Chapter 1

Introduction to Infrared Intruder detector

1.1 Introduction to Infrared Intruder detector

This project aims at designing a circuit of an infrared motion detector that can be
used to sense intrusions. Infrared rays reflected from a static object will be in one
phase, and the rays reflected from a moving object will be in another phase .The
circuit uses this principle to sense the motion.
The project consists of two major parts the transmitter and the receiver Timer
555 is used to generate the 20Hz output which is given to the IR-LEDs through
transistor pair. In the receiver part there a photo transistor that detects the IR radiation
.This output is given to the tone detector that detects if the frequency is 20Hz or not.
If it is not 20Hz then activates the buzzer. If there is an intrusion then the frequency
received at the receiver is different. Thus the intrusion is detected.

1.2. Problem Formulation

In day to day life security has become a major concern. It is not safe to rely on
security guard. They can be bribed and are not worth trusted. Also there is various
other applications where it becomes necessary to know whether the used is present or
not. For this application lot of other substitutes are used like microwave radiation,
other types of sensors but they are either harmful radiation when absorbed by human
body or are expensive. So there is a need for other way and this is achieved by
infrared intruder detector.

1.3. Problem solution

Infrared intruder detector can be effectively used as burglar alarm. If the infrared
bean is interrupted by any one then this is detected. Thus infrared intruder detector is
used as security guard. Also this infrared intruder detector can detect the presence of
user thus saving the precious resources. Also the infrared radiation is not harmful like
other radiation used for intrusion detector. So using infrared for detection is an
excellent way of intrusion detection.

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Chapter 2
Literature Survey
Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength that is
longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Infrared radiation
has the following characteristics:
1)Invisible to human eyes:
This is useful for security applications, but sometimes makes measurements and
optical system design difficult.
2)Small energy
Infrared radiation energy is equal to rotational and vibrational energy of
molecules. This phenomenon makes it possible to identify the molecules.
3)Long Wavelength
This means infrared radiation is less scattered and offers better transmission
through various medium.
4)Emitted from all kinds of objects.
Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects
include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of
9.4um.[7]

Due to these characteristic of infrared radiation it is being effectively used for intruder
detection. Infrared intruder detector are basically of two types passive and active
intruder detector.

Passive Infrared Intruder Detector

In passive infrared motion detectors, a sensor containing an infrared-sensitive

phototransistor is placed in the area to be protected. Circuitry within the sensor
detects the infrared radiation emitted by the intruder's body and triggers the alarm.
The problem with using this type of detector is that it can be falsely triggered by
warm air movement or other disturbances that can alter the infrared radiation levels
in an area. In order to prevent this problem, newer systems use two infrared sensors
which monitor different zones within a protected area. Logic within system triggers
the alarm only when the two zones are activated in sequence, as would occur if a
person walked through the protected area. {hobby projects}

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A Passive InfraRed sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared
(IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often used in the
construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below). Apparent motion is detected
when an infrared source with one temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an
infrared source with another temperature, such as a wall.[1]

All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation
that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for
such a purpose. The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit
an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation.{wekipedia}.

Active Infrared Motion Detector

Figure 2 shows the operation of an active infrared motion detector. In the active
system each sensor consists of two housings. One housing contains an infrared-
emitting diode and an infrared-sensitive phototransistor. The other housing contains
an infrared reflector.

When positioned in front of an entrance to a protected area, the two housings

establish an invisible beam. A person entering the area interrupts the beam causing
an alarm to be triggered. An active motion detector is much more reliable than a
passive one, but it requires careful alignment when it is installed. The detector can
be falsely triggered if one of the housings moves slightly and causes a discontinuous
beam.

Here we are using active type of infrared intruder detector

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Chapter 3
System Implementation for Infrared Intruder detector
3.1. Introduction
System of Infrared Intruder detector consists of two part transmitter and receiver.
Following chapter explains the block diagram of transmitter and receiver. The
transmitter consists of astable multivibrator, Darlington pair and IR LEDs for infrared
radiations. The receiver consists of IR photo transistor to receive the IR radiation
emitted by the IR-LEDs. This photo transistor is followed by high gain amplifier, tone
detector, latch, transistor switch and a sounding device to report the intrusion.

