WATER RESOURCES & INTERLINKING

OF RIVERS IN INDIA

MK RAHMAN
Engineer in Chief (Retired)
Irrigation & CAD Department
1
 A PRESENTATION ON
WATER RESOURCES &
INTER-LINKING OF RIVERS
IN INDIA

M K RAHAMAN, M Tech, FIE

ENGINEER-IN-CHIEF
I & CAD DEPARTMENT.

2
Hydrologic cycle

3
 Water Crisis
Of all the social and national crisis we face
today, the water crisis is the one that lies at
the heart of our survival, and that of our
planet earth
Fresh Water is limited resource
Only 2.53% of it is freshwater

(only one third is easily available for human

consumption, the large majority being
locked up in glaciers and snow cover)

The remaining 97.47% is saltwater

The period 2005-2015 is the International Decade for

action
‘Water for Life’ 4
 WATER AVAILABLE ON EARTH
WATER ON THE EARTH FRESH WATER ( 2.53%) SURFACE WATER ( 1 % )

•SEA WATER (97.47 %) •IN THE FORM OF ICE •LAKES( 52 % )

•FRESH WATER (2.53 % ) ( 79 %) •MOISTURE (38 %)
•UNDER GROUND WATER (IN THE EARTH)
(20 %)
•WATER VAPOUR
•SURFACE WATER (1% ) (8%)
•RIVERS (1 % )
•PLANTS ( 1% )
5
 DO WE HAVE ENOUGH WATER ?
• With 1869 billion cu m of fresh water India stands 7th in
the world.
• India heading towards water scarce situation
YEAR POPULATION IN PER CAPITA
MILLIONS AVAILABILITY, CU M
2001 1027 (Census) 1820
2010 1120 (Assessed) 1628
2025 1394 (Projected) 1340
2050 1640 (Projected) 1140

Source: Biswaas, A.K. 1998. Water Resources-Environmental Planning,

Management and Development. Pub: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited , New Delhi
 CU.M.PER PERSON PER YEAR

0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
Sabarmathi
Mahi

Tapi
Narmada
2000(ESTIMATED)
2025(PROJECTED)

Pennar

cauvery

Krishna
Godavari
Brahmani &
AVAILABLITY

Baitarni
Mahanadi
Brahmaputra
& Barak
Ganga
Indus
BASIN-WISE PER CAPACITY WATER

7
 Projected Water Scarcity in 2025
80% of India – Severe water scarcity

Physical water scarcity

Economic water scarcity
Little or no water scarcity
Not estimated

Source: World Bank – Global Water supply and Sanitation Assessment Report
8
9
 VIRTUAL WATER
The term ‘virtual water’ was introduced by Tony
Allan in the early 1990s.
It is defined as the volume of water required to
produce a commodity or service.
When there is a transfer of products or services
from one place to another, there is little direct
physical transfer of water. There is however a
significant transfer of virtual water.
By importing virtual water, water poor countries
can relieve the pressure on their domestic water
resources.
2500 litres of water
for 1 cotton shirt
40 litres of water
for 1 slice of bread
2400 litres of water for
100 gram of chocolate
10 litres of water
for 1 sheet of A4-paper
Virtual water for some important products
 Valuing Water

Paddy requires approx. 120 cm of water

If water is priced at 1 paise a liter, it costs

Rs. 1,20,000 for growing paddy in one
hectare land
Irrigating Land
Or
Crops ?
Surface Water Ground Water
DEPLETING GROUND WATER
Water for domestic demand
 Irrigation requirement

Irrigation requirement = crop water requirement – effective rainfall

 WATER REQUIREMENT OF VARIOUS
SECTORS
SECTOR WATER DEMAND in Billion Cu M
2010 2025 2050
Irrigation 557 78.45% 611 72.48% 807 68.39%
Drinking Water 43 6.06% 62 7.35% 111 9.41%
Industry 37 5.21% 67 7.95% 81 6.86%
Energy 19 2.68% 33 3.91% 70 5.93%
Other 54 7.60% 70 8.30% 111 9.41%
TOTAL 710 843 1180
 Water Withdrawals by Sectors

