I.

INTRODUCTION
An important requirement of electric power distribution systems is the need for automatic
operation. Inparticular, the rapid and reliable transfer of the system from one power source to
another duringcertain systemevents is important to achieving the reliability goals for such
systems and the facility serves. However, thedesign of such an automatic transfer system is all–
too-often considered “less important” than many other aspectsof the overall power system
design.Nowadays, electrical power supply is one of the important elements in human being
needs. The most of thehuman activities is dependent on electrical power supply. In other
words, without electrical power supply,almost the whole of activities is become postponed or
worse cancelled. For usage of daily routine, voltagesupplied is within 240V ac. The need for
power supply is paramount for the growth of a country, access toelectricity as the basic form of
energy supply to the masses is vital for the development of a nation‟s economy.The strategic
role and policy of generation electricity in the development of an economy has always
beenappreciated by most developed nations, with the likes of France, Germany, and Italy. All
these mentionedcountries are well and truly developed countries that sustain the supply of
energy to it environment for thepurpose if industrial development.The power sector provides a
platform for economic development; electricity has brought about development inall area of
productions and services. Electricity has become indispensable to socio-economic and
industrialdevelopment of any nation. Using uninterrupted power supply in an automated
mode, we always have asubstitute arrangement as backup to take place of main power supply
in case of power-cut in an emergency case,where the power cut cannot be
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SYSTEM DEVOLEPMENT

METHODOLOGY

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

WORKING

FLOWCHART

BLOCKDIAGRAM

REVIEW OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION

REFFERENCE
2. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

System development consist of pcb designing and etching,microcontroller, power supply unit,
relay, relay driver, lcd, cprogramming and integration of various components. Allcomponents
should be soldered properly. Wiring diagram isshown below in
 ABSTRACT

The project is designed to automatically supply continuous power to a load through one of the
four sources of supply that are: solar, mains, generator, and inverter when any one of them is
unavailable.
Four switches are used for four respective sources. These are connected to a microcontroller of
8051 family that provides input signals to it. Whenever a switch is pressed it shows the absence
of that particular source. A relay driver is used that receives microcontroller generated output
and switches that particular relay to provide continuous power supply. A lamp is used as a load
for demonstration purpose which draws power from main. When main fails to supply power,
automatically next available source is used say inverter. If inverter fails then the next one is used
and so on. An LCD is also used to display which source is being currently used for power
supply.
Therefore, this project provides an effective solution to provide an alternative power supply
during frequent power cuts. In this project uses four switches to demonstrate the respective
failure of that power supply. When any of the switches is pressed it shows the absence of that
particular source, switches are connected to microcontroller as input signals. A microcontroller
of 8051 family is used. The output of microcontroller is given to the relay driver IC, which
switches appropriate relay to maintain uninterrupted supply to the load. The output shall be
observed using a lamp drawing power supply from mains initially. On failure of the mains
supply (which is actuated by pressing the appropriate switch) the load gets supply from the next
available source, say an inverter. If the inverter also fails it switches over to the next available
source and so on. The current status, as to which source supplies the load is also displayed on an
LCD. As it is not feasible to provide all 4 different sources of supply, one source with alternate
switches are provided to get the same function.
II. METHODOLOGY

The main reason behind to selects this work is there arelot of industries and domestic
appliances which workon high voltage supply and are high costly. And someelectrical devices
need regular or uninterrupted orcontinuous power supply to work well for longer
lifespan.Many electrical system are highly sensitive which canbe affected by a minute
interruption in the powersupply line. In the power supply system there are manychances of
interruption to take places at any times likepower fail/cut off, faults etc. To avoid such types
ofproblems these project system are best which takepower supply via four different sources
and alternatebetween them using microcontroller. The merit of thiswork is that they are
reliable and economical.
III. BLOCK DIAGRAM
This uninterrupted power supply control system workson the principle of auto selection for
switch over theload to other available source without interruption orswitch off the load. This
work uses 4 different sourcesof supply which drive the load and provideuninterrupted
powersupply. All the four sources areconnected parallel to each other as shown in the
blockdiagram. The sequence of power sources is mains,solar, inverter and generator
respectively i.e. highestpriority is given to mains and least priority to generator.
Table 1: List of component.

