Section A [15 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

1 Tetraethyllead(IV), (CH3CH2)4Pb, is added to petroleum as an anti-knock agent. (CH3CH2)4Pb is

prepared from ethane, CH3CH3, according to the following reactions:
CH3CH3 + C12
CH3CH2C1 + HC1
4 CH3CH2C1 + 4NaPb
(CH3CH2)4Pb + 3 Pb + 4 NaCl
Which statement about the reactions is not true?
A One mole of C12 produces one mole of CH3CH2C1.
B Four moles of C12 produce one mole of (CH3CH2)4Pb.
C One mole of HC1 is formed for each mole of (CH3CH2)4Pb produced.
D Four moles of CH3CH3 is required for each mole of (CH3CH2)4Pb produced.

2 Gas X is collected in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask at 25°C until the pressure of the gas is 73.5 kPa. The
mass of X in the flask is 0.118 g at 25°C. What is the mass of 1 mol of X?
[The gas constant, R, is 8.31 J K-1 mol-1.]
A 7.42 g B 11.3 g C 14.6 g D 15.9 g

3 An atom M has seven valence electrons and forms a stable M2+ ion in an aqueous solution. What is the
electronic configuration of atom M?
A 1s22s22p63s23p5 B 1s22s22p63s23p63d6
C 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 D 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2

4 Which compound has an ionic bond?

A HC1 B BeCl2 C AlBr3 D C6H5NH3Br

5 The Lewis structures of molecules HF, H2O and NH3 are shown respectively below.

Which statement about the molecules is true?

A HF and H2O molecules are planar.
B H2O molecule is a stronger Lewis base than NH3 molecule.
C The boiling points of the molecules increase in the order of H2O, HF, NH3.
D The hydrgen bonds formed by the molecules decrease in the order of HF, H2O, NH3.

6 The atomic number of several elements represented by letters which are not the usual symbols for the
element concerned in the Periodic Table is shown in the table below.
Element W X Y Z
Atomic number 3 11 13 26
Which element has the strongest metallic bond?
A W B X C Y D Z
7 The graph of pV / RT against p for one mole of gases L and M at 298 K is shown below.
Which statement is true of gases L and M?
A The compressibility of gas M is more than that of gas L at pressures
lower than x atm.
B The repulsive forces between L molecules exist at pressures greater
than x atm.
C The collisions between L molecules are elastic at pressures lower than
1.0 atm.
D The attractive forces between M molecules are significant.

8 Fullerene, C60, is one of carbon allotropes found in soot. Which statement about fullerene is true?
A Its carbon atom has sp3 hybrid orbitals. B Its molecule has delocalised electrons.
C Its bond angle is smaller than that of graphite. D Its density is higher than that of diamond.

9 The reaction of acidified aqueous potassium iodide with aqueous hydrogen peroxide is as follows:
2 I– (aq) + H2O2 (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) I2 (aq) + 2 H2O (1)
The following steps may be involved in the mechanism of the reaction.
slow
H2O2 + I– H2O + OI–
f ast
OI– + H+ HOI
+ – f ast
HOI + H + I I2 + H2O
What could be the unit of the rate constant, k?
A s–1 B dm3 mol–1 s–1 C dm6 mol–2 s–1 D mol dm-3 s–1

10 Which statement about the activation energy of an endothermic reaction is true?

A The activation energy of the reaction varies with temperature.
B The rate of the reaction is higher if the activation energy of the reaction is larger.
C The presence of a catalyst has no effect on the activation energy of the reaction.
D The activation energy for the forward reaction is larger than that of the backward reaction.

11 The pH of blood of a healthy person is in the range of 7.35 to 7.45. Which statement explains how the
human blood system maintains its pH within that range if there is an excess of H+ ions?
A They are eliminated by sweating. B They are neutralised by H2CO3 in the blood.
C They are neutralised by OH– ions in the blood. D They are neutralised by HCO3– ions in blood.

12 The reforming of methane is the principal commercial source of hydrogen gas. The equation for the
endothermic reaction involved is as follows:
CH4 (g) + H2O (g) CO (g) + 3 H2 (g)
At equilibrium, the quantity of hydrogen gas formed can be increased by
A adding a suitable catalyst B increasing the temperature
C adding a dehydrating agent D reducing the volume of the vessel
13 The liquid-vapour phase diagram of a mixture of liquids X and 7 is shown below.

What could be deduced from the phase diagram?

A Liquid X could be ethanol and liquid Y could be methanol.
B The attraction between X — Y is stronger than that of X—X and Y — Y
C The liquid mixture of composition Q can be separated into liquids X and 7 by fractional distillation.
D When the liquid mixture of composition P is fractionally distilled, the distillate is the liquid mixture of
composition Q and the residue is liquid X.

