Appendix

Appendix A: Technical Data

 Technical data
Heater
Output 300 W
Surface 0.001875 m^2
Water cooler
Number of turns 9
Turn diameter 0.08 m
Surface 0.0578 m²
Tube OD 0.008 m
Tube thickness 0.0005 m
Total length of turns 2.261946711 m
Tube ID 0.007 m
Evaporation Fluid R141b
1, 1,-Dichloro-1-
Name
fluoroethane
Chemical Formula CCl2F-CH3
Brand Name R141b
Molecular Weight 116.9
Boiling point at 1 atm. 31.7 ◦C
Melting point -103.5 °C
Critical Temperature 208.3 °C
Critical Pressure 4400 bar
Density at 20 °C
1270 kg/m3
Density at 50 °C
Evaporation heat 225 kJ/kg
Thermal conductivity (gas) 0.0095 W/m.K
Vapor pressure at 20 °C 64 kPa
Ignition temperature 550 °C

Appendix B: Experimental Data

Part 1: Boiling liquid at the heating surface
Where T1 = inlet temperature
(°C)
T2 = outlet temperature (°C)
T3 = vapor temperature (°C)
T4 = bulk liquid temperature (°C)
T5 = surface temperature (°C)
Table1 The record of the trial of the first experiment
Heating
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Pressure
power
(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)
(watts) (bar)
82 27.3 27.5 26.9 28.9 34 1.12
90 27.4 27.6 27.3 29.0 35 1.15
95 27.4 27.7 27.6 29.3 36 1.20
88 27.5 27.7 27.6 33.3 39 1.23
90 27.5 27.8 27.7 34.5 39 1.24
88 27.6 27.8 27.8 35.0 39 1.25
90 27.6 27.8 27.8 35.4 40 1.25
91 27.7 27.8 27.9 35.8 40 1.26
99 27.8 27.9 28.0 36.2 40 1.27
104 27.8 27.9 28.2 36.6 40 1.28
104 27.8 27.9 28.4 37.1 41 1.30
107 27.9 27.9 28.5 37.5 41 1.32
106 27.9 27.9 28.6 37.7 41 1.33
109 28.0 28.0 28.7 38.3 42 1.34
106 28.0 28.0 28.8 38.6 42 1.35
101 28.1 28.0 29.0 38.9 42 1.36
107 28.2 28.1 29.1 39.2 42 1.38
105 28.2 28.1 29.3 39.4 42 1.39
104 28.2 28.1 29.4 39.6 42 1.40
98,21 27.78 27.87 28.24 35.80 39.84 1.29
 203 27.3 27.5 27.3 33.2 338 1.14
203 27.4 27.6 27.6 34.4 40 1.18
200 27.4 27.7 27.8 35.3 41 1.21
203 27.5 27.8 28.0 36.7 42 1.30
203 27.6 27.9 28.2 37.9 43 1.34
204 27.8 28.0 28.5 39.0 43 1.39
205 27.8 28.0 28.6 39.3 44 1.4
203 27.54 27.78 28 36.54 41.57 1.28
303 31.60 32.80 32.20 37.2 43 1.28
295 31.60 32.90 32.20 37.9 43 1.28
296 31.60 32.90 32.30 38.0 44 1.28
298 31.60 32.87 32.23 37.83 43.33 1.28

Part 2: Condensation of vapor on the cooled surface

Table2 The record of the trial at the second experiment
Flow Pressure
T4
rate T1 (°C) T2 (°C) T3 (°C) T5 (°C)
(°C) (bar)
(L/h)
20 27.1 30.6 28.3 39.3 41 1.30
20 26.9 30.0 27.9 38.7 41 1.30
20 26.7 29.7 27.8 38.6 41 1.31
20 27.4 29.8 28.1 38.8 41 1.32
20 27.5 30.1 28.2 38.9 41 1.32
20 27.13 29.9 28.00 38.75 41 1.31
80 27.4 28.4 28.1 38.6 41 1.29
80 27.4 28.5 28.2 38.6 41 1.29
80 27.3 28.3 28.1 38.6 41 1.29
80 27.3 28.3 28.0 38.5 41 1.29
80 27.3 28.3 28.0 38.5 41 1.29
80 27.33 28.35 28.08 38.55 41 1.29
150 27.4 28.0 28.0 38.5 41 1.29
150 27.4 28.0 28.0 38.5 41 1.29
 150 27.5 28.1 28.0 38.6 41 1.29
150 27.4 28.1 28.0 38.5 41 1.29
150 27.4 28.1 28.0 38.5 41 1.29
150 27.43 28.08 28.00 38.53 41 1.29
Appendix C: Example of calculation
Variable
Q is the heat transfer from the heating surface
(Watt)
 is the heat transfer coefficient at the surface
(W/m C)2o

