Topics to be Discussed in this Section

Mobile Communications

Introduction

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 Introduction

 A cellular mobile comms. system uses a large no. of low-power wireless

Txs to create cells.
 Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to subscriber
density and demand within a particular region.
 As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are handed
off between cells.
 Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell
some distance away.
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 Wireless Communication System Definitions

Simplex Systems: Communication systems which provide only one-way

communication.

Full Duplex systems: Communication Systems which allow simultaneous two-

way communication.

Half Duplex Systems: Communication systems which allow two-way

communication by using the same radio channel for both transmission and
reception.
At any given time, the user can only either transmit or receive information.

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 Wireless Communication System Definitions
Base Station(BS): A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with mobile stations.
Located at the center or on the edge of a coverage region.
Consist of radio channels and Tx and Rx antennas mounted on a tower.

Mobile Station(MS): A station in the cellular radio service intended for use
while in motion at unspecified locations.

MS may be hand-held personal units (portables) or installed in

vehicles (mobiles).

Control Channel: Radio channels used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation, and other beacon or control purposes.

Forward Channel: Radio channel used for transmission of information from the
BS to the MS.

Reverse Channel: Radio channel used for transmission of information from the
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MS to BS.
RAVILLA DILLI Faculty E & C Dept., MIT, Manipal
 Wireless Communication System Definitions

Handoff: The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or

base station to another.

Mobile Switching Center(MSC): Switching center which coordinates the

routing of calls in a large service area.

In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the cellular base stations
and the mobiles to the PSTN.

An MSC is also called a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO).

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 Wireless Communication System Definitions

Page: A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service area, usually
in a simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same time.

Roamer: A MS which operates in a service area other than that from

which service has been subscribed.

Subscriber: A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile

communications system.

Transceiver: A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving

radio signals.

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 Wireless Communication System Definitions
Mobile radio transmission systems classification:

1. Simplex 2. Half-Duplex 3.Full-Duplex

1. Simplex systems: Communication possible only in one direction.

e.g. Paging Systems

2. Half-Duplex Systems: Its two-way communication, but user can either

transmit or receive at the given time.

3. Full Duplex systems: allow simultaneous radio transmission and reception

between a subscriber and a base station.

1. FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) 2. TDD(Time Division Duplexing)

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 Wireless Communication System Definitions
1. FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) :

It provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for the subscriber and the
BS, so that they both may constantly transmit while simultaneously receiving
signals from one another.

At the BS, separate transmit and receive antennas are used to accommodate
the two separate channels.

At the MS, a single antenna is used for both transmission to and reception from
the BS, and a duplexer is used inside the subscriber unit to enable the same
antenna to be used for simultaneous transmission and reception.

To facilitate FDD, it is necessary to separate the transmit and receive

frequencies by about 5% of the nominal RF frequency, so that the duplexer can
provide sufficient isolation while being inexpensively manufactured.

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 Wireless Communication System Definitions
2. TDD(Time Division Duplexing):

TDD shares a single radio channel in time, so that a portion of the time is used
to transmit from the BS to the MS, and the remaining time is used to transmit
from the MS to the BS.

If the data transmission rate in the channel is much greater than the end-user’s
data rate, it is possible to store information bursts and provide the appearance
of full duplex operation to a user, even though there are not two simultaneous
radio transmissions at any instant of time.

TDD is possible only with digital transmission formats and digital modulation,
and is very sensitive to timing.

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 Cellular Telephone Systems

Fig: A Cellular System

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 Cellular Telephone Systems

MSC is responsible for connecting all mobiles to the PSTN in a cellular system.

Each MS communicates via radio with one of the BSs and may be handed- off
to any number of BSs throughout the duration of a call.

MS contains a transceiver, an antenna, and control circuitry, and used as a

portable hand-held unit.

BS consist of several Txs and Rxs which simultaneously handle full duplex
communications and generally have towers which support several transmitting
and receiving antennas.

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 Cellular Telephone Systems

BS serves as a bridge between all mobile users in the cell and connects the
simultaneous mobile calls via telephone lines or microwave links to the MSC.

The MSC coordinates the activities of all of the BSs and connects the entire
cellular system to the PSTN.

A typical MSC handles 100,000 cellular subscribers and 5,000 simultaneous

conversations at a time, and accommodates all billing and system maintenance
functions, as well.

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 Cellular Telephone System
Communication b/w the BS and the MS is defined by a standard common air
interface (CIA) that specifies four different channels.

FVC(Forward Voice Channels ): Channels used for voice transmission from the
BS to MS.
RVC(Reverse Voice Channels): Channels used for voice transmission from
MS to the BS.

FCC(Forward Control Channels) and

RCC(Reverse Control Channels:
These two channels responsible for initiating mobile calls.

Control channels are involved in call setup and moving it to an unused voice
channel.
Control channels transmit and receive data messages that carry call initiation
and service requests, and are monitored by MS when they do not have a call
in progress.

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 Text Books

[1] Theodore S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communication Principles and Practice”,

2nd Edition, Pearson Education.

[2] Kamilo Feher “Wireless Digital Communications, Modulation and Spread

Spectrum Applications” Eastern Economy Edition.

[3] William C. Y. Lee, “Mobile Cellular Telecommunications”, McGraw-Hill

International.

[4] Jochen H Schiller, “Mobile Communication”.

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 My Contact

DILLI RAVILLA

Cabin No.54, FC-IV, Ground Floor, AB-5.

Contact No : 9035190124

Mail Id : dilli.ravilla@gmail.com

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