100
Percentage

80

60

40
83% 77% 73% 68%
20

0
1998 2010 2025 2050
Agriculture Domestic Industry Other

23
VITAL STATISTICS
• The country’s population is projected to 1640 millions by 2050 from
the present population of 1120 millions. The population will be
stabilized by end of 2050.
• India has world’s 2.4% of land, 4% of water and 16.7% of population
• The country’s average rainfall is 1197 mm which fall over 329 million
hectares and thus accounting for 400 million ha m water.
• The AP states average rainfall is 925 MM. There are 40 river basins in
the state. The total surface water potential is 78.3 b cum (2765 TMC)
and the ground water potential is 30.4 b cum (1074 TMC).
• It is estimated that about 1869 billion cum of water is flowing
annually in the rivers in India. Out of this, about 690 b cum only
(37%) of surface flows will be utilized within the limitations of
physiographic conditions and 432 b cum (23%) will be utilized from
Ground Water Resources. Thus a total of 1122 b cum (60%) of water
will be utilized for irrigation and other activities.

24
• Present water utilization is about 700 b cum (surface flows and
ground water). The utilizable water from surface and ground water of
1122 b cum shall be brought into use by 2050.
• Food grain production to end of 2010 is 200 million tons. Future
requirement for food grains to end of 2050 is 500 m tons to meet the
growing population taking per capita per day availability at 800 gms.
• The present food grains availability in the country is 525 gms per
capita per day when compared to availability of China and USA as
980 gms and 2850 gms respectively. The per capita per day
availability in India shall be increased to 800 gms for meeting the
better health conditions.
• Total storage capacities of all reservoirs in India at present is about
295 b cum (10418 TMC). And another 65 b cum (2295 TMC) is under
construction. Reservoir capacity of Kariba Dam in Zimbabwe is 180 b
cum (6357 TMC) and that of Grand Aswan Dam in Egypt is 162 b cum
(5721 TMC). To mitigate droughts & floods and to meet the
requirements of irrigation and other needs it is necessary to increase
storage capacity to 450 b cum (15892 TMC) constructing more
irrigation projects.
25
• There are 12 big size rivers in India having catchment area more
than 20000 sq km and total catchment of big rivers is 254 million
hectares. Out of which, the catchment areas of Rivers Ganga,
Brahmaputra and Meghana are 110 m ha (43% of total area).
Utilizable water from the above three rivers is 480 b cum as against
total available water of 1122 b cum.

• Geographical area of the country is 329 million hectares. Out of

which 69 m ha (21%) is forest land and 103 m ha (31%) is irrigated
area to end of 2000. There is still 157 m ha (48%) of area is available
for developing irrigational facilities.

• The geographical area of Andhra Pradesh is 27.44 million hectares,

out of this the total culturable area in the state is 15.95 m ha (394
lakh acres). Area provided with irrigation is 6.15 m ha (152 lakh
acres). Gross irrigated area is only 39% of cultural area.

26
STORAGE CAPACITIES OF RESERVOIRS IN INDIA

Sl No Description Storage Capacity in

Billion Cubic Meter
1 Major and Medium Projects (existing) 225 BCM
2 Major and Medium Projects (under construction) 64 BCM
3 Minor Storages (existing and under construction) 70 BCM
4 Total Live Storages in Projects, existing and under 359 BCM
construction
5 Likely loss in live storage due to sedimentation up 53 BCM
to 2050
6 Net live storage expected by 2050 300 BCM
7 Proposed further live storage to be created by 150 BCM
2050
8 Total Live Storage available by 2050 450 BCM
LIVE STORAGE CAPACITY OF RESERVOIRES (BCM)

Under Consideration ,
107.54 (27%)

Completed Projects,
Under Construction, 225.14 (57%)
63.9 (16%)

(Projects Having Live Storage Capacity of MCM & above)

 STATUS OF IRRIGATION POTENTIAL AND ITS LIKELY
PHASING (Million Ha)
Description Major & Minor Minor Inter Basin TOTAL
Medium Irrigation Irrigation Water (Million
Irrigation (Surface) (Ground Transfer Hectares)
Water)
Ultimate 58.47 17.38 64.05 35.1 175.00
Pre-Plan 9.70 6.40 6.50 -- 22.60
Developed till 42.35 14.31 46.11 -- 102.77
the End of Xth
Plan
Expected in :
XIth Plan 9.00 2.50 4.50 -- 16.00
XIIth Plan 7.00 0.50 11.50 -- 19.00
XIIIth Plan 0.12 0.07 1.94 0.65 2.78
XIVth Plan 0.38 0.38
Furture Plans 34.10 34.10
All India - Irrigation Potential - Created & Utilised