1. RESISTOR-11
2. CAPACITOR -5
3. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT -3
4. MICROCONTROLLER(PIC16F877A)- 1
5. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR(4MHZ) -1
6. VOLTAGE REGULATOR -1
7. RELAY -4
8. TRANSFORMER -1
9. 16*2LCD- 1
10. PLAIN PCB- 1

At normal condition i.e. when mains supply is present,relay connected to mains sense the
output from themains and load is driven by mains supply. All othersources which are connected
in parallel are open at thistime. In case mains supply is cut off, power isautomatically drawn
from second source i.e. solar. Ifsolar supply is absent the microcontroller will switchedto
inverter supply. If inverter supply also fails, thesupply will automatically shift to generator.One
of the other possible case is when power switchesfrom one source to another source, say solar
supplyfails and supply shifts to inverter and at the same time ifmains supply comes back then
the supply willautomatically switched to mains supply instead ofswitching to inverter because
mainsupply has highest priority.Theselectionprocesofsourcesisdoneautomatically using
microcontroller.In this system microcontroller is very essentialcomponent and always keep
sensing the available
sources. When any source is switched off through theselection keys then the microcontroller
shifted the loadto the other supply source by giving the signal to therelay driver IC then the
relay driver IC switched on theappropriate load relay.Load relays used in this work
areconnected in parallelwith load and four sources of supplies are alsoconnected in
parallelwiththese load relays. These loadrelays consist of normally open and close contacts
andare operated through the relay driver IC.We have checked this system by connecting the
lamp atoutput side as a load. When any interruption takes placein the power supply lamp will
not blink during theshifting of sources. Otherwise there will be blinkingduring the shifted time
of the sources i.e. there isinterruption in supplying the power at output side of thework.
Hardware Requirements
Auto Power Supply Control from 4 Different Sources using PIC MicrocontrollerHardware
Requirements

PIC16F8 series Microcontroller

Relay Driver

ICRelays

LCDLamp

Push Buttons

Transformer

Diodes

Voltage Regulator

CrystalLEDS

Capacitors

Resistors.

Software Requirements
Auto Power Supply Control from 4 Different Sources using PIC MicrocontrollerSoftware
RequirementsMPLAB & CCS C CompilerLanguages: Embedded C or Assembly
Applications
Auto Power Supply Control from 4 Different Sources using PIC MicrocontrollerApplications of
Embedded SystemThroughput :Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of
time

Response :Our system may need to react to events quickly.Testability :Setting up equipment to
test embedded software can be difficult.

Debugability :Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is doing wrong
(other than not working) is a troublesome problem.Auto Power Supply Control from 4 Different
Sources using PIC MicrocontrollerApplications of Embedded

SystemReliability :Embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human
intervention.Memory space :Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the
software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.

Program installation :You will need special tools to get your software into embedded systems.

Power supply can be control in :

Industries

Hospitals

Schools

Multiplexes

Banks etc
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

Advantage

Power supply can be controlled from four different sources.if any problem occurred in one
source then other sources can be used

Disadvantages

Cost of equipment is very high.Its very difficult to install and maintain the kit
FUTURE SCOPE &CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE

The main scope of this paper is to provide a continuous power supply to the output load
through any of thesource in the absence of any of the source.The paper can be further
enhanced by using GSM, other sources like wind power and also then taking intoconsideration
for using the best possible power whose cost remains lowest at that moment. The significance
ofthis paper lies in its various advantages and wide places of applications where this project can
be usedefficiently.

CONCLUSION

In the Auto power supply from four different sources: Solar,Wind, Main and Generator has
been explained in this project withall its features and details. The significance of this project lies
inits various advantages and wide places of applications such asIndustries, Hospitals, Banks; etc.
It has been developed byintegrating Colleges/Schools, etc. It has been developed byintegrating
features of all the hardware components used.Presence of every module has been reasoned
out and placedcarefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.The main scope of this
project is to provide a continuous powersupply to the output load through any of the source in
the absenceof any of the source. The project can be further enhanced by usingGSM and also
then taking into consideration for using the bestpossible power whose cost remains lowest at
that moment. Thesignificance of this project lies in its various advantages and wideplaces of
applications where this project can be used efficiently.
REVIEWS OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS

This section discusses the basic theory of components used forthis work. Though, we will be
more focused on the heart ofthe system design (Microcontrollers) and its peripherals whilewe
leave other basic electronic components. But interestedreaders can see [2-6] for theory of
other components used.

