Definitions:

Leisure - Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time.
A honeypot site is a location attracting a large number of tourists who, due to their numbers,
place pressure on the environment and local people.
Recreation - A leisure-time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment. It includes
individual pursuits, organized outings and events, and non-paid (non-professional) sports.
Primary tourist resources - The pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation (that is, those
not built specifically for the purpose), including climate, scenery, wildlife indigenous people,
cultural and heritage sites. These are distinguished from secondary tourist/recreational
resources, which include accommodation, catering, entertainment and shopping.
Resort -
A settlement where the primary function is tourism
Sport - A physical activity involving a set of rules or customs. The activity may be competitive.
Tourism - Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. Types:
l Ecotourism—tourism focusing on the natural environment and local communities
l Heritage tourism—tourism based on a historic legacy (landscape feature, historic building or
event) as its major attraction
l Sustainable tourism—tourism that conserves primary tourist resources and supports the
livelihoods and culture of local people.
Multiplier effect

Random data
Patterns in tourism: economic, environmental, social, political
Tourism growth – 5% and 10% in developing countries
1.1bln tourist arrivals in 2014

Butler’s tourism model Costa del Sol

Exploration – small fishing villages

Involvement – 1960s, small hotels, clean, warm, traditional Spanish culture, 1mln tourists
Development – 1970s, 3mln tourists, bigger hotels, improved roads, cheaper flights,
restaurants opened
Consolidation – 1980s, better infrastructure, 7mln tourists, upgraded airports (Canary)
Stagnation – environmental damage, overcrowding
Decline – 1990s Madrid trains bombing, new trends in tourism and boredom with sea sand,
rise of Asia flights, need for heritage tourism
Rejuvenation – low-cost airlines, city-breaks, cleaner,

Short-term trends in tourism: terrorism (Bali bombing in 2002), destination change, Brexit,
events, credit crunch, fluctuating prices
Long-term trends: more tourists,
Changes in location: more remote places, ecotourism and sustainable tourism growing, more
travels to Asia, city-breaks,
Golf – participation and success
Infrastructure, GDP, sex, natural, cultural barriers
Growing GDP, Golf players in Europe are rising, development is also increasing: 3mln in 1985,
7mln in 2010
65% golf players are white men
10 countries own 79% of world’s facilities
Dominated by core countries
Necessary infrastructure (USA has most golf courses)
US 18 000 golf courses, Africa 700
>5 hours rounds, so need leisure time
>1500$/year

Football– participation and success

Traditional sport – English Premier League watch all over the world
National identity
Role model: Premier League
Good infrastructure eg in London
Training, sponsorship, investment, government programmes, education
Can be played everywhere, not like on special facilities
Government investment (stadiums) and education: PE classes
Population: the more people the more successful (San Marino at the bottom)
No Muslim women

Sustainable tourism
5 flights/week to Easter Island
Ecotourism growing 15%/year
In Dominica ecotourists spend 18x more than normal
Carrying capacity - The maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfy
at one time. It is customary to distinguish between environmental carrying capacity (the
maximum number before the local environment becomes damaged) and perceptual carrying
capacity (the maximum number before a specific group of visitors considers the level of impact,
such as noise, to be excessive)
Global Sustainable tourism criteria partnership: reducing harm to heritage and environment,
maximize social and economic benefits to local people
Renewable energy, recycling, using biodegradable and sustainable materials, public transport,
quotas on carrying capacity, national parks, education, local culture, minimise economic
leakage

Negative impact of tourism

90% of coral reefs deteriorating due to tourism
Tourism – 5% of greenhouse gases emission
Small countries get too dependent on tourism industry
Problems caused by tourism:
 Overcrowding
  Congestion
 Inflation
 Environmental pressure
 Loss of cultural value
 Pressure on services
 Pollution

Sport
The more developed GDP, the more medals. But not Jamaica and African due to high altitude
so many medals

Factors influencing growing tourism demand:

 More disposable income
 Changes in working week
 Transportation
 Credit cars
 Travel agencies
 Passports and visas
 Last minute
 Education

OLYMPICS BEIJING 2008

Hosts of Olympics see the growth of medals: China 2004 64, 2008 100
China constructed national stadium – only 10% fulfilment of seats! and their Olympics costed
43bln, 4bln subway extensions, 1.5mln displaced residents
Ecotourism: Case study – Cuc Phuong National Park
Rising awareness – travelling by buses only
Employment in services
500 ppl forced to relocate
Minimising environmental damage: protecting 600 turtles, non-profit governing organisation
WWF says that it is one of most conserved ecosystems
Maximising economic benefit: contracts with travel agencies from Hanoi, training English-
speaking guides, ticket charges reinvested to conservation

Premier League
20 clubs, all from England, but 2 welsh
Each team 38 matches
Manchester United( biggest stadium, the highest income), Chelsea, Arsenal
Watched in 202 countries by 0.5bln ppl
Winners are the champions of England
Revenue 3$bln/year
The only English level-one league (out of 8 in total)

Rural tourism – Peak Districk National Park

2nd most visited
Accessible by transport, working and busy
25% of local jobs, 22mln visitors/year
Mountain Mam Tor, caves, Pervil Castle, village, physical activities
Problems: path erosion, second houses causing inflation and taking from local people, seasonal
jobs only, depopulation, congestion, littering, honeypots: Castleton, Bakewell – need for
redistribution, too little accommodation for peak days, too many people in main attractions and
to little in smaller
2000: Sustainable tourism in peak district: education and conservation,
Solutions: entrance fee, 2nd home tax, education and awareness, car ban,