30
 GAP BETWEEN IRRIGATION POTENTIAL
CREATED AND UTILISED
• Four IIMs were entrusted to study and assess the
gap between IP created and utilised and reasons
behind the gaps. Their studies indicate
– Lack of proper operation and maintenance
– Incomplete distribution system
– Non-completion of command area development
– Changes in cropping pattern
– Diversion of irrigated land to other purposes
 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
• Irrigation efficiency may be defined as the ratio of
volume of water required for consumptive use by the
crop for its growth to the volume of water delivered from
the source
– Conveyance efficiency Ec = Volume of water delivered to the
field / Volume of water released at the canal
• Conveyance efficiency is divided into conveyance losses from canal
head to outlet head (Ec1) and outlet head to field (Ec2)
– Field application efficiency Ea = Volume of water delivered at
the root zone / Volume of water drawn at field head
• Overall project efficiency Ep = Volume of water delivered
to the root zone / Volume of water released at the canal
head
• Ep is equal to Ec * Ea
 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY
• The overall irrigation efficiency in the country
for surface irrigation is 38%
– The over all irrigation efficiency in Andhra Pradesh
is 27-32%
– In Indus and Ganga systems the efficiencies are in
the range of 43-47%
• The irrigation efficiency for ground water
sources is quite high ie., 70-80%, in view of
absence of long conveyance systems
• Target to increase the irrigation efficiency for
surface irrigation to 55%
Land & Water Resources – India & AP
Geographical Area 329 million ha
Ultimate Irrigation potential 140 million ha
Total Cultivable land area 184 milliom ha.

Net Irrigated land 56 million ha

Natural runoff (surface & ground water) 1869 Cu. km

Estimated utilisable surface water potential 690 Cu. km

Ground water resource 432 Cu. km

Available ground water for irrigation 361 Cu. km

Utilizable ground water for irrigation 361 Cu. km

38.97Million
Culturable Area :
Acres
Irrigation Potential created
13.43 Million
(2004) (Including Minor :
Acres
Irrigation)

Irrigation Potential proposed

10.12 Million
under Jalayagnam including :
Acres
contemplated projects

Total Irrigation potential after 23.56 Million

:
Jalayagnam (including Minor) Acres

Gross dependable yield from all

: 2765 TMC
the 40 river basins

Total utilization (up to 2004) : 1763 TMC 34

35
NEED FOR INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS
• For the existence and survival of human beings and livestock,
basic needs like water and food are essential.
• Civilizations were developed near river valleys, viz.,
Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indus valley, Yangtze valley etc.
Culture and Science were developed from these places and
spread to other places.
• For overall development of the area, water is essential and
help people in developing other fields and technologies.
• Water can’t be created, but can be transported from surplus
areas to deficit areas.
• This is the era where wars would be fought not for land or
ideologies but for water. Hence inter-basin transfer of water
would solve the problems of ‘water wars’ and ecological
imbalances to a large extent.
36
• Water, the nation’s wealth, should be prudently distributed to all
the areas of the country, for the prosperity of the people and
progress of the nation.
• Precipitation in our country is erratic & uneven in space and time.
• The rainfall varies from 100 mm in the western parts of Rajasthan
to over 10000 mm at Chirapunji in Meghalaya.
• 80% of annual precipitation occurs in just 4 months of monsoon
period.
• To cater to various needs judiciously for the balance period of the
year.
• Some areas are effected by floods, the others by drought.
• The River Valley Projects are designed to provide ‘carry-over’ and
‘flood storage’ in the reservoirs to help in mitigating droughts and
floods.
• To increase food production to 500 million tons for the projected
population of 1640 millions by year 2050.