Relays:

Relays are electromechanical devices or solid state deviceswhich operate in response to a signal
which may be voltage,current, temperature etc. Electromagnetic relays operate dueto
magnetic fields. They are composed basically of two parts:(1) The operating coil and (2) The
magnetic switch. When aninput pulse is introduced into the coil, a magnetic field isproduced in
the core of the electromagnet. This action causesthe switch to slide. Relays are either normally
open ornormally close. Relays are available for DC or AC excitationand coil voltages range from
5V to 230V.

Microcontroller:

A microcontroller (MCU) is a single computer chip orintegrated circuit that has the ability to
execute written userprograms. The MCU is normally used for the purpose ofcontrolling some
devices – this actually gives it its namemicrocontroller. The user program can be stored within
theMCU or on an external chip called an Erasable ProgrammableRead Only Memory (EPROM).
MCU are normally integratedinto small devices like the microwave ovens, keyboards andcell
phones. The microprocessor that is universally accepted isnot the same as a microcontroller. An
MCU requires a smallamount of computing power, less memory and very littleattachment
accessories. MCU-based systems are far morereliable and cheaper. Their small size also makes
them desirable for circuit designers. It possesses an internalcomparator that acts like an OP-
AMP comparator. It also has aclock (crystal) that runs at a frequency of 12MHz – thisfrequency
is chosen so as to make the MCU trigger faster. TheMCU takes charge of sending pulses that
enable the chargingcircuit for the battery, the software application interface andthe tracking of
safe battery operational level.2.3Voltage

Regulators:

These two voltage regulators are used to give a constant DCvoltage of 15V (LM7815) and 5V
LM78L05. They act asstabilizers due to the fact that the circuit components are torun on DC
voltage that contains negligible or no pulsations atuses a heat sink due to its nature to heat up.
The LM78L05however does not need a heat sink. Both the two regulatorshave a maximum
current drawn of 1A each. The LM7815gives an output of 15V that is fed into the
comparator(LM741), though due to configurations it is not directly usedas a reference voltage.
The two relays RLAI and RLA2 alsofeed from this terminal. The LM78L05 gives an output of
5Vtimes have an output of 5V either from the rectified power orthe battery terminal because
the microcontroller overseesthegeneral control of the whole circuit and must always
bepowered. This regulator is fed by a joint from two diodes(IN4001) which prevent a flow back
of current and are thealternating sources of voltage to the regulator.

Relay Driver IC UNL2803:

The Eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this familyof arrays are ideally suited for
interfacing between low logiclevel digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS)and the
higher current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays,printer hammers or other similar loads for
a broad range ofcomputer, industrial, and consumer applications. TheULN2803 is designed to
be compatible with standard TTLfamilies while the ULN2804 is optimized for 6 to 15 volt
highlevel CMOS or PMOS.
REFERENCES

[1] GarimaPandey,KhandaAnum “Auto Power Supply ControlFrom FourDifferent Sources:

Mains, Solar, Inverter andGenerator To Ensure No Break Power” IJSART -Volume1Issue4–APRIL
2015,ISSN[ONLINE]: 2395-105.

[2] Lionel Warnes. Electronic and Electrical Engineering. Principlesand practice Macmillan Press
Ltd. London 1994 pp 145 – 220.

[3] Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Electronic devicesand circuit theory Eight edition.
Prentice Hall (PearsonEducation Inc.) 2002 pp 875

[4] L. Theraja and B. K. Theraja. A textbook of ElectricalTechnology.S. Chand and Company Ltd.
New Delhi, India 2002pp. 220, 920, 924, 1712 –1716.

[5] Bernard Grob and Mitton S. Kiver. Application of electronics.Syed Sons Printer. Lahore. 1985
pp 162-167, 171, 174.

[6] Thomas E. Newman. Electricity and Electronics Glencoe

McGraw Hill 1995. pp. 280 – 281, 414.