3.2 Block diagram of the transmitter of Infrared Intruder Detector

The transmitter consists of an NE555 timer IC configured as an astable multivibrator,
a Darlington pair transistor amplifier, and two IR LEDs. The block diagram of the
transmitter is shown in Fig 2.1. [1]

Fig. 3.1: Block diagram of the transmitter of Infrared Intruder Detector

Description of block diagram of transmitter of Infrared Intruder Detector.

i. Astable mulivibrator
An astable multivibrator is also known as a FREE-RUNNING MULTIVIBRATOR. It
is called free-running because it alternates between two different output voltage levels
during the time it is on. The output remains at each voltage level for a definite period
of time. If you looked at this output on an oscilloscope, you would see continuous
square or rectangular waveforms. The astable multivibrator has two outputs, but NO
inputs. [2]

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 ii. Darlington pair amplifier
Darlington pair basically consists of two transistors connected in series. The three
leads (B, C and E) are equivalent to the leads of standard individual transistor. To turn
on both transistors at the same time there must be 0.7 V across base-emitter junctions
of both the transistors. [3]

iii. IR LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as
indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. [4]
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7
and 300 micrometers, which equates to a frequency range between approximately 1
and 430 THz. Its wavelength is longer (and the frequency lower) than that of visible
light, but the wavelength is shorter (and the frequency higher) than that of terahertz
radiation microwaves. Bright sunlight provides an irradiance of just over 1 kilowatt
per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared light, 445 watts is
visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet light. [5]
Infrared Light LED is a LED that emits infrared radiation in the free space. IR
does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in adjoining
rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote controls to command appliances.
[5]

3.3 Block diagram of the receiver of Infrared Intruder Detector

The receiver consists of an IR phototransistor and a high-gain low noise amplifier. It

also contains decoding circuit, latch and transistor switch. There is sounding device-
buzzer which will indicate the beam interruption.

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 Fig. 3.2: Block diagram of the receiver of Infrared Intruder Detector
i. IR phototransistor
Phototransistors also consist of a photodiode with internal gain. A phototransistor is
in essence nothing more than a bipolar transistor that is encased in a transparent case
so that light can reach the base-collector junction. The electrons that are generated by
photons in the base-collector junction are injected into the base, and this photodiode
current is amplified by the transistor's current gain β (or h fe). Note that while
phototransistors have a higher responsivity for light they are not able to detect low
levels of light any better than photodiodes.[citation needed]
Phototransistors also have
slower response times.

ii. High gain amplifier

A common-emitter amplifier is one of three basic single-stage bipolar-junction-
transistor (BJT) amplifier topologies, typically used as a voltage amplifier. In this
circuit the base terminal of the transistor serves as the input, the collector is the
output, and the emitter is common to both (for example, it may be tied to ground
reference or a power supply rail), hence its name. The analogous field-effect
transistor circuit is the common-source amplifier.

iii. Tone decoder

The LM567 and LM567C are general purpose tone decoders designed to provide a
saturated transistor switch to ground when an input signal is present within the
passband. The circuit consists of an I and Q detector driven by a voltage controlled
oscillator which determines the center frequency of the decoder. External components
are used to independently set center frequency, bandwidth and output delay.

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 iv. Latch

a latch is a kind of bistable multivibrator, an electronic circuit which has two stable
states and thereby can store one bit of information.

v. Transistor switch

Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power
applications including switched-mode power supplies and low power applications
such as logic gates.

vi. Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Chapter 4
Hardware Implementation of Infrared Intruder Detector

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4.1 Introduction

This chapter consists of circuit diagram of both the transmitter and receiver on
infrared intruder detector. Here the working of transmitter and receiver of the infrared
intruder detector is being explained.

4.2 Working of transmitter of Infrared Intruder Detector

The circuit diagram of the transmitter is shown in Fig 3.1.