14 The buffer capacity of a solution is a measure of the amount of acid or base that the solution can absorb
without a significant change in pH. What are the concentrations of NH3 (aq) and NH4+ (aq) that will
produce the maximum buffer capacity?
[Base dissociation constant, Kb, of NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5 mol dm-3.]
A B C D
-3
[NH3] / mol dm 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0
[NH4+] / mol dm-3 0.2 0.5 2.0 1.0

15 The solubility product, Ksp, for silver carbonate is 6.30 x 10-12 mol3 dm-9 at 298 K. What is the
concentration of silver ions, in mol dm-3, for a saturated solution of silver carbonate at that temperature?
A 1.77 x 10-6 B 2.51 x 10-6 C 1.16 x 10-4 D 2.32 x 10-4
 Section B [15 marks]
Answer all questions in this section.

16 Chlorine gas exists as diatomic molecules C12. In an experiment, 326.6 g of Cl2 was used to react with
excess iron to produce iron(III) chloride, FeCl3.
(a) Write a balanced equation for this reaction. [1 mark]
.......................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the theoretical yield of FeCl3. [2 marks]

(c) If the percentage of the actual yield of FeCl3 obtained in the laboratory is 82.0%, calculate the mass of
FeCl3 produced. [2 marks]

(d) Explain why there is a difference between the calculated theoretical yield of FeCl3 with that of the actual
yield obtained in the laboratory. [2 marks]
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................

17 Sulphuric acid, H2SO4, is manufactured by the Contact process. One of the important reaction in this
process is as follows:
2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 SO3 (g); ∆H = – 197 kJ mol-1
At 1000 K, equilibrium was achieved when the partial pressures of SO2, O2 and SO3 gases in the
mixture are 0.456 atm, 0.180 atm and 0.364 atm respectively.
(a) Define the term partial pressure. [1 mark]
........................................................................................................................................................................
(b) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction [1 mark]
........................................................................................................................................................................
(c) Calculate the value of Kp at 1000 K. [2 marks]

(d) Explain the effect on the position of equilibrium if

i. The total pressure of the system is reduced to 0.850 atm, [2 marks]
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
ii. Helium gas is added to the mixture but the total pressure is maintained at its original value. [2 marks]
........................................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
 Section C [30 marks]
Answer any two questions in this section.
18 When excited electrons fall from a higher to a lower energy level, the excess energy is emitted as
radiation.
(a) State the energy level transitions of an electron that can produce the Lyman series in an emission
spectrum of the hydrogen atom, and give three characteristics of the series. [4 marks]
(b) The ionisation energy of hydrogen can be determined by using the frequency of the convergence limit,
v∞ of the Lyman series. The convergence limit occurs when the difference in frequency of successive
lines, ∆v, is zero. Five frequencies with their corresponding ∆v values are shown in the table below.
v/1014Hz 29.23 30.83 31.57 31.97 32.21
∆v / 1014Hz 1.60 0.74 0.40 0.24 0.16

By plotting a graph of ∆v against v, determine v∞ for hydrogen, and calculate its ionisation energy
in kJ mol-1. [6 marks]
(c) i. State Hund's rale. [1 mark]
ii. Write the electronic configurations of copper and chromium in their ground states, and comment on any
irregularities present in both their electronic configurations. [4 marks]

19 Ozone, O3, may be used as a bactericide in the treatment of waste water. The concentration of ozone in
water may be determined using the following equation:
O3 (g) + 3 I– (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) O2 (g) + I3- (aq) + H2O (l)
(a) In an experiment, 500.0 cm3 of a waste water sample was treated with an excess of iodide ions. The
volume of oxygen gas collected from the reaction at 25.0 °C and 101.3 kPa was 10.0 cm3. Calculate the
concentration of ozone in the waste water sample under the above conditions of temperature and
pressure. [6 marks]
(b) Draw the Lewis structures of O3 and I3-. Using the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory, deduce
both of their shapes. [9 marks]

20 Carbon dioxide is a gas at 25.0 °C and 1.00 atm. Its triple point is at -56.4 °C and 5.11 atm, and its
critical point is at 31.1 °C and 73.0 atm.
(a) Sketch and label the phase diagram for carbon dioxide. [3 marks]
(b) Carbon dioxide gas can be liquefied under suitable conditions. Using the kinetic theory of gases, explain
the liquefaction of gaseous carbon dioxide at 25.0 °C by increasing the pressure. [4 marks]
(c) Carbon dioxide gas from a fire extinguisher is often used to put out small fires. A white fog is observed
when carbon dioxide is released from the fire extinguisher.
i. Explain the formation of the white fog. [2 marks]
3
ii. A fire extinguisher cylinder has an internal volume of 2.00 dm and contains 1.80 kg of carbon dioxide.
Calculate the pressure of carbon dioxide gas in the cylinder at 25.0 °C. [3 marks]
iii. The actual pressure in the fire extinguisher is 2.50 x 104 kPa under similar conditions as in (c)(ii).
Explain the difference between the actual pressure and the calculated value. [3 marks]
Suggested answer for STPM 2012/13 Sem 1
1 C 2 D 3 C 4 D 5 D
6 D 7 B 8 B 9 B 10 D
11 D 12 B 13 D 14 B 15 D

