Design, Development and Fabrication of
Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbine
Anshuman Yadav Akshay Bhateja
IV B.Tech MECH IV B.Tech MECH
Mechanical Engg., Mechanical Engg. Dept.,
NIT Bhopal, India. NIT Bhopal, India.
Abstract—We look at the design of an horizontal-axis
wind turbine (HAWT) and the building of a model.
The wind turbine is gear-less with three blades.
Theory behind the construction and design of the
blades is presented. The construction and assembly of
the device is described. Finally, results are presented
and then discussed. The average coefficient of
performance for the blade NACA4412 comes out to
be 0.11 which is slightly higher than that of
NACA0012 which is 0.09.
Keywords—-Horizontal wind axis turbine, NACA
4412,NACA 0012.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since early times recorded history, people
have utilized wind energy. According to BTM
Consult, a company that specializes in independent
wind-industry research, the level of annual installed
capacity has grown at an average rate of 27.8% per
year for the past five years. These statistics
demonstrate that wind energy is already a vital
source of energy production around the globe and
that the demand for wind energy solutions is
increasing. With such increasing demand, it is
evident that the benefits of wind energy are real.
The majority of power generation from wind
turbines is currently produced in wind farms, or
large fields that have several large commercial
wind turbines. So, basically this project is aimed at
determining how efficient the small wind turbine
can be given the space constraints of a residential
area.
The favored form of turbines used for electricity
generation purposes is the Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine (HAWT) with low solidity ratio (ratio of
blade area to swept area) and high tip speed ratio, λ
= ΩR/V wind, where R is the radius of the blades
and V wind is the wind velocity. This type of
turbine has a high efficiency or coefficient of
performance (Cp), but relatively low torque. Wind
energy is kinetic energy associated with the
movement of atmospheric air. Wind energy
systems for irrigation & milling have been in use
Vivek Kumar Mishra
IV B.Tech MECH
Mechanical Engg. Dept.,
NIT Bhopal, India.
since ancient times & since beginning of 20th
century it is being used to generate electric power.
Windmills for water pumping have been installed
in many countries particularly in the rural areas.
Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind
into mechanical power, which can then be used
directly for grinding etc. or further converting to
electric power to generate electricity.
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
(NACA) was a U.S. federal agency founded on
March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and
institutionalize aeronautical research. The NACA
four-digit wing sections define the profile by:
1)First digit of the four numerals describe
maximum camber as percentage of the chord.
2) Second digit describes the distance of maximum
camber from the airfoil leading edge in tens of
percentage of the chord length.
3) Last two digits describing maximum thickness
of the airfoil as percent of the chord Length.
II.BACKGROUND
As cultures harnessed the power that wind offered,
the use of windmills spread from Persia to the
surrounding areas in the Middle East, where
windmills were used extensively in food
production. Through history, the use of wind power
has waxed and waned, and nowhere in history is
that more evident than in the last century and a
half. In 1890, the invention of steel blades for
windmills makes them more efficient and as
homesteaders move west, more than six million
windmills are erected throughout the countryside.
In 1941, the largest wind turbine of the time was
established and it operates on a Vermont hilltop
known as “Grandpa’s Knob.” It is 1.25 megawatts
turbine and was used to feed electric power to the
local utility network for several months during
World War II especially period during 1930s to
1940. .
In 1970, the price of oil skyrockets and so does
interest and research in wind turbines and the
power they generate. In 1980, the first large
(utility-scale) wind farms are installed in
California. As a result, many important lessons are
learned, such as greater awareness of
environmental affects and proper sitting--where
wind turbines are installed--which lead to the
development of lower impact designs.
In 1981, NASA Scientists Developed Method to
Predict Turbine Performance. In1993, the National
Wind Technology Center (NWTC) was built to be
the nation's premier wind energy technology
research and Development facility.
In 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy publishes
their 20% Wind Energy by 2030 report. In 2013,
with the support of a $12 million investment from
the U.S. Department of Energy, the University of
Maine deploys a 1:8 scale, 20-kw concrete-
composite floating platform wind turbine--the first
to be deployed in world--strengthening American
leadership in innovative clean energy[5]. In 2015,
the installed capacity at University of Maine
reaches 66gigawatts.
III. OBJECTIVE
C. Geometry:
Vertical-axis rotors could only be built as pure
drag-type rotors. The advantage of vertical axis
turbine concepts are that their basically simple
design includes the possibility of housing
mechanical and electrical components, gearbox and
generator at ground level and that there is no yaw
system[21]. This is countered by disadvantages
such as its low tip-speed ratio, its inability to self-
start and not being able to control power output or
speed by pitching the rotor blades. In HAWT rotor
blade shape can be aerodynamically optimized and
it has been proven that it will achieve its highest
efficiency when aerodynamic lift is exploited to a
maximum degree. Also, according to Betz
momentum theory, maximum possible value of
power factor in HAWT is double of that in VAWT,
hence we have chosen three blade Horizontal axis
wind turbine[16]. Also, for the sake of simplicity
• Yaw mechanism
• Pitch control mechanism, has been omitted.

