. Finish work
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Sequence of Constructing Huge Basement
1. Driven sheet pile & bulk 2. Excavation, ramming bottom of 3. Lean concrete & horizontal
excavation excavation & bracing earthwork tanking
support
4. Horizontal tanking 5. Horizontal tanking 6. Load rebar (bar reinforcement)

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7. Reinforcement & waterproofing 8. Reiforcement 9. Concreting
10. Preparing formwork for wall 11. Wall complete 12. Formwork & reinforcement for next
level

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13. Constructing the superstructure 14. Ditto 15. Ditto
16. Constructing the superstructure till

it gets finished

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CLAUSES IN UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS FOR
BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION
72. (1) In the design of basement wall and similar underground

structures, provision shall be made for the lateral pressure of
adjacent soil due allowance being made for possible surcharge
from fixed on moving loads.
(2) When a portion, or the whole of the adjacent soil in below a
free water surface, computations shall be nased on the weight
of the soil diminished by bouyancy plus full hydrostatic
pressure.
(3) In the design of basement floors and similar structures
underground, the upward pressure of water, if any, shall be
taken as the full hydrostatic pressure applied over the entire
area.
(4) The hydrostatic head shall be measured from the underside of
Mohd Anuwarthe
Simonconstruction. DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 49
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CONSTRUCTION OF EARTHWORK SUPPORT SYSTEM
 When applying the principles of
permanent embedded retaining
walls, two common construction of
earthwork support system, there are:
1. Bottom-up Construction
2. Top-down Construction
1. Bottom-up Construction
 Figure shown the sequence of
operation where the diaphragm
walls formed using bentonite.
 Retaining walls can from
contiguous pile, secant pile and steel
sheet pile.
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Bottom-up Construction (cont’d)
 First stage in this process is to form perimeter walls.

 This will become the structural walls of the basement.
 Bulk excavation then take place to the desired depth (lower level
of basement).
 The next stage is to form sub-structure such as foundation,
column, basement floor up to super-structure as work proceeds.
 Advantages using Bottom-up Construction Method are:
a) Speed construction
b) Save cost
c) Stability of the ground around
d) Reduce temporary supporting elements

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Sequence of operations for Bottom-up Construction

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Construction of basement using Bottom-up approach
 Suitable for basement of small to medium size.

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The overall excavation and lateral
support system for a typical large-scale
basement construction project (with
cut-off wall on the sides, lateral
supporting frame and other temporary
work stations/platform)
Excavation carried out using

excavator and rock breaker
within the work pit

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2. Top-down Construction
 Top-down construction attempts to
make use of the perimeter elements
of the construction works to
provide rigidity and bracing against
loadings from the ground.
 Figure shown the sequence of
operations for top-down
construction.
 First stage the formation of the
permanent retaining walls to the
perimeter of the basement area.
 Retaining walls can from either
contiguous pile, secant pile or
diaphragm wall.
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Top-down Construction (cont’d)
 Next stage is the creation of the foundation

that will support the columns of the
building structure at internal location.
 These columns will provide intermediate
support for the floors of the basement and
the building superstructure as work
proceeds.
 In the most cases the foundations to these
columns will take the form of CFA piles
with columns attached using pile caps or
increasingly in the case of steel framed
buildings, using the ‘plunge’ method.
 Excavation then take place to remove earth
from beneath the slab through appropriate
holes in the slab.
 The process is then repeated until the base
slab is reached.
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Construction of basement using Top-down

approach.
 Suitable for basement of very large size with
complex environment.

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Removal of Soil
 There will have great amount of excavated soil produced during the process of
excavation.
 Suitable planning for the removal of the excavated material should be made in
advance in order not to cause disruption to work and incur extra costs. Soil removal
can be done by the following ways.
i. Using manual method, by wheel barrow.
ii. Using bucket and lift to ground level by crane.
iii. Using hoist rack (opening has to be provided in the basement/excavation pit
first).
iv. Using gantry crane (opening has to be provided in the basement/excavation pit
first).
v. Using conveyor belt
vi. Using excavating machine to removal spoil, may be in stepped position in case
of very deep pit.
vii. Using dump truck but access provision has to be provided in advance (such as a
temporary ramp or the permanent vehicular access into a basement)

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Remove spoil by steel bucket
Excavating machine to take up

spoil from bottom

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Hoisting machine is provided for Using of a gantry crane for spoil

removing spoil from basement removal
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The use of a material hoist for the removal of

spoil from the basement interior

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THANK YOU

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References:
http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/contents/ebook/construction_technology/2e.pdf – Excavation & Basement Construction
http://www.cv.titech.ac.jp/~courses/atce2/Lesson5.pdf – Excavations and Excavation Supports
http://ebooks.narotama.ac.id/files/Deep%20Excavation;%20Theory%20and%20Practice/Chapter%203%20%20Excavation%20Method
s%20And%20Lateral%20Supporting%20Systems.pdf – Excavation Methods and Lateral Supporting System
http://constructionduniya.blogspot.my/2012/02/top-down-construction.html – Top Down Construction Part 1
http://constructionduniya.blogspot.my/2012/05/structural-members-required-for-top.html – Top Down Construction Part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DBNLAJ-bxk – Video Botton Up Construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDvyOLD5n5w – Video Top Down Construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRgxiQSw48U – Video Top Down Construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sboDavo84gc – Video Top Down Construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUlQyiHfex0 – Diaphragm wall construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=li6N6t09J-c – Diaphragm wall construction

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BASEMENT

PREPARED BY: MOHD ANUWAR BIN SIMON

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 2

2.1 Understand the construction of basement.

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 3

1. A storey with a floor that at

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 6

 Primary functional requirements

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 7

 Basements are graded according to BS8102 depending on their specific

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 8

Excavation may be classified in the following manner:

Factors that Affect Excavation Work:

Method of excavation depends on:

There are 3 method of excavation for the construction of Deep and

1. Excavation with sloping sides / Open excavation.

2. Excavation with temporary support.

3. Excavation with permanent embedded retaining walls to deep

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 10

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 11

Excavation with sloping sides / Open Excavation

 Sheet piling is an earth retention and

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 15

A closer view of the cross-lot bracing supporting excavation.

 For very wide excavations, raker bracing

A closer view of the rakers supporting excavation.

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 18

A closer view of the tiebacks supporting excavation.

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 20

 The construction of deep basement walls

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 21

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 22

• Piles are installed at centers generally 150mm greater

Contiguous piles for deep basements

• Similar to the contiguous bored pile wall but the gap

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 26

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 27

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 28

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 29

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 31

Excavation of panel and

Installation of rebar cage and

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 32

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 33

 Apart from the structural design of

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 34

 Tanked / Tanking / Membranes is a thin

Internal Basement Tanking System

External Basement Tanking System

Mastic Asphalt Tanking

 Basement of dense reinforced concrete

 Cavity drain structures make allowance for

Traditional Drained Cavities Basement

Construct the basement using in-situ reinforced concrete and tradition

 The basement structure can be constructed upon the completion of the

4. Horizontal tanking 5. Horizontal tanking 6. Load rebar (bar reinforcement)

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 46

7. Reinforcement & waterproofing 8. Reiforcement 9. Concreting

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 47

13. Constructing the superstructure 14. Ditto 15. Ditto

16. Constructing the superstructure till

Mohd Anuwar Simon DCQ3043 Construction Technology 3 48

72. (1) In the design of basement wall and similar underground

 First stage in this process is to form perimeter walls.