A is the heat transfer area (m2)

Tw is the surface temperature = T5 (ºC)
Tf is the bulk liquid temperature = T4 (ºC)
Te is temperature different between heating
surface and bulk liquid (T5-T4)
q’’ is the heat flux from the heating surface (w/m2)
U is overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.oC)
hw is heat transfer coefficient on vapor side
(W/m2.oC)
hs is condensing heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.oC)
TLMTD is log mean temperature difference
T is different temperature between inlet and
outlet (T2-T1)
m is mass flow rate (kg/s)
U is overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
A is surface area (m2)
Part 1: Boiling liquid at the heating surface.
 At the first experiment with 100 Watt power, the average
of heating power is 98,21Watt. Resulted with the average
of Tw is 39.84 ºC and Tf is 35.80 ºC
1) Determine the heat transfer coefficient (  )
 From Q = A (Tw - Tf)
Substitute 98.21 = (0.001875) (39.84-
35.80)
 = 13,201.32013 w/m2. ºC

2) Determine the heat flux (q")

From q' ' =
Q
= (t5 – t4)
A
q' ' = 98.21 watt
0.001875m 2
= 53,378.333 w/m2
Find mathematical equation;
From q  CTea ; C=C×nb
log q  a log Te  log C
 Plot graph between log  and log (T5-T4) following Fig.1

4.5
Log of Heat transfer coefficient,α

4.45
4.4
4.35
(w/m2K)

4.3
4.25 y = 6.0736x + 0.2293
4.2
4.15
4.1
4.05
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
Log of Temperature gradient,(T5-T4) K

Fig.1 Graph
between log  and log (T5-T4)
Thus, the slope of the graph equal 6.0736 = a

 Plot graph between log q’’ and log (T5-T4) following Fig.2
 5.3

Log of Heat fkux ,q'' (W/𝑚2 )

5.2
5.1
5
4.9
y = 7.0736x + 0.2293
4.8
4.7
4.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Log of Temperature gradient, (T5-T4) K
Fig.2 Graph
between log q’’ and log (T5-T4)
Thus, the slope of the graph equal 7.0736 = a

Part 2: Condensation of vapor on the cooled surface

Table3 Properties of water for calculation
low
Tb =
ate T1-T2 ρ (kg/m^3) µ (kg/m.s) Cp (j/kg) k (W/m.K) Pr = Cpµ
(T1+T2)/2
L/hr)
20 32.34 3.5 994.9351587 0.000759199 4,179.354025 0.619242611 5.1239405
80 32.1 2.1 995.0116424 0.000762974 4,179.409726 0.618865068 5.1526261
150 31.73 0.8 995.128403 0.000768853 4,179.500167 0.618280549 5.1973518

 At flow rate 20 L/h, heating power is 300 watts and

pressure is 1.33 bar.
1. Find h0 (force convection)
Bulk temperature (T) b = T1 2 T2 = 27.1  30.6 = 28.85 oC
2
Q Q 50 L 1h 1 m3 4
v= = 2 = × × × = 0.36107861 m/s
A πd ⁄ h 3600 s 1000 L π(0.007)2
4
Re =
ρvD
μ
=
994.93516×0.3610786×0.007
0.0007592
= 3,312.369877 Transition
(2300<Re<104)
 In case, Use Levenspiel (Transitional Conduit Flow --
No Phase Change)

Nu = 0.116 (3,312.3698772/3-125)
(5.1239406)1/3(1+(0.007/2.2619)2/3) (1.2870)0.14
Nu = 27.8765053
From hD
Nu = k

So h=
Nu.k
D

h0= (27.8765032×0.619243)/0.007
h0 = 2,466.04571 W/m2 K

2. Find the theoretical heat transfer coefficient of

condensation horizontal tube (h)
Water flow rate 20 liter/h, heating power 300 Watts,
pressure 1.33 bar, T1 =27.1°C, T2 = 30.6°C
- Find Tavg to find the properties
T1 +T2
Tavg =
2
27.1+30.6
= = 28.85°C = 298.85 K
2
- Find 𝑚̇