• To verify the cubic relationship between the
power and velocity of wind speed.
• To compare the performance characteristics of
NACA 0012 and NACA 4412.
IV. ANALYSIS AND METHODLOGY
A. Estimation of Power:
Although power in our project could have been
estimated both mechanically and electrically, but
we chose to calculate it by electrical methods in
order to avoid troublesome arrangement have
would have taken place if we would have chosen
otherwise. We have calculated the output power
with the help of following formula,as under :
Also, the number of blades chosen is three because
value of power coefficient and torque characteristic
is most suitable in 3 blades as shown below.
Standard NACA 4412 and NACA 0012 Profiles
have been chosen for study[16]. We have also
shown the geometry and profile of an ideal
platform in the figure given below. Also, in the bar
graph given after it, there is variation of cord
length as a function of radial-distance from the
center.

Power = V*I, where,

V:Output Voltage
I: Output Current
Both these quantities have been measured with the
help of a Multimeter.

B. Material selection-

Choices available: Sagwan Wood, Fibre-

Reinforced Composites, Epoxy Composites
Our selection- Sagwan
• Wood composite material pertaining to their
availability, low cost, ease of work and
considering the lack of resources at this present Fig1. Showing geometry and profile of ideal platform
level.
• The great stiffness of wood and its excellent
fatigue strength at a low specific weight make
it suitable for our purposes.
Table1: Variation of chord & Beta angle with radius. Table 2: Output characteristic of NACA 4412, 0012

Radius Beta Coefficient of

Chord (m)
(m) (deg.) S.No Output Wind Performance
0.05 0.224 37.6 Power Velocity of NACA
4412
0.10 0.112 19.5
0.15 0.075 11.6 1 22.0W 8m/sec 0.11

0.20 0.056 7.4

2 51.36W 10m/sec 0.12
0.25 0.045 4.8
0.30 0.037 3.0
3 74.34W 12m/sec 0.10
0.35 0.032 1.7
0.40 0.028 0.8 4 136.0W 14m/sec 0.115
0.45 0.025 0.0
0.50 0.022 -0.6 Coefficient of
S..No Output Wind Performance
Power Velocity of NACA
It is evident that its quite difficult to fabricate the
0012
aerofoil made of Sagwan wood, so for the sake of
the simplicity, we have taken an averaged value of 1 24.32W 8m/sec 0.10
0.035m and value of beta angle to be 3deg.
Material Required:
2 34.2W 10m/sec 0.09
• 90 degree elbow coupler.
• Mouth for holding motor (1 piece).
• CPVC pipes of 0.75 inch nominal diameter (8 3 62.9W 12m/sec 0.08
feet).
• T Shaped Coupler (6).
4 88.5W 14m/sec 0.075
• Anemometer, Tachometer, Multi-meter and
Wind tunnel.
• Wire (2m), Charge regulator (1), Crocodile pin
(2),
VI. CONCLUSION
V. CALCULATIONS
Assumptions: On the earth, the search of safe clean and
renewable energy is lesser, so we should use
• Density of air = 1.2 kg/cubic mete maximum renewable energy of the earth as wind.
• Average wind velocity = 10 m/s.(Approx) The mechanical and electrical energy is produced
• 50% of <Betz’s value (0.59)> maximum by wind energy using wind turbine at high altitude
extractable and seashore and open space.
• Power is extracted from the available swept
area. Moreover, in our endeavour we have successfully
• Power rating of D.C. motor being used as accomplished our task of ascertaining the cubic
dynamo= 40 W variation of power and found that the power
• Radius of rotor=50cm and cord length 4cm characteristics of NACA 4412 is much suitable
than that of NACA 0012 which underlines the fact
Kinetic energy contained in wind= (0.5)mv² that asymmetrical bade fetch better lift coefficient
Energy extracted = (0.5*0.59)*(K.E. in wind) and therefore, has higher values of coefficient of
= (0.2965)*(0.5)mv² power.
= (0.2965)*(0.5)*(ρAv)*(v²)
.After we have calculated the Energy calculated The Output Power of a Horizontal Axis Wind
and we got the output power from the readings of Turbine of Blades of NACA 4412 comes out to be
the Multimeter we divided that value with the directly proportional to the third power of Wind
energy extracted to get the quotient as the Velocity coming on the Blades. The average value
Coefficient of performance for both the profiles of Coefficient of Performance for our blades for the
NACA 4412 and NACA 0012 ,which has been profile NACA 4412 comes out to be 0.24.
tabulated in the table given below: The Output Power of a Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine of Blades of NACA 0012 comes out to be
directly proportional to the third power of Wind
velocity coming on to the Blades of the Turbine.
The average value of Coefficient of Performance
for our blades for the profile NACA 4412 comes
out to be 0.17 With the help of the below shown
table we were able to compare the actual values of
average Coefficient of Performance of the two
blade profiles NACA 0012 and NACA 4412, and it
is evident from our results that the average
Coefficient of Performance of NACA 4412 comes
out to be greater than that of NACA0012 which
justifies our theoretical study of the two types of
Profiles.
VII. FUTURE
We wish to further extend our effort by opting a
better material selection such as composites
materials, better blade fabrication technique,
while comparing more NACA 4 digit profile to
get a broader understanding of performance
characteristic of power as a function of blade tip
velocity.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are grateful to the Director, MANIT,
Bhopal (India) for his kind support. Authors also
extend gratitude to Dr. Siraj Ahmed Professor,
MANIT, Bhopal for his valuable guidance and
encouragement. We also wish to thank MHRD,
India for providing the financial assistance as
fellowship.
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