Fig.3.1: circuit diagram of the transmitter of infrared intruder detector

The transmitter requires a 9-volt power supply. The NE555 timer requires only
two timing resistors R1 and R2 and one time capacitor C3. Timing resistors R1 and
R2 determine the frequency of operation of IC2. In this configuration IC2 operates at
20 KHz. The driver amplifier is a Darlington pair transistor amplifier selected for its

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 high input impedance, its high current gain, and its low output impedance. Transistors
T1 and T2 form the Darlington pair amplifier. Resistor R3 limits the current flow into
the base of T1. The Darlington pair amplifier amplifies the low current output of the
timer to a high-enough current to drive the IR LEDs. Resistor R4 limits the current
flow through the IR LEDs, D4 and D5. TIL906-1 IR LEDs were chosen because they
have a high relative output power. This is very important if a long range is required. A
power-on indicator may be included with the transmitter. It consists of LED D3 and a
current limiting resistor, R5. [1]

4.3 Working of receiver of Infrared Intruder Detector

The circuit diagram of the receiver is shown in Fig 3.2.

Fig.3.2: circuit diagram of the receiver of infrared intruder detector

Fig.4.2: circuit diagram of the receiver of infrared intruder detector

The decoder IC3 is tone decoder LM567 IC. Tone Decoder IC: .The tone decoder
LM567 is primarily used as a frequency decoder. It provides a low output when an
input signal within the pass-band is present. The LM567 contains an I-phase detector,
a Q phase detector, a VCO and a transistor switch. The VCO determines the center
frequency of the LM567 tone decoder. The center frequency of the band and output
delay of the LM567circuit is independently determined by external components. It
can be set to detect any input frequency between 0.01Hz and 500 KHz. It rejects out

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of band signals and noise. It has a logic compatible output that can sink 100 mA of
current. The block diagram of the receiver is shown in Figure 3. The circuit diagram
of the receiver is shown in Figure 4. The receiver requires a 5-volt power supply. The
IR phototransistor, T3 detects the infrared signals of the transmitter. The signal output
of the phototransistor is very small, a millivolt or less. The high-gain amplifier
amplifies the small signal to a level of 5 volts, enough to be detected by the decoder
IC3. The high-gain amplifier consists of three common- emitter transistor amplifiers
in cascade. Transistors T4-T6 and
Associated components form the high gain amplifier. The common- e m i t t e r
stage has relatively high impedance and a high voltage gain. The decoder IC3 is tuned
to the same frequency of operation as the transmitter by adjusting preset VR1. If the
frequency being received is accurate, logic low output appears at pin 8. The transistor
T7 inverts the output of the tone decoder. The output of the tone decoder is high when
no signal or a signal of an incorrect frequency is detected. Thus, as long as the beam
is not interrupted, the output from pin 8 is low and hence the output at x is high.
Interruption of is high. Interruption of the beam or saturation of T3 with a strong
continuous source of infrared makes the output from pin 8 high and hence the output
at x low. The LM567 timing components are capacitor C13 and resistors VR1and
R19. A low output at x is detected by the flip-flop consisting of two cross coupled
gates of IC4. Two further gates are used as buffers to drive an LED and a transistor
respectively. Normally the inputs to the flip-flop are high. Pin 5 is held high by R22
but pressing S2 causes a brief low input which resets the flip-flop. In this state its
output at pin 3 is low. This is inverted by the buffer gate N3, so the output at pin 11 is
high and the LED (D6) is ON. This indicates that the device is in readiness. The
output at pin 6 is always the opposite to that at pin 3. When S2 (reset) is pressed, the
output at pin 6 is high, giving a low output at pin 8, so that T8 is off. When the beam
is interrupted, the low logic at X causes the flip-flop to change state. It becomes set;
pin 3 goes high, pin 11 goes low and the LED is off. At the same time, pin 6 goes low,
pin 8 goes high and T8 is on. Current flows through the buzzer and it start sounding.
It continues to sound, even if the beam is restored, until somebody presses S2 to reset
the flip-flop.