16.a) 2 Fe + 3 Cl2 (g)
2 FeCl3 [1] (a : w/o state) ii. - Cr : 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 @ 4s13d5 @ [Ar]4s13d5 [1]
b) mol of FeCl3 =2/3 x 4.60 @ 3.0667 mol [1] - Cu : 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 @ 4s13d10 @ [Ar] 4s13d10 [1]
mass of FeCl3 = 3.0067 x (55.8 + 3(35.5) = 497.7g / 498g [1] - 4s orbital is half filled / partial filled [1]
c) mass = 82.0 / 100 x 498g [1] (a : use mol) - since half-filled (3d5) & full-filled (3d10) orbital are more stable
mass = 408 g [1] (a :407 / 409) than partially filled orbital [1]
d) - temperature / pressure / amount of Cl2 / impurities / incomplete
reaction / formation of side product (FeCl2) [any 2] 19. a) PV = nRT [1] (eq)
(101.3 x 103) (10.0 x 10-6) = n (8.31) (273 + 25) [1] (subs)
17.a) Pressure exerted by each individual gas (or any same - n = 4.09 x 10-4 mol [1] (ans)
meaning) [1] - mol of O3 = 4.09 x 10-4 mol [1] (ans)

 - [O3] = 4.09 x 10-4 / (500.0/1000) [1] (subs)
b)
  [1]

 
= 8.18 x 10-4 mol dm-3 [1] (ans) 3 s.f.
.

c)
  .
.
[1] (ins. subs) b)
Kp = 3.54 atm-1 [1] (ins. s.f. & unit) Ozone Iodine ion
d) i. - total mol of gas at left is more than right [1]
- P decrease, equilibrium shift to left [1]
ii. -partial pressure of all gas/mixture is reduce @ volume in [1] [1]
container increase [1] 2 bond pair + 1 lone pair @ 3 lone pair + 2 bond pair @
- Partial pressure decrease, equilibrium shift to left [1] 3 electron group [1] 5 electron group [1]
bent [1] linear [1]
18 a). - Electron transition from (any) higher energy level to n = 1 /
Trigonal planar [1] Trigonal bipyramidal [1]
lowest (must mention 2 or more level) [1]
Less than 1200 [1] 1800 [1]
- found in UV region [1]
- spectrum consist of discrete / separate lines [1]
20. P/atm
- lines in the series converge / become closer or together [1]
73.0
(or using diagram to express)
solid liquid
b) A (axis) / S (shape) / P (point) / C (intercept x axis) / V [5]
E = hv or anything relate [1] 5.11
1.00 gas
32.5 T / oC
-56.4 25.0 31.1
32 b) CO2 gas condensed to become liquid [1]
- Since attractive forces /intermolecular forces / weak Van Der
31.5
Waals increase [1]
- as movement of molecule become restricted / molecule
31
cannot move freely [1] (r : cannot move)
30.5 - as a result, particles become closer / volume decrease [1]

30 c) i. when liquid CO2 asborb heat from surrounding / T decrease /

CO2 cool the air [1]
29.5 - water vapour from surrounding condense to form fog [1]
ii. PV = nRT [1]
29 P = (1.80 x 103 / 44.0) x 8.31 x (273 + 25.0) / 2.00 x 10-3 [1]
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 P = 5.07 x 104 kPa @ 5.07 x 107 Pa @ 6.10 x 103 R kPa [1]

iii. Pressure is produced in practical is lesser than theoretical [1]

c) i. - Hund’s rule : electron occupying orbitals at the same energy - CO2 behave as real gas / non-ideal gas [1]
level (degenerate orbital) with single parallel electron before - attraction forces present [1]
pairing [1] - pressure exerted on the wall of cylinder reduced / collision
with wall reduced [1]
 18. b)
- Axis [1]
- Plotting [1]
- line drawn [1]
- state v∞ = 3.25 or 3.26 x
1014 s-1 [1]
- Use E = hf to calc,
E = 2.155 x 10-18 J/e [1]
∆H = E x Na
= +1297 kJ / mol [1]

*p/s : this is just a suggested marking scheme and not the actual one.