First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only

altered in form.

For any system, energy transfer is associated with mass

and energy crossing the control boundary, external
work and/or heat crossing the boundary, and the change
of stored energy within the control volume. The mass
flow of fluid is associated with the kinetic, potential,
internal, and "flow" energies that affect the overall
energy balance of the system.

Closed System Energy Balance

For closed systems, energy is transferred in and out

across the system boundary by two means only: by
work and by heat
1
The closed system energy balance states:
 
 change in the   
   Net amount of energy 
 amount of energy   
   transferre d in and out 
   
 contained within  
   across the system boundary 


 a closed system   
   by heat and work during 
   
 during some time   
   the time interval 

 interval 
 
 change in amount   net amount of energy  net amount of energy


 of energy contained  transferred in across   transferred in across 
     
 within system    system boundary by    system boundary 
     
 during a time   heat transfer during   by work during the 
     
 interval   the time interval   time interval 
     

for fluid not in motion – energy per unit mass is known

as specific internal energy, u - mu = U units kJ
u depends on P & T and is a property
2
 


gain in    net heat supplied    net work input 
    
 internal energy     


Gain in internal energy in change from state 1 to 2

U2 U1  dQ  dW non-flow energy equation
2 2

1 1

true whether or not process reversible

U2 U1  Q W
or for unit mass
Q W  u  u
2 1
in differential form
dQ  dW  du

for a reversible non-flow process

W  m 12 p dv
or in differential form
dW  m pdv
for unit mass
dQ  du  pdv or
2
𝑑𝑄 = (𝑢2 − 𝑢1 ) + ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑣
1

3
system undergoes a thermo cycle – no change in
properties – net heat supplied + net work input = zero
Q  W  0

Steady Flow Equation

total energy = internal energy + KE + PE

 
total energy per unt mass = u + C 2 2 + Zg

4
Flow Energy

in order to introduce fluid across boundary, expenditure

of energy is required – in order to push fluid across
boundary at exit, expenditure of energy is required
Flow energy is defined as the energy required to move
a mass into a control volume against a pressure.
Energy required to push element of
fluid of length l
= p1 A1 x l = p1 x (volume of fluid
element)
A1 is cs area of inlet pipe
therefore
Energy required for unit mas flow rate of fluid = p1v1
similarly

Energy required at exit to push unit mas flow rate of

fluid across boundary = p2v2

for steady flow of fluid into and out of system and

steady flows of heat and work

energy entering system = energy leaving system

5
energy entering system = energy of flowing fluid at
inlet + flow energy + heat supplied + work input

energy leaving system = energy of flowing fluid at

outlet + flow energy
𝐶12
𝑚 (𝑢1 + + 𝑍1 𝑔 + 𝑝1 𝑣1 ) + 𝑄 + 𝑊
2
𝐶22
= 𝑚 (𝑢2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔 + 𝑝2 𝑣2 )
2
For convenience (in fact that is why enthalpy was
introduced!) substitute specific enthalpy, h = u + pv
𝐶12 𝐶22
𝑚 (ℎ1 + + 𝑍1 𝑔) + 𝑄 + 𝑊 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 + + 𝑍2 𝑔)
2 2

steady flow energy equation

in steady flow rate of mass flow at any section is the

same as at any other section
𝐶𝐴
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑚 = 𝜌𝐶𝐴 =
𝑣
𝐶1 𝐴1 𝐶2 𝐴2
𝑚= =
𝑣1 𝑣2

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