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Chapter 5
More about components used in Infrared Intruder Detector
1. LM567
The LM567 and LM567C are general purpose tone decoders designed to provide a
saturated transistor switch to ground when an input signal is present within the passband.
The circuit consists of an I and Q detector driven by a voltage controlled oscillator which
determines the center frequency of the decoder. External components are used to
independently set center frequency, bandwidth and output delay
Connection Diagrams

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Features
1. 20 to 1 frequency range with an external resistor
2. Logic compatible output with 100 mA current sinking capability
3. Bandwidth adjustable from 0 to 14%
4. High rejection of out of band signals and noise
5. Immunity to false signals
6. Highly stable center frequency
7. Center frequency adjustable from 0.01 Hz to 500 kHz
Applications
1. Touch tone decoding
2. Precision oscillator
3. Frequency monitoring and control

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4. Wide band FSK demodulation
5. Ultrasonic controls
6. Carrier current remote controls
7. Communications paging decoders

2. NE555

The NE-555, in figure 1 (above) is supplied in a plastic package. It is believed that the
round metal-can called the ' T-05 ' package or the "tin-can" is no longer available in
favour of the more familiar and cheaper to produce 8-pin DIP "Dual IN-Line plastic"
package. The NE-556 timer is a dual version of the NE-555 and comes in a standard 14-
pin DIP plastic package, with two NE - 555 timers within.
The NE-558 was a quad version of the NE-555 with four distinct NE-555's within the one
package, incidentally in a 14 pin DIP case, however it was scheduled to be discontinued
due to its lack of popularity and also more importantly, its own inherent internal "noise"
problems.

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Within the NE-555 timer, in figure 3 (above) there are the equivalent of over 26
semiconductors and about 15 resistors, depending on the actual manufacturer. The
representative equivalent circuit depicted in Fig.4 B here in block diagram, shows the
provision of the functions of "control", "triggering", "level sensing" or "comparison”,
“discharge" and most importantly, the "power output". Note the three 5K resistors.
Note: The use of C2, typically 10 Nano farads (nF) assists in "good house-keeping" in
keeping "internal noise" down. It accesses directly the inverting input of the upper
comparator which is incidentally connected (inside the chip) between the first and second
of the 5K resistors which will be discussed further on in this tutorial, down the page
under the heading Pin 5 ( Control Voltage ).

Some of the more attractive features of the recent NE-555 timers are: Supply voltage
between 4.5 volts and 18 volt, supply current of between 3 to 6 mA and a Rise / Fall time
of 100 nSec. The NE-555 performs best with a stable supply voltage with good low ESR
filter capacitors to keep the "lines" clean. It can also withstand quite a considerable
amount of "reasonable" abuse, though it does not handle reverse polarity power.

Note: in Figure 3 (above) the common threshold current is in fact determined by the
maximum value of Ra + Rb. For typical maximum 15 volt operation the maximum total
resistance for R (Ra +Rb) is 20 Meg-ohm, please bare this in mind. The supply current,
when the output is 'high', is typically around 1mA (milli-Amp) or less. According to the
specs, the initial monostable timing accuracy is typically within 1% of its "calculated"
value, and exhibits negligible ( 0.1%/V ) drift with regards to supply voltage.Thus it can

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be realised that long-term supply variations can basically be ignored and the temperature
variation is only 50 ppm / °C ( 0.005% / °C ).

R - C Networks
All IC timers rely upon an external capacitor to determine the off-on or on-to off time
intervals of the output pulses. It takes a finite period of time for a capacitor (C) to charge
or to discharge exponentially through a resistor (R). Those times are clearly defined and
can be calculated given the values of resistance and capacitance.