37
• To increase GDP from the present GDP of 20% in respect of
agriculture sector.
• To cater the needs of 60% of the Indian population who live in rural
areas who depend on agriculture.
• To meet the requirement of growth of industries and domestic
uses.
• Increased population and increased demand for water would
render many of the river basins as water scarce by 2025 i.e., per
capita availability would be reduced to less than 1000 cubic meter.
To prevent such scarcity, transfer of water from surplus basins to
deficit areas would be essential.

38
HISTORY
• The concept of inter-linking of rivers in India is not new and has
been for over five centuries.
• The Western Yamuna Canal and Agra Canal built in the Moghal
dynasty by carrying water from the Himalayan rivers to distant parts
of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
• Sir Arthur Cotton pioneered development of water resources in
Southern India. He formulated plans to link Indian Rivers for inland
navigation and was partially implemented, which was later
abandoned, as railways got priority.
• The inter-linking of Krishna river with Pennar river was completed in
19th century by excavating 306 km length Kurnool-Cuddapah canal
by Dutch Engineers for Navigation facility and subsequently
improved for irrigation and drinking water to drought prone areas
of Rayalaseema region by British Engineers.

39
• In 20th century, Rajasthan Canal Project was executed by
constructing dam across Beas river near Pong and a barrage at
Harike and a Grand Canal System to carry water to drought prone
areas of Rajasthan.
• Bhakra-Nangal Project, Parambikulam-Aliyar Scheme, Periyar-Vegai
Link, Thungabhadra Project, Telugu Ganga Project, Srisailam Right
Bank Canal Project (SRBC) etc., are some of the inter-basin projects.

40
 PROPOSALS FOR INTER-LINKING OF RIVERS

• The concept of Inter-linking of rivers initially mooted in India

in the 1970s by
– Dr K L Rao (1972)
– Captain Dastur (1977)

41
National Grid Proposals
by (Late) Dr.K.L.Rao

42
National Water Grid by Dr K L Rao

• 2640 km long Ganga-Cauvery link envisaged the withdrawal of 1680

cumecs (60000 cusecs) of the flood flows of the Ganga near Patna
for 150 days.
• Pumping of about 1400 cumecs (50000 cusecs) of water over a
head of 549 metres (1800 feet) for transfer to the peninsular region
and utilizing remaining 280 cumecs (10000 cusecs) in the Ganga
basin itself.
• Brahmaputra-Ganga link to transfer 1800 to 3000 cumecs with a lift
of 15 m.
• Utilization of 25.9 billion cum (915 Tmc) of Ganga flood waters for
creating irrigation potential of 4 million ha.
• Requirement of power is 5 to 7 million kw.
• Central Water Commission had studied the proposal and concluded
it as un-economical.

43
 GARLAND CANAL
BY Capt. DASTUR
Pipeline 3.7 Mts.dia in Five rows

Himalayan River Garland : Length 4200 Km

and 300 Mts.Wide

Peninsular River Galand :Length 9200 Km and

300 Mts.Wide

44
 Garland Canal by Captain Dastur

• The proposal of Captain Dastur mainly consists of two canals.

• First canal is 4200 km long and 300 m wide Himalayan Canal at a
bed level between 335 m and 457 m above MSL aligned along
southern slopes of the Himalayas running from the Ravi in the west
to the Brahmaputra and beyond. 90 integrated lakes to store 247
billion cum (8723 Tmc) and distribute 617 billion cum (21789 Tmc)
• Second canal is 9300 km long and 300 m wide Central and Southern
Garland Canal at an elevation between 244 m and 305 m above
MSL. This Garland Canal was proposed to have about 200
integrated lakes having a storage capacity of 497 billion cum
(17551Tmc) to control and distribute 864 billion cum (30512 Tmc).

45
• The Himalayan and Garland Canals were proposed to be inter-
connected at two points near Delhi and Patna by 5 no of 3.7 m
diameter pipeline for transfer of water.
• The proposal of Captain Dastur was examined by two committees
of Experts and they opined that the proposal was technically
unsound and economically prohibitive.

46
 National Perspective Plan

• In August 1980, Ministry of Water Resources formulated the

National Perspective Plan for Inter-linking of Rivers having two
components
• Himalayan Rivers Development and
• Peninsular Rivers Development
• National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was set up in
July 1982 for carrying out feasibility studies of the proposed
links.