WORKING

When the supply from all the sources (Solar, Wind, Mains andGenerator) are ready, first
“Normally Open” switch is pressedthen the solar get failed and the supply automatically shifts
towind. To proceed further, second normally open switch is pressedthen the wind get failed
and supply is provided from mains and soon. Priority is assigned to each power source in the
order of Solar,Wind, Mains and Generator. In case the solar power fails, thesupply should
automatically shift to wind but if wind also fails atthe moment then the supply will
automatically shift to nextpriority source. Figure explains the working and construction of the
Auto power supply from four different sources. As shown inthe diagram the four sources are
Solar, Wind, Mains andGenerator, four “Normally open” switches are used to show thefailure
of each supply, four relays are used to provide protectionat each respective output. This output
can be used to drive anyload such as a lamp or motor. LEDs are used to display the sourceof
supply. Other case is when the power switches from one sourceto another source, say wind
fails and supply shifts to mains, if thesolar come back then the supply will automatically reach
back tosolar power instead of switching to mains. At the output ofmicrocontroller, each output
port is connected to positive dcvoltage. Relays are used in contact with the output port to
provideswitching at the output.The project uses an arrangement where 4 different sources
ofsupply are provided to a load so as to have an uninterruptedoperation of the load. The source
of 12v supply is used from fourdifferent source. The ac source to the fan is connected to relay
1to relay 2 to relay 3 and relay 4 by making the entire “NO”(normally open) contacts parallel
and all the common contacts inparallel. Four push button switches representing failure
ofcorresponding supply such as solar, wind, mains and generatorrespectively connected to port
3.4, 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7.The port pinsare pulled up with 10k resistor’s for reliable operation
ofachieving high and low logic by the program. It is so written thatinitially the relay driver IC
ULN2003 pin number 1 gets a logichigh from microcontroller port p0.1 that results in pin
number 16of the ULN 2003 going low to activate the relay 1 which resultsin the load i.e., fan
gets the supply through relay 1 “NO” contacts.While the push button meant for solar is pressed
that representsfailure of solar supply resulting in port p0.2 (pin number 37)going high along
with ULN2003 pin 2 and port p0.1 (pin number38) goes low and pin 16 of ULN2003 going high.
These results inpin number 15 of ULN2003 going low while pin number 16 goeshigh
simultaneously. This causes relay 2 to switch „ON‟ thatrepresents supply source from wind,
thus the fan gets supply.Now from the mains in the event of solar fail. After that if bothsolar
button and wind buttons are pressed meaning both solar an wind supply fail to the micro
controller input that results in port0.3 to go high at that time port 0.1 and 0.2 go to low.
Accordinglypin14 of ULN2003 goes low leaving pin16 and 15 to high suchthat the relay 3 is
switched on while relay 1 and 2 remain inswitched off condition. As the relay 3 corresponds to
mainssupply the fan now gets the supply from mains. If the mains pushbutton is pressed along
with the solar and wind button thatsimulates failure of solar, wind and mains resulting in
microcontroller port no 0.4 going high leaving port 0.1, 0.2, 0.3low which enables the ULN2003
pin no 13 to go low leaving pinno 16, 15, and 14 high such that relay 4 is switched ON that
getssupply from the generator source. If the generator button ispressed together with all other
sources button simulating failureof all the supply sources results in port 0.4, port 0.1,0.2,and
0.3which results in pin no 13 of the ULN2003 going high togetherwith 16,15,14. Thus all the
relays are off leaving no supply to thelamp. One 16 x 2 lines LCD is used to display the condition
of thesupply sources and the load on real time basis.
DESIGN METHODOLOGY

When the supply from all the sources (Mains, Solar, Inverter and generator) are ready,
first“Normally open”switch is pressed then the mains get failed and the supply automatically
shifts to inverter. To proceed further,second normally open switch is pressed then the inverter
get failed and supply is provided from solar and so on.Priority is assigned to each power source
in the order of Mains, Inverter, Solar and Generator. In case the mainspower fails, the supply
should automatically shift to Inverter but if Inverter also fails at the moment then thesupply will
automatically shift to next priority source.Figure below explains the working and construction
of the Auto power supply from four different sources. Asshown in the diagram the four sources
are Mains, Inverter, solar and Generator, four “Normally open” switchesare used to show the
failure of each supply, four relays are used to provide protection at each respective output.This
output can be used to drive any load such as a lamp or motor. LEDs are used to display the
source ofsupply.Other case is when the power switches from one source to another source, say
Inverter fails and supply shifts tosolar, if the mains come back then the supply will automatically
reach back to mains power instead of switchingto solar. At the output of microcontroller, each
output port is connected to positive dc voltage. Relays are usedin contact with the output port
to provide switching at the output.
FLOWCHART