The basic RC charging circuit is shown in fig. 4.(below) So, assuming for a moment that
the capacitor ( C ) is initially discharged, when the switch is closed,the capacitor begins
to charge through the resistor via Ra and RB. The voltage across the capacitor rises from
zero up to the value of the applied DC voltage. The charge curve for the circuit is shown
in fig. 6 (below). The time that it takes for the capacitor to charge to approx. 63% of the
applied voltage is known as the time constant (t). That time can be calculated with the
simple expression:

t=RXC

The time constant in this case is: t = 100,000 x 0.00001 = 1 second

Let's further assume that the applied voltage is exactly 6.000 volts.
That is to state that it will take one time constant for the voltage across the capacitor to
reach the approx. of 63 % of the applied voltage of 6.0 volts. Therefore, theoretically, the
capacitor charges to "approximately" 3.78 volts in one second.6.0 volts.

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In Figure 4 a (above), a change in the input pulse frequency allows completion of the
timing cycle. The accepted rule is that the monostable 'ON' time is set to approximately
1/3 longer than the expected time between the actual "triggering pulses". Create your own
"test circuit" and observe it on your C.R.O.This circuit is more often referred to simply as
a "Missing Pulse Detector" circuit.

Looking at the voltage charge versus time curve in figure 6. You can see that it takes
approximately "5 complete time constants" for the capacitor to charge to almost the
applied voltage. Theoretically, it would take about 5 seconds for the voltage on the
capacitor to rise to approximately the full Let's assume that a resistor in this circuit has a
value of 100K ohm and that the capacitor's value is 10 uF (micro-Farad).

Chapter 6
Application of Infrared Intruder Detector

The following chapter aims at the application of infrared intruder detector. Infrared
intruder detector is capable of detecting and interruption between its transmitter and
receiver. This capability of infrared intrusion detector is used in the following fields.

6.1 Applications of IR intruder detector

i) Burglar alarms
Burglar alarms have become standard equipment in stores and other businesses, and
they're becoming increasingly common in private homes as well. These systems range

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 from do-it-yourself kits you can pick up for $10 to sophisticated whole-house security
networks that must be installed by professionals. But, as it turns out, most alarm
systems are actually built around the same basic design concepts. [6]

ii) Automatic light switch

When person enters a dark place, this device detects the person’s entrance and turn on
the light. The principle of this device is same as alarm intrusion device. The principle
of this device is same as alarm intrusion device. This acts as a effective power saver.
[7]

iii) Automatic door opening

Pyrolytic infrared detectors are also used for the passive type of automatic door
opener. This is being implemented extensively in the malls and for the garage. [7]

iv) Fuzzy based trafic light controller.

Here numbers of vehicles are counted by the infrared intrusion detector. And
according to the count the respective signal is given.

v) Taps as effective water saver

As we know water is very important to life. And the water resources are depleting day
by day so it is necessary to use it effectively. For this purpose infrared intrusion
detector is used. This circuit is placed between the tap and basin. When a person want
to wash hands he will place his hand under the tap this generates intrusion in the
infrared beam which is detected by the infrared intruder detector. This circuit then
triggers the motor that makes the water to flow though the tap. Thus the water runs
only for the duration when the hand is placed in between the tap and the basin.

5. Future Scope and Conclusion

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There are several things a security system might do when it detects an intruder. In an
advanced system, the control box will be wired to several different components.
Typically, it will activate:

 a siren or other loud alarm noise

 flashing outdoor lights
 a telephone auto-dialer

The siren and lights serve three functions:

 They alert occupants and neighbors that someone has broken into the house.
 They drive the intruder away.
 They signal to police which house has been broken into.

The telephone auto-dialer can:

 Dial the police directly, and play a pre-recorded message giving the address of the
house and any other relevant information. This message will usually play over and
over so that the police will still hear it even if the call is put on hold for some
time.
 Dial the security company that installed the equipment. In this case, the control
box can feed specific information about the intrusion -- which circuits or motion
detectors were activated, etc. The security company then relays this information to
the police.

Home security is a rapidly growing field, and there are new and improved burglar alarms
popping up all the time. For the most part, these systems are all built around the same
basic structure. A central control box monitors several motion detectors and perimeter
guards and sounds an alarm when any of them are triggered

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