Urban tourism – Venice

no roads, 118 islands, 60 000 residents, 50 000 tourists daily, 4x more than carrying capacity
Solutions:
 Low-cost housing
 Coach authorisation
 5 euro tax for a visitor
 Subsidies for local businesses: post offices, doctors
 Reducing events: expo
 Drinking fountains to reduce plastic bottles
 Police patrols
90% decline of population since 1930s
Distribution of attractions

London Olympic Games 2012

It needed regeneration and plan was sustainable
Terrorist attack day after choosing
17bln for transportation
No cars – congestion charges
Connection with paris or brussels, airports
Regeneration of newham
Cost rose from 2 to 10bln
10 mln tickets, free transport
Road closured and jams
High costs fro visitors
Co2 emissions from flights
Next 10 years higher tax
Most short-term jobs provided
10 000 participants
9000 new homes with health and education facilities
3rd time
Some outside London because of busy thames
10 000 police, 14 000 armed forces
Newham regeneration: 9000 new houses, 12 000 permanent jobs, 7$ bln more tourist income,
powerlines in the ground rather than overhead, DLR and Eurostar
300 businesses relocated, 500 houses destroyed, biggest church destroyed, inflation,
deforestation
Equipment given to schools and charities
Machu Picchu tourism eco sustainable
Machu Picchu context
- Is a ‘honey pot site’ in Peru, visited for remarkable biodiversity and pristine character – ruins of
Inca city
- Consists of sanctuary between Andean and Amazonian ecosystems
- Government promotes cultural tourism because seen as important strategy for development and
locals escaping poverty: unregulated growth due to open access
Management strategies in Machu Pichu
- System for collection of solid waste and removal by train to landfill sites near Cuzco, stricter rules
for waste disposal imposed
- $20/person entrance ticket and Inca Trail generates $10 million a year to protect – important
that is for non-residents
- Fee for hiking Inca Trail tripled to $50
- Number of people on the trail limited to 500: previously up to 1000 daily
- All tourists required to trek with registered companies which help ensure hikers keep to trail
conservation rules like no steel tipped walking sticks
- Redistribution away from Machu Picchu and Inca Trial being promoted: Tribes Travel Company
advertises nearby Choquequirao trail by pointing out pressure and providing alternative to trying
to see sunrise with 1000 other people

National tourism industry - Tourism in Vietnam + development strategy

Conflicts, Vietnam war, 55% Gdp agriculture, 43% secondary
0.5 mln tourists in 1993  4.5 mln tourists in 2008
A lot of informal economy – lower tax revenue
Foreign-owned hotels
Reasons for tourism:
 Greater private ownership
 Easier visas
 Low prices
 Transport developing
 More stable political situation than 30 years ago
 Saturation of Thailand and Malaysia

Town Hoi An: cultural mix

Attractions: Food: pho, spring rolls; Landscapes, sea, UNESCO sites, Highway, 2 airports,
International hotels, Golf courses, diving centres, English as second language + mandarin
Tourism Development Plan
500 000 new jobs annually
12bln investment from FDI
10% inflation
Annual revenue 16bln$
Disadvantages: Pressure on systems: electrical blackouts, No minimum wage – exploitation,
black market, Economic leakage
40mln tourists predicted
Ecotourism: Monteverde Costa Rica
500 visitors  50 000
1700 m altitude
Extreme biodiversity
Paved road not to be created

Discuss strategies designed to maximize capacity and

minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors,
and avoid environmental damage – Peak District UK

QUESTIONS
To what extent has accessibility, changes in technology, affluence influenced the (sport, leisure,
tourism*) industry? Use up-to-date case study examples to illustrate your answer
Describe and explain the projected trends in world tourism from now until the year 2030. Make
reference to specific areas and tourism numbers in your response.
Examine the changes in location and development of different tourist activities (10).

Using examples, explain the growth of more remote tourist destinations (10)
Analyse the socio-cultural factors affecting participation (playing & watching) in Premier
League Football (10)
Analyse the socio-economic and political factors affecting participation and success in Grand
Prix (10)
Analyse the most important geographic (SEEP) factors that influenced the hosting of the
London 2012 games (6 marks).
Tourism can never be truly sustainable. Discuss.
"Western style tourism brings only mimimal advantages to LEDC destinations and widens the
development gap even further". To what extent is this statement true? (10).

For one named city or large town:

• describe the distribution and location of primary and secondary tourist resources

• discuss the strategies designed to manage tourist demands, maximize capacity and minimize
conflicts between local residents and visitors and avoid environmental damage. LONDON
Evaluate the strategies to manage tourist demands, maximize capacity and minimize conflicts
between local residents and visitors and avert environmental damage in an urban area of your
choice.
Referring to one example, discuss the strategies that may be used to maintain the carrying
capacity of a popular tourist attraction in a rural area (10)
“Land value is the most important factor influencing the location of recreation and sports
facilities in urban areas.” Discuss this statement with reference to a specific urban area. 10
Examine to what extent an international sporting event has brought about positive and negative
changes to a named urban area. (10)
With reference to a case study example, outline the effects of tourism and evaluate the
sustainable practices that have been introduced (10) .
Using examples, discuss the use of sport as a catalyst for regenerating urban areas (10
"Compare the influence of accessibility, changes in
technology and affluence on the growth of either leisure,
sport or tourism".