47
48
49
 Himalayan Rivers Development
Component
• It will have 14 links
• Construction of Dams on Tributaries of Ganga and Brahmaputra
Rivers in India, Nepal and Bhutan.
• Linking of Brahmaputra and its Tributaries with Ganga and Ganga
with Mahanadi benefiting Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand
and Orissa.
• Interlinking Canal Systems to transfer surplus flows of eastern
tributaries of Ganga to the West benefiting Uttar Pradesh,
Uttaranchal, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• 22 million ha of Irrigation Potential.
• 30 Million KW of Power (including dams proposed in Nepal and
Bhutan)
• Augmentation of Flows at Farakka
• Drought mitigation in the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Flood Control in Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins.

50
51
 Peninsular Rivers Development Component
• It will have 16 links
• Transferring Surplus Flows from rivers Mahanadi and Godavari to
Deficit Basins of Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery and Vaigai benefiting
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu states with 9
link canals
• Transferring Water from West flowing rivers of Western Ghats to
the East to benefit Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
• Transferring Water from Ken River to Betwa River to benefit
Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
• Inter-linking Parbati, Kalisindh and Chambal Rivers to benefit
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
• Inter-linking of West flowing Rivers, North of Mumbai & South of
Tapi River, to benefit Maharashtra and Gujarat
• Transferring of 283 TMC of Mahanadi waters to Godavari Basin
and 530 TMC of Godavari waters to Southwards

52
 LINKS PROPOSED FROM MAHANADI
TO VAIGAI (9 LINKS)
• Mahanadi (Manibhadra) – Godavari (Dowlaiswaram)
• Godavari (Inchampalli) – Krishna (Nagarjunasagar)
• Godavari (Inchampalli Low Dam) – Krishna (Nagarjunasagar Tail
Pond)
• Godavari (Polavaram) – Krishna (Prakasam Barrage)
• Krishna (Almatti Dam) – Pennar
• Krishna (Srisailam Dam) – Pennar (Proddutur)
• Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) – Pennar (Somasila)
• Pennar (Somasila) – Cauvery (Grand Anicut)
• Cauvery (Kattalai) – Vaigai – Gundar

53
 LINK PROPOSALS OF NWDA FROM MAHANADI TO CAUVERY
230+530
+80TMC
TMC PROPOSED

M EXISTING
G K
ALMATTI DAM
P UP STREAM OF PABR
A
O R 50 @KALAVAPALLI
SRISAILAM
DAM E
H 80
D PRODDUTUR
I N
A
A NAGARGUNA
SAGAR
S N C
MANIBHADRA
V A
INCHAMPALLI
H N
SOMASILA U
N V
A
N A E
A POLAVARAM
PULICHINTALA R
R A R Y
GRAND
D DOWLAISWARAM PRAKASAM ANICUT
BARRAGE
54
I
N.W.D.A. has carried out water balance studies of
all basins/sub-basins and ascertained the water
availability.
The water availability under each basin is

1.MAHANADI BASIN 395 TMC ( Surplus )

2.GODAVARI BASIN 530 TMC (Surplus)

3.KRISHNA BASIN Deficit

4.PENNAR BASIN Deficit

5.CAUVERY BASIN Deficit

6.VAIGAI BASIN Deficit

55
• Following are the benefits accruing to those states from the transfer of
Mahanadi water to Southern States

• Andhra Pradesh 275 TMC

• Orissa 116 TMC
• Maharashtra 56 TMC
• Karnataka 164 TMC
• Tamil Nadu 216 TMC
• Transmission losses 98 TMC
------------
TOTAL 925 TMC
------------

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
BENEFITS – RIVERS LINKING
• Additional Irrigation Potential of 35 million ha (Surface water
– 25 m ha & Ground water – 10 m ha).
• Hydro-power – Installed Capacity 34,000 Mega Watts
• Mitigation of Floods and Droughts
• Industrialization
• Inland Navigation
• Fisheries Development
• Recreational Opportunities
• Environmental Safety
• Employment Generation
• Socio-Economic Development & Health improvement

71
 BENEFITS FROM 9 LINKS

• 13 Million Hectares of Irrigation Potential

• 4 Million KW of Power
• Drought Mitigation in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu
• Flood Control in Mahanadi and Godavari Basins