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑉

= L
(20 )(
1hr
)(
1m 3
)(
995kg
)= 0.005514 kg/s
hr 3600s 1000 L m3

- Find Q from water side

𝑄 = 𝑚̇𝑤 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇

𝑄 = (0.005514 kg/s )(4.179 J

)(30.6  27.1) K = 80.6505 W
kgK
 Which 𝑚̇𝑤 is mass flow rate of water
- Find 𝑚𝑣̇ of vapor condensed (R141b fluid)
𝑄 (80.6505𝐽/𝑠)
𝑚̇ 𝑣 = = 225𝑥103 𝐽
= 0.0001437 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐿 ( )
𝑘𝑔

Which 𝑚̇ 𝑣 is mass flow rate of Solkane141b vapor

- Find 𝐺"
𝑚̇ 0.0001437 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐺" = = = 0.0006 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑠
𝐿𝑁𝑡 0.226𝑚

Where L is the length of tube and 𝑁𝑡 is number of tube.

Assume 𝑁𝑡 = 1
- Find the actual heat transfer coefficient of condensation
horizontal tube (h)
𝑣 )𝑔 1/3 −1/6
ℎ = 0.95𝑘𝑙 [𝜌𝑙 (𝜌𝜇𝑙−𝜌
𝐺"
] 𝑁𝑟
𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
1,232.5 (1,232.5−0,4774.04) 3 𝑥 9,81 2
𝑤
ℎ = 0.95𝑥0.0092306𝑚𝐾[ 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔.𝑠
𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝑠 ]1/3 𝑥9−1/6
0.000759 𝑥 0.0006
𝑚𝑠2 𝑚𝑠
ℎ = 20,748.303 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾

3. Determine U : overall heat transfer coefficient

1 1 Do Do ln( Do / Di ) 1
 ( ) 
U h Di 2k ho
1 1 0.008 (0.008) ln( 0.008 / 0.007) 1
 ( ) 
U 20,748.303 0.007 2(0.62) 2,466.046

U = 797,5854 W/m2.K

Appendix D Table of calculation

Part 1 boiling liquid at the heating surface.
Table 4 The result of calculating all parameter of plotting the
graph
Heati
ng Press
log T
powe ure T4 T5 T5- log
gradie α q'' log q''
r (°C) (°C) T4 α
nt
(watt
(bar)
s)

39. 52,37 4.719

98.21 1.28 35. 4.0 0.6060 12,975. 4.11
84 8 157
80 36 417 228 31
36. 41. 5.0 0.7014 21,530. 4.33 108,2 5.034
203 1.28
54 57 28 446 303 05 66 495
37. 43. 5.7 0.7609 27,560. 4.44 158,9 5.201
298 1.31
56 33 66 248 694 02 33 215

Part2 Condensation of vapor on the cooled surface.

Table 5 Determining the type of flow of each flow rate by

calculating its Reynolds’s Number (Re)
Flow
ρ µ Re = ρxIDxv/ Type of
rate v (m/s)
(kg/m^3) (kg/m.s) µ flow
(L/hr)
994.93515 0.000759 0.3610786 3,312.36987 Transitio
20
9 2 1 7 n
995.01164 0.000763 0.5416179 Transitio
80 4,944.54182
2 0 2 n
995.12840 0.000768 0.7221572 6,542.82898 Transitio
150
3 9 3 3 n
2300 < Re < Transitio
10000 n
Table 6 Determining the Nusselt Number (Nu) of each flow rate
Flow
Cp k Pr =
rate Pe=Pr*Re Nu
(j/kg) (W/m.K) Cpµ/k
(L/hr)
20 4,178.35 0.61924 5.1239 5,255.4456 13.143135
80 4,178.40 0.61887 5.1526 21,022.6274 47.007939
150 4,178.50 0.61828 5.1973 27,510.6938 67.134452

Heat Flux and α VS Temperature Guardian

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 2.5
Temperature Guardian (Kelvin)

Heat Flux (W/m^2) Heat transfer coefficient (W/K*m^2)

Fig 3 The relationships between the boiling heat transfer

coefficient and the temperature guardian
between the heating surface and the bulk liquid
 200

Coefficient (condense)
180
160
Heat Transfer
140

(W/m2K) 120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Water Flow Rate (L/h)

Fig. 4 The relationships between heat transfer coefficient and

the water flow rate
1800

1600
Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient (W/m2K)

1400

1200

1000

800 U experiment

600 U theory

400

200

0
0 50 100 150 200

Water Flow Rate (L/h)

Fig. 5 The relationships between overall heat transfer

coefficient and the water flow rate