72
 ESTIMATED COST
(AT 2002 PRICE LEVEL)
• Cost of Himalayan Component Rs 3,75,000 Crores
• Cost of Peninsular Component Rs 1,85,000 Crores
-----------------------
TOTAL Rs 5,60,000 Crores
-----------------------

• Cost of Irrigation Component Rs 2,60,000 Crores

• Cost of Power Component Rs 3,00,000 Crores
-----------------------
TOTAL Rs 5,60,000 Crores
-----------------------

73
 CHALLENGES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR
IMPLEMENTATION
• Negotiations among the Co-basin States / Neighboring Countries for
arriving at Consensus and signing of water sharing and project
related agreements.
• Preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPR).
• Funding and Implementation of the proposed projects.
• Institutional mechanism and technology for executing the projects
with in frame work of 10-15 years.
• Construction of Storage Dams and Canal Systems causing
submergence and displacement of people.
• Implementation of Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Package in
true spirit following national guide lines. Careful planning is
necessary to ensure that the construction of projects and
rehabilitation activities proceed simultaneously and smoothly.
• Environment and Forest clearances / approvals.
74
 Continued. . . ,
• Out of the 30 proposed links, 21 links are inter-dependent and are
to be implemented after resorting to international agreements and
inter-state problems.
• Conformity of these proposals with the existing legal systems (the
International Law, the Constitution of India and the relevant laws
with in the country) needs a special examination and review.
• Before embarking on such large proposals, the available
alternatives require careful consideration. Such alternatives would,
ground water development and its conjunctive use, improved water
management and modern irrigation techniques drip & sprinkler
irrigation, cropping pattern, participatory irrigation management
(PIM), rainwater harvesting, modernization of existing systems etc.,
to conserve the water available with in the basin.

75
 Concerns / Views of Government of
Andhra Pradesh
• The Rivers under Himalayan Component are Perennial and
that of Peninsular Component are not Perennial. Hence these
two components are to be taken simultaneously as there is no
surplus water available in Godavari for diversion to Peninsular
Region.
• The century old Godavari Delta ayacut of 10 lakh acres gets
delinked from assured gravity flows of Godavari. The ayacut
has to depend on distant source of Mahanadi with 930 km
long link traversing through cyclone prone areas.
• Nagarjunasagar ayacut, now getting dependable Krishna
water by gravity has to depend upon Godavari water pumped
from Inchampailli with a head of 120 m and traversing a
distance of 300 km.

76
Continued. . . ,
• Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar Power Stations may have to be
shutdown.
• Proposed Inchampalli and Polavaram Power Stations with
installed capacities of about 2000 MW may not materialize
due to lack of sufficient downstream flows.
• Dependable flows will be diverted and instead Andhra
Pradesh will be made to depend on Flood Flows.
• Andhra Pradesh view is that there is no sufficient balance
water (out of dependable yield) to be spared in Godavari.
• The water proposed to be diverted from the Godavari at
Inchampalli site is 20,797 m cum (734 TMC) as against the
available quantity of 19,057 m cum (673 TMC). Thus it could
result in adverse effects on the existing as well as proposed
projects and cause serious environmental problems.

77
Continued. . . ,
• The total available waters in the Godavari are 41,993 m cm
(1483 TMC) as per the hydrological studies made by the
WAPCOS. The existing and committed utilizations are at
36,904 m cm (1303 TMC) and thus only 5089 m cum (180
TMC) of excess water is available after meeting all the
requirements including deficit of water availability to an
extent of 2776 m cum (98 TMC) in the River Godavari.
• All the waters proposed for inter basin transfer from Godavari
basin belongs to Andhra Pradesh State according to the
Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal Award.

78
Continued. . . ,

• There is a deficit of 7840 m cum (222 TMC) – in the Krishna

Basin.
• There is a deficit of 2400 m cum (68 TMC) – in the Pennar
Basin.
• The NWDA proposed to transfer the water of Godavari to
Cauvery basin without considering the requirements under
the proposed projects like AMRP, GNSS, HNSS, Veligonda,
Kalvakurthy LI Scheme and Nettampadu LI Scheme which are
located in drought prone areas.
• Hence there is necessity to import waters from outside the
state, by participating in the inter-linking of rivers at the
national level.

79